SECTION A

WORKING WITH MS-DOS

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

MS-DOS is a master program that coordinates the flow of information from computer to disk or
vice vices. This type of program is necessary for every computer that uses disks. The main
function is grouped into three major tasks
1. It coordinates the input and output devices such as monitor, printer, disk devices etc.
2. It enables users to load and execute program
3. It maintains an orderly system files on disks.

Program
Programs, often called application programs, applications or simply software, are series of
instructions written in computer language. These instructions are stored in files and tell your
computer to perform a task.

File
All jobs done with a computer are kept as files. A file simply means a name reserved area of a
disk; within you can store data. Each file is a collection of related information. A single disk can
contain both program files (instruction for the computer) and data files (data stored by the user).
MS-DOS contains a host of commands and program to enable it store information on any disk
connected to the computer.

Filenames
Just as each folder in a file cabinet has a label, each file on a disk has a name. File simply means
the name you wish to identify your file in the disk.

Filename Extensions
An extension is optional, but is ideal to use them, since they are useful for describing the
contents of a file to you and to MS-DOS.for examples; all files having extensions.Exe, .Com and
.bat can be identified as executable, command and batch files respectively.
Note: that the filename extension distiquishes one file from another.MS-DOS will not allow files
having the same filename to exist in the same directory.

HOW TO LOAD MS-DOS FROM WINDOWS 98

-Click on start, Move to program
-Click on Ms-Dos prompt
-Type CD... And press enter
Result
C:\>
Or
-Click on start,
-Click on shut down
-Click on restart MS-DOS in safe mode
-Type CD... or CD\and press enter

HOW TO LOAD MS-DOS FROM WINDOWS 2000 or XP

-Click on start
-Move to program
-Move to Accessories
-Click on Command Program
-Type CD...

DIRECTORY
A directory is where files are kept. It contains the names of your files, their sizes, data and time
they were last modified. Directories let you manage and group your files in convenient
categories. MS-DOS uses a system called TREE STRUCTURE that allows you to group and
store computer files efficiently. You can group related files into a directory and you can also
group related directories into a multi-level structure called a Tree.
TYPES OF DIRECTORIES.

a) Root Directory.
The root directory is where all other directories are formed. Ms-DOS creates the root directory
each time it formats a disk. The root directory cannot be deleted. Usually, the system prompt for
the root of drive C appears thus: c:\>

b) Sub-Directory.
A sub-directory is a directory formed in another directory. It is any directory other than the
root directory. A sub-directory can contain any number of files or other sub-directories; the only
timing factor is the amount of space available on the disk.
C:\md john.
Note: it means john is sub-directory.

c) Current or working Directory.

The directory that you are currently using is called the working directory, i.e. when you start
your computer; you start in the working directory. Similarly, when you create a file, you create it in
the working directory.
C:\>cd john, press enter key
Result
C:\john>
Note: it means you are now working in john directory.

d) Parent Directory.
Parent directory is the directory where a sub-directory is formed. In the diagram below, if we
assume JOHN to be the current directory, then we have a clear understanding of the notion of
directory.
C:\Paul>md Mike, James, John press enter
C:\>Paul>cd Mike, James, John
C:\Paul\Mike\James\John>

DIAGRAM
Disk Drive
To use the files or programs that are on a floppy disk, you must first insert the disk into a disk
drive. Floppy disk drives are commonly referred to as drive A and drive B while the hard disk is
referred to as drive C.

Drive Name.
A complete drive name consists of a drive letter and a colon when using a command; you may
need to type the drive name before your filename to tell MS-DOS where to find the disk that
contains your file e.g. A: or B: for floppy disk, C: for harddisk, etc.

MS-DOS Prompt.
MS-DOS displays a symbol called prompt, that contains the default drive letter, followed by a
colon, back slash and a greater than sign (C:\>) to let you know that it is ready to receive a
command. Following the greater than sigh is the cursor, the blinking box or flashing underline
that shows where the next character you will type will appear. MS-DOS

Paths and pathname

A pathname is used to tell MS-DOS where files are located in the directory system. A pathname
is a sequence of directory names followed by a filename. Each directory name is separated from
the previous one by a backslash e.g. C:\my computer\ct\Austine while A path is not include a
filename.

The Config.sys
When you start MS-DOS, it automatically searches for a file name config.sys on your system
disk. This file contains special commands that let you set up (configure) MS-DOS for use with
devices or application Programs.

THE Autoexec bat file

MS-DOS also searches for a second file when you start your computer. This file is called auto
executable. It performs any set of commands you would normally give when you start MS-DOS.
For example, you might use this file to prepare MS-DOS for running an application program.

The System Disk

A system disk is a bootable disk that contains only the files required to start your system. It
contains three MS-DOS system files i.e. I/O sys, MS-DOS.sys and Command.com. When you
start your system, these three files are copied from the system disk to your system's Ram.
The I/O.sys and MS-DOS.sys files are hidden files, that is; you cannot see them in directory
listings, unless you use the (\s)switch witch with the DIR command. The command .com file is
usually in the root directory of every system disk. If you have a hard disk, it is usually your main
system disk. However, when you start your system, drive C, CD Rom or drive A is checked first
depending on your booting sequence.

INTERNAL COMMANDS
Internal commands are the simplest, most commonly used commands. When you list the
directory on your MS-DOS disk, you cannot see these commands because they are part of a file.
THE MS-DOS INTERNAL COMMANDS

Break Exit ren (rename)

Call for Rmdir (rd)
Chip Go to Set
Chkdir (MD) Shift
Copy Path Time
Prompt Verify Del (erase)
Date Vol Echo
Ver Type

EXTERNAL COMMANDS
Any filename with extensions of COM, EXE or BAT is considered an external command. For
example, files such as format.com and diskcopy.com are external commands. Because all
external commands are also files, you can create new commands and add them to MS-DOS
Programs that you create with most languages (including assembly language) will be exe
(executable) files.
NOTE: That when you use an external command, you do not need to type its filename extension.

THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF MS-DOS EXTERNAL COMMANDS

Append Fdisk Print

Assign Find Recover
Attrib Format Replace
Back Restore Chkdsk
Select Command Join
Comp Key Sort
Diskcomp label Diskcopy
Mem Sys Tree
Xcopy e.t.c.

INTERPRETATION OF MS-DOS COMMAND.

A) INTERNAL DOS COMMANDS.

These commands are built to the computer memory and they cannot be deleted. Examples
are:
1. CLS: This command means ―Clear Screen". It is used to clear the computer's screen.
C:\CLS press enter key.

2. TIME: This command is used to check time.

C:\>time

3. DATE: This command specifies the date.

C:\>date.

4. VER: This command is used to know the MS-DOS version of the system.

5. DIR: This command is used to display the content of a directory. It is used to view the total
number of files on a director, the date and time of the files that were created and in addition the
total number of bytes used by each file.
C:\>dir

Dir/p: This option is used to display the directory page by page. It also shows the date,
time, number files and number of bytes used by the file.
Dir/w: This option is used to list the content of a directory in tabular form.
Dir/p/w: This command will display the content page by page in a tabular form.
Dir/s: To view all the files including the hiding files.
Dir/l: To view all files in small letter.
Dir/o: To view all the directories just before other files.
Dir/b: To display only the filenames alone.
6. Transferring System Files: This command transfers MS-DOS system files from the disk in
the default drive to the disk in the specified drive. The I/O .sys and MS-DOS.sys are both hidden
files that do not appear when you type the directory command (dir), system does not transfer the
command .com files, so to transfer command .com to the target disk, and you must use the copy
command. To copy MS-DOS system files from your working directory A: C:\>sys a:

7. CD.. Or CD\: This command is used to move completely from one directory to another e.g. to
exit john directory.
C:\john>cd..
Result
C:\>

8. CD: This command is used to change the parent directory i.e. to enter another directory.
C:\cd bola.

9. MD: This command means "MAKE or CREATE DIRECTORY" and it is used to create a
directory e.g. TO create a directory call john.
C:\>MD john

10. COPY: This command is used to copy from one default drive to another i.e. to copy a file
John from C: to A: or vice vices.
C:\>copjohna:

11. RD: This command means “REMOVE DIRECTORY” and it is used to remove a directory. To
remove the directory call john C:\rdjohn.

Note: The RD command works only when you've empty all the files in the directory.

12. DEL: This command is used to delete all unwanted files in the directory e.g. to delete files
called bola from a: (diskette)
C:\>a:
A:\>del bola
Note: This command is a very dangerous command hence you have to be sure of what you are
deleting because MS-DOS is very sensitive with versions which may take it difficult to undelete.

