Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324

Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.1 Calc sheet no: 1 of 1

Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex01_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Example 5.1
The design ultimate moment acting on a rectangular section is M := 185⋅ kN⋅ m. Find the required area of tensile
reinforcement As for the section with characteristic material strengths and section dimensions given below.
(Note that the term 'design' implies that the partial safety factors have already been applied in determining the
moment.)

b
Input
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa
reinforcement fy := 450⋅ MPa d
Width of section: b := 260⋅ mm
Reinforcement depth: d := 440⋅ mm
As

Design
Applying the design equations given by SABS 0100 (par. 4.3.3.4)

⎛ 185 × 106 ⎞
K :=
M
= ⎜
2 ⎜ 260 × 440 2 × 30
b ⋅ d ⋅ fcu ⎝ ⎠
K = 0.1225

Mathcad's ability to incorporate units eliminate the need for the user to check units. However, for hand
calculations it is essential that units are entered correctly. Units of N and mm2 are used here but any other
consistent set of units can also be used. The numbers shown in brackets on the right-hand side of the
equations here serve to illustrate the use of units and do not automatically update when input variables are
changed.

Since K < 0.156, no compression reinforcement is required

⎛ K ⎞ ⋅d ⎛ 0.5 + 0.25 − 0.1225 ⎞ ⋅ 440

z := ⎜ 0.5 + 0.25 − = ⎜
⎝ 0.9 ⎠ ⎝ 0.9 ⎠

z = 368.5 mm

z
= 0.8375 ≥ 0.775, OK
d ≤ 0.95, OK

Required area of reinforcement

M ⎛ 185 × 10
6 ⎞
As := = ⎜
0.87⋅ fy⋅ z ⎝ 0.87 × 450 × 368.5 ⎠
2
As = 1282 mm
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.2 Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex02_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Example 5.2
Find the ultimate moment of resistance for the rectangular section with reinforcement as shown below.

Input
b
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa
reinforcement fy := 450⋅ MPa
Width of section: b := 300⋅ mm
Reinforcement: d
depth d := 520⋅ mm
2
area As := 1470⋅ mm As

Analysis
The equations given by SABS 0100 are intended for design and cannot directly be applied here. Therefore the
analysis below is carried out from first principles.

b εcu 0.45 fcu

s= Fcc = 0.45 fcu b s

x 0.9 x
d N.A.
z

As
Fst = fs As
εst

Cross-section Strain Stresses and forces

It is assumed that the reinforcement will yield when the ultimate moment is applied, so that fs = 0.87⋅ fy

Horizontal equilibrium of the internal forces acting on the section is considered:

Fcc = Fst

0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ s = 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As

Solving s from the above equation:

0.87⋅ fy⋅ As
s := s = 142.1 mm
0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b

s
The neutral axis depth is x := x = 157.9 mm
0.9
x
= 0.304 < 0.641, therefore the assumption that the reinforcement yields was correct.
d
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.2 Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex02_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Alternatively, yielding of the reinforcement can be confirmed from first principles. The following additional
input is required:

Reinforcement modulus of elasticity Es := 200 ⋅ GPa

Ultimate strain in concrete ε cu := 0.0035

Yield strain in reinforcement

0.87⋅ fy −3
ε y := ε y = 1.957 × 10
Es

Considering equivalent triangles in the strain distribution:

d−x −3
ε st := ⋅ ε cu ε st = 8.027 × 10
x

Since ε st > ε y , the assumption that the reinforcement yields was correct.

Moment of resistance of the section is

M = Fst ⋅ z

s
z := d − z = 448.9 mm
2
−6
M := ( 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As) ⋅ z = ( 0.87 × 450 × 1470 × 448.9 ) × 10

M = 258.4 kN⋅ m
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure Ex 5.3 Calc sheet no: 1 of 1
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex03_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-10-30 Date: ______

Example 5.3
The section shown below is subjected to a design ultimate moment of M := 285⋅ kN⋅ m. Find the required area of
reinforcement.

