CSE 3117-Microprocessors and

Microcontrollers

Lecture 2: µP Based Personal

Computer

Prof. Dr. Shamim Akhter,

CSE, Bangladesh
 µP Based Personal Computer System

Memory BUS

VESA
XT machines (80486)
PCI
AT machines
USB
AGP
SATA
ATX machines

System Bus
The control lines, the address bus, and the data bus constitute the system bus and are guided
in parallel to the bus slots.
Several bus architectures used in microcomputers are ISA, EISA, VESA Local Bus, PCI, etc.
• IBM XT (Extended Technology) Machine AT(advanced technology)-PC

PS-1 PS-2

ISA-(industry standard
architecture)
Peripheral Bus 8 bit devices EISA

Capable of transferring eight bits

of data at the same time. The key difference between bandwidth and speed is that
the bandwidth is the capacity available for use in data
transmission while the speed is the data transferring rate.

ISA standard Peripheral Interface Bus 80286 16-bit devices Function at 8MHz
reduces the
8MHz-8MB/s performance of
EISA 80386-80486 (compatible with earlier) 32 bit devices disk and video
interfaces.
8MHz-33MB/s
VESA Local Bus(VL) interface disk and video to μp 32 bit μp(latest 64bits) competes with PCI
 ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended)

Inside a USB cable: There are two wires for power --

+5 volts (red) and ground (brown) -- and a twisted
pair (yellow and blue) of wires to carry the data. The
cable is also shielded.

PCI-Peripheral Component Interconnect BUS 32/64 bits Bus Speed 33MHz

VESA local BUS 64bit same clock speed as μp

USB-Universal Serial Bus –connects keyboard, mouse, modem, and sound USB1-10Mbps,
cards with μp USB2-480Mbps
-Serial Datapath and twisted pair of wires [reduces wires, cost]
-Supports separate power supply for sound system reduces noises
Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)-data transfer between 64 bits data path
video card and μp 66MHz-533 Mbytes/second
Latest 8X (8x266 MB/s) or
2Gbytes/second
Serial ATA interface (SATA)-with HD to PC SATA-2 300MB/second
PCI Express bus operates video cards at 63GB/sec 4 GHz (Gen3) Speed
BUS Interfaces

Small Computer
System Interface

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface

SATA-Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment (or Serial ATA)
PCI slots
ISA Slots
AGP Slot
Memory Slot
BUS Operations
Memory Map of the PC
XMS-Extended Memory System
No Extended Memory System 8086, 8088

64GB-1MB
64G less 1M for Servers
4G less 1M for PC
Before 80286:
Real mode provides no support for memory protection,
multitasking, or code privilege levels.
After 80286:
Protected mode.

Transient Program Area(TPA)

 0x00000-9FFFF: Transient Program Area (TPA)
TPA is a DOS Concept
DOS, device drivers, TSR(terminate and stay resident)
programs (UTILITY), and applications
8086 Instruction INT X
Interrupt vectors: access
various features of the
DOS BIOS, and
applications.

FH

low

00000
0x00000-9FFFF: Transient Program Area (TPA)
• BIOS and DOS Communication Area
– contain transient data used by programs to access I/O
devices and the internal features of the computer
system.
– Stored in TPA as DOS can change them during operations

• MSDOS Area
– controls the operation of the computer system.

• IO.sys
– Loads into TPA from HD when DOS is started
– Contains link programs for keyboard, video display,
printer, and other I/O devices.