13. REN: This command is used to rename a file from old filename to new filename e.g. Bola to
Jude.
C:\rem bola Jude.

14. VOL: This command is used to display the volume label and serial number of disks.
C:\>vol

15. LABEL: To label your disks with any filename you like.
C:\>label

B. EXTERNAL DOS COMMANDS.

16. DISK COPY: This command is used to copy all the content of the floppy disk in the source to
the targeted disk. The two diskettes should be the same size so that it will contain all the
information.
A:\diskcopy b:

17. DISKCOMP: This command is used to compare the content of the disk in the source to the
targeted drive. Diskcomp performs a track by track comparison of the disk. It automatically
determines the number of sides and sectors per track based on the format of the sources disk. If
all the tracks are the same, diskcomp will display the massage compare ok.

18. FORMAT: This command is used to prepare the disk into tracks and sectors so that data
/information can be stored in them. It deletes the content of a diskette as it formats. To format a
diskette in drive A,
C:\FORMAT A:
C:\>FORMAT A:\S: This command formats a diskette in drive A and copies the file call
COMMAND.COM to the diskette.
C:\>FORMAT A:\Q: This option is used to make quick format.
C:\>FORMAT A:\F: 720: This option is used if you want to specify the size of the floppy disk.

19. COPY CON: This command is used to create a file in DOS environment. To create a file
called Jude.
C:\>Copy con Jude

20. EDIT: This command is used to edit and modify the contents of a file. I.e. t modifies a file
called Jude.
C:\>edit Jude

21. TREE: This command graphically displays the path and optionally lists the content of each
directory and sub-directory on the give drive.
C:\>Tree

22. MEM: This command is used to display the amount of used and free memory, list allocated
and free memory areas, and programs that are loaded.
C:\>mem.

23. XCOPY: This command is used to copy files and sub-directory within a directory to another
destination. TO copy WP%! Directory and its sub directories to a floppy diskette,
C:\>xcopy wp51 A:\S\P.

24. CHKDSK: This command means “CHECK DISK" .It is used to check the status of a diskette.
It shows the total space available on a disk, the space used by file, directory, and total space
remaining on

The Disk.
C:\>chkdsk

25. BACKUP: This command is used to copy files in a compressed form so that they can be
stored for future use.
NOTE: To back up the entire hard disk you will need another hard disk of the same size or more.

26. RESTORE: This command is used to copy files backed up into the system. To copy the file
drive A back to drive C,
C:\>restore filename.

27. UNDELETE: This command is used to recall a deleted file. To undelete a file called spell,
C:\>undelete spell.

28. HELP: To access to must of DOS command.

MS-DOS WILDCARD.
MS-DOS offers a powerful feature called wildcards. Wildcards are special characters that are
used to represent file(s) name or group of filenames. You can use wildcard as alegal character
when you refer to a file. With wildcard, one single character will represent a group of characters
in the name of a file. Two special characters used for wildcards are Question Marks (?) and
Asterisk (*). The following are some examples of how to use wildcard characters.

WORKING WITH ASTERISK (*).

Using Directory Command with Asterisk
C:\>dir*bas : To display all the files and folders that has bas as their extensions.
C:\>dira** : To display all the files and folders that start with letter (A) irrespective of
their extensions.
C:\>dir*.* : To display all files and folders in sub-directory irrespective of their
extension.

USING COPY COMMAND WITH ASTERISK.

C:\>COPY**A : To copy all the files and folders that start with letter (A)
irrespective of their extensions.
C:\>Copy *.* D:\> : To copy all files and folders irrespective of extensions and send it to
another hard disk (D:).

USING DELETE COMMAND WITH ASTERISK

C:\del P ** : This command deletes all filenames that begins with letter P irrespective
of their extension.
C:\>del *.* : This command deletes all filenames irrespective of their extension in the
hard disk.
C:\>del *.* A : This command deletes all files and folders irrespective of their extensions
in the diskette.
NOTE: This command could be disastrous if not properly used especially the (*.*) command, you
are advised not to try it ordinarily except when there is serious need for it.

WORKING WITH QUESTION MARK (?).

Using Directory Command with Question Mark.
C:\>dir?????* : To display all filenames that has less or up to five (5) characters
irrespective of their extension.
C:\>dir???? A : To displays all filenames that has four characters or less in the diskette.
C:\>dir????E : To display all filenames that has five (5) characters or less with letter
(E) at the end irrespective of their extensions.
Using Copy Command with Question Mark?
C:\>Copy????A: To copy all the filenames that has four or less characters irrespective of their
extensions and copy to diskette.

Section B

WORKING WITH WINDOWS XP

BOOTING UP SYSTEM WITH WINDOWS XP

Booting up means when you press power button on the C.P.U. The
Computer will start displaying the system configuration, then load operating
Systems, and finally take you to desktop where you can start working with the packages.

ICON: An Icon is a pictorial representation of a command either in form of graphics or symbols.

Examples are my computer, recycle bin, Internet, Network Neighborhood e.t.c.

(a) MY Computer: - This icon will give access to work with

Your hard disk C: Floppy A: printer e.t.c.

(b) Recycle bin: - This where deleted files are kept with date and
Time irrespective of its locations on the hard disk. You can also restore
Any of the deleted files.

(c) Internet: This icon on desktop indicates that the system is internet
Ready. Then you can get connected through internet service provider
(ISP) before you can have access to browse.

(d) Network Neighborhood: - This icon indicates that the system is Network ready i.e.
Network facility is available on the system.

WORKING WITH DISK

1. To check the properties (size) of Hard disk

You must always check the properties of the hard disk before
Any new installation.
-Open my computer
-Right click on C:
-Click on properties
-You will see the used and free space

2. to Label Hard Disk

-Open my computer
-Right click on C:
-From the properties
-Type the name you want in the box provided
-Click Apply
-Click ok
3. Disk Clean up
It is good to clean up your disk from time to time in order to free
More space on your hard disk.
-Open my computer
-Right click on C:
-Click on properties
-Click on clean up
-Carefully click on file(s) that are not in using.
Click on ok
Click on yes.

4. to Scan System Hard Disk

This option will check system hard disk for error without
Affecting your work.
-Open my computer
-Right click on C:
-Click on properties
-Click on tools tab
-Click on check now
-select option from box and click on start.
5. Disk defragment
-Open my computer
-Right click on c;
-Click on tools
-Click on defragment now
-Click on defrayment again.
6. TO SEARCH FOR FILES OR FOLDER
-Open my computer icon
-Right click on c;
-Click on search or find
-type filename you want to search for inside the box
-click on search or find now

7. COPY DISK
You can copy from one diskette (source) to another (target) i.e. you must have two floppy drive.
-Open my computer -insert your diskette into the drive
-Right click on 3 floppy a;
Click on copy disk
Click start.
8. TO RE-FORMAT DISKETTE OR FLASH
Formatting means to prepare the disk in order to receive information
-Open my computer icon
-Insert your diskette
-Right click on 3 floppy a; or removable disk
-Click on format
-Click on start.
NOTE; that the manufacture would have formatted the diskette for the first time. So you must
avoid formatting except as a last resort

9. TO RETORE A DELETED FILES

-Open recycle bin
-Right click on files or folder
-Click on restore

10. TO EMPTY RECYCLE BIN

-Open recycle bin icon
-Click on edit and click on 'select all'
_Press ‗delete key on your keyboard or
-Click on files menu
-click on empty recycle bin
-Click on yes
11. TO REMOVE SOFTWARE
-Click on start and move to setting
-Click on control panel
-Click on add /remove
-click on software you want to remove
-Click on remove
-Follow the instruction step by step

12. TO ADD NEW PROGRAMS

-click on start
Click on control panel
-Click add or remove program
-Click on add new programs icon
-Insert your cd or floppy for the software you want to install
-Click on cd or floppy
-Follow the instruction step by step
OR
You insert the software cd directly from the desktop
13. TO CHECK SYSTEM PROPERTIES
-Right click on my computer icon
-Click on properties
Or
-Click on start
-Click on control panel
-Click on performance and maintenance
-C
Click on system

14. TO CHECK THE NAME OF DRIVES ON THE SYSTEM

-Open on my computer icon
-Right click on C;
-Click on properties
-Click on Hardware

15. POWER SETTING

If the monitor or CPU tripping off at minutes interval, it means power setting has been tempered
with.
To correct it;
-Click on start
-Click on control panel
-Click on performance and maintenance
-Power option
-Click on ''Turn off monitor box, click on never
-Click on ''Turn of hard disk box and select never
-Click on ok.

