3.

Hyperbolic Functions
3.1 Definitions
Earlier circular functions
Ig
47

E
et cos t is in
it
e cos is incl

cost I ce.it it

IgEYant
e
ice
applicable to both
since cee e

define hyperbolic functions

o
cosh o fleet e 821 D

sinh O t let ed 0831

tanto et é
sigh eat e
o
841
seek o
he
cosech O
sito
coth o

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 128

 . Hyperbolic Functions Definitions

close relationship C

cos z
ifz eittg I

iy.by definition of
cost

cos
cry é't t ed cosh 85
z y
Similarly
sin
cry
et es é sink ly 861
S

touciy
is inky itachey
cos
hey

sin cosh sink'cy I

cosciy t
cry cy D

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 129

. Hyperbolic Functions Identities

3.2 Identities
All the identities we know for circular trigonometric functions can
be converted to corresponding identities for hyperbolic functions.
For instance, consider cos 2 x sin 2 x 1. For hyperbolic functions,
we need to take
x 2 x 2
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1
4 ex e 1
4 ex e
1
4 e2 x 2 e 2x
e2 x 2 e 2x

1
so that

cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1. (88)

Instead of using the definitions of the hyperbolic functions directly,
we could also use the relationships we have just derived between
etc. For instance, start with the trigonometric
identity

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B . (89)

This identity is actually true for all complex A and B , not just real
values, so we could equally well have
cos(iA iB) cos iA cos iB sin iAsin iB

and then using (85) and (86) we find that

cos iA iB cosh A B cosh A cosh B i 2 sinh A sinh B ,

so that

cosh A B cosh A cosh B sinh A sinh B .

O

Cosi A cosh CA
Cosi B cosh cry
© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 130
. Hyperbolic Functions Identities

Similarly for other identities:

cosh A B cosh A cosh B sinh A sinh B
cosh A B cosh A cosh B sinh A sinh B
sinh A B sinh A cosh B sinh B cosh A
(90)
sinh A B sinh A cosh B sinh B cosh A
1 tanh 2 z sech 2 z
coth 2 z 1 cosech 2 z
The basic rule is that to get the hyperbolic identity you simply take
by
etc., and then anywhere where there is a

Example 34: Identity for hyperbolic tangent

Find an identity for tanh( A B) .
Recall that sin(iz ) i sinh z and cos(iz ) cosh z .
sinh A B i sinh A B
tanh( A B) i
cosh A B i cosh A B multiplied by
sin iA iB
i cos iA iB
sin iA cos iB cos iA sin iB
i cos iA cos iB sin iA sin iB
i sinh A cosh B cosh A i sinh B
i cosh A cosh B i 2 sinh A sinh B
sinh A cosh B cosh A sinh B
cosh A cosh B sinh A sinh B
Divide through by cosh A cosh B
tanh A tanh B
tanh( A B)
1 tanh A tanh B

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 131

 . Hyperbolic Functions Graphs of hyperbolic functions

3.3 Graphs of hyperbolic functions

ever 10 10 odd
sink
cos hat
8
function
fruition
5
6

4
es et
z3 2 1 1 2 3

et y e 2 5

3 2 1 1 2 3 10
(a) (b)
1.0
3

taken 0.5 2
1

3 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 2
1
0.5
corresponds 2

1.0 to the ratio of

3

(c)
asymptotes of us h a(d)sink
Figure 26: Plots of (a) cosh x, (b) sinh x and (c) tan x (solid lines). Dashed lines
show asymptotic limits as ex (red-dashed) and e x (green-dashed) for (a) and (b),
and 1 for (c). The three functions are superimposed in (d).

Properties
1. cosh 0 1 , sinh 0 tanh 0 0 .
2. The graph of cosh x is symmetric about x 0 , i.e.
cosh x cosh( x) , while sinh x and tanh x are
antisymmetric, i.e.
sinh( x) sinh( x) , tanh( x) tanh x .

3. As x approaches infinity through positive values,

y cosh x and y sinh x asymptote towards the same
curve, y 12 exp x (dashed lines in figure 26). This is
because as x gets bigger exp( x) exp( x) , so that the
terms exp( x) in (82) and (83) can be ignored compared to
the much bigger exp x .

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 132

. Hyperbolic Functions Inverse hyperbolic functions

4. As x gets more and more negative, the term exp( x)

dominates in (82) and (83). Hence, the graph of y sinh x
looks like the reflection of y cosh x in the x axis as
x . Asymptotically, y cosh x 12 exp x and
y sinh x 1
2 exp x as x (dashed lines in
figure 26).
5. The previous two points explain why tanh x 1 as
x .
6. Note that cosh x 1 and 1 tanh x 1 for all real x .

