Activity

16 Circles
OBJECTTVE: To verify that lengths of tangents to a circle from some external pont are equal

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
" Concept of tangent to a circle
"Concept of length of a tangent
For example, Fig. 16.1 represents a circle with centre 0. A tangent
from point P to the circle is a straight line which touches the circle at a point
say A. PA is the length of the tangent.
Tangent P

MATERIALS REQUIRED.
White chart paper "Coloured glazed paper Fig. 16.1
" Sketch pens "A pair of scissors
Geometry box " Adhesive fevicol/gum, ete.

PROCEDURE.
(i) Cut a pink glazed paper as a circle of any radius with centre 0.
(iü) Paste the cutout circle on a white chart paper (See Fig. 16.2).

(iü) Take any point P outside the circle (See Fig. 16.2).
 CIRCLES
(0) Place a ruler touching the point P and the
circle. Lift
crease. This crease is the first tangent to the circle fromthe whiteP. chart paper and fold it to form a
tangent as A(See Fig. 16.3). point Mark the point of contact of the

Fig. 16.3
(u) Join PA (See Fig. 16.4).

Fig. 16,4
(vi) Now place the ruler touching the point P and the circle. Lift the white chart paper from the bottom
and fold it to form a crease. This crease is the second tangent to the circle from point P. Mark the
point of contact of the tangent as B (See Fig. 16.5).

Fig. 16.5

79
 MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS-X
(vii)Join PB. Also join OA, OB and OP using dotted ines (See Fig. l6.6).

Fig. 16.6
(vii) Fold the white chart paper along dotted line OP (See Fig. 16.7).

Fig. 16.7

(ix) Repeat the above activity for circles of different radii and positions of point P.

OBSERVATION.
From the above activity, we observe that A0AP and A0BP cover each other completely.
Therefore, AP = BP.

RESULT.
We have verified that the lengths of tangents to a circle from any external point are equal.
NOTE This activity is usefl in solving problema in geometry and mensuration.

STUDENT ACTIVITY

To verify experimentally that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point, to a circle of radius
6 cm, are equal.

80
 CIRCLES

VIVA VOCE
Q1. Define length ofa tangent.
Ans. The length of the segment of the tangent from any
fixed external point and the point of contact with P
the circle is called the length of the tangent from
the external point to the circle. In figure, PT is the
length of the tangent from point P to the point of 130°
contact T.

P
Ans, 50°
Since, PTQ = 360°- (ZPOQ + Z0PT + Z0QT)
=360° - (130 + 90° + 90°)
= 360° - 310°
= 50°
Q.2. Give the relation between the lengths of tangents
drawn from an external point to a circle. Q.5. Two parallel tangents are drawn to a circle of radius
3 cm. What is the distance between the tangents?
Ans. The lengths of tangents from an external point to
a circle are equal. Ans. 6 cm.

Since twO parallel tangents can be drawn only at

Q.3. Find the measure of x in the following figure. the ends of a diameter
Here radius = 3 cm (given)
7.5cm . Diameter = 2 x 3 cm = 6 cm
Q.6. Find the length of the tangent whose external point
P
is 6 cm from the centre of the circle and diameter
of the circle is also 6 cm.
Ans. Tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact.
Ans. x = 7.5 cm, because lengths of tangents PT, and : By Pythagoras Theorem,
PT, are equal. Tangent, T = (6) -3 (radius)
= 36 -9 = 27
Q4. In the following figure, if TP and TQ are the two
tangents to a circle with centre O so that ZPOQ =
. Tangent, T=3V3 cm
130°, then measure of PTQ is equal to

PLE CHOICE QUESTONS(MCOs)

Q1. The two tangents from an external point P to a
circle with centre O are PA and PB. If ZAPB = 70°
then, the value of ZAOB is:
(a) 100° (6) 110°
(c) 120° (d) 130°
Q.2. In the figure, Ois the centre of two concentric
circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. From an external (a) 5V2 cm
point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn these
(6) 3/5 cm
circles. If PA = 12 cm, then the length of BP is: (c) 4J10 cm (d) 5/10 cm
 Appleations
17Triaonametry
OBJECTIVE: To find the height ofa building using aclinometer

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
" Knowledge about clinometer (or sextant) and properties of right angled triangle
"Understanding of the line of sight, angles of elevation and depression
When we see an object, the LINE OF SIGHT to the object is the line from our eyes to the object
(See Fig. 17.1).

