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Crack Width Verification

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Snehashree Mohanty
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11 views

Crack Width Verification

Uploaded by

Snehashree Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Crack width verification

The crack opening calculation is done according to §7.3.4 (1) EN 1992-1-1.


The exposure class is XC1, which means that the maximum crack width is wmax= 0.4 mm
The calculation will be detailed for section at abscissa 0 mm, bottom position - wk,bottom).
The value of the effective height (d) is defined automatically according to the real reinforcement in
place.

The crack width wk may be calculated from the following expression:

wk = sr,max × (εsm − εcm )

sr,max is the maximum crack spacing

εsm is the mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads, including the
effect of imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tension stiffening.

Only the additional tensile strain beyond the state of zero strain of the concrete at the same level is
considered.

εcm is the mean strain in the concrete between cracks

𝛆𝐬𝐦 − 𝛆𝐜𝐦 calculation

εsm − εcm may be calculated from the expression:


fctm
⎧σs − k t × ρ × (1 + αe × ρp,eff )
⎪ p,eff
εsm − εcm = max Es
⎨ σs
⎪ 0.6 ×
⎩ Es
where:

σs is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section (the long term equivalence
coefficient is used for calculation).
Short term equivalence coefficient
Es 200000
αe = = = 6.35
Ecm 31475.81
Long term equivalence coefficient (used for neutral axis position, moment of inertia calculation
and stresses calculation)
Es
αe =
Ecm
MEqp
1 + ϕ(t, t 0 ) ×
MEcar

Note: The formula used for 𝛼𝑒 depends on the option “Calculation of stresses according to
professional recommendations” in Reinforced Concrete dialog, Cracking section.
If the option is checked, the formula is the following:
𝐸𝑠
𝛼𝑒 =
𝐸𝑐𝑚
𝑀𝐸𝑞𝑝
1 + 𝜙(𝑡, 𝑡0 ) × 𝑀
𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑟

If the option is unchecked, the formula is the following:


𝐸𝑠
𝛼𝑒 =
𝐸𝑐𝑚
𝑀𝐸𝑞𝑝
1 + 𝜙(𝑡, 𝑡0 ) ×
𝑀𝐸𝑑
where 𝑀𝐸𝑑 is the bending moment in the specific combination for which the verification is done. It’s
either characteristic, frequent or quasi-permanent.

For ϕ(t, t 0 ) calculation, see the “Creep coefficient calculation” chapter.

ϕ(t, t 0 ) = 2.56

MN fcm 0.3 MN 33 0.3 MN


Ecm = 22000 2
× � � = 22000 2
× � � = 31475.81 2
m 10 m 10 m
MN
Es = 200000
m2

MEqp = 38.56 kN × m
MEcar = 51.88 kN × m
200000
αe = = 18.40
31475.81
38.56
1 + 2.56 ×
51.88
As
ρp,eff =
Ac,eff

Ac,eff is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement or prestressing
tendons of depth, hc,eff .
2.5 × (h − d)
⎧ h−x
⎪
hc,eff = min 3
⎨ h
⎪
⎩ 2
Neutral axis position calculation
Neutral axis equation:
1
× bw × x 2 − As,t × αe × (d − x) + As,c × αe × (x − d′ ) = 0
2
2
−αe × �As,c + As,t � + �α2e × �As,c + As,t � + 2 × bw × αe × (d′ × As,c + d × As,t )
x=
bw
x
−18.40 × (11.07 + 5.18) + �18.402 × (11.07 + 5.18)2 + 2 × 35 × 18.44 × (4.1 × 5.18 + 90.6 × 11.07)
=
35
x = 25.28 cm = 252.8 mm
2.5 × (950 − 906)
⎧ 950 − 252.8
⎪
hc,eff = min 3
⎨ 950
⎪
⎩ 2
110 mm
hc,eff = min �232.4 mm = 110 mm
475 mm
Ac,eff = bw × hc,eff = 350 × 110 × 10−2 = 385 cm2

According to the diagram above, the real longitudinal reinforcement value in top section wk Max
(abscissa 0 mm) is:

As = 11.07 cm2
As 11.6
ρp,eff = = = 0.03
Ac,eff 385

k t is a factor dependent on the duration of the load

k t = 0,6 for short term loading

k t = 0,4 for long term loading


The duration of the load can be defined in Reinforced concrete dialog, Load duration section:
Calculating the moment of inertia:

bw × x 3
I=� + As,c × αe × (d′ − x)2 + As,t × αe × (d − x)2 �
3
35 × 27.723
=� + 11.6 × 18.40 × (90.6 − 25.28)2 + 5.18 × 18.40 × (4.1 − 25.28)2 �
3
= 1100166.68 cm4
Stresses calculation

MEd 38.56 × 10−3 MN


σc = ×x= −8
× 0.2528 = 0.89 2
I 1100166.68 × 10 m
d−x 0.906 − 0.2528 MN
σs = αe × σc × = 18.40 × 0.89 × = 42.12 2
x 0.2528 m
fctm
⎧σs − k t × ρ × (1 + αe × ρp,eff )
⎪ p,eff
εsm − εcm = max Es
⎨ σs
⎪ 0.6 ×
⎩ Es
2.56
⎧42.12 − 0.4 × 0.03 × (1 + 18.40 × 0.03)
⎪
εsm − εcm = max 200000 = 0.000126
⎨ 42.12
⎪ 0.6 ×
⎩ 200000
𝐬𝐫,𝐦𝐚𝐱 calculation
ϕ
sr,max = k 3 × c + k1 × k 2 × k 4 ×
ρp,eff

ϕ is the bar diameter. Where a mixture of bar diameters is used in a section, an equivalent
diameter, ϕeq , should be used. For a section with n1 bars of diameter ϕ1 and n2 bars of diameter ϕ2 ,
the following expression should be used:

n1 × ϕ12 + n2 × ϕ22
ϕeq =
n1 × ϕ1 + n2 × ϕ2
c is the cover to the longitudinal reinforcement
c = B + ϕtransversal = 25 + 6 = 31 mm where:
B is the bottom cover of the link and can be defined in Concrete covers dialog.

k1 is a coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement:
= 0,8 for high bond bars
= 1,6 for bars with an effectively plain surface (e.g. prestressing tendons)

k 2 is a coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain:

= 0,5 for bending


= 1,0 for pure tension

Note: The values of 𝑘3 and 𝑘4 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended values are 3,4 and 0,425 respectively.

For France, there is a discussion for k3 :


2
25 3
If c ≥ 25 mm, k 3 = 3.4 × � � otherwise k 3 = 3.4
c
For the rest of the countries, RC Beam Designer considers k 3 = 3.4.
2 2
25 3 25 3
In this example, c = 31 mm => 𝑘3 = 3.4 × � � = 3.4 × � � = 2.95
c 31

ϕ
sr,max = k 3 × c + k1 × k 2 × k 4 ×
ρp,eff

20
sr,max = 2.95 × 31 + 0.8 × 0.5 × 0.425 ×
0.03
sr,max = 209.57 mm

𝐰𝐤 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

wk = sr,max × (εsm − εcm ) = 209.57 × 0.000126 = 0.026 mm ≤ wmax = 0.4 mm Satisfied

The value for wmax can be defined in Reinforced Concrete dialog,Cracking section.
The user has two options:

• By default when selecting the exposure class the maximum crack width limit updates
accordingly; this value will be taken into account in calculation.

• If the option Imposed crack width is checked, the user is allowed to manually input a value
for the maximum crack width limit which will be further considered in calculation.

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