Zeidan RS, et al.

, J Gerontol Geriatr Med 2024, 10: 213

DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100213

HSOA Journal of
Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
Commentary

key factors contributing to differences observed in frailty among the

Insights from Zeidan Et Al.’S Re- two sexes, which mainly entails increased frailty among older wom-
en. We highlighted the importance of considering sex-specific bio-
view: Sex Differences in Frailty logical mechanisms, psychological and social determinants of health,
healthcare utilization and daily habits and patterns (Figure 1) that can
among Older Adults help understand and address frailty in the older population.

Zeidan RS1,2, Sykes S1 and Anton S1*

1
Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of
Florida, FL, USA

Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of

2

Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

During the last few decades, the average life expectancy of hu-
mans has significantly increased [1]. However, this increase was ac-
companied with an increase in frailty in older adults [2]. The aging
process can impact the entirety of the body in most humans, resulting
in declines in physiological, physical and cognitive capabilities [3].
Frailty reflects the increase in vulnerability to stressors and shortens
[2-6] the time without disease (health span), while longevity refers to
the length of life (lifespan). Noteworthy, women generally live lon-
Figure 1: Differences in frailty determinants between men and women.
ger than men but also experience shorter health spans [4,5]. Multiple
factors spanning an array of uncontrollable and controllable factors
can contribute to the observed differences in both life and health span Review highlights
between men and women. In our review [6], we thoroughly assessed
the available literature on the potential causes of sex differences in The physiological and biological underpinnings of sex differences
frailty among older adults. in frailty were discussed, with an emphasis on how hormonal factors,
genetic predispositions, and inflammatory pathways affect frailty tra-
Our review paper [6] in Experimental Gerontology, offers valuable jectories in men and women. By delineating the role of sex hormones,
insights into the causes of frailty among older adults - a multifaceted particularly estrogen and testosterone, in modulating muscle mass,
phenomenon comprised of physical, physiological, psychological and bone density, and immune function, we provided a comprehensive
social dimensions - particularly emphasizing the significance of sex understanding of the physiological basis of sex-specific frailty risks.
differences. Frailty, which is negatively associated with the health span Notably, while the female hormone estrogen (decreases with age) can
[7], is characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors [8]. In an offer cardiovascular protection, low levels of the male hormone tes-
aging population where frailty is very prevalent and poses significant tosterone in older men have been linked to higher risk of developing
challenges to health and well-being, understanding how frailty man- cardiovascular diseases, as well as hormone replacement therapies
ifests differently between men and women is crucial for improving [5,9-11]. Increased estrogen levels in women also delay age-related
health outcomes and personalizing health interventions. Frailty results cognitive deterioration, leading to slower cognitive decline [12,13].
from a complex interplay of biological, epigenetic, psychological, so-
cial and lifestyle factors [6]. In our review, we mainly focused on Furthermore, differences in the chromosomal makeup of each sex
demarcating factors contributing to sex differences in the health span may play a role in longevity differences, as some inflammation-relat-
of older adults. We diligently describe frailty complexity, detailing the ed genes are located on the X chromosome [14]. Since women have 2
copies of the X chromosomes and more expression of the X chromo-
*Corresponding author: Anton S, Department of Physiology and Aging, Col-
lege of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, Tel: +1
some genes, this may contribute to the higher levels of inflammation
3522737514; E-mail: [email protected] observed in women [5,15]. Women also typically have higher fat mass
and lower muscle mass, which may also contribute to increased levels
Citation: Zeidan RS, Sykes S, Anton S (2024) Insights from Zeidan Et Al.’S Re- of systemic inflammation [16,17]. In contrast, men often have higher
view: Sex Differences in Frailty among Older Adults. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 10:
muscle mass, are more physically active, and have a higher metabolic
213.
rate than women, all of which that can contribute to lower frailty with
Received: May 30, 2024; Accepted: June 13, 2024; Published: June 20, 2024 age [18,19]. This higher metabolic rate can increase oxidative stress,
which could damage mitochondrial DNA, since men exhibit lower
Copyright: © 2024 Zeidan RS, et al. This is an open-access article distributed antioxidant gene expression, therefore potentially contributing to the
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits un-
restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
shorter lifespan observed in males [20-22]. Moreover, men do not get
author and source are credited. pregnant, resulting in lower contributions to frailty, as pregnancy can
Citation: Zeidan RS, Sykes S, Anton S (2024) Insights from Zeidan Et Al.’S Review: Sex Differences in Frailty among Older Adults. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 10: 213.