16. SETTING SYSTEM DATE AND TIME

-Click on start
-Click on control panel
-Click on Date, Time, Language and Regional option
-Set your Date and Time
-Click on ok
Or
-Right click on Time on your task bar (Bottom of the system)
-Click on Adjust Date and Time
-Set your Date and Time
-Click on Time Zone Tab
-Click on arrow box below
-Click on option to see time around the world and click ok.
17. TO CREATE ACCOUNT
You can create additional account to the one you've created
-Click on start
-Click on control panel
-Click on user account
-Click on create new account
-Type the Name of your account
-Click on next
-Click on create password

18. TO CHANGE ACCOUNT NAME

-Click on start
-Click on control panel
-Click on user account
-Click on account you want to change
-Click on change the Name
-Type new name
-Click on ''change name''

19. TO PASSWORD ACCOUNT

-Click on start
-Click on control panel
-Click on user account
-Click on account to password
-Re-type password in confirm box
-Click on create password

20. TO REMOVE PASSWORD

-Click on start
-Click on control panel

-Click on user account

-Click on account to remove the password

-Click on remove password

21. TO DELETE PASSWORD

-Click on start

-Click on control panel

-Click on user account

-Click on Account to delete

-Click on delete password

-Click on "Keep Files" to save the contents of the Account on desktop or my document

-Click on delete files

-Click on delete account

22. TO ACTIVATE THE SYSTEM WHEN YOU FORGET YOUR PASSWORD

-Off the system and ON it again

-During post Screen Test (POT)

-Press F5 and navigate to Save Mode and press enter

-Wait for the system to finish booting

-Click on Administration Account or other Account that is not passworded

-Wait until the system activate the desktop, then remove the password

Note: It means you must not have passworded your Administrative Account when you
are loading operating system, if not you will format the whole hard disk and start fresh
installation

CUSTOMIZE YOUR DESKTOP

23. CHANGING THE BACKGROUND, COLOUR, AND WALLPAPER

-Right on free space on your desktop

-Click on Properties

-Click on desktop tab

-Select options from Background box

-Click on Apply and click ok.

OR

-Click on start d move to setting

-Click on control panel

-Click on appearance and desktop background

-Select option and click ok.

24. TO SET SCREEN SAVER

This is text or animation that display on the system when the system is not use.

-Right click on the screen (desktop) and click on Properties

-Click on the screen saver tab, at the top

-Select option from the "Screen Saver Box"

-Click on preview to see how it will display

-Set minute you want for the display

-Click on Apply

-Click on ok.

Note: It will not display immediately until the system is not in use.

25. TO USE YOUR OWN TEXT AS SCREEN SAVER

-Right on the free space on your desktop

-Click on Properties and click on Screen Saver Tab

-Click on screen saver box

_ Click on 3D Text

-Click on setting
-Click inside custom text and type your text

-Select option from "Rotation Type Box".

-Select option from "Surface Style Box".
-Click in ok and click ok Again
Or
-Click on Marquee instead of 3D text, from the screen saver box.
-Type your text inside the text box
Choose option from "Background Colour"
-Choose option from "Format Text Box"
-Click on ok and click ok Again.

26. Setting VGA Colour

-Right on the free space on desktop
-Click on Properties
-Click on setting tab
-Click on the highest colour inside
-Click on apply and ok

Exploring Your Computer and Managing Your

Files & Folder
Microsoft window explorer enables you to view the contents of your
Files or folders.

FOLDERS: This is where files are kept on the computer

FILES: This is your work that you modified in any of the

Packages.

27. To Create a Folder

-Right click on the desktop
-Move to new and click on folder
-Type your filename and click outside
Or
-Click on any packages you want
-Click on "Save As" as if you want to save
-Click on "create new folder is also a folder at the top of saving
Dialog box
-Type your filename
-Click ok

28. to Copy Files or Folder from Hard To

Diskette
If the file is inside My Document folder
-Open my Document folder
-Right click on the file you want
-Move to "send to" click on 3 1/2 floppy A:
Or
-Open my document folder
-Insert your diskette
-Right click on the file you want
-Click on Copy, and minimize it
-Open my computer on your desktop
-Right click on floppy A:
-Click on Paste
Or
-Insert your diskette
-Click on start menu
-Move to program
-Click on window explorer
-Open my document
-Click on the file you want and drag it to floppy A:

29. to Copy from Diskette or Flash to Hard

Disk
-Open my computer icon
-Open floppy A:
-Right click on any file you want and click on copy
-Click back from the Address bar
-Right click on C: and click paste
Or
-Right click on the file you want
-Move to ''send to'' and click on my document
Or
-Activate window explorer
-Open floppy A:
-Click on any file you want
-Drag it to my Document or C:

30. TO RENAME FILE OR FOLDEE

-Right click on file or folder you want to rename
-Click on rename
-Type the new file name and click outside

31. TO DELETE A FILE OR FOLDER

-Right click on the file and folder you want to delete
-Click on delete
-Click from the dialog box.
Or
If the files or folder is on desktop
-Drag it to recycle bin
-Click yes, from the dialog box.

32. TO COPY BOOTABLE FILES FROM WINDOWS '98 INTO DISKETTE

-Click on start
-Click on control panel in windows'98
-Insert your diskette
-Click on Add/Remove
-Click on start up Disk
-At the count of 100
Click ok
Or
-You can also copy bootable files during windows '98 installation process

WORKING WITH ACCESSORIES

33. PLAYING VCD OR CD

-Click on start, Move to programs
-Move to accessories
-Insert your CD or VCD
-Move to entertainment
-Click on window media player
-Click on play now
-Or
Open my computer
-Open D: or E: as the case may be
-Open MPGAV
Open AVEQI or MUSIC 01
-Click on ''Open with''
-Click on ''Select the program from the list''
Click ok and scroll up
-Click on window player
-Click ok

35. TO COPY CD OR VCD TO DESKTOP

-Create a folder on the desktop
-Open My computer
-Open D: or E: as the case may be
-Open AVEQI or MUSIC 01
-Click on Edit and click select all
-Right click on the folder you've created
-Click on Paste
36. TO UNDO HARMFUL CHANGE
This command is useful for restoring or undoes harmful changes to your computer and restores
its performance to an earlier.
-Click on start, move to programs
-Move to accesories, Move to system tools
-Click on system restores
-Click on restore my computer to an earlier time
- Click on date you want (you can scroll back or forward your date)
-Click on next and follow the steps

37. CREATING YOUR OWN WALLPAPER (BACKGROUND)

-Modify your work in any package of your choice
-Copy that work and minimize your screen
-Click start, move to programs
-Move to accessories
-click on edit and paste your work
-Click on file menu, and click on 'set as background (tiled) or (centered)
38. PROGRAM COMPALIBILITY WIZARD
This will help you to check fix problems for the program that worked correctly on earlier version of
windows.
-Click on start, move to programs
-Move to accessories
-Click on program compatibility wizard
-follow steps one by one
39. TO SET SCHEDULE TASK
Click on start, move to programs
-Move to accessories
-Move to my system tool
-Click on schedule tasks
-lick on next
-Double click on schedule tasks
-Click on ‗disk clean up'
-Click on monthly or any other option you want
-Click on next and next again
40. TO DISPLAY ON SCREEN KEYBOARD
-Click on start, move to program
-Move to accessories
-Move to accessibility
-Click screen keyboard
41. TO ADJUST SOUND VOLUME
-Click on start
-Click on control panel
-Click on sound, speech and audio devices
-Adjust sound volume
42. TO SET SYSTEM FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE
-Right click on my computer icon
-Click on my properties
-Click on advance
-Click on setting
-Click on adjust for better performance
43. TO INSTALL PRINTER OR OTHER HARDWARE
-Click start, click on control panel.
-Click printer and other hardware
-Click on add printer, click on next
-Click on local printer attach to this computer...

Motherboard
SYSTER CONFIGURATION (COMPONENTS FOR COMPLETE COMPUTER SYSTEM)
1 Casing
2 Complete Motherboard (Multimedia)
3 SD Ram
4 Hard Disk (HDD)
5 Monitor
6 CD Rom/CD Writer/DVD/DVD Rewritable
7 Floppy Disk (FDD)
8 keyboard & Mouse
9 UPS (Uninterrupted power supply)
10 Stabilizers

MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS
A modern motherboard has several components built in, including various sockets, slots,
connectors, chips and so on.
Most motherboards have at least the following components on them.

