MICRO PROJECT Inverter using Arduino

MLR Institute of Technology

(Autonomous)
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Hyderabad-500043

SMART CIRCUIT BREAKER USING IoT

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in the partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By
1. Name:S.Sai Bhargav RollNo.20R21A0228
2. Name:M.V.Phaneendra RollNo.20R21A0223
3. Name:G.Sampath RollNo.20R21A0213
4.Name:K.Kunal RollNo.20R21A0234

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr.T.Bhargava Ramu

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MLR Institute of Technology

(Autonomous)
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Dundigal, Hyderabad-500043

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Smart circuit breaker using IoT” is the
bonafide work done by S.Sai Bhargav (20R21A0228), M.V.Phaneendra
(20R21A0223), G.Sampath Kumar (20R21A0213), K.Kunal (20R21A0234) in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of b.tech in Electric
and Electronic Engineering during academic year 2022-2023.

Internal Guide Head of Department

External Examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our profound thanks to the management of MLR Institute of Technology,

Dundigal, Hyderabad, for supporting us to complete this project.

We take immense pleasure in expressing our sincere thanks to Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao,

Principal, MLR Institute of Technology, for his kind support and encouragement.

We are very much grateful to Dr.A.Sudhakar, Professor & Head of the Department, MLR
Institute of Technology, for encouraging us with his valuable suggestions.

We are very much grateful to Internal Guide T.Bhargava Ramu for his unflinching
cooperation throughout the project.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to the teaching and non teaching faculty
members of EEE Dept., MLR Institute of Technology, who extended their help to us in
making our project work successful.

Project associates:

S.SaiBhargav(20R21A0228)
M.V.Phaneendra (20R21A0223)
G.Sampath Kumar(20R21A0213)
K.Kunal (20R21A0234)

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ABSTRACT
Inverter Using Arduino
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output
voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Inverters can be broadly classified into
single level inverter and multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter as compared to single level
inverters have advantages like minimum harmonic distortion and can operate on several
voltage levels. Inverters are used for many applications, as in situations where low voltage
DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells must be converted so that devices can
run off of AC power. One example of such a situation would be converting electrical power
from a car battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone. This report focuses on design and
simulation of single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated inverter and use of pulse
width modulated inverter in the speed control of Induction motor. DC to AC control change
is a key job in the cutting edge set up of age, transmission, appropriation, and use. DC to AC
control converters assume key job invariable recurrence drives, uninterruptible power
supplies, cooling, and high-voltage DC control transmission, electric vehicle drives, and
static VAR compensators. This paper exhibits a survey on most significant topologies and
strategies of control of inverters.

S. No Student Name Roll No Class Phone No Email

1 S.SAI BHARGAV 20R21A0228 EEE 7013598150 [email protected]

n
2 M.V,PHANEENDRA 20R21A0223 EEE 9000451808 [email protected]
n
3 G,SAMPATH KUMAR 20R21A0213 EEE 9346848391 20R21A02`[email protected]
n
4 K.KUNAL 20R21A0234 EEE 8096490340 [email protected]

Guide: Dr.T.BHARGAVA RAMU

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Chapter 1

Content Page no.

Introduction 09

Literature Review 10

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CHAPTER 1
Introduction

The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output
voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Inverters can be broadly classified into
single level inverter and multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter as compared to single level
inverters have advantages like minimum harmonic distortion and can operate on several
voltage levels. Inverters are used for many applications, as in situations where low voltage
DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells must be converted so that devices can
run off of AC power. One example of such a situation would be converting electrical power
from a car battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone. This report focuses on design and
simulation of single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated inverter and use of pulse
width modulated inverter in the speed control of Induction motor. DC to AC control change
is a key job in the cutting edge set up of age, transmission, appropriation, and use. DC to AC
control converters assume key job invariable recurrence drives, uninterruptible power
supplies, cooling, and high-voltage DC control transmission, electric vehicle drives, and
static VAR compensators. This paper exhibits a survey on most significant topologies and
strategies of control of inverters.The power electronics device which converts DC power to
AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Inverters can
be broadly classified into single level inverter and multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverter as
compared to single level inverters have advantages like minimum harmonic distortion and
can operate on several voltage levels. Inverters are used for many applications, as in
situations where low voltage DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells must be
converted so that devices can run off of AC power. One example of such a situation would be
converting electrical power from a car battery to run a laptop, TV or cell phone. This report
focuses on design and simulation of single phase, three phase and pulse width modulated
inverter and use of pulse width modulated inverter in the speed control of Induction motor.
DC to AC control change is a key job in the cutting edge set up of age, transmission,
appropriation, and use. DC to AC control converters assume key job invariable recurrence
drives, uninterruptible power supplies, cooling, and high-voltage DC control transmission,
electric vehicle drives, and static VAR compensators. This paper exhibits a survey on most
significant topologies and strategies of control of inverters.

