15.1. INTRODUCTION Communication is the proce: of or link between two points for information exchange, OR Communication is simply the basic proc ablishing connection 88 of exchanging information. The electronic equipments which are used for communication purpose, are called communication equipments. Different communication equipments when assembled together form a communication system. Typical examples of communication system are line telephony and line telegraphy, radio telephony and radio telegraphy, radio broadcasting, point-to-point communica- tion and mobile communication, computer communication, radar communication, television broadcasting. radio telemetry, radio aids to navigation, radio aids to aircraft landing etc. The earliest communication system namely line- telegraphy originated in eighteen fourties (1840s). In addition to this, line telephony came a few decades later whereas radio-communication could become possible in the beginning of twentieth century on invention of triode valve. Radio communication was further greatly improved during World War II. It became more widely ‘used through the invention of transistor, integrated circuits (ICs) and other semiconductor devices in the subsequent years. Also. in with the Communication has become more widesprea4 se of satellites and fiber optics. Today, there has been an j : n increasing en i e ters . . Pag *mphasis on the use of compu im communication i= in Engineer 45.2. MENTS OFA COMMUNICATION ~ inthe most fundamental sense, communication invol “seu int to another through a succession of p» cess as list hrough a suc ‘ocess as | ; ones 'S as listed ahead (i) The generation of a thought Gi) The description of that image gr oT imsKe in the mind of a n hatimage with eon ind of an originator symbols. certain measure of precis The encoding of these symbols in medium of interest (iv) The transmissi seaheensmission of the encoded symbols to the 4 2 (*) The decoding and reproduction of the original symbol Daou RNs (vi) The recreation of the original thought pattem og CLegtEI® power ie ee ot eee cuigina tt ought pattern or homes from a group of mind of a recipient. mn in quality, in the interconnected regional plants. Hence, as discussed above, the f eee soot enceas discussed above, the purpose ofa communication frequency of all the generators y an information-bearing signal, from a _mustbe synchronized. Your power source, located at one point, to a user or destination, located may arrive at your home via a loop at another point some distance away. Figure 15.1 shows the hundreds of miles long rather than block diagram of a general communication system* in which _ by the shortest distance. the different functional elements are represented by blocks. The essential components of a communication system are information source, input transducer. transmitter, communication channel, receiver and destination. a form that is suitable for transmission over a physical Information Input Trans ; Output Source 1 Transducer | mitter chen! Recenver transducer | + Sound picture Information aie Information in speech data etc, __in electrical form Noise the original form Fig. 15.1. Block diagram of a communication system Now we shall discuss the functioning of these blocks. 1, Information Source : We know that a communication system serves to communicate a message or information. This ious message or information originates in t 7 : messages in the form of words, group of words, code, symbols, und signal ete. However, out of these messages, only the desired message 1s selected and conveyed or communicated. In short, we can say that the function of information source is to produce required me which has to be transmitted. 2. Input Transducer os ‘A Transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. The message lr, ——— when the message Jucer is used to convert mpduced by the information souree is not electrical in nature, a input tran: t For example, in case of radio-broadeasting, a microphone it into a time-varying electrical signal 0 Converts the information or message which is in the form of sound waves into cor sponding electrical Signal. he information source. In general, there can be age Taatinw evatem.748 Basic Electronics 3. Transmitter ‘The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from different aspects, For example in radio broadcasting the electrical signal obtained from sound signal, is processed tg restrict its range of audio frequencies (upto 6 kHz in amplitude modulation radio broadcast) and ig often amplified. In wire telephony, no real processing is needed. However, in long-distance radiy communication or broadcast, signal amplification is necessary before modulation. Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation, the message signal is superimposed upon the high-frequency carrier signal. In short, we can say that inside the transmitter, signal processings such as restriction of range of audio frequencies, amplification and modulation are achieved, Aj these processings of the message signal are done just to ease the transmission of the signal through the channel*, 4, The Channel and the Noise With reference to the block diagram of a communication system in figure 15.1, the term channel] means the medium through which the message travels from the transmitter to the receiver. In other words, we can say that the function of the channel is to provide a physical connection between the transmitter and the receiver. There are two types of channels, namely point-to-point channels and broadcast channels, Examples of point-to-point channels are wire lines, microwave links and optical fibres. Wire-lines operate by guided electromagnetic waves and they are used for local telephone transmission. In case of microwave links, the transmitted signal is radiated as an electromagnetic wave in free space. Microwave links are used in long-distance telephone transmission. An optical fiber is a low- loss, well-controlled, guided optical medium. Optical fibres are used in optical communications. Although these three channels operate differently, they all provide a physical medium for the transmission of signals from one point to another point. Therefore, for these channels, the term point-to-point is used. On the other hand, the broadcast channels provide a capability where several receiving stations can be reached simultaneously from a single transmitter. An example of a broadcast channel is a satellite in geostationary orbit, which covers about one third of the earth’s surface. During the process of transmission and reception the signal gets distorted due to noise introduced in the system. Noise is an unwanted signal which tend to interfere with the required signal. Noise signal is always random in character. Noise may interfere with signal at any point in a communication system. However, the noise has its greatest effect on the signal in the channel. 5. Receiver ‘The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the REMEMBER message signal in electrical form from the distorted received _ ISDN (Integrated Services Dis signal. This reproduction of the original signal is Network) is a technology for accomplished by a process known as the demodulation or transmitting more information detection. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation over ordinary telephone lines. carried out in transmitter. 6. Destination Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message signal into its original form. For example in radio broadcasting, the destination is a loudspeaker which works #8 a transducer i.e. it converts the electrical signal in the form of original sound signal. + Tha tiireo inajor fields of Blectronies are computers, communications, and control, The compute® ceement is the largest, communications is the second largest.| wwarnientals of Communication Engineering CONCEPT OF BANDWIDTH pandwidth may be defined as the port 749 on - ‘iso define the bandwidth as the Troqacketromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal. We Mysmitted: Bandwidth is the difference bewwecn there owe” Mich an information signal is yper and lower frequency limits of the sig nal, We alread my different types of passband signal ae sot music signal, TV signal, ete, Bach of these signe Bandwidth will have its own frequeney range. This frequency range i ew) dase ie goal is 20 He toy Mr gg he rene in Figure 15.2, the bandwidth is & nk SO =20H2 a tentie — emenan! Thus, we write BW = ff, Fig. 15.2, llustration of bandwidth BW = 15000 - 20 = 14980 He of music signal The bandwidth of different signals have been listed in table 15.1. TABLE 15.1. S.No. ‘Type of the signal Range of frequency in Hz | Bandwidth in Hz [1. | Voice signal (speech) for telephony 300 — 3400 3,100 2. | Music signal 20 — 15000 14, 980 3. | TV signals (picture) 0-5 MHz 5 MHz |4. | Digital data 300 — 3400 3,100 (if it is using the telephone line for its transmission) %& Important Point: In fact, the required bandwidth in the data transmission depends upon. the rate at which the data is being transmitted. The BW increases with increase in the rate of data transmission. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS shown in fi; The el i icati tems may be classified into various categories as shown in fig 7 SE oN yeas onal Stoups based on: eye gs (i) Whether the system is unidirectional or bidirectional. Whether it uses an anal tal information signal. { nalog or digital ‘ ether the system uses baseband transmission or uses some kind of modulation. Vheth syst Electronic Communication Systems as + Nature of on ear eeectonal Information Signal Transmissi Commu "pita Baseband Communication Simplex Halt Full Analog ’ Transmission _using Modulation Systems Duplex Duplex m 3, Classification of electronic communication syster Fig, 15.3.750 Basic Electronics 45.5. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DIRECTION OF COMMUNICATION Based on whether the system communicates only in one direction or otherwise, the communicatig, das under: systems are os Electronic Communication 1, Simplex system System 2. Half duplex system 3, Full duplex system Unilifettonal ae Figure 15.4 shows this classification. _ (Simplex) Systems (Duplex Systems) 1. Simplex System In these systems, the information is Halt Fun communicated in only one direction. For Duplex Systems Duplex Systems example, the radio or TV broadcasting Fig. 15.4. Types of electronic communications system can only transmit. They cannot receive. Another example of simplex communications is E i A yer Transmitting the information transmitted by the telemetry system of a satellite to earth. The telemetry system transmits Transmitter | 47 fe» Antenna information about the physical status of the satellite such Unidirectional as its position of temperature. The simplex systems have a Flow of been demonstrated in figure 15.5. wy NH formation 2, Half Duplex Systems Receiver 1 Receiver 2 [Recewers ‘These systems are bidirectional, i.e. they can transmit as well as receive but not simultaneously. At a time, these Fig. 15.5. Simplex system systems can either transmit or receive, for example, a transreceiver or walky talky set. The direction of communication alternates. The radio communications such as those used in military. fire fighting, citizen band (CB) and amateur radio are half duplex system. 3. Full Duplex Systems ‘These are truly bidirectional systems as they allow the communication to take place in both the directions simultaneously. These system can transmit as well as receive simultaneously, for Bidirectional Flow example, the telephone systems. However, the bulk | Transmitter ema ‘Transmitter of electronic communications is two-way. The best + “ example of full duplex communication system is [Receiver + | Communication Link | Receiver? the telephone system. Figure 15.6. illustrates the concept of duplex communication, Fig. 15.6. Duplex communication 15.5.1. Comparison of Half Duplex and Full Duplex Systems S.No. | Parameter Half Duplex Fall Duplex Definition | Communication is two way but one | Communication is «wo Way: ata time 2. Examples | Walky Talky ‘Telephone15.7. BASEBAND AND BANDPASS SIGNALS 1. Baseband Signal . The information or the input signal to a communication system can be analog i.e, sound, picture or it can be digital e.g. the computer data. The electrical equivalent of this original information signal is known as the baseband signal. In other words, we can define a baseband signal as the one which is not modulated. All the voice, data and picture signals are called as the baseband signals. The frequency spectrum of a Eee signal is shown in figure 15.8. It generally occupies the frequency spectrum right from 0 Z. . 0 & P Hz Hz Fig. 15.8. Spectrum of a baseband signal _Fig. 15.9. Spectrum of a bandpass signal 2, Bandpass signal ~ It may be defined as a signal which has a non zero lowest frequency in its spectrum. This means that the frequency spectrum of a bandpass signal extends from f, to f, Hz. The modulated signal is called as the bandpass signal. It is obtained by shifting the baseband signal in frequency domain, The spectrum of bandpass signal is shown in figure 15.9. Here, it may be noted that the trum is f, Hz where the highest frequency is f, Hz. All the bandpass allly as well. Examples lowest frequency in its spect 1 e signals are not necessarily modulated signals. They can be available natur: of bandpass signals are the ultrasound waves, visible light, radio waves ete754 Basic Electronics 2. Limitations of