Input b
d′
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa A′s
reinforcement fy := 450⋅ MPa
d
Width of section: b := 260⋅ mm
As
Reinforcement depths: d := 440⋅ mm
d' := 50⋅ mm

Design

Applying the design equations given by SABS 0100 (par. 4.3.3.4)

M
K :=
2
b ⋅ d ⋅ fcu

K = 0.1887 > K' := 0.156, compression reinforcement is required

d'
= 0.114 < 0.266, compression reinforcement will yield at ultimate
d
fy
Yield stress for compression reinforcement fyc := fyc = 327.3 MPa
fy
1.15 +
2000⋅ MPa

Internal lever-arm z := 0.775 ⋅ d z = 341 mm

Required area of compression reinforcement

2
( K − K' ) ⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ d 2
A's := A's = 387.3 mm
fyc⋅ ( d − d')

Required area of tension reinforcement

2
K' ⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ d fyc 2
As := + ⋅ A's As = 2088 mm
0.87⋅ fy⋅ z 0.87⋅ fy
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure Ex 5.4 Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex04_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Example 5.4
Find the ultimate moment of resistance for the rectangular section reinforced as shown below.

Input b
d′

Characteristic material strengths:

A′s
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa
d
reinforcement fy := 450 ⋅ MPa

Width of section: b := 280 ⋅ mm As

2
Reinforcement: d := 510 ⋅ mm As := 2410⋅ mm
2
d' := 50⋅ mm A's := 628 ⋅ mm

Analysis
b εcu = 0.0035 0.45 fcu
d′
Fsc
s/2
A′s x εsc s = 0.9 x
Fcc
d N.A.
z

As Fst

εst
(c) Concrete stresses and
(a) Cross-section (b) Strain resultant forces

Assume both tension and compression reinforcement are yielding at ultimate.

fy
Yield stress for compression reinforcement fyc := fyc = 327.3 MPa
fy
1.15 +
2000⋅ MPa
Horizontal equilibrium of forces

Fst = Fcc + Fsc

0.87⋅ fy⋅ As = 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ s + fyc⋅ A's

0.87⋅ fy⋅ As − fyc⋅ A's

s := s = 195.2 mm
0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b

s
x := x = 216.9 mm
0.9
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure Ex 5.4 Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex04_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Test to see if the assumptions regarding yielding of reinforcement were valid:

x
= 0.425 < 0.641, tension reinforcement is yielding
d
d'
= 0.23 < 0.533, compression reinforcement is yielding
x

Alternatively, the strains in the reinforcement can be calculated and compared to the yield strains:

Ultimate strain in concrete ε cu := 0.0035

Modulus of elasticity for reinforcement Es := 200 ⋅ GPa

0.87⋅ fy −3
Yield strain in tension ε y := ε y = 1.957 × 10
Es
fyc −3
Yield strain in compression ε yc := ε yc = 1.636 × 10
Es

Strain in tension reinforcement

ε st := ⎛⎜
d − x⎞ −3 −3
⋅ ε cu ε st = 4.729 × 10 > ε y = 1.957 × 10
⎝ x ⎠

Strain in compression reinforcement

ε sc := ⎛⎜
x − d' ⎞ −3 −3
⋅ ε cu ε sc = 2.693 × 10 > ε yc = 1.636 × 10
⎝ x ⎠

The moment of resistance of the section is determined by taking moments about As

Mu := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ s⋅ ⎛⎜ d −
s⎞
+ fyc⋅ A's⋅ ( d − d')
⎝ 2⎠

Mu = 399 kN⋅ m
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.5 Calc sheet no: 1 of 1
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex05_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Example 5.5 b
d′
The section shown alongside is subjected to a design ultimate moment of
M := 285 ⋅ kN⋅ m. Find the required area of reinforcement. A′s

Input d
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa As
reinforcement fy := 450 ⋅ MPa
Width of section: b := 260 ⋅ mm
Reinforcement depths: d := 440 ⋅ mm and d' := 50⋅ mm

Design
d'
Since fcu = 30 MPa , fy = 450 MPa and = 0.114 ≈ 0.1, the design chart below can be used.
d

