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Computer Network

Uploaded by

sonysuyal24
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Awareness Bundle PDF Course 2023

Computer Network

What is a Computer Network?


A Computer Network is a group of computers connected with each other through wires, optical fibres, wireless or
optical links so that various devices can interact with each other through a network. The aim of the computer
network is the sharing of resources among various devices.
Uses of Computer Networking
• Resource sharing: - Resource sharing is the sharing of resources such as programs, printers,and data
among the users on the network without the requirement of the physical location of the resource and user.
• E-commerce: -Computer network is also important in businesses. We can do the business over the internet.
For example, amazon.com is doing their business over the internet, i.e.,they are doing their business over
the internet.
• Communication medium: - Computer network behaves as a communication medium among the users. For
example, a company contains more than one computer has an email system which the employees use for
daily communication.
• File sharing: - Files can be transferred on a network faster than any other medium.
• Cost Reduction: -Sharing of resources enables considerable cost reduction of resources.

Categories of network: -
• LAN (Local Area Network): - A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A
networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building
will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby
buildings.A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage and printers. LANs can be built
with relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs, network adapters and Ethernet cables.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): - MAN consists of a computer network across an entire city, college
campus or small region. A MAN is larger than a LAN, which is typically limited to a single building or
site.Depending on the configuration, this type of network can cover an area from several miles to tens of
miles. A MAN is often used to connect several LANs together to form a bigger network.
• WAN(Wide Area Network): -A WAN provides long distance transmission of data, image, audio,and video
information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent,or even the whole world.
• SAN(Storage Area Network): SAN is a high-speed network of storage devices that also connects those
storage devices with servers.
• CAN (Campus Area Network): - A campus area networks (CANs) is a computer network interconnecting
a few local area networks (LANs) within a university campus or corporate campus Network.
• PAN (Personal Area Network): -A personal area network is a computer network organized around an
individual person. Personal area networks typically involve a mobile computer,Personal area networks can
be constructed with cables or wireless.

What are Protocols?


A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.A protocol defines what is communicated,how it is
communicated and when it is communicated.
The key elements of protocol are: -
• Syntax: - syntax refers to the structure or format of the data,meaning the order in which they are presented.
• Semantics: -Semantics refer to the meaning of each section of bits.
• Timing: - Timing refers two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast they can be sent

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Computer Awareness Bundle PDF Course 2023
Computer Network

Modes Of Transmission
The way in which data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode.Each
communication channel has a direction associated with it, and transmission media provide the direction. Therefore,
the transmission mode is also known as a directional mode.
The transmission mode is defined in the physical layer.
• Simplex mode: -In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, i.e., the data flow in one direction.
Example, a radio station is an example of Simplex mode communication.

• Half-Duplex mode: - In a Half-duplex channel, direction can be reversed, i.e., the station can transmit and
receive the data as well.Messages flow in both the directions, but not at the same time.

• Full-duplex mode: - In Full duplex mode, the communication is bi-directional, i.e., the data flow in both
the directions.Both the stations can send and receive the message simultaneously.

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM

Different transmission medium

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Computer Awareness Bundle PDF Course 2023
Computer Network

The two broad categories are Guided and Unguided media.


Guided media: -Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include
Twisted-Pair Cable,Coaxial Cable, and Fibre-Optic Cable.A signal travelling along any of these media is directed
and contained by the physical limits of the medium.
• Twisted Pair Cable: - This cable is the most commonly used and is cheaper than others. It is lightweight,
cheap, can be installed easily, and they support many different types of network. Its frequency range is 0 to
3.5 kHz. A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation,
twisted together.
Twisted Pair are two types: Shielded and Unshielded.
• Fibre Optics: -It transmits signals in the form of light and is made up of an inner core of glass or plastic.
The core is surrounded by a cladding that reflects light back into the core. Each fibre is surrounded by a
plastic casing. It is very efficient medium because it provides maximum bandwidth, lower attenuation and
is immune to Electromagnetic Interference.
• Coaxial Cable: - These contain two conductors that are parallel to each other. Copper is used in this as
centre conductor which can be a solid wire or a standard one. It is surrounded by PVC installation, a sheath
which is encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid or both.

Unguided Transmission: - Unguided transmission is used when running a physical cable (either fibre or copper)
between two end points is not possible.
• Radio waves: - These are the electromagnetic waves having a frequency range of 3KHz-1GHz. These are
omnidirectional i.e. the senders and receivers do not have to be in line of sight with each other. These can
penetrate walls and are prone to interference.

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Computer Awareness Bundle PDF Course 2023
Computer Network

• Microwaves: -These are the electromagnetic waves having frequencies ranging from 1 to 300GHz. They
are unidirectional and incorporates two antennas (sending & receiving) which should be aligned or in line of
sight with each other. They provide higher data rate but Very high frequency microwaves are unable to
penetrate the walls.

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