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Chapter 2

INVERTERS
The converters which converts the power into ac power popularly known as the inverters,.
The application areas for the inverters include the uninterrupted power supply (UPS), the ac
motor speed controllers, etc.

The inverters can be classified based on a number of factors like, the nature of output
waveform (sine, square, quasi square, PWM etc), the power devices being used (thyristor
transistor, MOSFETs IGBTs), the configuration being used, (series. parallel, half bridge, Full
bridge), the type of commutation circuit that is being employed and Voltage source and
current source inverters. The thyristor of inverters use SCRs as power switches. Because the
input source of power is pure de in nature, forced commutation circuit is an essential part of
thyristor of inverters. The commutation circuits must be carefully designed to ensure a
successful commutation of SCRs. The addition of the commutation circuit makes the
thyristor of inverters bulky and costly. The size and the cost of the circuit can be reduced to
some extent if the operating frequency is increased but then the inverter grade thyristors
which are special thyristors manufactured to operate at a higher frequency must be used,
which are costly.

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Typical applications:

Un-interruptible power supply (UPS),

Industrial (induction motor) drives,
Traction,
HVDC.

Classification of Inverters:
There are different basis of classification of inverters. Inverters are broadly classified as
current source inverter and voltage source inverters. Moreover it can be classified on the
basis of devices used (SCR or gate commutation devices), circuit configuration (half bridge
or full bridge), nature of output voltage (square, quasi square or sine wave), type of circuit
(switched mode PWM or resonant converters) etc.

Principle of Operation:

1. The principle of single phase transistorised inverters can be explained. The configuration is
known as the half bridge configuration.
2. The transistor Q1 is turned on for a time T0/2, which makes the instantaneous voltage
across the load Vo = V12.
3. If transistor Q2 is turned on at the instant T0/2 by turning Q1 off then -V/2 appears across
the load.

Performance parameters of inverters

The output of practical inverters contains harmonics and the quality of an inverter is normally
evaluated in terms of following performance parameters:
• Harmonic factor of nth harmonic.
• Total harmonic distortion.
• Distortion factor.
• Lowest order harmonic.

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Circuit Diagram:
Fig.2.2

Working:

The aim of the inverter circuit is to convert 12VDC to 220VAC, Now to achieve this, It has
to first convert 12VDC to 12VAC first followed by 12VAC to 220VAC using a step up
transformer.

In short, It has classified the designing of inverter circuit into three stages:

1) Driver stage

2) Power stage

3) Transformer

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Driver stage:
The tasks that are performed in driver stage are generation of modified sine wave, monitoring
the battery voltage, handling the other housekeeping tasks such as short circuit protection,
etc. Here Arduino NANO is used to accomplish all these tasks.

Arduino is generating a modified sine waveform of 5V which is amplified to a level of 12V

using L293D IC. Battery voltage is monitored every 20ms using timer interrupt.

Power Stage:
As the inverter output power is 600VA and it is 75% efficient so the input current at full load
comes out to be 75Amp approx. (using ohm's law).

Now this current amplification task is performed by the power stage. In this stage, two N-
MOSFETS are configured in push-pull topology to amplify the current. Mosfet Chosen are
IRF3205.

Transformer:
Now this is very simple, the output waveform from the push-pull topology is fed into the
transformer to generate the 220V.

