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ML Algorithm Application Data Type
Melt pool images
Support Vector Classification of melt pool images to locate lack of (thermal or visible Machine (SVM) fusion (LoF) pores spectrum) Melt pool images Distinguishing pores from normal printing states Decision Tree (DT) (thermal or visible using melt pool images spectrum) Melt pool images K-Nearest Identifying pores in melt pool images by comparing (thermal or visible Neighbor (KNN) to known examples spectrum) Quadratic Melt pool images Differentiating between defect and non-defect states Discriminant (thermal or visible in melt pool images Analysis (QDA) spectrum) High-speed camera Deep Neural Predicting laser power levels from high-speed camera images of the melt Network (DNN) images of the melt pool pool Deep High-speed digital Correlating spatters and temperature from melt pool Convolutional images and thermal images to process parameters like scanning speed and Neural Network images of the melt laser power (DCNN) pool - Classifying porosity occurrences during the DED High-speed digital process<br> - In-situ defect identification using Convolutional images, coaxial coaxial melt pool images<br> - Predicting humping, Neural Network camera images, and spatter, or normal fabrication states<br> - Extracting (CNN) thermal images of quality indicators from raw images for dilution the melt pool quantification and defect prediction Self-Organizing Predicting porosity locations in melt pool thermal Thermal images of Map (SOM) images using unsupervised learning the melt pool Scale Invariant High-speed digital Extracting melt pool signatures for unsupervised Feature Transform images of the melt learning to identify defects (SIFT) pool Histogram of High-speed digital Extracting features from melt pool images to identify Oriented Gradients images of the melt defects using unsupervised learning (HOG) pool Functional High-speed digital Principal Selecting essential features from melt pool images for images and thermal Component training traditional ML models images of the melt Analysis (FPCA) pool Ensemble Deep Real-time defect detection with low latency for Time-series melt Learning identifying various welding defects on-the-fly pool infrared images Architecture Generative Enhancing image contrast ratio of thermal images for Thermal images of Adversarial better melt pool segmentation the melt pool Network (GAN) Gravitational Reducing dimensionality of infrared images and Infrared images of Super-Pixels performing real-time melt pool segmentation the melt pool Algorithm
Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Learning For Predicting Melt-Pool Cross-Sectional Morphology of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing With Thermographic Monitoring