A′s
15 bd
14 SABS 0100: 1992 0.040

13 b = 0.3.4 0.030
d′ f cu = 30 MPa 0
x/d
12 f y = 450 MPa 0.5
A′s
11 d d′ 0.020
= 01
.
d
10 As 0.015
x/d = 0.3
9 0.4
0.5 0.010
M 8
(MPa)
bd 2 7 0.005
6 0.0035
5.662 0
5
4
Suitable for design
3
2
1
0
0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040
0.0184 As
bd
M
For = 5.662 MPa and x/d = 0.5, the following is read from the chart:
2
b⋅ d
As 2
= 0.0184 ⇒ As := 0.0184⋅ b ⋅ d As = 2105 mm
b⋅ d
A's 2
= 0.0035 ⇒ A's := 0.0035⋅ b ⋅ d A's = 400 mm
b⋅ d

These values are sufficiently close to the calculated values in Example 5.3.
 Project: Reinforced Concrete Job ref: SIN 324
Structures Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Struct: Flexure: Example 5.6 Filename: Flx_Ex06_SA.xmcd
Drawing ref: ______ Checked by: ______
Calc by: JMR Date: ______
Date: 2007-05-20

Example 5.6
The section shown below is subjected to a design ultimate moment of M := 228 ⋅ kN⋅ m. Find the required area of
reinforcement given that a 20% redistribution of moments ( β b := 0.8 ) was applied in determining the moment.

Input b
d′
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa A′s
reinforcement fy := 450 ⋅ MPa
d
Width of section: b := 260 ⋅ mm
As
Reinforcement depths: d := 440 ⋅ mm
d' := 50⋅ mm

Design to SABS 0100

Applying the design equations given by SABS 0100 (par. 4.3.3.4)

K :=
M
2
( )
K' := 0.402 ⋅ β b − 0.4 − 0.18⋅ β b − 0.4 ( )2
b ⋅ d ⋅ fcu

K = 0.151 > K' = 0.132 , compression reinforcement is required

Determine if compression reinforcement will be yielding at ultimate

Ultimate strain in concrete ε cu := 0.0035

Modulus of elasticity for reinforcement Es := 200 ⋅ GPa

fy
Yield stress for compression reinforcement fyc := fyc = 327.3 MPa
fy
1.15 +
2000⋅ MPa

)⎛ ⎞
fyc
d'
(
= 0.114 < β b − 0.4 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − = 0.213 compression reinforcement will yield at ultimate
d ⎝ Es⋅ ε cu ⎠

⎛ K' ⎞
Internal lever-arm z := d ⋅ ⎜ 0.5 + 0.25 − z = 361.44 mm
⎝ 0.9 ⎠

Required area of compression reinforcement

2
( K − K' ) ⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ d 2
A's := A's = 224.6 mm
fyc⋅ ( d − d')

Required area of tension reinforcement

2
K' ⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ d fyc 2
As := + ⋅ A's As = 1596 mm
0.87⋅ fy⋅ z 0.87⋅ fy
 Project: Reinforced Concrete Job ref: SIN 324
Structures Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Struct: Flexure: Example 5.6 Filename: Flx_Ex06_SA.xmcd
Drawing ref: ______ Checked by: ______
Calc by: JMR Date: ______
Date: 2007-05-20

Design from first principles

Neutral axis depth (
x := β b − 0.4 ⋅ d ) x = 176 mm

Depth of stress block s := 0.9⋅ x s = 158.4 mm

s
Internal lever-arm z := d − z = 360.8 mm
2

Capacity of concrete without compression reinforcement

Mc := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ s⋅ z

Mc = 200.6 kN⋅ m < M = 228 kN⋅ m , compression reinforcement required

Determine if compression reinforcement will be yielding at ultimate

fyc −3
ε yc := ε yc = 1.636 × 10
Es

ε sc := ⎛⎜
x − d' ⎞ −3 −3
⋅ ε cu ε sc = 2.506 × 10 > ε yc = 1.636 × 10
⎝ x ⎠
compression reinforcement will yield at ultimate

Taking moments about the tension reinforcement

M = Mc + fyc⋅ A's⋅ ( d − d')

M − Mc
A's := 2
fyc⋅ ( d − d') A's = 214.7 mm

Horizontal equilibrium of forces

0.87⋅ fy⋅ As = 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ s + fyc⋅ A's

0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ s fyc 2

As := + ⋅ A's As = 1600 mm
0.87⋅ fy 0.87⋅ fy

These answers differ slightly from those given by the design equations because of rounding of the K'
coefficients.
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.7 Calc sheet no: 1 of 1
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex07_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Example 5.7
Find the ultimate moment of resistance for the T-section with reinforcement as shown below.

