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Chapter 1

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46 views23 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Tayto
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

Lecture notes for


Unit operation For Environmental Engineering
(ChEg3102)
Department: Environmental Engineering

By: Tayto Mindahun (MSc in Process Engineering)


Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Course contents outline
Chapter 1: Principles of unit operation Chapter 4: Heat exchanging equipment
▪ Unit operations ▪ Heat exchangers and heat transfer
▪ Unit systems equations
▪ Condenser
Chapter 2: Motion of particles in a fluid ▪ Boiler
▪ Particle characterization and analysis Chapter 5: Mass transfer operations
▪ Drag forces ▪ Molecular diffusion in fluids
▪ Flow of fluid through a granular bed ▪ Mass transfer coefficients
▪ Particle motion in centrifugal field ▪ Absorption
▪ Adsorption
▪ Ion exchange
Chapter 3: Hydro and aero- mechanical separation
▪ Sedimentation
▪ Filtration
▪ Centrifugation
▪ Cyclones
Assessments
Continuous Assessment Percentage
Total-50(%)
1 Tests 15
2 Assignment 20
3 Quiz 5
4 Lab report 10

5 Final Exam 50%


Chapter 1
Principles of unit operation
Introduction: Unit operation and Unit process
❑ Unit operation is a basic step in a process that involves physical change or chemical transformation
during the process like distillation, filtration, crystallization, evaporation, mixing, heat exchange, etc.

Note: While a unit operation refers to a single, identifiable


step in a chemical process, a unit process encompasses a
series of unit operations or steps that are integrated to
achieve a specific chemical transformation or separation
within a chemical or industrial process.

▪ Unit process is a collection of unit operations arranged in a specific sequence to perform a particular
function in a chemical or industrial process.
❑ A unit process encompasses a series of interconnected unit operations arranged in a specific sequence to
achieve a particular chemical transformation or separation within a chemical or industrial process.
What is process?
• Process is the set of activities or industrial operations that modify the properties of
raw materials with the purpose of obtaining products to satisfy the needs of a society.
Examples of unit operation and unit process
❑ Water treatment plants, wastewater treatment plants, air pollution control systems, where
multiple unit operations are combined to achieve the desired environmental outcome.
Classification of process
1) Batch Process:
▪ Feed is charged at the beginning of the process and the product is
collected some time later.
i.e. during the process no feed enters and no product is released.
OR
▪ During the process, no feed enters and no product out.
Classification of process
2) Continuous Process:
▪ Feed and product flow continuously throughout the duration of the
process.
Classification of process
3) Semi-batch processes:
▪ A semi-batch process is when reactants are periodically added or products are
periodically removed.
▪ Any process which are not batch or continuous (Inputs without outputs OR outputs
without inputs).
Classification of process
4) Steady-state and unsteady state processes:
▪Steady-State:
Process variables(temperature, pressure,
volume and flow rates) don't vary with time.

𝒀 ≠ 𝒇(𝒕)

Unsteady-State (Transient):
▪ Process variables vary with time.
𝒀 = 𝒇(𝒕)
What is unit operation?
Unit Operations: Classification
❑ Broadly, unit operations are:
1) Mechanical operations: e.g., size reduction, conveying, filtration, etc.
2) Fluid flow operations: in which the pressure difference acts as a driving force,
3) Heat transfer (operations): in which the temperature difference acts as a driving force.
▪ Sterilization and pasteurization,
▪ Evaporation, heat exchangers, ovens, solar plates, etc.
4) Mass transfer operations: in which the concentration difference acts as a driving force.
▪ Distillation:
▪ Absorption:
▪ Extraction:
▪ Adsorption etc…
5) Momentum transfer unit operations:
▪Sedimentation, filtration, and ultrafiltration, fluidization
6) Simultaneous mass–heat transfer unit operations
▪Crystallization, Dehydration, Humidification and dehumidification
Objective of unit operation in environmental engineering
❑ Some of the key objectives of unit operations in environmental engineering include:
▪ Pollutant Removal: removal or reduction of pollutants from environmental media such as water,
air, or soil.
▪ Resource Recovery: recovering energy from organic matter through anaerobic digestion or
extracting nutrients for reuse in agriculture.
▪ Particle Separation: Unit operations such as filtration, sedimentation, and centrifugation are
employed to remove suspended solids, colloids, or other particulate matter from water or air
streams.
▪ Pathogen Inactivation: Disinfection processes such as chlorination, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation,
or ozonation are commonly used for this purpose.
▪ Odor Control: Techniques such as adsorption, biofiltration, or chemical oxidation may be used
to remove or neutralize odor-causing compounds.
Unit systems
❑ A unit is an arbitrarily selected standard of measure for a physical quantity. Therefore, volume may be
measured in litres, cubic metres, etc.
▪ Any physical quantity that can be measured or counted is always expressed as a product of its
numerical value and units thereof.
▪ For example, when the distance between two stations is expressed as 100 m, 100 is a numerical value
and the meter is the unit of distance (length).
▪ Physical quantities are divided into two types: (1) basic quantities, such as length, mass, time, etc. and
(2) derived quantities, such as area, velocity, acceleration, etc. The derived quantities are obtained
from the basic quantities.
❑ The derived units are formed from the base units.
Unit systems
❑ Engineers specify quantities in two different system of units:
Unit systems
Unit systems
Unit systems
Unit systems
Unit systems
❑ United States Customary System of Units, USCS
▪ The USCS was originally used in Great Britain, but it is today primarily used in the US. Why does
the US stand out against SI? The reasons are complex and involve economics, logistics and culture.
Conversion of units
❑ It is often necessary to convert the units of a particular quantity from one system to some
other system. For doing this we have to make use of the appropriate conversion factors.
▪ A conversion factor is a number used to change one set of units to another, by multiplying or
dividing.
▪ For example, to convert inches to feet, the appropriate conversion value is 12 inches equal 1
foot.
End of Chapter 1

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