BY-NC

AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY

KM 8.5, ADO-EKITI STATE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC/ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING.

TECHNICAL REPOERT ON

AUTOMATIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM.

BY

GROUP 12

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY, ADO-EKITTI.

FOR THE COURSE

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (EEE 314).

 LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS.

S/N. NAME. DEPARTMENT. MATRIC NUMBER.

1. UKEKO EWOMAZINO JESSE. ELECTRICAL 19/MHS01/416.
ENGINEERING.
2. OLOJA JOSEPH COMPUTER 20/ENG02/047.
OLUWATOMISIN. ENGINEERING.
3. OWEN WINNER CHIZARAM. COMPUTER 20/ENG02/O52.
ENGINEERING.
4. OWEN AMBLESSED COMPUTER 20/ENG02/051.
CHINAZAM. ENGINEERING.
5. EBITARI HOWARD ALLISON. ELECTRICAL 21/ENG04/040.
ENGINEERING.
6. TANIMU YUSUF MUHAMMAD. ELECTRICAL 20/ENG04/058.
ENGINEERING.
7. OGHENEWEDE COURTNEY COMPUTER 20/ENG02/043.
EFEZINO. ENGINEERING.
8. AKACHUKWU CHIDUBEM COMPUTER 20/ENG02/006.
EMPEROR. ENGINEERING.
9. NDUBUISI CHIDERA HENRY. ELECTRICAL 20/ENG04/035.
ENGINEERING.
10. EBIOWE MELODIOUS COMPUTER 20/ENG02/018.
KUROWEI. ENGINEERING.
TITLE: Automatic Light Control System

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is;

To design a 230v, 50Hz, 60W Bulb Automatic control system using a transducer.

EQUIPMENT.

Equipment required for this experiment include:

1. LDR (Light dependent resistor).

2. Three transistors (2 TIP41C, 1 BTA CONFIG).
3. Three resistors (330 ohms, 1k,1k).
4. Connecting wires.
5. Relay (HRS4H-S-DC12V).
6. 60W bulb.
7. Diode.
8. 12V Power Supply.
9. 230V, 50Hz Power supply.
10. Vero Board
11. Two Capacitors (470 UF, 33UF).
12. Rectifier.
13. Variable resistor (5K)
14. Transformer (AC 220V/240V 50Hz, DC 12V 300mA).
15. Breadboard.
16. Multimeter.

THEORY
A lighting control system is an intelligent network based light solution that incorporates
communication between various system outputs related to lighting control with the use of
one or more central devices. Lighting control systems are widely used on both indoor and
outdoor activities, light of commercial, industrial, and residential spaces. Lighting control
purpose is to provide the right amount of light where and when it is necessary such as a
 switch in your home that switches a light on and off is a form of light control system or a
light that turns on when its sensor detects motion.
Now the power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to
the correct voltage, current and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies
are sometimes referred to as electric power converters.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

FIG 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE POWER SUPPLY.

POWER TRANSFORMER.

This device is the first in the power supply circuit. Its purpose is to step down the AC voltage to
the 12v that is required for the experiment.

RECTIFIER CIRCUIT.

After a voltage has gone through the transformer, the next step is rectification. The process of
changing in alternating current to a pulsating direct current is called rectification. Rectifiers have
many uses, but are often serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct
current power transmission systems. There are three types of rectification which are half-wave
rectification, full-wave rectification and bridge rectification. For this experiment bridge
rectification. The full secondary voltage was rectified by four diodes making a bridge
rectification.

This Photo by Unknown Author

is licensed under CC BY-SA

FIG 2: DIAGRAM OF A BRIDGE RECTIFCATION.

CAPACITOR.

The two capacitors used in this project connected across the rectifier provide filtering action. It is
a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field by virtue of accumulating electric
charges on two closed surfaces insulated from each other. One of the capacitors used in this
experiment is 330 microfarads and 470 microfarads.

SA

FIG 3: DIAGRAM OF A CAPACTIOR.

TRANSISTORS.

It is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is

composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an
electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the terminals controls the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled power can be higher than the
controlling power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually,
but many more are found embed in integrated circuits. Two transistors were used in this
experiment which are the TIP41C, BTA CONFIG TRANSISTORS.

This Photo by Unknown Author

is licensed under CC BY-SA

FIG 4: DIAGRAM OF A TRANSISTOR.

RESISTORS.

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as

a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity. The resistors
used in this experiment are the 330ohms and 1k ohms resistors.

BY-SA

FIG 5: DIAGRAM OF A RESISTOR.

VARIABLE RESISTOR.

A variable resistor or potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating

contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the
wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. The top terminal is positive and the other two
back terminals are negative. A 5k variable resistor was used in this experiment.

BY-NC

FIG 6: DIAGRAM OF A VARIABLE RESISTOR.

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR.