Building
ine of
sight

Angle of elevation
Horizontal line

Flg 17.1
In the case when the object is above the horizontal level of the eyes, we have to turn our head upwards
to view the object. The angle between the horizontal line and the line of sight is called the angle of elevation
of the object from our eyes (See Fig. 17.1).

8-4
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
In the case when the object is below the horizontal level of the eyes, we
toview the object. The angle between the horizontal ine and the line of have to tum our head downwards
of the object from our eyes (See Fig. sight is called the angle of depression
17.2).
Horizontal line

Angle of depression

Building
Line of
sight

Bus

Ground
Fig. 17.2

MATERIALS REQUIRED.
" Clinometer "A measuring tape 50 m long
. White sheets of paper Geometry box, etc.
PROCEDURE.
(i)To measure the angle of elevation of the top of the school building, place the clinometer (or sextant)
at a suitable location and look through the hollow pipe.
(iü) Rotate the semi-circular protractor so that the top of the building is visible through the other end
(See Fig. 17.3).

Pipe

Clinometer

Building

Observer
Protractor
Wooden stand Weight
d

-Base

Fig. 17.3
(ii) Hold the clinometer (or sextant) steady and record the angle the string makes on the scale of the
clinometer (or sextant). This angle is the required angle of elevation (9).

85.
MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS-X
sextant) from the ground.
(iv)Measure the height () of the centre of clinometer (or
clinometer (or sextant).
(v) Measure the distance (d) of the school building from
Repeat the above procedure keeping the clinometer (or sextant) at different positions for measur1ng
(vi)
the values of 0, and d for different settings.

OBSERVATION

Distance of the Height of

Angle measured Height of the building (U+h)
through protractor, protractor building
from ( 1 d tan 0)
from ground (U) the centre of the
angle of eleiation (0)
protractor

RESULT
using a clinometer.
We have found the height of a building
of depression
measuring an angle of elevation and an angle
1. A clinometer can be used in objects, where it is d1fficult
NOTE
clinometer can be used in measuring the heights of distant (inaccessible)
2. A
to measure the height directly.

STUDENT ACTIVITY

clinometer (or sextant).

To find the depth of a pit using a
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

VIVA VOCE
Q.1. The surveying instrument, which is based on the
Q.7. Aladder of 10 mlength touches a wall at height of
principles of trigonometry and is used for measuring 5 m (see figre). The angle made by it with the
angles with a rotating telescope is called . horizontal is
Ans. Theodolite
A
Q2. Define line of sight.
Ans. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of 10 m
an observer to the point on the object viewed by 5m
the observer.
Q.3. Define angle of elevation.
B
Ans. The angle of elevation of an object viewed is the
angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal Ans, 30
when it is above the horizontal level, i.e., the case
when we raise our head to look at the object. Q.8. How can we use clinometer?
Q.4. Define angle of depression. Ans. We can use clinometer to find the angle of
Ans. The angle of depression of an object viewed is the depression and hence height of object.
angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal Q.9. Draw figure and write the name of angle of
when it is below the horizontal level, i.e., the case depression and angle of elevation.
when we lower our head to look at the object.
Ans. Angle of depression = ZABC
Q.5. The height of clinometer is 1.5 m, distance between
object and clinometer is 40 m and angle of elevation A
of the object is 45°. Pind the height of the object.
Ans. Height of the object = l + d tan 9
= (1.5 + 40 x tan 45°) m
D
= (1.5 + 40 x 1) m
= 41.5 m. Angle of elevation = DCB
Q.6. In the figure, height of the tower AB is 40 m. If the Q.10. Can we measure height of an object using clirnometer
Sun's altitude is 45, then the length of its shadow whose position is not vertical with base?
BC is
A
Ans. This is possible only when we adjust the clinometer
in such a way that angle between base line of
clinometer and object is 90°.

40 m

45°
Shadow B
Ans. 40 m

B1PLECHOICEQUESTIONS
Q.1. A ladder of length 12 m just reaches the top of a (a) 6V3 m
wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60 with the (b) 12/3 m
horizontal, then the height of the wall is: 6 12
(c) m (d) m

87
 Activity

19 Probability
OBJECTIVE: To determine experimental probability of a Head (or aTal) by tossing a coin 1000.times
and compare it with its theoretical probability

RE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
"A coin has two faces, a head and a tail

Head Tail

Fig. 19.1 Two faces of a coin

" Sample space, events, total number of outcomes or cases and favourable outcomes or cases
Number of cases favourable to the event
" Probability of an event =
Total number of cases in the sample space

MATERIALS REQUIRED.
"A fair coin " White sheets of paper
"Pen, etc.