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Chapter 3

Source code:
const int SpwmArry[ ] = {500,500,750,500,1250,500,2000,500,1250,500,750,500,500}; // Array of
SPWM values.
const int SpwmArryValues = 13; //Put length of an Array depends on SpwmArray numbers.
// Declare the output pins and choose PWM pins only
const int sPWMpin1 = 10;
const int sPWMpin2 = 9;
// enabling bool status of Spwm pins
bool sPWMpin1Status = true;
bool sPWMpin2Status = true;

void setup()
{
pinMode(sPWMpin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sPWMpin2, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
// Loop for Spwm pin 1
for(int i(0); i != SpwmArryValues; i++)
{
if(sPWMpin1Status)
{
digitalWrite(sPWMpin1, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(SpwmArry[i]);
sPWMpin1Status = false;
}
else
{

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digitalWrite(sPWMpin1, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(SpwmArry[i]);
sPWMpin1Status = true;
}
}

// Loop for Spwm pin 2

for(int i(0); i != SpwmArryValues; i++)
{
if(sPWMpin2Status)
{
digitalWrite(sPWMpin2, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(SpwmArry[i]);
sPWMpin2Status = false;
}
else
{
digitalWrite(sPWMpin2, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(SpwmArry[i]);
sPWMpin2Status = true;
}
}
}

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INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the
physical world than on a desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform
based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing
software for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of
switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs.
Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicating with software running on
a computer. The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-
source IDE can be downloaded for free. The Arduino programming language is an
implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based on the
Processing multimedia programming environment.

What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open source electronics platform accompanied with a hardware and
software to design, develop and test complex electronics prototypes and products. The
hardware consists of a microcontroller with other electronic components which can be
programmed using the software to do almost any task. The simplicity of the Arduino
language makes it very easy for almost everyone who has an interest in electronics to write
programs without the understanding of complex algorithms or codes.
Arduino is intended for an artist, tinker, designer or anyone, interested in playing with
electronics without the knowhow of complex electronics and programming skills. Arduino is
an excellent designed open source platform. It has specially designed boards which can be
programmed using the Arduino Programming Language (APL).
The presence of Arduino is not only spreading between hobbyists, but it has also
expanded its roots in industries and used by experts for making prototypes of commercial
products. Arduino takes off the efforts required in complex coding and designing hardware.

The open source nature of Arduino has been the main reason for its rapid horizontal
growth. Since it is an Open Source project, all the files related to hardware and software is
available for personal or commercial use. The development cost of the hardware is very small
as against the costly similar proprietary products by the industrial giants. The open source
nature doesn’t require any licenses to develop, use, redistribute or even sell the product. But

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the Arduino name is trade mark protected (Arduino™) i.e., these are free to sell the Arduino
board under any other name however in order to sell it under the name “Arduino” need to
take permission from the founders and follow their quality terms.

The Software files which includes all the source code library are also open sourced. A
user can modify them to make the project more versatile and improve its capabilities. This
provides a strong online community support.

Concept of Arduino:
The root of Arduino goes deep down to the development of Processing Language by
MIT researchers. Processing language is an open source language designed to introduce the
software development environment for the artistic people without the need of deep
knowledge of programming of algorithms. Processing is based on java.
In early year of 21st century, designing an electronics gadget was nearly impossible
for a common man. The requirement of specific skill set and hefty prices of software and
hardware created a full stop in the path of their creativity.
In year 2003 Hernando Barragan, a programmer developed an open source electronics
development platform with software IDE, where anyone with a small knowledge in
electronics and programming could use his project to give wings to their creativity. His focus
was to reduce the burden of complexity in designing electronics hardware and software. The
project was named as Wiring. The software IDE of the Wiring used processing language to
write the codes.
As the program written in C/C++ is named as Project, in the same way the code
written in Wiring (even in Processing and Arduino) is termed as Sketch. The name sketch
gives a familiar look for an artist.
The principle idea behind Wiring is that one can make the sketch of their idea on
Wiring software and implement it using specially designed Wiring board. This need to write
a few lines of codes on the software IDE and then download the program to the onboard
microcontroller to see the output.
Wiring has predefined libraries to make the programming language easy. Arduino
uses these libraries. The predefined libraries are written in C/C++. One can even write his
software in C/C++ and use them on wiring boards. The difference between writing a program
in C/C++ and Wiring is that the Wiring Application Programmable Interface (API) has
simplified programming style and the user doesn’t require detailed knowledge of the concepts

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like classes, objects, pointers, etc. While sketching hardware need to call the predefined
functions and rest will be handled by the Wiring software.

