Perspective Drawing

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OVERVIEW
- Perspective

- One Point Perspective

- Two Point Perspective

- Rendering Techniques

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 Perspective
• Perspective is a system used by artists and designers to create a convincing illusion of three dimensional form
and space on a flat piece of paper.

• The laws of linear perspective were rediscovered by Filippo Brunelleschi, an Italian architect and engineer,
around the 15th century in 1420.He conducted a series of experiments, one of which is really famous - the
baptistery of Florence.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/early-renaissance1/beginners-renaissance-florence/v/linear-perspective-brunelleschi-s-experiement

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Components of Perspective

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Components of Perspective

• Horizon Line / Eye Level:

The line where land and sky meet. This is equivalent to your
eye level. In any linear perspective you can have only one
horizon line or one eye level at a time.

• Vanishing Point:

The single point on the horizon where all the lines on the
ground level seem to come together.

• Orthogonal Line:

The imaginary lines that go back to the horizon line.

 Types of Perspectives
• There are two types of perspective drawing:

o Linear Perspective
o Atmospheric or Aerial Perspective

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• Aerial Perspective: Uses color modulation and shading to show distance and depth effected by the atmosphere to
objects or scene from a distance.

E.g. In both the cityscape and landscape art indicated above the foreground details are well-defined and vibrant
in color while the background details at a distance seem blurrier and less saturated.
There are four major types of linear perspective defined by the number of primary vanishing points lying on
the horizon line.
 One Point Perspective
• It is a type of linear perspective.

• One point perspective is a drawing method which

helps in depicting a 3D image on a 2D surface
using lines.

• This method depends on having all lines

converging to a single point called the vanishing
point (VP).

• The most characteristic features of linear

perspective are that objects appear smaller as
their distance from the observer increases, and
that they are subject to foreshortening, meaning
that an object's dimensions along the line of sight
appear shorter than its dimensions across the line
of sight.
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5 Principles of One Point Perspective:

1. All Horizontal lines are parallel to the horizon line.

2. All vertical lines are parallel and perpendicular to the horizon line.

3. All diagonal lines recede to the VP. These are called orthogonal lines.

4. All objects get smaller as they recede into the distance.

5. All objects along orthogonal lines become foreshortened.

• One Point Perspective: The relative size, shape, and position of objects is determined by drawn lines or
imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.

• Foreshortening is one way to achieve linear perspective. A familiar example of foreshortening in the
landscape would be that of a long, straight, flat road lined with trees. The two edges of the road appear to
move towards each other as they reach into the distance.
 FORESHORTENING EXAMPLE

Foreshortening is a technique for creating the appearance that the object in a drawing is extending
into space by shortening the lines with respect to the scene in which that object is drawn.

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Note how objects seem different
depending on their position.

We see different sides of the cube

depending on whether its above the
horizon line, below or even on the line
exactly.

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NOTICE HOW PLACING THE VANISHING POINT AFFECTS HOW WE SEE THE ROOM

VP to the right VP in the middle VP to the left

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Examples of One Point Perspective

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 Exercise 03 – One Point Perspective
Try to draw cubes and other forms in varying depth using one point perspective technique.
One Point Perspective

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 Two Point Perspective
• It’s a type of linear perspective.

• Two point perspective is a drawing method

which also helps in depicting a 3D image on a
2D surface using lines.

• This method depends on having lines

converging into two vanishing points (VP)
along the horizon line.

• You would typically start by drawing a vertical

line then joining the top and bottom to the
vanishing points.

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Exercise 04 – Two Point Perspective

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 Exercise – 02 (Group)

Look at the following images and decide which type of perspective are
they, keeping in mind the vanishing points.
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 Drawing One Point Perspective Using Grid

• All perspectives can be drawn free hand, but for beginners, a one point perspective grid can be
drawn and used to gain a better sense of scale and proportion.

• Once a person is used to it then, they would not require a grid constantly and can use their sense of
scale and proportion to draw things in perspective.

• However the grid does make it easier to draw things accurately and within certain guideline.

• Follow the steps starting next slide for a one point perspective grid and how to use it.

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ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE GRID

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 Exercise 03
• Draw a one point perspective grid by following the guidelines starting
next slide. Then use this grid to draw a one point perspective for the
bedroom in Assignment 10.

The example provided is for our classroom, not for the

bedroom. Read all instructions carefully and apply the same for the
bedroom assignment.

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Start by drawing the true elevation
of the wall that will appear at the
end of your perspective. The
elevation needs to be drawn using
a scale.

In the case of this assignment we

have a 4m wide wall by a 3m high
wall, let’s draw it in scale 1:50.

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Following that we will locate our
horizon line which is basically
the human eye level. So in
average we can measure about
1.5m to 1.6m on our elevation
using the same scale used
previously.

1.5
And draw a horizontal line.

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 On our horizon line we need to
locate our vanishing point. It can be
in the middle of the wall or slightly
more to certain side depending on
the view we are trying to achieve
and how much of the walls we
want to show.

For the sake of this example we are

going to locate the vanishing point
in the middle.

