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Types of Fault

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Raj Kandari
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124 views9 pages

Types of Fault

Uploaded by

Raj Kandari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TYPES OF FAULTS

1. SERIES FAULT;

A series fault in a power system occurs when there's a break or


interruption in the continuity of a conductor, such as an open
circuit or a broken wire.
Unlike short-circuit faults that involve unintended connections
between conductors or to the ground, series faults result in a
discontinuity that can cause a loss of current flow and voltage
imbalance across the system.
i. SINGLE CONDUCTOR OPEN FAULT;

This occurs when one conductor in a power system breaks or


disconnects, leading to an open circuit.
This type of fault can cause unbalanced voltage and current
distribution, potentially damaging equipment and reducing
system efficiency.

Single Conductor Open Fault

ii. TWO CONDUCTOR OPEN FAULT:

This fault involves the disconnection or breakage of two


conductors.
It creates a more significant disruption than a single conductor
open fault, resulting in more severe voltage imbalance and
potentially causing power outages in the affected phase segments.
Two Conductor Open Fault

iii. THREE CONDUCTOR OPEN FAULT;

In this scenario, all three conductors are disconnected or broken,


leading to a complete loss of power in the affected circuit.
This type of fault results in a total interruption of electrical
supply, requiring immediate repair to restore system
functionality.

Three Conductor Open Fault

2. SHUNT FAULTS;

Also known as short-circuit faults, are common and significant


disturbances in power systems where there is an unintended
connection between two or more conductors or between a
conductor and the ground.
This can lead to excessive current flow, potentially damaging
equipment and disrupting power supply.
Shunt faults can be categorized into single line-to-ground, line-
to-line, double line-to-ground, and three-phase faults, each
varying in severity and complexity.
Effective detection and mitigation strategies, such as protective
relays and circuit breakers, are crucial for maintaining system
stability and safety.

I. SYMMETRICAL FAULT;

A symmetrical fault is a fault where all phases are affected so that


the system remains balanced.
A three-phase fault is a symmetrical fault. The other three fault
types (line to ground, line to line, and two- line to ground) are
called unsymmetrical or asymmetrical faults.

a. THREE-PHASE FAULT;

A three-phase fault in a power system occurs when all three


phases come into direct contact with each other or with the ground
simultaneously.
This type of fault is one of the most severe and potentially
damaging events in electrical networks.
It can lead to rapid escalation of fault currents, causing significant
stress on equipment and infrastructure.
Three-phase faults often result in system-wide disruptions,
including power outages and equipment damage.

Three-Phase Fault

b. THREE PHASE -TO-GROUND;

A Three-to-Ground (LLL-G) fault is a complex and severe fault


scenario in power systems where all three phase conductors
simultaneously experience a fault with the ground.
This type of fault involves multiple phases, leading to a high level
of system imbalance and potential equipment damage.
The fault path forms a loop through all three phases and the
ground, resulting in significant fault currents and stressing
protective devices.
II. ASYMMETRICAL FAULT;
An asymmetrical fault, also known as an unbalanced fault, occurs
when there is an imbalance in the electrical properties of a power
system, involving one or two phases.
Unlike symmetrical faults which affect all three phases equally,
asymmetrical faults lead to unbalanced currents and voltages,
posing complex challenges for analysis and protection.
These faults can result from various factors such as phase-to-
phase or phase-to-ground faults, equipment malfunctions, or
system disturbances.

a. LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT;
A Line-to-Ground fault in a power system occurs when one of the
phase conductors comes into contact with the ground or earth.
This type of fault is among the most common in electrical
systems.
It can result from various factors such as insulation breakdown,
equipment failure, or accidental contact with conductive objects.
Line-to-Ground faults can lead to significant disruptions in power
supply, equipment damage, and safety hazards.
b. LINE-TO-LINE FAULT;
A Line-to-Line fault, also known as LL fault, occurs when two
conductors in a power system come into direct contact with each
other.
This fault scenario typically results in a sudden increase in current
flow between the affected phases, potentially causing significant
stress on equipment and leading to system instability.

c. DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND;
A Double Line-to-Ground (DLG) fault in a power system occurs
when two phase conductors simultaneously make contact with the
ground.
This fault is characterized by a severe imbalance of currents in
the affected phases, posing significant risks to system stability
and equipment integrity.
CAUSES OF FAULT
CABLES;

Digging.
Over loading.
Improper laying.
Poor maintenance.
Wrong selection or application.
Moisture in the insulation.
Fire and lightning surges.
Ageing.

OVERHEAD LINES;

Ageing.
Over loading.
Poor maintenance.
Birds sitting on lives conductors.
Trees branches falls on live Conductor.
Fire and lightning surges.
Rotating machines;
Ageing.
Over loading.
Poor maintenance.
Over Speed.
Moisture.
Bearing Failure.
Deterioration of Insulation.
TRANSFORMERS;
Ageing.
Over loading.
Poor maintenance.
Moisture.
Deterioration of Insulation.
lightning surges.
Switching Surges.

EFFECTS OF FAULTS;
SERIES (OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT)FAULT;
Effects: Increase of Voltage and frequency and fall in I in the
faulted phases.
Large –ve sequence components.

SHUNT (SHORT CIRCUIT) FAULT:

Effects: Increase of I and fall in Voltage & frequency .


Heavy thermal energy - Very severe damage to the insulation of
the conductors & equipment, melting/fusing of conductors
Equipment damage - Excessive magnitude of fault current.
Arc in the system which result in explosion.
Voltage rise in the healthy phases will lead to damage of
insulation and losses the integrity of system .
Endanger of working personal.
Generator out of step (Angular Stability).

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