.. Processor socket/slot
.. Chipset & super I/O chip
.. Rom BIOS (flash ROM/ firmware hub)
.. SIMM/DIMM/RIMM/ (Ram Sockets)
.. ISA /PCI/ AGP bus slots
.. CPU Voltage Regulator
.. CMOS Battery
.. Jumpers
.. IDE & FDC Slots
.. Ports
.. Power connector
.. Capacitor

CHIPSET
The chipset is the motherboard; therefore any two boards with the same chipsets are
functionally identical. This is a single chip or pair of chip that contains the processor bus interface
(called front side bus or FSB), memory controller, the board generator, System timer, interrupt
controller. All the motherboard is contained within the chipset. If the processor in your PC is like
Engine in your car, the chipset represent chassis.

SUPER I/O TYPES

The third major chip seen on many PC motherboards is called the super I/O chip. This is the
chip that integrates devices formally
Found in separate expansion cards in older system. Most super I/O chip contains at a
minimum, the following component such as,
Floppy disk controller, dual serial port controller and parallel port controller.

MOTHERBOARD INTERFACE CONNECTORS

There are variety of connectors on modern motherboards such as power supply connectors,
serial and parallel ports, and keyboards/
Mouse connector. Others are the connectors for expansion cards, memory storage drives and so
on.

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics); this is hard disk and CD- ROM drive interface with the
motherboard, we have IDE1 and IDE2.

FDC (Floppy Disk Controller); this is the floppy disk drive connection...
MEMORY SLOT: These are electrical slots into which memory chips are inserted. These are
SIMM, DIMM, and RIMM slots.

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module): these are electrical connector into which SIMM memory
chips are connected on a PC board. SIMMs commonly has 30 or 70 pins connectors.
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module): These are 64-bit, 168 pins memory module used in news
PCs. They are available in several versions, including 5v or 3v, buffered with FPM/Edo or
SDRAM memory.

RIMM (Ram bus Inline Memory Module) a type of memory module made using RD RAM chips.
It also has three different physical versions i.e. 16/18-bit version with 326pins.

MEMORY MODULES

DD RAM

SD RAM

EXPANSION SLOT OR BUS SLOT

These are electrical signer connections into which expansion card are inserted. They are two
types of expansion slots or bus slots namely PCI and ISA buses.

PCI BUS :( Peripheral Component Interconnect) is usually a 33MHz, 32bits bus found in
virtually 486 systems and Pentium and higher processor systems. Some newer systems include
an optional 66MHz, 64- bit version mostly workstations or sever-class system. This bus is
manifested in the system as a collection of 32 bits slot, normally white in colour and numbering
from four to six on most mother boards. High-speed peripherals, such as SCSI adapter, network
card, video card and more be plugged into PCI slots

ISA BUS:(INDUSTRAL STANDARD ARCHITECTURE) This is an 8MHz 16-bits bus that still
remains in a few system today after first appearing in the original PC in 8 bit, 5MHz from in 1981
and in the 1984 IBM AT in full 16-bit 8MHz form. It is a very slow- speed bus but it was ideal for
certain slow speed or old peripherals. Most new PC motherboard designs no longer this bus. It
has been used in the past to plug in modern sound cards, and various other low-speed
peripherals, the super I/O chip usually was connected to the ISA bus on system that included ISA
slots.
AMR/CNR: Audio Modern Riser (AMR) or a communications and Network Riser (CNR) these
are developed packages modern I/O ports and code chip into a small card that can be installed
into an AMR slot on a motherboards have AMR slots, AMR riser has not been popular, and the
CNR specification has largely replaced AMR.

AGP BUS :( Accelerated Graphic port) this is a high-speed 32bit bus specifically for a video card.
It runs at 66MNz (AGP 1x), 133MHz (AGP 2x), 266MHz (AGP 4x), or 533 MHz (AGP 8x).that is
to 2,132Mbytes.it is connected to the north bridge or memory controller hub of up chipset and is
manifested as a single AGP slot in the system that supports it

MOTHERBOARD BIOS
BOIS (Basic input/output system)This ROM chip contains the startup programs and drivers used
to get the system running and acts as the interface to the basic hardware in the system. When
you ON a system, the power performs post test in the BOIS and also test components in the
system. The BOIS is a collection of programs
Embedded in one or more chips, depending on the design of the
Motherboard. Also the motherboard is a chip called RTC/NVRAM
BIOS setup information is stored and it is actually a digital clock
Chip with a few extra bytes of memory thrown in.

THE CMOS CHIP

CMOS (Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) it is
Called nonvolatile because it is designed using CMOS technology,
Which result in a chip that runs on very little power? When you enter
Your BIOS setup, configure your hard disk parameter or other BIOS
Setup settings, and save them, these settings are written to the
Storage area in the RTC/NVRAM (otherwise called CMOS RAM)
Chip. Every time your system boots up, it reads the parameters
Stored in the CMOS RAM to determine how the system should be
Configured.

THE EXPANSION CARDS

Expansion cards are special purpose circuit boards that plug into
Sockets on the motherboard. These sockets are called bus sockets or
Expansion slots. The computer bus an extension of the address lines of the
Microprocessor. The particular kind of bus slot on your motherboards tells a lot
About the motherboard and your computer capabilities.

Example of expansion cards

Display Adapter (VGA)
Sound Card
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Fax & Modem Card
Controller Card e.t.c.

Display Adapters or Graphics Adapter

Display adapter is the port where the monitor signal cable is
Connected, computer monitor receives signal only from the
Video card of the system unit. That is to say, the video card also called
A display adapter or graphic adapter is the transmitter to t he PC.
It is responsible for converting the information within your computer
Into a stream of information that can be displayed on your monitor.
Monitor and the display adapter work together to give you a good display.

RESOLUTION
Resolution is a measure of the number of individual controllable pixels on the
Monitor screen and hence is a measure of the sharpness or granularity of an
Image or monitor. A Graphics adapter cannot command a monitor to use more
Pixels than the monitor was designed to use.
Resolution is generally described in terms of the number of horizontal dots
And the number vertical dots that a screen can hold. Thus a PC resolution
Can be expressed a 640x480pixels meaning 640 pixels horizontally and
480pixel vertically.

PORTS
Ports are the places in the back of your system where you plug in
External devices. These are the odd shape connector sticking out of
The back of the PC or add on card where modem, printer, scanner,
Joystick or any other peripheral are hooked up to PC.

TYPES OF PORTS

a) Parallel Ports
These are ports that can send several bits of data across its parallel
Wires simultaneously. Computers store information in 8-bit or bytes and
The simplest way to send a byte of information to a printer is to use eight
Separate wires from computer to printer. Each of the 8-bits is send on its
Own wire, parallel to other wires within the cable. A parallel port can deliver
information eight times as fast as serial port, which sends those same eight
Bits one after another down a single wire. All parallel ports are holes.
Examples of devices that
b) SERIAL PORTS
A serial port provides a single file, two-way channel for data. In formation to flow either from the
computer to an external device or from the computer to an external device or from the back to the
computer. Serial ports repackage information from 8-bits bus, 16-bit or 32-bit bus and send it
down its one lane road. Serial ports may have 9 pins or 25 pins commonly referred to as com1,
com2, these ports connect an input device that operates at slower speed such as mice and
modem to the computer.

c) USB PORT (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)

Are designed to be faster than serial ports as well. It is the standard describes an interface that
can transmit up to 12 megabits per second, as opposed to the 100 kilobits per seconds of serial
interface. the speed is meant to keep with telephony applications, such as low-resolution video
conferencing.USB recognizes four types of data transfer, such as BULK for sending a great deal
of information to the system at the same time, INTERRUPT is the keyboard and joystick that
people use to transmit small amount of data that must be process immediately,
ASYNCHRONOUS is the telecom application that must be delivered in a steady stream and in a
certain order while CONTROL is the hub that determines which deuces are plugged into it.

D) Ps/2 PORTS
Are special round ports design and mostly in recent keyboard, we have two types ps/2port. The
AT DIN with 5 pins full size for older AT style keyboard and mini DIN that has 6 pins smaller size
introduces with IBM PS/2. Both are electrically identical and can be fitted with adapters to enable
each to work regardless of the port connection.