The basic difference between the Processing and the Wiring is that the Processing is
use to write the program which can be used on other computers while Wiring program is used
on microcontrollers.
History:
Wiring is the predecessor of Arduino. Arduino was developed in lvrea, Italy by
Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles in year 2005. The Project was named after Arduin of
lvrea (King of Italy). The project Arduino uses the Wiring language. The concept of Wiring
Language was created by Hernando Barragan, and under his supervision Massimo Banzi and
David Cuartielles developed the Project Arduino.
Open Source License
Arduino is an open source project which is probably the root cause reason for its
popularity. Arduino hardware design is an Open Source Hardware, distributed
under Creative Common Attribution Share-Alike license. Creative Common, a non-
profitable organization has released several copyleft-licenses as free of charge, so that the
creativity/ knowledge can be shared to the rest of the world while having the copyright to the
authorized person. The originally designed files, like layout and schematics of Arduino
products are available as Eagle CAD files.
The source code for its IDE and libraries are also available and released under GUN
General Public License (known as GPL). The GPL is the first copyleft license for general
use. The license is granted for the software to ensure the copyleft freedom.

Fig.4.1

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What is “PROTEUS”?
Proteus is a simulation and design software use for lab centre
Electronic for Electrical and Electronic design circuits. Proteus is the best simulation
software for various with microcontroller. It is mainly common software because of
availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is a handy tool test programs and
embedded designs for electronic hobbyist and can see programming in Proteus Software.
After simulating the circuit in Proteus easily make PCB design with it. In short say that it
could be all in one package.

It is a software containing Schematic, Simulation and PCB designing.

 ISIS:
ISIS abbreviation is Intelligent Schematic Input System. ISIS is used to draw schematic and
simulate the circuit in real time. The Simulation allows human access during run time,
providing real time simulation.
 ARES:
ARES Stands for Advance Routing and Editing Software. ARES is used for PCB designing.
It has the feature of viewing 3D view of the designed PCB along with components. The
designer can also develop 2D drawings in it.

Important stages of an Inverter

The output power of any power Inverter is depends upon these things:

 The transformer’s power rating.

 Output power rating of Driving stage i.e. MOSFETs / Transistor.
 The ability of the battery to provide the power.

The MOSFETs:

are utilizing MOSFETs instead of BJTs for better efficiency. MOSFETs have less internal
resistance, which translates to less heat dissipated as per ohm’s law.

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Power BJTs mostly cannot be driven by the ICs or the microcontrollers directly because of
the limited current capability of the microcontroller / ICs.

If BJTs are not properly biased at Base terminal, will get less power at output, even though
transformer and battery can deliver enough power.

The proposed circuit is tested with IRF540N. The IRF540N can handle maximum current of
33A (with its maximum temperature limit) as per the data sheet.

So, with a rough calculation this MOSFET can deliver: 12V (Battery voltage) x 33A = 396
Watt at best and again, there will be some loss. So assume that it can deliver 150 watt to 250
watt with this particular MOSFET. If more power needed at output, Two MOSFET can be
connected in parallel to double the power output, provided by battery and transformer can
deliver.

Battery:

The ability of the battery to deliver current reflects the power output. The battery has certain
limit to deliver current, if forced the battery beyond its limit, it will see sharp degradation in
battery life and its capacity.

The ability of the battery to deliver current depends on the internal “Equivalent Series
Resistance”, which is, resistance of few ohm series with battery internally. Every battery has
internal “Equivalent Series Resistance” (ESR).But deep cycle batteries have the least “ESR”
which made it suitable for high current applications .A 12V 7Ah battery can provide enough
current for 150 watts safely without any significant degradation. But if wanted to increase the
backup time or power or both connect 2 or more 12V 7Ah batteries in parallel with similar
charge level. The battery is the one which delivers power to connected appliances; the
inverter converts the battery’s “Low voltage / High current” into “High voltage / Low
current” AC output.

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IC L293D:

The L293D is a popular 16-Pin Motor Driver IC. As the name suggests it is mainly used to
drive motors. A single L293D IC is capable of running two DC motors at the same time; also
the direction of these two motors can be controlled independently. So if motors are there
which has operating voltage less than 36V and operating current less than 600mA, which are
to be controlled by digital circuits like Op-Amp, 555 timers, digital gates or even
Microcontrollers like Arduino, PIC, ARM etc.. this IC will be the right choice.

All the Ground pins should be grounded. There are two power pins for this IC, one is the
Vs(Vcc1) which provides the voltage for the IC to work, this must be connected to +5V. The
other is Vs(Vcc2) which provides voltage for the motors to run, based on the specification of
motor can be connected to this pin to anywhere between 4.5V to 36V, here it has connected
to +12V.