Baseband Transmission ‘The baseband transmission cannot be used with certain mediums e.g,, it cannot be used for the radio transmission where the medium is free space. This is because the voice signal (in the electrica] form) cannot travel long distance in air. It gets suppressed after a short distance. Therefore, for the radio communication of baseband signals, a technique called modulation is used. 15.8.2. Modulation In the modulation process, two signals are used namely the modulating signal and the carrier, The modulating signal is nothing but the baseband signal or information signal while carrier jg a high frequency sinusoidal signal. In the modulation process, some parameter of the carrier wave (such as amplitude, frequency or phase) is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. This modulated signal is then transmitted by the transmitter. The receiver demodulates the received modulated signal and gets the original information signal back. Information Thus, demodulation is exactly Signal |=————+ opposite to modulation. In the process of modulation, the “J iv carrier wave actually acts as a carrier which carries the ; information signal (modulating Cartier : signal) from the transmitter to Fig, 15.10. Concept of modulation receiver. This is similar to a situation in which a person travels in his car or on his bike from one place to the other. The person can be viewed as the modulating signal and the car or bike as the carrier as shown in figure 15.10. 15.8.3. Frequency Translation in Modulation Process ‘The baseband signal or modulating signal is a low frequency signal. For example. the audio signal is present in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. But due to modulation, the same % signal now gets translated to a higher frequency range. 3 15.8.4. Multiplexing Multiplexing may be defined as the process of combining several message signals together and | : send them over the same communication channel. Three commonly used methods of multiplexing are as under: (i) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). (ii) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). (iii) Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). 15.9. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) SPECTRUM As a matter of fact, the information signal should be first converted into an electromagnetic signal before transmission because the wireless transmission takes place using the electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves consist of both electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnet waves can travel a long distance through space. The electromagnetic signals are also called 8 ncy (RF) waves. The EM waves oscillate, they are sinusoidal and their frequencY radio freque!Fundamentals of Communication Engineering 755 jgmeasured in Hz. The frequency of EM signal can he very low or it can be extremely high. This nse range of frequencies of EM waves is called as Electromagnetic spectrum*. <=] Wavelength (Meters) a BE BE eee 8 BB ae & eSeeeeeoet % Ea fu ug fu fe (EH gancra DS |S |S 15 |e FSB cosmic rays -.| ete w2uedudtiangd Visible a Bis zs = EGS Millimeter infrared light BR ok RSSR ORR WN => Frequency Low Medium |) _High Frequencies "Trequencied requencies Fig. 15.11. Illustration of complete electromagnetic (EM) spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum consists of signals such as 50 Hz line frequency and voice signals at the lower end. The radio frequencies which are used for the two way communication reside at the center of the EM spectrum. These frequencies are used for the applications such as radio of T.V. broadcasting as well. The infrared and visible light are at the upper end of the EM spectrum. Figure 15.11 shows the entire electromagnetic spectrum**. Here, it may be noted that the short forms used in the EM spectrum of figure 15.11 have the detailed meanings as depicted in Table 15.2. TABLE 15.2. Segments of the electromagnetic spectrum S.No. Name Frequency Wavelength 1 Extremely low frequency (ELF) 30-300 Hz 107 to 10 m 2, Voice frequecies (VF) 300-3000 Hz 10® to 105 m 3. Very low frequencies (VLF) 3-30 kHz, 105 to 104 m 4, Low frequencies (LF) 30-300 kHz 10* to 10° m 5, Medium frequencies (MF) 300 kHz-3 MHz 10° to 10? m 6. High frequencies (HF) 3-30 MHz 102 to 10m. 7. Very high frequencies (VHF) 30-300 MHz. 10tolm 8. Ultra high frequencies (UHF) 300 MHz-3GHz 1 to 10°! m 9. Super high frequencies (SHF) 3-30 GHz, 10°! to lO m 10. Extremely high frequencies (EHF) 30-300 GHz 102 to10%m___ | u. Infrared _ 0.7 to 10 pm. Lae Visible light _ 0.4 pm to 0..8 Hm The electromagnetic spect trum is that range of frequencies from inntinne tala nlaca “Fpproximately 0 Hz to visible756 Basic Electronics 15.9.1. Frequency and Wavelength In the EM spectrum, we have used frequency as well as wavelength in order to define various segments. Now, therefore, let us define these terms and the relation between them. 1. Frequency Basically, frequency is defined as the number of cycles of a waveform per second. It is expressed in hertz (Hz). We can use kilohertz (kHz), Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz) to measure higher frequencies. Their relation with the basic unit Hz is as follows: 1 kHz = 1000 Hz 1 MHz = 1000 kHz = 1 x 10° Hz 1 GHz = 1000 MHz = 1 x 10° Hz 2, Wavelength (A) Basically, wavelength (A) is defined as the distance between two points of similar cycles of a periodic wave as shown. in figure 15.13. Wavelength may also be defined as the distance travelled by an electro- magnetic wave during the time of one cycle. Since, EM waves travel at the speed of light in the free space or vaccum, their wavelength is given by, Speed of light _ 3x 10° m/s Frequency ‘f Hence, wavelength decreases with increase in frequency. 15.9.2. Typical Applications of EM Spectrum In the radio communication system, the frequencies ranging from a few kilohertz to many gigahertz all are being used for various purposes. Let us discuss the applications of various frequency bands. The frequencies most commonly used in early days were from about 300 kHz to 3 MHz and were called as medium frequencies (MF). The frequencies in the range 30 kHz to 300 kHz are known as the low frequencies (LF). The frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 30 kHz are called as very low frequencies (VLF). On the higher frequency MHz. Then very in he: mai + The range of hu "frequency range (3 to 30 MHz), or short wave, is used for igh to 3000 Hz. The hig deasting. }+—1 wavelength. ——+4 side, high frequencies (HF) will cover the frequency range from 3 M high frequency (VHF) from 30 MHz to 300 MHz and so on*. ng is approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz, The voice frequency range 9 DO YOU KNOW? ‘The electromagnetic spectrum jg that range of frequencies from approximately 30 Hz to visible light over which electronig communications take place, ‘Amplitude 1 cycle ——w Fig. 15.12. One cycle 1+ 1 wavelength —* r H Fig. 15.13. Definition of wavelength DO YOU KNOW? « andiation doe Electromagnetic radiation on not propagate underwater the Tt it does in air. Long-T® has communication underwater Tt mostly been based 0” waves. Hz to 30 —-z 3 Worldwide twows)Fundamentals of Communication Engineering Lea table 15.3 presents the details of entire usable frequecy spectrum and its aplications. TABLE 15.3. The radio frequency (RF) spectrum (ano. | Frequency band Wavelength ‘Applications iq, | 30 Hz— 300 Hz. 104 km to 109 km Power transmission Extremely low frequencies ELF. hy, [| 300 Hz - 3 kHz. 103 km to 100 km ‘Audio applications Voice frequencies (VF) 3. 3 kHz - 30 kHz 100 km to 10 km Submarine communications. Very low frequencies Navy, Military communications (LF) 4. | 30 kHz —300 kHz. 10 km to 1 km Aeronautical and marine. Low frequencies (LF) Long waves. navigation, these frequencies act as sub carriers. 3. | 300 kHz - 30 MHz 1.km to 100 m. AM radio broadcast, Marine Medium frequencies Medium waves, and aeronautical communi- (MF) cations. 6. 3 MHz ~30 MHz 100 m to 10 m. Shortwave transmission, High frequencies (HF) Short waves Amateur and CB communication, 7. | 380 MHz—300 MHz 10m tolm T.V. broadcasting Very high frequencies FM broadcasting (VHF) 8. 300 MHz — 3 GHz 1m to 10 cm. UHF T.V. channels, | Ultra high frequencies Microwaves. Cellular phones, (UHF) Millitary applications, 9. 3 GHz — 30 GHz (SHF) 1071 m to 10% m Satellite communications and Radar | 10. 30 — 300 GHz (EHF) 10-2 m to 10 m Satellites and specialized radars. 15.9.3. Infrared Signals* The EM signals having frequencies above 300 GHz are not referred as radio waves. The Signal occupying the range between 0.1 mm and 700 nanometers (nm) are called infrared signals. ese are used in various special kinds of communications as listed below. () In astronomy to detect stars and other heavenly i DO You KNow? bodies. 3 (i) For guidance in weapon systems. In radio applications, keep (iii) T-V, remote control. resistor leads short to minimize 1! inductive and capacitive effects. 