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Vector Space 03

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23 views19 pages

Vector Space 03

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koteen547
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Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space

(cont’d)
4 Cross Product
Cross Product of Vectors
 Recall from Section 3 that the dot
product of two vectors in 2-space or 3-
space produces a scalar.
 We will now define a type of vector
multiplication that produces a vector as
the product, but which is applicable only
in 3-space.
Definition
Example 1
Calculating a Cross Product
Theorem 4.1
Relationships Involving Cross
Product and Dot Product
Example 2
u v Is Perpendicular to u and to v
Theorem 4.2
Properties of Cross Product
Example 3
Standard Unit Vectors
Example 3
Standard Unit Vectors (count)
 Obtaining the following results:

i i=0 j j=0 k k=0


i j=k j k=i k i=j
j i = -k k j = -i i k = -j

 Figure 3.4.2 is helpful for remembering these results.


Referring to this diagram, the cross product of two
consecutive vectors going clockwise is the next vector
around, and the cross product of two consecutive
vectors going counterclockwise is the negative of
the next vector around.
Determinant Form of Cross
Product (1/2)
 A cross product can be represented
symbolically in the form of 3 3 determinant:

 For example : if u = (1,2,-2) and v = (3,0,1), then


i j k
u × v = 1 2 − 2 = 2i − 7 j − 6k
3 0 1
Determinant Form of Cross
Product (2/2)
 Warning: It is not true in general that
u (v w) = (u v) w
 For example
i (j j)= i 0= 0
and (i j) j = k j= -i
so that i (j j) (i j) j

 We known from Theorem 3.4.1 that u v is orthogonal to


both u and v. If u and v are nonzero vectors, it can be
shown that the direction of u v can be determined using
the following right-hand rule.
Geometric Interpretation of
Cross Product
 Lf u and v are vectors in 3-space, then the norm of u
x v has a useful geometric interpretation. Lagrange's
identity, given in Theorem 3.4.1, states that
2 2 2
u×v = u v − (u ⋅ v ) 2
2 2 2 2
= u v −u v cos 2 θ
2 2 2 2 2
= u v (1 − cos θ) = u v sin 2 θ
since 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, it follows that sinθ ≥ 0, so
u × v = u v sin θ
Theorem 4.3
Area of a Parallelogram

If u and v are vectors in 3-space, then u × v


is equal to the area of the parallelogram
determined by u and v.
Example 4
Area of a Triangle
Definition

(7)
Example 5
Calculating a Scalar Triple
Product (1/2)
Example 5
Calculating a Scalar Triple
Product (2/2)
 Note : The symbol (u — v) w make no sense since
we cannot form the cross product of a scale
and a vector.
 It follows from (7) that

u—(v w)= w · ( u v)= v · ( w u)

This relationship can be remembered by moving


the vector u, v, and w clockwise around the
vertices of the triangle in Figure 3.4.6.
References
 http://vision.ee.ccu.edu.tw/modules/tinyd2
/content/93_LA/Chapter3(3.1~3.5).ppt

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