JUMPER SETTING
Jumpers are the tiny plastic that covers a pin on the motherboard or cards. The functions of the
jumper are to bring the normal current to the card or board. It is the jumper that enables or
disables the board card. The jumper on the board is marked with JP1 toJP10 or more depending
on the type of the motherboard. At times if the jumper is not set properly to suite the normal
voltage, so the board may not display. Moreover the jumper setting must also be set to suite the
normal voltage of the co-processor jumper look at the manuals of the co-processor that
accompanies the motherboard.
MOTHERBOARD MAINTANANCE
1. Before placing the mother board inside the casing, make sure you put the shoe step into the
board so that the board inside will not rest on the casing. Because INSULATOR can prevent the
current not to flow in the right direction. At the same time it can stop the data to flow through the
board bridge. If there is no shoe step laid paper inside the casing before placing the board on it.
2. Avoid loading the system while it's open, in case a metallic object could bridge the currents
ways to the motherboard.
3. Avoid connecting of Ram incorrectly otherwise it will condemn the ram and blow
Off the ram slot immediately.
4. If you must transport the system over a long distance ensure the system is packed
In the original packaging with shock Dunlop.
5. Ensure you power your system correctly particularly if it's a power pack i.e. the black side
of the power
Cable must face each other.
6. Do not hint the motherboard with sharp object; otherwise it may damage the board.

PROCEDURES FOR ASSEMBLES OR COUPLE A COMPLETE SYSTEM

I. Place form or thick paper on the casing in order to avoid contact.

ii. Place the motherboard inside the casing and screw it together.
iii. Connect the power plug from the power pack into the motherboard.
iv. Insert the RAM memory into the Ram slot.
v. Plug the monitor signal cable to the VGA port.
VI Plug power cable to the power park to test if the motherboard is working. The board will
display
System configurations on the screen OFF the system and continue step seven.
vii. Place the hard disk into proper place inside the casing and screw it.
viii. Plug he controller cable into the IDE 1 slot on the motherboard and connect it with the Hard
disk, avoid wrong
Connection. (The jumper of the Hard disk must be set as master while setting CD ROM as
slave.)
ix. Place the CD ROM or CD WRITER in appropriate place and screw it to the casing.
x. Plug another controller cable into IDE2 slot and connect it either CD DRIVE or CD
WRITER.
xi. Connect the power cable from the power pack to the hard disk and CD ROM or CD
WRITER and the
Red wire of the power pack must face the red pin on IDE cable.
xii. Place the floppy drive inside the casing, screw it to the right place, and also connect the
floppy cable to the slot,
And then power it.
xiii. ON the system to see if is working

Note: That the system has no package or operating system that can make it to boot. If the hard
disk is new, the next
Stage is to prepare (FORMAT) the hard disk with Disk Manager or use FDISK.
 SECTION DINSTALLATION
PARTITIONING THE HARD DISK
A hard disk can be divided into several partitions each of which can acts as if it were a separate
disk.
Partitioning is an electronic organization of the drive tuning the physical drive into one or more
Organization group, each group or division having a drive letter. A computer might have more
than one
Physical hard disk but it can be having anywhere 1-24 logical drives named C: to Z:

ADVANTAGES
1. Partition enables one to organize a drive in a way that suits your personal test, For example
you can partition your 30
GB hard disk into 25GB C: and 5GB: drives.
2. You can then store your operating system and all your programs into C: and your personal
data into D:
3. If part of the hard disk is spout instead of condemning the whole disk, then you can decide to
partition your harddisk.
4. If there is more than one user on a system, one can partition the harddisk and install different
operating system.

TYPES OF PARTITION

PRIMARY DOS PARTITION

Primary partition that store operating system. It is that partition that is bootable. If you want to
boot from a hard disk,
It must have a primarypartition. Therefor the MBR must check the partition table for a primary
DOS partition. When you create
A primary DOS partition a drive letter C: is automatically assigned to the primary partition. A
harddisk can have up to four
Minimum primary partitions. Butin the window's world, the built-in partition program called FDISK
only enables one to create one
Primary partition. There are some other software programs to create more than one primary
partition such as disk manager,
Partition magic e.t.c.

ACTIVE PARTITION
If a hard disk stores multiple primary partitions each with a valid operating system, how does the
system know which one to?
Boot from? This is when active partition comes into play. For a primary partition to boot, you must
set the primary partition active. Only one primary partition may be active at a time. What MBR is
looking for in the partition table is to see which partition is set active.

EXTENDED PARTITION
Extended partition is that partition that does not contain the valid operating system and are not
bootable. We use extended
Partition was we want to divide a drive into multiple drive letters. When you create extended
partition no drive letter is
Automatically assigned, instead you divide extended partition into logical drives where drive
letter is automatically assigned to it.
Extended partition may have logical drives as you may wish enabling a maximum of 23 logical
drives.

HOW TO CREATE PRIMARY DOS PARTITION

Partition can be created by using start-up floppy disk or bootable CD.The program is called
FDISK program.
I. Insert the start up disk in drive A or the bootable CD in the CD ROM drive
ii. In the CMOS SET UP, set first booting device to floppy or CD (depending on the one you are
using) then, reboot the system.
This takes you to the DOS start-up menus, which presents the following options.
* Start Computer with CD-ROM Support

* Start Computer without CD-ROM Support

* View the help file

Iii Press enter key to start computer with CD-ROM support

VI At prompt (A:/>) type FDISK and press enter key FDISK Option

* Create Dos partition or logical DOS drive

* Set active partition

V Type 1 and press enter key

VI Type 1 again and press enter key, the system will create primary Dos for you at the
count of 100%

Vii Press (Y) for yes from the question display

Viii The system will set your primary Dos active at the count of 100%

Ix Wait still system display another message, and then restart

HOW TO FORMAT HARDISK USING WINDOWS 2000 OR XP

INSTALLATION OF SOFTWARE
How to Boot Your Computer From a Disc or USB Drive
Usually, you boot your computer from its main hard drive, which contains
your operating system (like Windows). But occasionally, you may need to
boot from a CD, DVD, or USB drive—say, if you‘re running a recovery
program, or testing out a new operating system like Linux.

In order to do this, you need to tell your computer‘s BIOS to load the
operating system from a different place than usual. You can do this in two
ways: By changing the boot order in the BIOS or UEFI firmware (so it
attempts to boot from CD or USB every time), or by accessing a boot menu
on startup (so it‘ll only boot from CD or USB that one time). We‘ll show you
both methods in this guide. The first is permanent until you change it again,
but should exist on every computer. The latter method is faster, but may not
exist on every machine.

NOTE: This process will look different on each computer. The instructions
here will guide you through the process, but the screenshots won‘t look
exactly the same.

How to Change Your Computer’s Boot Order

The boot order is controlled in your computer‘s BIOS or UEFI firmware,
depending on how new your computer is.

To access the BIOS, you‘ll need to restart your computer and press a
specific key at the start of the boot process. This key is generally displayed
on-screen during the boot process. For example, you may see a message
that says ―Press <DEL‖> to enter setup‖ or ―Press F2 to access the BIOS.‖
Press the required key at the correct time and your computer‘s BIOS will
appear.

While Delete and F2 are probably the most common keys, your computer
may require another key, such as F1, Escape, or Ctrl+Alt+Escape. If you
don‘t see the required key on-screen, consult your computer‘s manual or
search for your computer‘s model name and ―bios key‖ on Google. (If you
built your own computer, consult the motherboard‘s manual instead.)

RELATED: What Is UEFI, and How Is It Different from BIOS?

On a PC with UEFI firmware—which most newer PCs that came with

Windows 8 or 10 will have—you may not be able to press a key at boot to
access this menu. Instead, you‘ll first need to boot into Windows. Press and
hold the ―Shift‖ key as you click the ―Restart‖ option in the Start menu or on
the sign-in screen. Windows will reboot into a special boot options menu.
Click Troubleshoot > Advanced Options > UEFI Firmware Settings on
this menu screen to access your computer’s UEFI settings screen.

This boot menu will also automatically appear if your PC is having trouble
booting properly, so you should be able to access it even if your PC can‘t
boot Windows.

Once you‘re in the BIOS or UEFI firmware menu, look for some sort of
―Boot‖ option menu. If you‘re lucky, there will be a tab at the top of the
screen named Boot. If not, this option may be located beneath another tab.
Use the arrow keys to navigate through the BIOS. To select something,
press Enter. You‘ll generally see a list of the keys you can use at the
bottom-right corner of your screen. Some newer computers with UEFI
firmware may allow you to use a mouse on this screen, too.