5.9.4, Visible Light Basically, light is a special type of electromagnetic radiation, It has wavelength in the range *Béslromagnetic signals produced primarily by heat sources are called infrared. They cover the 1TtO 100 im vaneo45.10, NEED OF MODULATION 1. Basic Aspects A question may be asked as, when the basi the modulation? ‘The answer is that the baseband transmission has 1 using modulation. It may be explained below. 3 Th the process of tnovtulation, the baseband signal is translated ie. shifted from low frequency to high frequency. This frequency shift is proportional to the frequency of carrier chand signals can be transmitted dircetly why to use many limitations which can be overcome 2, Advantages of Modulation () Reduction in the height of antenna Gi) Avoids mixing of signals (ii) Increases the range of communication (iv) Multiplexing is possible (¥) Improves quality of reception. 3. Reduction in Height of Antenna For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple of (1/4). Here iis the wavelength. 4= of where c is velocity of light and fis the frequency of the signal to be transmit ‘The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband signal of f= 10 kHz is calculated as follows: tee beat? af 4x10x108 The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install. Now, let us consider a modulated signal at f= 1 MHz. ; " a Minimum antenna height = = 7500 meters i.e. 7.5 km The minimum antenna height is given by, i , RL 3x108 Minimum antenna height = ~ = © = 3x10" _,.. 4” 4 xixio® = 75 meter This anv b i i ; antennae Amtenna can be easily installed practically. Thus, modulation reduces the height of the 4. Avoids Mixing of Signals If the baseband sound signals are transmitte: d without using th ; ‘ sing the lation by more than one the signals get mixed together and a receiver cannot s arated them from each other. ‘ each othe Hence, if each baseband sound signal is used (o modulate a different earerer then they Will occupy different slots in the frequency domain (different channels), ‘This } pacar on in figure 15.14. Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals, s). This has been shown in fig 5. Increases the Range of Communication The frequency of bascband signals is low, and the low fy distance when they are transmitted. They get heavily attenu: awieney signals ean not travel a lon ‘ated (suppressed). ‘The attenuati?Fundamentals of Communication Engineering psy sauces with increase in frequency of the transmitted signals, and they travel longer distance. The dilation process increases the frequency of the signal to be transmitted, Therefore, it increases range of communication. In addition to the advantages discussed till now. the modulation the Bos has some more advantages, pro 3 Baseband Signals Signal a Frequency (0 KHZ signal 2 Signal 3 Frequency, kHz 320 * 220280 200 300 “Channel? *Channetit* "Ghannerit Fig. 15.14, Modulation avoids mixing of signals 6, Multiplexing is possible Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be transmitted over the same communication channel simultaneously. This is possible only with modulation. The multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by many signals. Hence, many TV channels can use the same frequency range, without getting mixed with each other or different frequency signals can be transmitted at the same time. 7. Improves quality of reception With frequency modulation (FM), and the digital communication techniques like PCM, the effect of noise is reduced to a great extent. This improves quality of reception. 15.11. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODULATION SYSTEMS ea On Various types of practically used modulation systems are as under: Modulation Systems ‘Analog Modulation Digital Modulation Systems Systems ae ¥ 7 ¥ ¥ mplitude Angle Pulse Analog Pulse Code Delta Modulation (AM) Modulation Modulation. Modulation (PCM) Modulation (OM) Frequency Phase Pulse Amplitude Pulse Width Pulse Position Modulation (FM) Modulation (PM) Modulation (PAM) Modulation (PWM) Modulation (PPM) Fig. 15.15. Classification of modulation systems760 Basic Electronics 15.11.1. Amplitude Modulation (AM) In amplitude modulation method, the carrier is a sinewave with frequency f.. The carrier frequency is much higher than the frequency of the modulating signal (f,). The amplitu carrier varies in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal as shown in figure amplitude modulated (A.M.) signal is transmitted by a transmitter. The information is contained in its amplitude variation. The frequency of the carrier remains constant. AM is used in radio and TV broadcasting applications. Baseband Signal (Modulating Signal) Time, t Carrier Signal Time, t t ‘Amplitude modulated (AM) Signal (E+E, Time, t Unmodulated |. Carrier Envelope Fig. 15.16. Amplitude modulated signal15.12. INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION Earlier, we have studied the definition and meaning of modulation in general as well as the need for modulation and different types of modulation. The oldest and simplest form of modulation is AM. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied by the modulating signal. Here, information signal is the modulating signal and high frequency signal which is being modulated is the carrier signal. Formally, AM is defined as system of modulation in which the instantaneous value of the carrier amplitude changes in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal. Figure 15.20 shows a single frequency sine wave modulating a higher frequency carrier signal. Looking at figure 15.20, we can see that the frequency of the carrie accordance with the modulating signal. ah ais — Baseband signal Canter signa Maximum ‘1 EXAMPLE 15.4. An audio frequency signal 10 sin 2n x 500 t is used to amplitude modulate & d carrier of 50 sin 2x x 10°. Caleulate ] (i) Modulation index i) Sideband frequencies (iv) Bandwidth required (iii) amplitude of each sideband frequencies (v) Total power delivered to the load of 6002 (vi) Transmission efficiency Solution: (i) Modulation index: Given Cy = 10 sin 2n x 500 t €, = 50 sin 2m x 108 Therefore, im = 10 and B, We know that, Modulation index m = 3h =—— = and percentage modulation = 0.2 x 100 = 20%Fundamentals ot Communication Engineering 785 15. 21 = PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF FM AND AM SYSTEMS br | af eM AM T ; oe equation for FM wave is v = A sin ct +m,sin@, t] The modulation ulation i ; Tess than 2tio® index can have value either | The value of modulation index is always between ne oF more than one. zero and one. ‘The equation for AM wave is v= E, [1+ min, t] sin @, t. 3. | Since in FM, , ampli i mplitude of the carrier is cons- | Transmitted power is dependent upon modulation tant, th © transmitted power is constant, index P,,=P, |1+ ar + independent of the modulation index. 4. ‘The modulation ind ep lex determines the num- | I : : - | Inan AM signal, only two sidebands are produced, ber of significant pairs of sidebands in an : ‘ FM signal. for any value of modulation index. 5. | The amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands vary with the modulation index and can be calculated with Bessel functions. ‘The amplitudes of the sidebands is dependent on the modulation index, and is always less than the amplitude of carrier. 6. | The carrier or sideband amplitudes are zero | The sideband amplitude is never zero for any value at some modulation indices. of modulation index greater than zero. 7. | The bandwidth of an FM signal is proportio- | The bandwidth of an AM signal is twice the highest nal to the modulation index modulating frequency. For FM, the % of modulation is the ratio of For AM, % modulation is the ratio of amplitude of the actual frequency deviation and the maxi- | modulating voltage to the amplitude of the carrier mum permissible frequency deviation multi- | multiplied by100. |__| plied by 100. | 9. | The main advantage of FM over AM is the ‘The AM system is more susceptible to noise and noise immunity, as limiter stage in FM rece-] more affected by noise than FM. iver clips off noise signals. |The capture effect in FM allows the strongest signal on a frequency to dominate without in- terference from the other signal. In FM, greater transmitter efficiency can be realized using class-C amplifiers, as amplit- ude of FM signal is constant. .| The bandwidth of FM signal is much under than the bandwidth of AM. The bandwidth ofa typical FM channels is 200 kHz. San ula ; . '\The circuits to produce and demodulate FM ee aod: which is er simple in opera: cal are ive Reed more complex and expensive ‘on and cheap cost Wis cuits ‘When two AM signals occupy the same frequency, both signals will generally be heard regardless of their relative signal strength. less than that of FM due to ‘The efficiency of AM i use of class-B amplifier. r J to transmit AM signal is The bandwidth required mnuch less than that of FM typically 10-kHz in AM proad catsing- ‘M signal is ve practic