• Page 2 of 5 •

accelerate the aging process [6,23]. Additionally, sex specific cancers reducing the risk of frailty. Males take part in more vigorous-intensity
may contribute to differences in frailty and some cancers affect one physical activity, and women participate in more moderate-intensity
sex more than the other [24,25]. physical activity [50]. While physical activity decreases in both sexes
with age, women display a sharper decline than men [51], potential-
For epigenetics, distinct differences found in DNA methylation, ly contributing to an increase in frailty. In terms of dietary habits,
histone modifications, nuclear architecture, and non-coding RNAs women are more likely to adopt a well-rounded, nutritious diet and
shape the aging process [26]. A study on epigenetic Age Accelera- avoid processed foods and food additives [52,53]. Despite this, some
tion (AA) found that men have higher AA than women due to dif- studies found that overweight and obesity status are more prevalent
ferences in methylation patterns [27,28]. Epigenetic age acceleration in women than men, contributing to increased frailty [54]. Addition-
is associated with both mortality and frailty [29]. Other epigenetic ally, differences in alcohol consumption and smoking patterns ex-
mechanisms that affect longevity are histone post-translational mod- ist between the two sexes, with men having a higher prevalence of
ifications, where women have been shown to have a higher baseline smoking and alcohol abuse and women having more alcohol-induced
amount of plasma phosphorylated tau, a biomarker of frailty linked to physiological injuries [55-57]. Frailty differences between men and
faster cognitive decline in those with Alzheimer’s disease [30,31]. In women can also influence sleep patterns, where women are known
males, heterochromatin loss during aging may also lead to decreased to develop more insomnia and sleep apnea with age, since both sex-
longevity due to disproportionately mis-expressed heterochromatin es display major differences in circadian rhythms and sleep patterns
on the Y chromosome [32]. Other epigenetic biomarkers, which serve [58,59]. Further, sex differences in environmental exposures to toxic
as mediators of many age-related diseases including cardiovascular chemicals, with women usually having higher dermal absorption and
disease, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer, may help explain sex higher accumulation of fat-soluble chemicals than men, along with
differences in frailty are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) [33-35]. These differences in chemical metabolism and detoxification, can adversely
biomarkers have been found to be sex-specific and change with age, affect health and increase the risk of frailty [60-62].
where plasma levels of certain ncRNAs were found to be different
between men and women [36,37]. Specifically, ncRNAs involved in Information Applicability
regulating pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and
muscle maintenance may exhibit differential expression between men Our review provides critical insights into sex differences in frail-
and women [38-41]. ty among older adults, with significant applicability across various
domains, mainly healthcare. Clinically, the information is invaluable
We also critically examined the impact of social determinants of for healthcare providers as all the evidence provided on the sex dif-
health on frailty, emphasizing the differential experiences of men and ferences in frailty highlights the necessity of adopting sex-specific
women in terms of socioeconomic status, caregiving responsibilities approaches to the prevention, assessment, and management of frailty.
and access to healthcare. We highlighted the importance of recog- Understanding that men and women experience, and manifest frailty
nizing and addressing gender disparities in social support networks, differently allows for more personalized and effective interventions,
financial resources, and healthcare utilization, since these factors sig- potentially improving outcomes and quality of life for older adults.
nificantly influence frailty prevalence and outcomes. Additionally,
For caregivers, understanding sex differences in frailty can en-
we shed light on sex-specific patterns of healthcare utilization and
hance care strategies, ensuring that they are more attuned to the
healthcare-seeking behaviors among older adults. We showcased that
specific needs of older men and women. For policymakers, the re-
disparities in preventive care, disease management, and rehabilitation
view provides evidence to support the allocation of resources and the
services may contribute to differential frailty outcomes between sex-
development of policies that address sex-specific health disparities
es. For instance, some behavior differences that have been noted, are
among the elderly. In public health, the information provided in our
that women are more likely to be proactive about their health and
review can inform the design of community programs and policies.
medical appointments than men, leading to better health outcomes
For instance, tailored health promotion and disease prevention strat-
and early diagnoses [42,43]. Additionally, not having access to qual-
egies that consider sex-specific risk factors and protective factors can
ity education may impact access to opportunities that could increase
be developed. Programs targeting nutritional support, physical activ-
one’s quality of life [44]. Women have traditionally had less access
ity, and social engagement can be fine-tuned to address the distinct
to healthcare and education than men, further increasing their risk
needs of older men and women, thus fostering healthier aging popula-
of frailty and mortality [45]. Women are more affected by this due
tions. Additionally, from a research perspective, the review highlights
to the pay inequalities that exist and the fact that women do not re-
the importance of incorporating sex as a critical variable in studies
ceive as many benefits as men, leading to an increased risk of frailty
on aging and frailty. Future research can build on these findings to
[46]. Moreover, social engagement and close relationships with oth-
explore underlying biological mechanisms and social determinants
ers is associated with better health and longevity and is seen more in
contributing to sex differences in frailty, in addition to their interplay.
women [47,48]. On the other hand, women tend to take on caregiving
This can lead to more comprehensive and generalizable knowledge,
roles, which can provide positive and negative health impacts. Al-
potentially unveiling new therapeutic targets and intervention strate-
though caregiving can provide a sense of purpose and social support,
gies.
caregivers are also at a higher risk of depression and other mood dis-
orders, both of which can contribute to frailty [49]. By elucidating Review Critique
these disparities, we underscore the need for gender-sensitive health-
care policies and interventions aimed at promoting healthy aging and Our review paper represents a significant contribution to the liter-
preventing frailty. ature on frailty among older adults, providing a comprehensive anal-
ysis of sex differences in frailty prevalence, etiology and outcomes.
For lifestyle habits, choices such as exercising regularly and eating Importantly, we elucidated the sex-specific manifestations of frailty
nutritious foods have a large impact on overall health and well-being, to help better design potential interventions and preventive strategies.
J Gerontol Geriatr Med ISSN: 2381-8662, Open Access Journal Volume 10 • Issue 2 • 100213
DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100213
Citation: Zeidan RS, Sykes S, Anton S (2024) Insights from Zeidan Et Al.’S Review: Sex Differences in Frailty among Older Adults. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 10: 213.