3.4 Inverse hyperbolic functions

Want y sinh 1 x

sinh y x

1
exp y exp( y ) x 2exp( y)
2
exp(2 y) 2 x exp( y) 1 0

Quadratic in exp( y) quadratic

Yu et
exp y x x2 1

But exp( y) 0 , so only +ve root meaningful

exp y x x2 1

y sinh 1 x ln x x2 1 (91)

We can proceed in exactly the same way for the inverse cosh:

y cosh 1 x

and use cosh y 1

2 (e y e y)

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 133

 . Hyperbolic Functions Inverse hyperbolic functions

exp(2 y) 2 x exp y 1 0

with the two roots

exp y x x2 1

This time we cannot disallow one of these roots, since (for positive
x ) they are both positive, so taking logs we find that

y cosh 1 x ln x x2 1

The presence of two roots reflects the fact that both cosh x and
cosh x evaluate to the same value. In contrast, sinh x is a
monotonic function so that each x evaluates to a unique
y sinh x .
This can be simplified a little bit more by noting that
1
x x2 1
x x2 1
so that

1
ln( x x 2 1) ln ln( x x 2 1)
x x2 1
We therefore obtain the answer

It only
2 sols y cosh 1 x ln x x2 1 (92)

not infinitely as circular

Equationmany
(92) obviously has a problem if x 1. The reason for this
is clear from figure 26: note that the y cosh x graph never falls
functions below 1, so there is no real number which has a cosh of less than 1 .
The reason for the in (92) is that the cosh graph is symmetric
even ( cosh x cosh( x) ). This is shown in figure 27 for every possible
value of y on the y cosh x curve there is a positive and a negative
function value of x .

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 134

. Hyperbolic Functions Inverse hyperbolic functions
10 3

2
8

1
6

0
2 4 6 8 10
4

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3

1
Figure 27: Plots of cosh x (left) and cosh x (right).

Example 35: Identity for inverse hyperbolic tangent

Find an identity for tanh 1 x .
exp y exp y
Writing x tanh y
exp y exp y
Multiply through:
x exp y exp y exp y exp y
and multiply by exp y and rearrange,
1 x exp 2 y 1 x
1 x
exp 2 y
1 x
1 1 x
y tanh 1 x ln
2 1 x
1.0 3

2
0.5
1

3 2 1 1 2 3 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0

1
0.5
2

1.0 3

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 135

 . Hyperbolic Functions Inverse hyperbolic functions

Example 36: Roots of complex cosine

Find all the roots of cos z 2.
48
GR i look for Z E Q
No solutions
if Z T
Let Z
titty my ER
coset cos sinus sin R
cost cosettig lay cry
cos et et at cos
keys
eye S

i
cost cost coshcry isinitisinkey1 2 ER c

since sinkcyp sing o or sink o

o
yr S
not n GR or
yo
cost cos
hey 2

for yo cosh cys I O

cost o no solutions

for p na cosh et
solution
cosh 70 Im
y n
i Cos wa 70

cos comas cos

hey 2 me z f Esh't
cosh 2 he
cy
I cosh z cat
y za

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 136

 . Hyperbolic Functions Circles, ellipses and hyperbola

3.5 Circles, ellipses and hyperbola

3.5.1 Circles
A circle is characterised by all the points on it being the same
distance from the centre of the circle, hence, for a circle centred on
the origin, we have

x2 y2 r2, (93)

where r is the radius of the circle. Similarly, if the circle is centred

on the point x0 , y0 , then the equation can be written as
2 2
x x0 y y0 r2.

We can, of course, expand this as

x 2 2 x0 x x02 y 2 2 y0 y y02 r2 ,

which can be rearranged into

x 2 2 x0 x y 2 2 y0 y r2 x02 y02 .

Thus, if confronted with an equation of the form

might be a circle ifx 2

ax y 2 by c 0 , (94)
C is large enough
it is possible that this represents a circle centred somewhere other
than the origin. The way to determine whether or not this is a circle,

2 2 2 2
x2 ax 1
2 a 1
2 a y2 by 1
2 b 1
2 b c 0,

then gives
2 2 2 2
x 1
2 a y 1
2 b 1
2 a 1
2 b c r2 .
2 2
Hence, provided r 2 1
2 a 1
2 b c 0 , then (94) is the
equation for a circle centred on 1
2 a, 1
2 b .