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 STEP 1

After placing our vanishing point on the horizon

line, we can now extend the corners of the
elevation by running a line through them from
the vanishing point.

This way we have our end wall along with the

right wall, left wall, floor and ceiling as seen in
step 2.
STEP 2

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 Now make divisions around the
edges of the elevation.

The divisions are up to you there is

no certain number to follow
however they need to be in the
same scale as the elevation drawn.

So in this example we are going to

make 20cm divisions all around the
elevation which is 0.2m in scale 1:50

DO NOT MAKE THE

MARKINGS BIG
THESE ARE ONLY DONE HERE
FOR DEMONSTARTION AND
EXPLAINING PURPOSES

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After marking the divisions around
the elevation now join them
vertically and horizontally on the
elevation.

Keep your lines really light for the

grid so as not to confuse them with
object lines. You can lighten your
hand pressure or use an H pencil.

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Following that extend out all the
marks made around the elevation
starting from the vanishing point
to continue them on the right
wall, left wall, floor and ceiling.

Keep your lines really light for the

grid so as not to confuse them
with object lines. You can lighten
your hand pressure or use an H
pencil.

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Now we need to find the horizontal
lines on the floor and ceiling and
vertical lines on the walls.

And to do so we start by measuring

the distance from the vanishing
point to one of the bottom corners
with a ruler or a compass.

If your vanishing point was on one

side more than the other measure
from the vanishing point to the
furthest bottom corner.

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Take that measurement and double
it and make a mark horizontally
from the vanishing point.

This point is known as the DVP

Diagonal Vanishing Point. This point
will help us locate where the 5

horizontal and vertical lines will be

in perspective.

If your vanishing point was on one

side more than the other, double
the measurement on the side which
you measured from furthest.

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 Now make a line from the DVP
crossing the corner you measured
earlier and going through all the lines
on the floor as shown.

Now you will notice this line is

intersecting with the lines on the
floor.

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Draw horizontal lines from where the
DVP line crossed with the floor lines as
shown.

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 Then draw vertical lines going up the
walls from the point where the
horizontal floor lines meet the bottom
edge of the walls as shown

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 And finally after drawing the vertical
lines on the walls you can now join
them horizontally on the ceiling till you
have a full complete grid as shown all
around.

This grid basically means that each

square is a 20 by 20 cm.

So we made our own system of

measuring in perspective to get
proportions accurate.

Now we can locate our objects,

furniture, doors, windows and so
much more just by counting the
squares.

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Lets start by drawing the skirting on
the elevation and left wall.

The skirting is 10 cm high so we will

take half of the square units on the
grid as shown.

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 Following that we will start outlining
the door by counting the squares on
the grid till we reach a door that is 10
cm way from the elevation wall and is
90cm wide and 2.2m high.

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Do the same to locate the window as
well. It should be 50cm away from the
door with the same height and a 1m
sill height.

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Following that continue the skirting on
the right wall without going over the
door.

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 Now add some details such as the
thicknesses and frames for the door
and window.

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Now draw the 60cm by 60cm ceiling
tiles by leaving equal space around
and counting the squares.

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Add some thickness to the rims of the
ceiling tiles and draw the tv and
boards on the elevation.

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Draw the high table placed under the
TV.

The measurements considered here

are 1.4m by 60cm.

Use the squares on the grid to count.

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 Now start adding some furniture in
the room. Draw the general form/cube
in which the furniture piece is to be
placed in.

Place the length, width and height.

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 Following that add the
details to the furniture piece
and repeat it on the other
side.

Now continue adding more

furniture and even light
fixtures.

Remember to draw the

general shapes and forms
then add the details.

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 HELPFUL LINKS

ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE GRID:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Y5nHHqyixM

TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE GRID

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK1kZqoBiVw

TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE FROM A PLAN

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIEDaXEChDA

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Rendering: Adding colour, shading, texturing an image
while considering lighting and shadows. Rendering Techniques
TIPS:
• Always think about your lighting sources both natural
and artificial and the way they are travelling and casting
shadows.

• When using colours make sure to start with the light

colours.

• Have a base of completely light colour then start

building on it and adding layers with darker tones.

• Make sure to blend the colours and layers well to

achieve smooth transitions.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS SAMPLE RENDERING
• Always test on a scratch paper before starting with the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRRSIJlVgqk
real thing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cVDy7sP3c4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfoVztiRZ4
• Use mixed media such as mixing markers with colour
pencils.
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Copic Markers

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An easy way of adding some white or lit features in your drawings or renders is using a
white gel pen

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 Assignment 10 – One Point Perspective
• Using a one point perspective grid on your A3 sheet, draw the bedroom
from assignment 09 considering the wall with the bed as your true
elevation.

• Use scale 1:25 to start.

• End the assignment by rendering the perspective with pencil shading to

add some depth and shadows.

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Example of a one
point perspective
grid.

Keep the grid really

light.

Add as much detail

as you can.

Watch the following

video to understand
the one point
perspective grid
more and some
shading techniques.

https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=L_
iYZ2UmMTc
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