A photoresistor (also known as a photocell, or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-

conductive cell) is a passive component that decreases resistance with respect to receiving
luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface. The resistance of a photoresistor
decreases with increase in incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity.
A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits and light-activated and dark-
activated switching circuits acting as a resistance semi-conductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can
have a resistance as high as several megaohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can have
a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a
certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy
to jump into the conduction band.

under CC BY-SA-NC

FIG 7: DIAGRAM OF A LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR.

RELAY.

A relay is an electrically operated switch It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent
low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first
used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in
from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit.

FIG 8: DIAGRAM OF A RELAY.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed

under CC BY-SA

VERO BOARD.

A Vero board or Stripboard is the generic name for a widely used type of electronics
prototyping material for circuit board characterized by a pre-formed 0.1 inches (2.54 mm)
regular (rectangular) grid of holes, with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in one
direction all the way across one side of on an insulating bonded paper board. It is commonly also
known by the name of the original product Veroboard, which is a trademark, in the UK, of
British company Vero Technologies LTD and Canadian company Pixel Print Ltd. It was
originated and developed in the early 1960s. In using the board, breaks are made in the tracks,
usually around holes, to divide the strips into multiple electrical nodes. With care, it is possible
to break between holes to allow for components that have two pin rows only one position apart
such as twin row headers for IDCs.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

FIG 9: DIAGRAM OF A VERO BOARD.

BREADBOARD.

A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used to build

semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuit. Unlike a perfboard or stripboard, breadboards
do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable. For this reason,
breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education. Compared to more
permanent circuit connection methods, modern breadboards have high parasitic capacitance,
relatively high resistance, and less reliable connections, which are subject to jostle and physical
degradation. Signaling is limited to about 10 MHz, and not everything works properly even well
below that frequency.
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

FIG 10: DIAGRAM OF A BREADBOARD.

SOLDERING IRON.

A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can
flow into the joint between two workpieces.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

FIG 11: DIAGRAM OF A SOLDERING IRON.

 FIG 12: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR THE EXPERIMENT.

PROCEDURE.

SECTION A: BUILDING OF CIRCUIT ON A BREADBOARD.

1. The power supply circuit in figure 12 is a connection that was made on the breadboard
provided. During a positive half cycle of the secondary voltage top terminal of the
transformer becomes positively charged and lower terminal becomes negatively charged.
In this situation, diodes D1 and D3 become forward biased and diodes D2 and D4
become reverse biased. So, along D1D3 current flows and across RL potential drops.
Again, during negative half cycle the terminal becomes negatively charged. So, along
D2D4 path current flows in which is seen that current through load RL flows always in
the same direction.
2. The BTA transistor was used to regulate the voltage.
3. Then the multimeter was used to measure if the output voltage is 12v.
 4. Once the required output voltage was gotten, the control system as shown in the fig 9 was
constructed on the breadboard.
5. The circuit was tested to see if all components are working and if the light bulb comes on
and the relay is functioning.

SECTION B: SOLDERING OF THE CREATED CIRCUIT ON THE VERO BOARD.

1. The constructed circuit that was made on the breadboard was transferred to the Vero
board using the soldering iron.
2. The circuit was connected using wires first before soldered for extra measure.
3. The confirmation of the working circuit was decided by the supervisor.

PRECAUTIONS.

1. All connections were inspected by the supervisor before powering it.

2. All polarities of all the components were put in the right direction.
3. All connections were ensured to be inspected before it was transferred to the Vero board.
4. It was ensured there was no partial contact on the breadboard when testing the circuit.
5. It was ensured that the power source was not left powered on when not in use.
6. The circuit was tested before it was soldered to the Vero board.
7. It was ensured that the circuit diagram was followed in every detail.
8. It was ensured that the point of intersection in the connection between the plug and the
transformer was covered with masking tape to avoid electrical shock.
9. It was ensured that all components were soldered very well on the Vero board.

OBSERVATIONS.

1. If the polarity of the components were not put in correct way, the circuit might not
produce output or it might spark and be damaged.
2. If the output voltage of the power supply circuit which is 12v wasn’t gotten, it led to too
much voltage which caused the components to be damaged.
 3. It was observed that the variable resistor has to be used to reduce the voltage to the
wanted voltage output.
4. It was observed that 2 capacitors had to be used to filter the ripples in the power supply
circuit.
5. It was observed that the rectification used here was bridge rectification.
6. It was observed that the soldering iron melts the soldering lead during soldering.
7. It was observed that the front terminal of the variable resistor is positive and had to be
used along with at least one of the other two terminals which are negative to ensure
reduction in voltage.
8. It was observed that if the Light dependent resistor was covered, the light bulb will go
off.
9. It was observed that if the light dependent resistor isn’t covered, the light bulb will come
on.

CONCLUSION.

After the experiment was completed, we were able to produce an output of 12v at the power
supply circuit and the control system was constructed and the light bulb came on and it was
controlled using the relay and the light dependent resistor, so therefore the objectives of the
experiment were achieved.