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 137

. Hyperbolic Functions Circles, ellipses and hyperbola

An equivalent equation for a circle can be given in parametric form

as
x x0 r cos ,
polar
y y0 r sin ,

where 0 2 and the circle of radius r is centred on x0 , y0 .

3.5.2 Ellipses
An ellipse is effectively a stretched circle. We begin by rewriting
the basic equation for a circle (93) as

x2 y2
1
r2 r2
and noting that because both the x 2 and y 2 terms have the same
1 r 2 factor associated with them, then the scale of the circle is
independent of what direction we consider.

different radio
However, if instead we write 2

If
x2 y2
ta a2 b2
1, (95)

then we can see that for x 0 we have y b , while for y 0 we

have x a , and thus the scale is different in the x and y
directions. This is the basic equation of an ellipse.
The constants a, b in (95) are referred to as the semi axes, and these
are here aligned with the x and y axes. The larger of a, b is the
semi-major axis, and the smaller the semi-minor axis.

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 138

 . Hyperbolic Functions Circles, ellipses and hyperbola

49

semi
major
atn's F semiminory
Atms
semi minor atn's
semimajor axis

As with a circle, we can readily extend (95) to describe ellipses

centred on other points by simply subtracting the centre coordinate
before squaring.
Parametrically, we can write the ellipse described by (95) as

f me cos 01 x a cos
or
x x0 a cos
,
y b sin y y0 b sin
creosol
yen where again we can see that a, b simply represent the scale in the x
t and y directions and, optionally, x0 , y0 specify the location of the
centre.
adjusting
In NST1B the ideas will be extended to an ellipse where the semi-
factor minor and semi-major axes are tilted relative to the coordinate
system.
I
don't the X
align w

ath
y
and
c semimajor

More general form ax 2 bxy cy 2 dx ey f 0.

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 139

. Hyperbolic Functions Circles, ellipses and hyperbola

Example 37: Properties of an ellipse

Find the centre and the semi-axes of the ellipse given by
2 x2 4 x y 2 6 y 7 0 .
50
start by completing the square W

2
z 2 1 2 t
Cy by 97 9 7 0

R
24 15
4 372 4

HI 31
4 1 w
m
l
Er t E I

a Tz 6 2

ellipse with
semimajor
aim
of 2 in your
minor
of a in a dir
centred at 4 1 3
y
x 3

t s

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 140

. Hyperbolic Functions Circles, ellipses and hyperbola

By noting that an ellipse is a stretched circle, and that the area of a

circle is

A r2 ,
we can readily predict that the area of an ellipse with semi axes
a, b is just
A ab . (96)
Note, however, that while the circumference of a circle is 2 r , the
circumference of an ellipse is not a b . Determining the actual
circumference of an ellipse is beyond the material covered in the
course this year.

3.5.3 Hyperbola for an

elipse w semi ath b 20

circumference 4 a
Rather than the equation for a circle,

x2 y2 r2, hot coal

what happens if we reverse the sign of one of the terms on the left-
hand side and consider
as to gets large
2
x y s ,2 2 very (97)
where s is a real constant? Is IN
We can obviously rearrange this to write linear behavior
s 2 , when
y x2
a as

which will be real-valued provided x s . This is a hyperbola.

AY 2 5
my

if

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 141

. Hyperbolic Functions Circles, ellipses and hyperbola
la 4
y
2
Is
4 2 2 4

Ts
2
1
4

Figure 28: Simple hyperbola given by x2 y2 = 1.

Substituting x r cosh and y r sinh into (97) recovers

x2 y2 r 2 cosh 2 r 2 sinh 2
r 2 cosh 2 sinh 2
r2
and so the parametric form of a hyperbola is given by hyperbolic
trig functions with r s.
What happens if we reverse the sign of the right-hand side of (97)?
4 4

2
2
2 52 2

y
4 2 2 4 4
84 x2
2 2 4

2
y 2

4 y Its 4

x r cosh x r sinh
y r sinh swig y r cosh
around
Figure 29: Hyperbolae at different orientations.

We can thus see the connection between a circle (which uses normal
circular trig functions for its parametric form) and a hyperbola
(which uses hyperbolic trig functions for its parametric form).

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 142

. Hyperbolic Functions Circles, ellipses and hyperbola

an't bat
y't dy te to 51
e.g H
complete the square
c n
act to t
ly yo F

circle ate to da 70
T

eligse ac
same
so
Izzo as a
may
be ve
C

sight E

hyperbola ac co H

i e opposite signs

then solution
if none
of these no

2
4
e
f Tty
no real solutions

© Stuart Dalziel (Michaelmas, 2021) 143