• Page 3 of 5 •

By integrating physiological and biological, epigenetic, psychosocial, studies are crucial, as they track different variables over time, pro-
and lifestyle-related perspectives, we offer valuable insights that can viding robust data on how sex-specific factors evolve and interact to
inform targeted interventions and policies aimed at promoting healthy affect frailty. This comprehensive approach underscores the necessity
aging and mitigating frailty-related risks. This can also provide im- for multifaceted interventions that address these sex-specific path-
plications for clinical practice and healthcare policy, advocating for ways, ultimately aiming to reduce the prevalence and impact of frailty
tailored interventions to address sex-specific frailty risks. By recog- in older adults.
nizing the heterogeneity of frailty experiences and adopting a person-
alized approach to care, healthcare providers can optimize outcomes Declaration of Competing Interest
for older adults of all sexes. Moving forward, further research is war- The authors declare no competing interests.
ranted to continue unraveling the complexities of frailty across sexes
and to develop evidence-based strategies for enhancing the quality of Acknowledgment
life for older adults worldwide. Specifically, more research is needed This work has been supported by the Claude D. Pepper Center
on the sex differences in the interplay of different factors, including (P30AG028740) and a training grant from the National Institute on
environmental, physiological and psychological factors. Aging (T32 AG062728) for Dr. Zeidan’s contribution. Model figure
was created using BioRender.com.
Although the review was comprehensive and multifaceted, there
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DOI: 10.24966/GGM-8662/100213
Citation: Zeidan RS, Sykes S, Anton S (2024) Insights from Zeidan Et Al.’S Review: Sex Differences in Frailty among Older Adults. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 10: 213.

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Journal Of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders | ISSN: 2381-201X Journal Of Translational Science And Research

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Journal Of Environmental Science Current Research | ISSN: 2643-5020 Journal Of Virology & Antivirals

Journal Of Food Science & Nutrition | ISSN: 2470-1076 Sports Medicine And Injury Care Journal | ISSN: 2689-8829

Journal Of Forensic Legal & Investigative Sciences | ISSN: 2473-733X Trends In Anatomy & Physiology | ISSN: 2640-7752

Journal Of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Research | ISSN: 2574-2566

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