Input
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa bf
reinforcement fy := 450 ⋅ MPa
Width of flange: b f := 800 ⋅ mm hf
Height of flange h f := 150 ⋅ mm
Reinforcement: d
depth d := 420 ⋅ mm
2 As
area As := 1470⋅ mm

Analysis
The following assumptions are made and will be confirmed later:

• The reinforcement yield when the ultimate moment is applied, so that fs = 0.87⋅ fy
• The neutral axis falls within the flange.

bf εcu 0.45 fcu

Fcc = 0.45 fcu bf s

hf x s = 0.9 x
N.A.

d Flange z
Web
As
Fst = fs As
εst

Cross-section Strain Stresses and forces

Horizontal equilibrium of the internal forces acting on the section is considered: 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b ⋅ s = 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As

0.87⋅ fy⋅ As
Solving s from the above equation: s := s = 53.3 mm
0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b f

s
The neutral axis depth is x := x = 59.2 mm < h f = 150 mm , assumption correct
0.9
x
= 0.141 < 0.641, assumption that reinforcement yields was correct.
d

s
Internal lever-arm z := d − z = 393.4 mm
2

Moment of resistance of the section is M = Fst⋅ z M := ( 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As) ⋅ z M = 226.4 kN⋅ m
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.8 Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex08_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Example 5.8
Find the ultimate moment of resistance for the T-section with reinforcement as shown below.

Input
Characteristic material strengths:
fcu := 30⋅ MPa bf
concrete
fy := 450 ⋅ MPa
reinforcement
hf
Width of flange: b f := 450 ⋅ mm
d
Height of flange h f := 150 ⋅ mm
Width of web b w := 300 ⋅ mm As

Reinforcement: bw
depth d := 440 ⋅ mm
2
area As := 2410⋅ mm

Analysis
Force in the flange Fcf := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b f ⋅ h f Fcf = 911.3 kN

Force in reinforcement Fst := 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As Fst = 943.5 kN

Since Fcf = 911.3kN < Fst = 943.5kN , the stress block must fall partly in the web.

bf εcu 0.45 fcu

Fcf = 0.45 fcu bf hf

hf
x s = 0.9 x
N.A. Fcw = 0.45 fcu bw sw
d sw

As
Fst = fs As
bw εst

Cross-section Strain Stresses and forces

Assume that the reinforcement yields at ultimate.

Horizontal equilibrium of the internal forces is considered:

Fcf + Fcw = Fst

Fcf + 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w⋅ sw = 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As

0.87⋅ fy⋅ As − Fcf

Solve depth of stress block in web from above sw := sw = 7.97 mm
0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.8 Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex08_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Total depth of stress block

s := h f + sw s = 158.0 mm

The neutral axis depth is

s
x := x = 175.5 mm
0.9

x
= 0.399 < 0.641, assumption that reinforcement yields was correct.
d

Moment of resistance of the section is determined by taking moments about the reinforcement

Fcw := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w⋅ sw Fcw = 32.3 kN

⎛ hf⎞ ⎛ sw ⎞
M := Fcf ⋅ ⎜ d − + Fcw⋅ ⎜ d − h f −
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

M = 341.8 kN⋅ m
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.9 Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex09_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Example 5.9
The T-section shown below is subjected to a design ultimate moment of M := 180 ⋅ kN⋅ m . Find the required area
of reinforcement given that a 10% redistribution of moments ( β b := 0.9 ) was applied in determining the moment.

Input
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa bf
reinforcement fy := 450 ⋅ MPa
Width of flange: b f := 400 ⋅ mm hf
Height of flange h f := 100 ⋅ mm
d
Width of web b w := 200 ⋅ mm
Reinforcement:
depth d := 350 ⋅ mm As

bw

Design
Force in the flange Fcf := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b f⋅ h f Fcf = 540 kN

⎛ hf ⎞
lever-arm z1 := ⎜ d − z1 = 300 mm
⎝ 2 ⎠

Moment of resistance of the flange Mcf := Fcf ⋅ z1 Mcf = 162 kN⋅ m

Since M = 180 kN⋅ m > Mcf = 162 kN⋅ m the stress block must fall partly in the web

bf εcu 0.45 fcu

Fcf = 0.45 fcu bf hf

hf
x s = 0.9 x Fcw = 0.45 fcu bw sw
N.A.
d sw z1
z2
As
Fst = fs As
bw εst

Cross-section Strain Stresses and forces

 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.9 Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex09_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Taking moments about the tension reinforcement