Locate the boot order screen that lists the boot devices. This may be on the
Boot tab itself or beneath a Boot Order option.
Select an option and press Enter to change it, either to disable it or specify
another boot device. You can also use the + and – keys to move devices up
or down in the priority list. (These steps may be slightly different on some
computers; consult the list of keyboard shortcuts on your screen.)

Note that ―USB drive‖ doesn‘t appear as an option in the list, even though
our computer has USB ports. If we connected a USB device to the computer
before starting our computer and accessing this screen, we‘d see the USB
drive option in the list. Some computers display the USB drive option even
when a drive isn‘t connected, while some don‘t.

The boot order is a priority list. For example, if ―USB drive‖ is above ―hard
drive‖ in your boot order, your computer will try the USB drive and, if it‘s not
connected or no operating system is present, it‘ll then boot from the hard
drive.

To save your settings, locate the Save & Exit screen. Select the ―Save
Changes and Reset‖ or ―Save Changes and Exit‖ option and press Enter to
save your changes and restart your computer.

You may also be able to press a specific key to save your settings and reset
the computer. Ensure you select the ―save and exit‖ option, not the ―discard
changes and exit‖ option.
Once your computer restarts, it will boot using your new boot order priority.

How to Access Your Computer’s Boot

Menu (If It Has One)
To reduce the need to change your boot order, some computers have a
Boot Menu option.

Press the appropriate key—often F11 or F12—to access the boot menu
while booting your computer. This allows you to boot from a specific
hardware device once without changing your boot order permanently.
 Installing Windows XP
Foreword:
Here, we'll install Windows XP. This is only one of many choices for operating systems. For
Windows operating systems, you (currently) have the options of XP, Vista (both of which are being
phased out) and Windows 7. Of course, you have to pay for all Windows operating systems if you
want a legal copy of them. If you want to use a (legal) free operating system, you can use the
various Linux distributions (Ubuntu, SUSE...). The Linux distributions will work but as of 2010, I still
haven't found one that I consider as user friendly as the Windows operating systems.

Overview:
This page will take you through the steps of installing a Windows XP Operating System (OS). This
is a relatively typical install. The only real deviation from 'normal' is the installation of a SATA
(Serial ATA) hard drive. To do that, we have to install drivers to allow Windows to find the drive. For
newer motherboards, it's not necessary to load SATA drivers when you use a SATA hard drive.

Note: On this page, the images are not as 'clean' as those on the other pages. That's because it's
not possible to get screen-caps during the installation. These images are actually photos of a
monitor during the installation.

To get the install started, we booted up the computer with the Windows XP disc in the CD ROM
drive. When the computer told us to press any key to boot from CD, we hit the enter key. From that
point, Windows checked the hardware and told us to hit F6 if we needed to load any 3rd party
drivers. We hit F6 and the next image is where we started the installation.
Here we have a window asking us if we need to install special disk controllers for Windows. Since
we need to load the SATA drivers so windows can find the hard drive, we pressed S as instructed.

Below, it's telling us to insert the sata driver disk into the floppy drive (one of the few times you'll ever use a floppy drive). We
did so and pressed ENTER.

The installation program read the disk and displayed a set of possible drivers. Although there is no indication that
there are more than 4 choice, there are a total of ~10 choices. Scroll down until you find the drivers that match your
OS and the chipset of the motherboard.
This tells us that we have a VIA chipset. We already know the OS (Windows XP).

Scroll down a little more...

There it is! Hit ENTER.
 Hit ENTER again when you're asked to make a choice here.

This is the EULA. You should read it but few people actually do. Hit F8 if you agree to it. You have
to agree to continue the installation.

Below, you can see that there is a partition already setup on the drive. This had another version of
Windows on it. I want to re-partition the drive so I need to delete this partition. I hit D to delete the
partition.
Here, Windows is telling me that there is already an operating system and if I continue, I will lose
the system. That's fine. I'm installing a new OS. I hit ENTER.

This is simply one more check to be sure that you know that you're wiping the files from the drive.
Hit L to continue. Please note that if there was no OS on the drive (as with a fresh drive), there
would have been one or two fewer steps.
Below, we need to create a partition (actually two partitions -- my choice and not really necessary).
I hit C to create the partition.

In this window, I need to select the size of the first partition. The default is the maximum size
 available. I want it to be 15GB so I backspace and then enter 15000 and hit ENTER.

As you can see below, I have 15G partition and about 60GB of unpartitioned space. We will use the
arrows to select the unpartitioned space and then will press C to create a new partition.
Since we want all of the rest of the unpartitioned space for the second partition, we simply need to
hit ENTER here.

Next, you see that there are two partitions. At this point, they have no formatting. That will be the
next step. We only need to format the partition where the OS will be installed. We can format the
other one after Windows in installed. If you want to do it here, that's fine also.
Here, we will choose the NTFS operating system. A full formatting is probably best but if you're in a
hurry, you can do a quick format. Either one will work.
Here, Windows is copying installation files to the hard drive.
At this point, the computer will reboot. It will do so automatically but if you hit the ENTER key, it will
do so before the 15 second timer runs out.
This is the splash screen after rebooting. Please don‘t press any key just keep looking at the
screen

This is where the installation actually begins.

Here we will have to make a few entries/choices.
This is where you enter the name you want associated with the computer. You can enter just about
anything you wish (as long as you only want letters and/or numbers).

This is where you enter your key code. It has to be entered exactly as written on you certificate of
authenticity.
If you wish, you can change the name of the computer but it's not necessary.

Here, you select the proper time zone and set the clock (if necessary).

The installation will then resume.

 For this section, most people would choose the 'typical' installation.

The next six shots are simply different steps in the installation. The installation will go much faster
than the displayed 'remaining time' unless you have a slow system.
After the installation is complete, the computer will reboot.
If the OS sees that your computer can handle higher resolutions, it will automatically set it for you. Typically, you'd
click 'OK' at this point. When the next window is presented, you will be asked if the display is viewable. If it is, click
OK. If it goes 'scrambled' (for lack of a better word), do nothing and the display will return to the previous setting.

Here, the OS is starting for the first time.

The next few screens deal with setting up the internet connection. If the computer is connected to the internet with
a broadband connection (cable, DSL), Windows will find it and the next few steps will be bypassed.
Generally, broadband connections use dynamic IP addresses. To have the computer automatically retrieve the IP
address, set the computer as shown below. If your service provider uses 'static' IP addresses, they will give you the
addresses to enter in the boxes shown here.
For this demo, I simply installed the OS for a few minutes (for this demo) and I do not want to activate this copy of
Windows. If I did activate it, I would not be able to use it on any other computer. I'm going to be reinstalling Linux on
the machine and don't need Windows.

This is where you can enter the names of all of the users. I strongly recommend using a single user name.
Sometimes, multiple users make cleaning an infected machine nearly impossible.
Click Finish and you're done. Windows will continue to load and from that point on, you can begin using it as you
would any other machine.
NOTE: Earlier in the tutorial, I used the name 'Enter your name here'. In the window below, the user name shows up
as 'Enter your name here'. It looks like Windows is asking you to enter your name in that location. That's not the
case. To change the user's name, you'd go to the control panel and select user accounts. Then you'd click on the
user name and tell it you want to change the name for that user.

How to load windows 7, 8 or 10

On the Windows Setup screen, select your language, time and currency format, and keyboard layout. Click ―Next‖ to continue.

When you reach the installer screen, select ―Install Now‖ and follow the instructions to install Windows 10 on your PC.

When you see the Activate Windows screen, you‘ll need to either enter a key or skip it. You may not see this screen if
Windows 10 automatically detects a key associated with your PC‘s hardware.

 If you‘ve never installed and activated Windows 10 on this computer before, enter your Windows 10 key here. If you don‘t
have one, but you have a valid Windows 7, 8, or 8.1 key, enter it here instead.
 If you‘ve previously taken advantage of the free Windows 10 upgrade offer on this PC, click ―I don‘t have a product key‖.
Windows will automatically activate with a ―digital license‖ associated with your PC‘s hardware on Microsoft‘s servers once it‘s
installed.

When you reach the ―Which type of installation do you want?‖ screen, click ―Custom‖ to perform a clean installation and
remove everything on your PC. (If you‘ve changed your mind and want to upgrade your existing installation, you can click
―Upgrade‖.)
On the next screen, select the hard drive you want to install Windows on and erase it. If you have multiple partitions on that
drive, you may want to erase those as well.