• Command.com
– Control the PC and I/O devices (keyboard) when working
in DOS [DOS MODE]

• Free TPA: Holds TSR programs

• Interrupt Vectors
– Access various features of the DOS, BIOS and
applications
,
 System Area

C7FFFH
 0xA0000-FFFFF: System Area
System area contains the programs from
o a read-only memory (ROM) or Booting I/O Control
o flash memory(EEPROM), and Program Program
o areas of read/write (RAM) memory for data storage.
• Video RAM:
• covers first 128 KB area (depends on video adapter)
• 64 KB graphical or bitmapped data
• 64 KB text area
•Video BIOS ROM
•located on a ROM or flash memory
•Contains program that control the DOS video display

• Hard Disk Controller ROM

•HD memory attached to the computer
(HD ROM/ HD BIOS)
•Free Memory System
• used for the expanded memory in a PC system, or
the upper memory system in an AT system.
• IBM Cassette BASIC Language ROM
•contains programs that set up the computer.
•contains procedures that control the basic I/O system
Memory Map Used by Windows XP

• TPA is the first 2G bytes

from 00000000H
• Every program is written
for Windows can use
only upto 2G bytes of
memory (even in a 64-
bit system)
There are three ways in which system bus can be
allotted to Memory and I/O :
1. Separate set of address, control and data bus to I/O and memory.
2. Have common bus (data and address) for I/O and memory but separate
control lines.
3. Have common bus (data, address, and control) for I/O and memory.

The first case is simple because both have different set of

address space and instruction, but require more buses.
 Have common bus (data and address) for I/O
and memory but separate control lines
16 bits I/O address, width differs according to µP version
20 bits memory 00000-FFFFFH 8086

The address for I/O

is called ports.
 Have common bus (data, address, and control)
for I/O and memory.

• Every bus in common due to which the same set

of instructions work for memory and I/O.
• same address space
– Thus addressing capability of memory become less
because some part is occupied by the I/O.
Basic I/O Architecture

Memory
Mapping

I/O
Mapping
 I/O Space
• I/O space is from 0000H-FFFFH
• Allows the computer to access 64K -8 bits devices, or 32K -16 bits
devices, or 16K-32 bits devices
• 64 bit extensions support the same I/O space as the 32-bit version
and do not add 64-bit I/O devices to the system.
 I/O port address
Control Panel->Performance and
Maintenance->System->H/W-
Address >Device Manager->View
components
in the main PCI Bus
board
0000H-00FFH
ISA Bus

Plug-in cards
0100H-03FFH
0
Flash memory is an electronic non-
volatile computer memory storage medium that can
be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two
main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND
flash, are named for the NOR and NAND logic gates.
NOR and NAND flash use the same cell design,
consisting of floating gate MOSFETs. They differ at
the circuit level depending on whether the state of
the bit line or word lines is pulled high or low. In
NAND flash, the relationship between the bit line and
the word lines resembles a NAND gate; in NOR
flash, it resembles a NOR gate.

Flash memory is used in computers, PDAs, digital

audio players, digital cameras, mobile
phones, synthesizers, video games, scientific
instrumentation, industrial robotics, and medical
electronics.
IBM Cassette BASIC was a version of the
Microsoft BASIC programming language licen
sed by IBM for the IBM PC. It was included in
the BIOS ROM of the original IBM PC. Casse
tte BASIC provided the default user interface
if there was no floppy disk drive installed, or
if the boot code did not find a bootable flopp
y disk at power on. The name Cassette BASI
C came from its use of cassette tapes rather t
han floppy disks to store programs and data.
• A terminate-and-stay-resident
program (commonly TSR) is a computer
program running under DOS that uses a system call to
return control to DOS as though it has finished, but
remains in computer memory so it can be reactivated
later.[1] This technique partially overcame DOS's
limitation of executing only one program, or task, at a
time. TSRs are used only in DOS, not in Windows.
• Some TSRs are utility software that a computer user
might call up several times a day, while working in
another program, using a hotkey. Borland
Sidekick was an early and popular example of this
type. Others serve as device drivers for hardware that
the operating system does not directly support.
• The original call, INT 27h, is called "terminate
but stay resident", hence the name "TSR".
Using this call, a program can make up to 64
KB of its memory resident. MS-DOS version
2.0 introduced an improved call, INT 21h/31h
('Keep Process'), which removed this
limitation and let the program return an exit
code.