M = Mcf + Fcw⋅ z2

⎛ sw ⎞
M = Mcf + 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w⋅ sw⋅ ⎜ d − h f −
⎝ 2 ⎠
M − Mcf
= sw⋅ ( d − h f) −
1 2
⋅ sw
0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w 2

2 ⋅ ( M − Mcf )
sw − 2 ⋅ ( d − h f) ⋅ sw +
2
=0
0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w

B := −2 ⋅ ( d − h f)
2
sw + B⋅ sw + C = 0 where B = −500 mm

2 ⋅ ( M − Mcf ) 4 2
C := C = 1.333 × 10 mm
0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w

Roots to the quadratic equation are

2
−B + B − 4⋅ C
sw := sw = 471.7 mm
2

2
−B − B − 4⋅ C
or sw := sw = 28.26 mm
2

The second root is the correct answer since the first root falls outside the section

Total depth of stress block

s := h f + sw s = 128.3 mm

The neutral axis depth is

s
x := x = 142.5 mm
0.9

x
= 0.407 < 0.641, reinforcement will yield, and
d < 0.5 as required by SABS 0100

Required area of reinforcement is determined by considering horizontal equilibrium

Fcf + Fcw = Fst

Fcw := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w⋅ sw Fcw = 76.31 kN

Fst = 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As

Fcf + Fcw 2
As := As = 1574 mm
0.87⋅ fy
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.10 Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex10_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Example 5.10
The T-section shown below is subjected to a design ultimate moment of M := 180 ⋅ kN⋅ m. Find the required area
of reinforcement given that a 10% redistribution of moments ( β b := 0.9 ) was applied in determining the moment.

Input
Characteristic material strengths:
concrete fcu := 30⋅ MPa bf
reinforcement fy := 450 ⋅ MPa
Width of flange: b f := 400 ⋅ mm hf
Height of flange h f := 100 ⋅ mm
d
Width of web b w := 200 ⋅ mm
Reinforcement:
depth d := 350 ⋅ mm As

bw

Simplified design
Force in the flange Fcf := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b f⋅ h f Fcf = 540 kN

⎛ hf ⎞
lever-arm z1 := ⎜ d − z1 = 300 mm
⎝ 2 ⎠

Moment of resistance of the flange Mcf := Fcf ⋅ z1 Mcf = 162 kN⋅ m

Since M = 180 kN⋅ m > Mcf = 162 kN⋅ m the stress block must fall partly in the web

bf εcu 0.45 fcu

Fc2 = 0.45 fcu (bf – bw) hf
hf s /2 hf /2
2 1 2 s = 0.9 x
x
N.A.
d Fc1 = 0.45 fcu bw s (d – hf /2)

As
Fst = fs As
bw εst

Cross-section Strain Stresses and forces

Select the depth of the neutral axis (

x := β b − 0.4 ⋅ d ) x = 175 mm

x
= 0.5 < 0.641, reinforcement will yield.
d

Depth of stress block s := 0.9⋅ x s = 157.5 mm

 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.10 Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex10_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Force in the web Fc1 := 0.45⋅ fcu⋅ b w⋅ s Fc1 = 425.3 kN

⎛ hf ⎞ ⎛ s hf ⎞
Moments about force M = Fst⋅ ⎜ d − − Fc1⋅ ⎜ −
in the web Fc1 : ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
⎛ hf ⎞ ⎛ s hf ⎞
M = ( 0.87⋅ fy⋅ As) ⋅ ⎜ d − − Fc1⋅ ⎜ −
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
−1
⎡ ⎛ h f ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ s hf ⎞⎤
As := ⎢0.87⋅ fy⋅ ⎜ d − ⎥ ⋅ ⎢M + Fc1⋅ ⎜ − ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎦
2
As = 1637 mm

This can be compared to the simplified equation provided by SABS 0100:

M + 0.1⋅ fcu⋅ b w⋅ d ⋅ ( 0.45⋅ d − h f)

As :=
0.87⋅ fy⋅ ( d − 0.5⋅ h f)

2
As = 1635 mm
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.11 Calc sheet no: 1 of 1
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex11_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Example 5.11
The rectangular section shown below is subjected to a serviceability limit state moment of M := 120⋅ kN⋅ m.
Find the maximum long-term stresses in the concrete and reinforcement for a cracked section. Assume an
ultimate creep coefficient of φ∞ := 1.5 .