Warning: When you delete a partition, you‘re also deleting all the files on that partition. Be sure you have backups of any
important files before doing this!

When you‘re done erasing partitions, you should have a big block of ―Unallocated Space‖. Select that, click ―New‖, and once
it‘s formatted your drive, click Next.
Windows 10 will install itself, and may restart a few times during this process. When it‘s done, you‘ll see the normal setup
interface you see when setting up Windows 10 on any new PC, where you can add user accounts and adjust various settings.

HOW TO COPY FILES FROM ONE HARDISK TO ANOTHER

When harddisk is having problem and you want to retrieve your files safely before you format it.

IN WINDOWS
A Insert a new working hard disk and connect it as master(target)while you connecting the other one as a slave
_ON the system, at desktop
_Open my computer icon
_Open D:and copy all the files or select the one you want to C:or at desktop
Right click on my computer icon, click on explorer
_Open D:.Highlight all the files, click Copy from the edit
_Minimize the screen, right click on C:and click on the paste

IN MS-DOS
B Insert a new working hard disk and connect it as a master (target)while you connecting the other one as slave
_At A:/>type C:
_C:/>md dada
_C:/>D
_D:/>dir
_D:/>copy*.*C:/dada
_D:/>C
_C:/>dir

Note:you will see the directory or folder named "dada" open it to access your

HOW TO LOAD OPERATING SYSTEM WITHOUT FORMATTING HARDISK

Insert your windows XP or 2000 bootable CD
-wait for system to complete pre-installation stage
-press enter, press "F8" to agree
-press ―ESC‖ for doesn‘t repairs
-press enter to "install‖. Press C to continue
-press enter to continue
-select "leaving the current files intact"
-press ESC for different folder
-type the filename for your new folder i.e. you will see windows (old filename) change it
-press enter to continue and follow the normal procedure for installation
-at the desktop of the new operating system
-open my computer icon
-open C
-you will see the old operating system named windows, open it
-open my documents and setting, or other folders where files are kept
-select all files, and right click on any of them
-move to sent to, and click on "my document‖, or "desktop"

PROBLEMS OF INSTALLATION
During installation of operating system or packages the following factors can hinder the smooth process:
1)if the primary dos does not complete 100% either you use FAT,NTFS
2) If you do not restart the system after creating primary Dos particularly when using Bootable 98. Hence you need to remove all the
partition, create it again, format and reload fresh operating system.
3) When system display error reading message, what you need to do is to change software.
4) If the system Ram is too small to load e.g. XP operating system need at least 64mb of RAM memory while XP unlimited require 70mb
e.t.c
5) If system does not meet the installation requirement because some system needs certain requirement to load.
6) Lack of space on harddisk sometimes prevents installation from loading, when space is not enough for the installation .
7) If harddisk is not good, it will always terminate installation
8) Weak motherboard is also a factor, when all software doesn't go on it, alternatively, you need load windows 98 from another board and
transfer it to a weak motherboard.
9) Colour resolution of system can prevent installation to complete or from loading after successfully installation.
10) The SATA connector is used for hard disk drive to speedy up drives data transfer. If SATA is specified first in the booting sequence, it
will also prevent installation, until it removes from the setup.

TROUBLESHOOTING & REPAIRS

TROUBLESHOOTING & REPAIRS

The computer harddisk

This is the permanent storage device in the system unit. It has capacity to store information in megabytes (MB)gigabytes(GB)e.t.c. there
are difference types of hard disk they are.

MFM (MODIFY FREQUENCY MODULATOR)this has 17 pins in the order upper cable and the power cable are separated.

RULL(RUN LENGHT LIMITED) this is another hard disk that looks like MFM it has 34 pins in the cable mouth as in MFM. While the data
cable and power cable are speared.

IDE;(INTEGRATED DEVICE ELECTRONICS) this has 40 pins in the mouth cable i.e. 20 pins in the upper and 20 pins in the lower side.
The data cable is been separated.

ESDI;(ENHANCES SYSTEM DEVICE INTERFACE) this is like IDE hard disk .

Will change the motherboard as well as the processor.

SCSI; (SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM INTERFACE) this has 40 pins like IDE while the data cable, control cable and power cable are
build together.
NOTE; each of this hard disk has different cable. The controller cable work together with the hard disk. But some hard disk that looks alike
uses the same controller card. Such

As MFM and RULL can use the same controller cable. SCSI is the hard disks that mainly design for laptop and notebook
computer.

HARD DISK PROBLEMS, CAUSES AND THE SOLUTIONS

These are many problems which hard disk normally encounter that can stop the operation of the computer. These problems
are not limited to one area it depends on what happen to it. At times it displays some messages on the screen to tell you that
the hard disk has a problem some of these messages are:

HDD Controller Failure or Check Cable: These are one of the common problems of the hard disk. Computer displays this
information when the computer cannot recognize the table.

Causes

I if the cable is not properly fixed on the sot

Ii if the type of cable was used is different from the cable of the harddisk.

iii if the cable is not properly fixed to the hard disk or the cable is bad.

Solution

I Press the controller cable very well and make sure it is fixed properly to the board and to the hard disk

ii if the cable is bad then replace it.

iii if the system repeat the error message again, may be the cable is not compatible with the hard disk, then set our hard disk
jumper to cable selection.

2 HD Failure Or Insert Booting Disk: computer display this message when the hard disk parameters is not specify in the
setup or when there is no current on the harddisk or when there is dislocation of the IDE cable on the board or on hard disk.

Solution

I off the system, press the IDE cable firmly on the board and on the hard disk, then on t again.

ii ON the system, press (Del or F1 or F2) depending on the setup of your system. AUTO DETECTS the hard disk and save it
to the CMOS.

iii Check the current cable whether is not connected.

IV Removes the hard disk and test the system with another harddisk

3 INVALID DRIVE SPECIFICATION: This message appears when the drive has not been on the setup.

Solution

I go to setup check if the drive C has not been specified if not specify it and save it.

ii Check whether the drive as been connected or not. If not connect it and reboot the system.

4 DISK NOT FIXED: This message at times depend on the configuration of the motherboard. It means the hard disk has not
been fixed.

Solution

I connect the controller cable to the hard disk and reboot the system again.

ii connect the cable properly and ensure that the current cable is also connected to it.

5. DISK ERROR: This message is very common particularly if the system has not detected the hard disk or the hard disk is bad.
Causes
I if the hard disk parameter is not detected or the hard disk is bad
ii too much bad sectors
Solution
I auto detect
ii boot with BOOTABLE DISK at A:> insect hard disk maintenance manager (HMM) to repair it
iii trouble shoots the hard disk
iv if the bad sectors are many then there may be no solution to that hard disk rather than to get another one

6. MISSING OPERATING SYTEM:It means DOS program has not been installed to the HARD DISK you are trying to boot from, or the
bootable disk is corrupt
Solution
I auto detect
ii repair the operating
ii re-load the operating system

7 DRIVE NOT READY:This means normally appears when current have been connected to the disk
Solution
If it has been connected, connect it had reboot the system again

Note: some of these problems can be solved by dealing with the hardware components while some can be solved by using software

HARD DISK& CD ROM JUMPER SETTING

Jumpers are the tiny plastic that covers a pin on the hard disk. The function of the jumper is to bring the normal current to the hard disk and
the CD ROM. it is the jumper that determine how hard disk and the CD ROM will be connected either as a master or slave

HARD DISK MAINTENANCE

1 Always ensure the hard disk is properly screwed to the appropriate place
2 avoid frequent reformatting of the hard disk except as a last resort
3 if you are not good at preparing a hard disk for use call an expert
4 avoid frequent dropping down of hard disk
5 do not open the label on the hard disk or trying to open it from the screwed for whatever reasons
6 protect your system form frequent power failure. I.e by using uninterrupted power supply(UPS) or stabilizer
7 whenever you switch off your system you must wait for a few minutes before you can on it again, because your hard disk may not have
settled down from vibration effect of last switch off and may resulting in head crash
8 always shut down the system properly
9 in case of any obstruction to the system while working allow the system to scandisk the hard disk
10 install a virus checker (Antivirus) to scan the system for virus whenever it boots and also ensure all foreign programs and files are
scanned for virus before copying to them.
11 avoid using contaminated diskette or other storage devices
SYSTEM UPGRADING

HARDWARE UPGRADING
This is the conversion of one model of computer system to a higher level by changing one or more hard ware components
Of the system.
As you know the microprocessor determines the power and speed of any system. So discarding the processor and replacing
It with a higher one automatically changes the model of your system but few things must be considered before any upgrading.
1. Check the present motherboard manual to know where her it can still support the new processor you wants to use. If not,
It means you will change the motherboard as well as the processor.
2. You need to increase the RAM capacity to suite the new processor. A processor may be high enough but low memory can reduce
Its speed of operation.
3. You may also need to buy a bigger hard disk.
4. If you are to change the processor alone, remember to set the CPU frequency and core voltage jumpers to suit the new processor.
5. If the VGA memory or video memory is too small, for example 520KB or 1MB you may need to go for a higher capacity VGA
Card (e.g. 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, and 16MB).
Note: If you need to change both the microprocessor and the motherboard, take note of the power connector of the older board so
As to avoid buying motherboard with different power connector.