The Enable pins (Enable 1,2 and Enable 3,4) are used to Enable Input pins for Motor 1 and
Motor 2 respectively. Since in most cases it will be using both the motors both the pins are
held high by default by connecting to +5V supply. The input pins Input 1,2 are used to
control the motor 1 and Input pins 3,4 are used to control the Motor 2. The input pins are
connected to the any Digital circuit or microcontroller to control the speed and direction of
the motor.

RESISTOR:

Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing electrical

resistance. The resistor's resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit.

They are passive components, meaning they only consume power (and can't generate it).
Resistors are usually added to circuits where they complement active components like op-
amps, microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit
current, divide voltages, and pull-up I/O lines.

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The electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms. The symbol for an ohm is the
greek capital-omega: Ω. The (somewhat roundabout) definition of 1Ω is the resistance
between two points where 1 volt (1V) of applied potential energy will push 1 ampere (1A) of
current.

As SI units go, larger or smaller values of ohms can be matched with a prefix like kilo-,
mega, or giga-, to make large values easier to read. It's very common to see resistors in the
kilohm (kΩ) and megaohm (MΩ) range (much less common to see miliohm (mΩ) resistors).
For example, a 4,700Ω resistor is equivalent to a 4.7kΩ resistor, and a 5,600,000Ω resistor
can be written as 5,600kΩ or (more commonly as) 5.6MΩ.

CONVERTER:

Practical electronic converters use switching techniques. Switched-mode DC-to-DC

converters convert one DC voltage level to another, which may be higher or lower, by storing
the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the output at a different
voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components (inductors,
transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors). This conversion method can
increase or decrease voltage. Switching conversion is often more power-efficient (typical
efficiency is 75% to 98%) than linear voltage regulation, which dissipates unwanted power as
heat. Fast semiconductor device rise and fall times are required for efficiency; however, these
fast transitions combine with layout parasitic effects to make circuit design challenging. The
higher efficiency of a switched-mode converter reduces the hegatsinking needed, and
increases battery endurance of portable equipment. Efficiency has improved since the late
1980s due to the use of power FETs, which are able to switch more efficiently with
lower switching losses [de] at higher frequencies than power bipolar transistors, and use less
complex drive circuitry. Another important improvement in DC-DC converters is replacing
the flyback diode with synchronous rectification[6] using a power FET, whose "on
resistance" is much lower, reducing switching losses. Before the wide availability of power
semiconductors, low-power DC-to-DC synchronous converters consisted of an electro-
mechanical vibrator followed by a voltage step-up transformer feeding a vacuum tube or
semiconductor rectifier, or synchronous rectifier contacts on the vibrator.
Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to move power in only one direction, from dedicated
input to output. However, all switching regulator topologies can be made bidirectional and
able to move power in either direction by replacing all diodes with independently
controlled active rectification. A bidirectional converter is useful, for example, in applications
requiring regenerative braking of vehicles, where power is supplied to the wheels while
driving, but supplied by the wheels when braking.
Although they require few components, switching converters are electronically complex.
Like all high-frequency circuits, their components must be carefully specified and physically
arranged to achieve stable operation and to keep switching noise (EMI / RFI) at acceptable
levels.[7] Their cost is higher than linear regulators in voltage-dropping applications, but their
cost has been decreasing with advances in chip design.
DC-to-DC converters are available as integrated circuits (ICs) requiring few additional
components. Converters are also available as complete hybrid circuit modules, ready for use
within an electronic assembly.

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Linear regulators which are used to output a stable DC independent of input voltage and
output load from a higher but less stable input by dissipating excess volt-amperes as heat,
could be described literally as DC-to-DC converters, but this is not usual usage. The same
could be said of a simple voltage dropper resistor, whether or not stabilised by a
following voltage regulator or Zener diode.

Working:

The Arduino is the heart of the circuit as it generates 50Hz square wave at 50% duty cycle.
The two BC548 are the buffers for MOSFET IRF540N. The IRF540N or most of the
MOSFETs need 10V to fully turn on, but the Arduino pins deliver only 5V.
The two BC5+48 takes the low voltage (5V Signal) from Arduino and delivers 12V at “gate”
terminal, which is sufficient for turn the MOSFETs fully ON. If the MOSFET is not fully ON
there will be resistance between Source and Drain Terminal, which generated heat (a lot!)
and affects the output voltage and current. The Arduino oscillates the each MOSFET at time
energizing the secondary side wind ng alternately, which produces stable 50Hz 230V AC at
the output.

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