Input
b
Modulus of elasticity:
concrete Ec := 33.333GPa
⋅
reinforcement Es := 200⋅ GPa
Width of section: b := 300⋅ mm
Reinforcement: d
depth d := 460⋅ mm
2
area As := 1470⋅ mm As

Analysis
Effective modulus of elasticity for concrete (allowing for the effects of creep)

Ec
Ec.eff := Ec.eff = 13.33 GPa
1 + φ∞

Es
Modular ratio n := n = 15
Ec.eff
As −3 −3
Reinforcement ratio ρ := ρ = 10.65 × 10 n ⋅ ρ = 159.8 × 10
b⋅ d

Neutral axis depth

x
= (n ⋅ ρ )2 + 2⋅ n⋅ ρ − n ⋅ ρ = 0.428
d

⎡ ⎤
x := d ⋅ ⎣ ( n ⋅ ρ ) + 2 ⋅ n ⋅ ρ − n ⋅ ρ⎦
2
x = 196.7 mm

Stress in reinforcement
M
fst := fst = 207 MPa
As⋅ ⎛⎜ d − ⎞
x
⎝ 3⎠

Stress in concrete at top of section

2⋅ M
fcc := fcc = 10.3 MPa
b ⋅ x⋅ ⎛⎜ d − ⎞
x
⎝ 3⎠
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.12 Calc sheet no: 1 of 1
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex12_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-20 Date: ______

Example 5.12
The rectangular section shown below is subjected to a serviceability limit state moment of M := 120 ⋅ kN⋅ m.
Find the maximum long-term stresses in the concrete and reinforcement for a cracked section. Assume an
long-term creep coefficient of φ∞ := 1.5 .

Input
b
Modulus of elasticity:
concrete Ec := 33.333⋅ GPa
reinforcement Es := 200 ⋅ GPa
Width of section: b := 300 ⋅ mm
d
Reinforcement:
depth d := 460 ⋅ mm
As
2
area As := 1470⋅ mm

b
Analysis
Effective modulus of elasticity for concrete (allowing for the effects of creep) x

Ec
N.A.
Ec.eff := Ec.eff = 13.33 GPa
1 + φ∞
n As
Es
Modular ratio n := n = 15
Ec.eff Transformed section
The neutral axis depth is determined by equating the first moment of area about the neutral axis to zero

x 2 2 ⋅ n ⋅ As 2 ⋅ n ⋅ As ⋅ d
b ⋅ x⋅ = n ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) ⇒ x + ⋅x − =0
2 b b

2 2 ⋅ n ⋅ As
x + B⋅ x + C = 0 where B := B = 147.0 mm
b
2 ⋅ n ⋅ As ⋅ d 3 2
C := − C = −67.62 × 10 mm
b
2
−B + B − 4⋅ C
x := x = 196.7 mm
2

1 3 2 9 4
Cracked transformed second Icr := ⋅ b ⋅ x + n ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) Icr = 2.290 × 10 mm
moment of area 3

M⋅ x
fcc := fcc = 10.3 MPa These results
Stress in concrete at top of section Icr are the same as
in Example 5.11
M⋅ ( d − x)
Stress in equivalent concrete at fec := fec = 13.8 MPa
level of reinforcement Icr

Stress in reinforcement fst := n ⋅ fec fst = 207 MPa

 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Ex 5.13 Calc sheet no: 1 of 1
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex13_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-10-30 Date: ______

Example 5.13
For the rectangular section shown below the maximum allowable tensile stress in the concrete is fct := 3⋅ MPa .
Assume an uncracked section and find the maximum short-term moment the section can resist as well as the
stress in the reinforcement for this moment.

Input
Modulus of elasticity:
concrete Ec := 30⋅ GPa b
reinforcement Es := 200⋅ GPa
Cross-section:
width b := 300⋅ mm
height h := 520⋅ mm h d b
Reinforcement:
depth d := 460⋅ mm As
2
area As := 1470⋅ mm x
N.A.