SOFTWARE UPGRADING
This simply means the conversion of one version of operating system to higher version without repairing the system.
Note: You can only do this in the operating system from the same manufacturer. You can't upgrade one version of operating
System of manufacturer B (e.g. Microsoft products and UNIX).
ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEM UPGRADING
1. To add more drives to the existing operating system.
2. To use more devices.
3. Changes the configuration of the system.
4. It retains files and folders on the old operation system.
5. To use latest operating system.

TO UPGRADE WINDOWS 2000 TO WINDOWS XP

1. Allow system to boot up normally.
2. At desktop, insert windows XP software.
3. Click on install Xp.
4. Click Upgrading.
5. Follow the procedure.

DIAGNOSE YOUR SYSTEM

The word ''DIAGNOSES'' means to troubleshoot the system i.e. finding out the causes of the problem as well as providing
Solution. Here are some likely problems, causes and solution common to most system.
Question 1: If light enter into the system but the system is not displaying.
Solutions
1. Clean the motherboard with spirit put it in the sun for few minutes and couples it back.
2. Change the Ram to another slot.
3. Replace the Ram with another.
4. Fix the VGA properly.
5. Replace the VGA with another one.
6. Check the jumper setting incase it is tempered with.
7. Check the processor if is warming or not.
8. Check if the hard disk is too high for the motherboard.
9. Check the power pack connector is well connected.
10.Check if the power packs supply enough voltage to the system.
11. If the capacitors are bad
12. Troubleshooting the motherboard
13. after all this, it means the motherboard is damage or bad.

QUESTION 2; the keyboard does not work

I. The keyboard is not fixing very well
ii. Not correctly connected to the system
iii. Dust has enter into the port
SOLUTION
I. Check and connect the keyboard correctly
ii. Put spirit on the keyboard's port and blow very well

QUESTION 3; if light doesn't enter the system.

SOLUTION
I. Check the switch bus
ii. Check the back of the power pack for on & off switch
iii. Fix the power pack properly to the board.
iv. Change the power cable
v. After all these, test the system with another power pack.

QUESTION 4; if the system is malfunctioning

SOLUTION
I. Clear the Cmos setting i.e. (remove the CMOS jumper from 1 & 2 to 2 & 3, depending on setup ) and on the system after few minute off
it.
ii. reset the Cmos again and on the system
QUWSTION 5;if system is very slow at loading a package
CAUSES
1. The ram is not sufficient enough
SOLUTION
i. Upgrade the ram

QUESTION 6 if processor and ram is high but the system is slow at booting up
CAUSES
i. The system is infected with virus
ii. Too much bad sector
iii. The processor is weak
SOLUTION
i. Run the hard disk with anti-virus.
ii. Upgrade the ram
iii. Re-format the hard and re-load it with the same board.
iv. Change the processor

QUESTION 7; Low quality of colour resolution

SOLUTION
i. Re-set the VGA colour through setting in properties box
ii. Re-load the operating system with XP, if the problem still persists
iii. Change the VGA

QUESTION 8; if system displays low or insufficient memory or hard disk is full

CAUSES
1. The Ram is not sufficient to run the program.
2. Too much program installed
SOLUTION
1. Perform disks clean up (in windows)
2. Upgrade the ram
3. Delete un-used programs

QUESTION 9; Assuming you are installing XP operating system few minutes to the end of installation, the system stop and re-boot itself.
CAUSES
1. May be the primary Dos partition is not complete 100%
2. You did not restart the system after crating primary Dos Solution

Solution

1. Delete uncompleted primary Dos partition, re-format the hard disk and start fresh installation. (See problems of installation
for details)

Question 10: If the system is hanging

Causes

1. Virus Attack

2. Memory module is weak

3. Processor can be too hot

4. Incompatible devices or program

Solution

1. Load Anti-virus

2. Check the fan if is rolling

3. Check the processor

4. Remove incompatible devices

5. Re-load the operating system

6. Diagnose the board

Question 11: If CD ROM is set as first booting sequence but the system is booting from the hard disk

Causes

System is y-passing the CD-ROM

Solution

1. Check the booting sequence

2. Check CD ROM jumper setting

3. If the hard disk and CD ROM are connected together then connect them separately or vice-vicar

4. Set it as cable selection

5. Change the cable

6. Change the CD ROM

Question 12: If system cannot display a package after successful installation

Solution

i. Re-load the operating system with windows at least with XP service pack 2

Question13: Assuming you load MS-word or any other packages after successfully installation and system display error
message "MS-Word is not found"

Cause

i. It means the Auto Executable command is corrupt or tempered with.

Solution

1. Check other package on the system if they are affected, you will e-load the operating system

2. If not, only the affected package you will re-load

Question 14: If the Ram or VGA is hot but the system still working

Causes

1. The Ram or VGA is weak

Solution

1. Change the Ram or VGA and insert it again

2. Change the Ram slot

3. Replace the Ram or the VGA

Question 15: If system is displaying and later off itself, i.e. it restarting

Causes

1. It means the Ram may be weak

2. System incompatibility

Solution

1. Clean the Ram and insert it again

2. Change the Ram to another slot

3. Re-load the operating system

Question 16: If system displays multicolor

Solution
1. Re-load XP operation system or any other higher version

Question 17: If during or at almost ending of installation the

Monitor tripped off but the system is working.
Solution
1. There is no problem, it will re-active

Question 18: If you are unable to save your work to the hard disk
Causes
1. Some major files in the operation system has been tampered
2. Virus Attack
Solution
1. Run anti-virus
2. Re-load the Operating system with XP

Question 19: If system could not detect the presence of the port for
Printer or other Hardware
Solution
1. Use windows(Add Printer Wizard or Add Hardware wizard)

Question 20: If Ram is making noise

Causes
1. Check the Ram may be is not well inserted on the slot
2. The ram may be bad
Solution
1. Clean the ram and insert it again
2. Change the ram to another slot
3. Replace the Ram with another

PROBLEMS RELATING TO MONITOR

Question 21: If there is smoke from the monitor but the monitor is
Working
Solution
1. Check may be there is cable contact

Question 22: If Monitor is powered but no signal (display)

Solution
1. Adjust brightness/contrast
2. Check if the monitor cable is well connected
3. Check the VGA, if it is on board use card, but if it is card change it
4. If persist change the VGA with another

Question 23: If Monitor is working but there is vibration

Causes
1. That means the monitor is receiving interference signal from a
Nearby radio device.
Solution
1. Check for nearby GSM vibration
2. Monitor cable is not properly fixed

Question 24: If monitor goes off and comes up again at some

Minute‘s intervals
Solution
1. May be it has been tempered with from power option in windows
2. It means one of the components inside is weak or low

Question 25: If image on the screen compressing towards the

Center of the screen
Solution
1. Adjust Vertical or horizontal button
2. If problem persist line transformer is weak
QUEASTION 26 :if there is electric shock from the monitor
Solution
Check power source

QUESTION 27:IF the image, text or video is cracking

Causes
It means that the VGA card is weak
Solution
1.Check the VGA card particularly if it is hot
2.Change it

PROBLEMS RELATING TO SOUND

Question 28:if system is playing but the sound is not coming out
Causes
1 check the sound driver either not installed correctly or not compatible
2. Check the jumper on the motherboard
3. Check the speaker
Solution
1. Speaker not connected to the output slot
2. Plug the speaker to power
3. Adjust the volume knob to receive sound
4. Un-mute the sound from the speaker
5. Troubleshoot the speaker
6. If the driver problem, re-load the correct one

Question 29:if the sound is not loud

Causes
1. Adjust the sound from the windows
2. Check your speaker for such error
3. Re-load the operating system
4. Change the sound card