Analysis
Es
Modular ratio n := n = 6.667
Ec
(n – 1) As
Find neutral axis depth from first moment of area about the neutral axis Transformed section

(2 ) + 2 ⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x )
2 2
x ( h − x) 2 2
b⋅ = b⋅ + ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) ⇒ x = h − 2 ⋅ x⋅ h + x
2 2 b

(2
0 = h − 2 ⋅ x⋅ h + ) 2
⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) ⇒ 2 ⋅ x⋅ h +
2 2
⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ x = h +
2
⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ d
b b b
2 2
h + ⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ d
b
x := x = 270.1 mm
2
2⋅ h + ⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As
b

Uncracked transformed second moment of area

1 3 1 3 2 9 4
Ico := ⋅ b⋅ x + ⋅ b ⋅ ( h − x ) + ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) Ico = 3.832 × 10 mm
3 3

M ⋅ ( h − x)
Tensile stress in concrete at bottom of section fct =
Ico
Ico
M := ⋅ fct M = 46.00 kN⋅ m
( h − x)

M ⋅ ( d − x)
Stress in equivalent concrete at fec := fec = 2.28 MPa
level of reinforcement Ico

Stress in reinforcement fst := n ⋅ fec fst = 15.2 MPa

 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Example 5.14 Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex14_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-21 Date: ______

Example 5.14
The rectangular section shown below is subjected to a moment of M := 257 ⋅ kN⋅ m
Assume a cracked section and calculate the elastic stresses in the concrete and reinforcement:
(a) at loading
(b) after a long time when the creep coeficient φ := 1.0

Input
Cross-section:
b
width b := 406 ⋅ mm d′
height h := 793 ⋅ mm
A′s
Modulus of elasticity: d
h
concrete Ec := 26.6⋅ GPa
As
reinforcement Es := 200 ⋅ GPa
Reinforcement:
depth d := 721 ⋅ mm d' := 72⋅ mm
2 2
area As := 3039⋅ mm A's := 1548⋅ mm

Analysis
(a) At loading
As −3
Reinforcment ratios ρ := ρ = 10.38 × 10
b⋅ d
A's −3
ρ' := ρ' = 5.288 × 10
b⋅ d
Es
Modular ratio n := n = 7.519
Ec

⎡ ( ρ' + ρ )2⋅ n2 + 2⋅ ⎛⎜ ρ'⋅ d' ⎤

Neutral axis depth x := d ⋅ ⎢−( ρ' + ρ ) ⋅ n + + ρ ⎞ ⋅ n⎥ x = 219.2 mm
⎣ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎦

Cracked transformed second moment of area

b 3 2 2 9 4
Icr := ⋅ x + n ⋅ A's⋅ ( x − d') + n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − x) Icr = 7.431 × 10 mm
3

Stress in concrete in the top of the beam

M⋅ x
fc := fc = 7.58 MPa
Icr

Stress in compression reinforcement

n ⋅ M⋅ ( x − d')
fsc := fsc = 38.27 MPa
Icr
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Example 5.14 Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex14_SA.xmcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2007-05-21 Date: ______

Stress in tension reinforcement

n ⋅ M⋅ ( d − x )
fst := fst = 130.5 MPa
Icr

(b) After a long time

Effective modulus of elasticity (taking into account the effects of creep)
Ec
Ec.eff := Ec.eff = 13.3 GPa
1+φ
Es
Modular ratio n := n = 15.04
Ec.eff

⎡ ( ρ' + ρ )2⋅ n2 + 2⋅ ⎛⎜ ρ'⋅ d' ⎤

Neutral axis depth x∞ := d ⋅ ⎢−( ρ' + ρ ) ⋅ n + + ρ ⎞ ⋅ n⎥ x∞ = 276.7 mm
⎣ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎦

Cracked transformed second moment of area

⋅ x∞ + n ⋅ A's⋅ ( x∞ − d') + n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − x∞ )

b 3 2 2 9 4
Icr := Icr = 12.86 × 10 mm
3

Stress in concrete in the top of the beam

M⋅ x ∞
fc.∞ := fc.∞ = 5.528 MPa
Icr

Stress in compression reinforcement

n ⋅ M⋅ ( x∞ − d')
fsc.∞ := fsc.∞ = 61.49 MPa
Icr

Stress in tension reinforcement

n ⋅ M⋅ ( d − x∞ )
fst.∞ := fst.∞ = 133.5 MPa
Icr

Summary
x∞ − x
Increase in neutral axis depth = 26.2 %
x
fsc.∞ − fsc
Increase in stress in compresion reinforcement = 60.7 %
fsc
fst.∞ − fst
Increase in stress in tension reinforcement = 2.3 %
fst

fc.∞ − fc
Decrease in concrete stress = −27.1 %
fc

Creep has the greatest effect on the compression reinforcement and caused a transfer of stesses from the
concrete to compression reinforcement.
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Example 5.15 Calc sheet no: 1 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex15_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Example 5.15
Find the short-term stresses in the concrete and the reinforcement for the following applied moments:
(a) M1 := 35⋅ kN⋅ m
(b) M2 := 120 ⋅ kN⋅ m

Input
Cross-section:
width b := 300 ⋅ mm b
height h := 520 ⋅ mm
Modulus of elasticity:
concrete Ec := 30⋅ GPa
h d
reinforcement Es := 200 ⋅ GPa
Reinforcement: As

depth d := 460 ⋅ mm b
2
area As := 1470⋅ mm

Modulus of rupture fr := 3 ⋅ MPa x

N.A.
Analysis
(a) Uncracked section
Es
Modular ratio n := n = 6.667 (n – 1) As
Ec Transformed section
Find neutral axis depth from first moment of area about the neutral axis

(2 ) + 2 ⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x )
2 2
x ( h − x) 2 2
b⋅ = b⋅ + ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) ⇒ x = h − 2 ⋅ x⋅ h + x
2 2 b

(2
0 = h − 2 ⋅ x⋅ h + ) 2
⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) ⇒ 2 ⋅ x⋅ h +
2 2
⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ x = h +
2
⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ d
b b b
2 2
h + ⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ d
b
x := x = 270.1 mm
2
2⋅ h + ⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As
b
Untracked transformed second moment of area
1 3 1 3 2 9 4
Ico := ⋅ b⋅ x + ⋅ b ⋅ ( h − x ) + ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) Ico = 3.832 × 10 mm
3 3
 Project: Concrete Structures Job ref: SIN 324
Struct: Flexure: Example 5.15 Calc sheet no: 2 of 2
Drawing ref: ______ Filename: Flx_Ex15_SA.mcd
Calc by: JMR Checked by: ______
Date: 2005-08-15 Date: ______

Tensile stress in concrete at bottom of section

M ⋅ ( h − x)
fct =
Ico

Set the stress at the bottom of the section equal to the modulus of rupture and determine the cracking moment

Ico⋅ fr
Mcr := Mcr = 46.00 kN⋅ m
h−x

Since M1 = 35 kN⋅ m < Mcr = 46.00 kN⋅ m the section is uncracked.

M 1⋅ ( x )
Stress in concrete fc := fc = 2.47 MPa
Ico
n ⋅ M1⋅ ( d − x)
Stress in the reinforcement fst := fst = 11.56 MPa
Ico

(b) Cracked section

Since M2 = 120 kN⋅ m > Mcr = 46.00 kN⋅ m the section is cracked.

Find neutral axis depth from first moment of area about the neutral axis

x 2 2 ⋅ n ⋅ As 2 ⋅ n ⋅ As ⋅ d
b ⋅ x⋅ = n ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) ⇒ x + ⋅x − =0
2 b b

2 2 ⋅ n ⋅ As
x + B⋅ x + C = 0 where B := B = 65.3 mm
b
2 ⋅ n ⋅ As ⋅ d 3 2
C := − C = −30.05 × 10 mm
b
2
−B + B − 4⋅ C
x := x = 143.7 mm
2

Cracked transformed second moment of area

1 3 2 9 4
Icr := ⋅ b ⋅ x + n ⋅ As ⋅ ( d − x ) Icr = 1.277 × 10 mm
3
M2⋅ x
Stress in concrete fcc := fcc = 13.5 MPa
Icr

M2⋅ ( d − x)
Stress in reinforcement fst := n ⋅ fst = 198 MPa
Icr