PROCEDURE
(i) Divide the students of the class into ten groups I, II, III, ., X of suitable sizes.
(iü) Each group will toss a coin 100 times and will observe the occurrence of a head.
(iiü) Count the total number of times (frequency) a head comes up in each group and denote these by
aj az , ao for each group respectively.
(iv)Calculate the experimental probability of a head in each group as a10
100 100 100
MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTSX
data of 1s group, 1* two groups,
(v)Calculate the experimental probabilities of a head based on the
a tag aj +ag t ag aj tag tta10 respectively.
all ten groups as 1000
100 200 300

OBSERVATION.
() Each group will complete the following table:

Nunber of times a coin Notal numiber of times a

Group head comes up
i thrown by a group

100
100
100
100
100
100
VEE 100
Vl 100
IX 100
100

5
2 3
a a
i=l i=l i=1 i=1
(iü) 400
.......csee

500
100 200 200 300

6 7 9 10

i=l i=1 i=1

600 700 800 900 1000

(iiü)Experimental probability of a head = 1000

(iv) Experimental probability of a head is nearly equal to theoretical
(U) ..... probability of a head is nearly to theoretical

(ui) The probabilities 1 a1+a2 a1 tay +ag aj + ag t+0 are coming closer and closer to 1
100 200 300 1000

(vii)The theoretical probability of an event E (a head)

Number of outcomes favourable to E 1
= PH) =
Total number of possible outcomes of the experiment 2
From steps (vi) and (vii), it can be seen that the experimental probability of a head is very close to
the theoretical probability.

96
 PROBABILITY

NOTE Similar activity can be performed for the occurrence of a tail.

RESULT

We have determined experimental probability of a head (or a tail) by tossing a coin 1000 times and compared
it with its theoretical probability.

NOTE Probability is used extensively in the ields like Physical Sciences, Commerce, Biological Sciences, Meical
Sciences, Weather Forecasting, etc.

STUDENT ACTIVITY

Determine the probability of geting two heads by tossing tuo coins simultaneously 500 times and compare it
with its theoretical probability.

VIVA VOCE
Q.1. Define an impossible event. Q6. A pair of dice is thrown simultaneously. What is
the probability of not getting a doublet?
Ans. The probability of an event which is impossible to
occur is 0. Such an event is called an impossible 5
Ans.
event.

Q2. Define a sure (or a certain) event. Q.7. When a coin is thrown, write the sample space.
Ans. The probability of an event which is sure (or certain) Ans. The sample space is {H, T)
to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure event H’ Head, T ’ Tail
or a certain event.
Q.8. Why do we take values from 0 to 1 only on a
Q.3. For an event E, ... s PE) S.... probability scale?
Ans. 0, 1. Ans. It is due to the fact that probability of an event lies
Q4. Define an elementary event. between 0 and 1.
Ans. An event having only one outcome is called an Q.9. A coin thrown once. What is the probability of
elementary event. obtaining a head?
Q5. Define complementary events. Ans.
1

Ans. For an event E, P(E) = 1 - PE). The event E,

representing 'not E, is called the complement of Q.10. If the probability of winning a game is 0.8, then
what is the probability of losing it?
the event E. We also say that E and E are
complementary events. Ans, 0.2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(MCOs)
Q.1. In a simultaneous tossing of two coins, the Q.2. In a simultaneous tossing of 3 coins, the probability
probability of getting 2 heads is: of getting at least 2 heads is:
1 1 2
(a
2
(b) (a
2
(6)
1 1 1 1
(d) 7 (c

97
 Activity

Coordinate
20 Geometry
OBJECTIVE: To verify the distance formula by graphical mehod
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
" For locating the position of a point on a plane, we require a pair of co-ordinate axes
"The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its *-coordinate or abscissa
" The distance of a point from the r-axis is called its y-coordinate or ordinate
"Distance Formula: If A(x,, y,) and B(, y) are two
points, then
AB = J(z-x +(y, -y units
(We take only the positive square root as distance is always non-negative.)

MATERIALS REQUIRED
"Cardboard
"Graph paper
"White sheets of paper Scale: On both the axes
10smallest divisions=1 unit
" Geometry box
"Pen

"Adhesive fevicolgum, etc.

PROCEDURE
(i) Take a cardboard of a convenient size
and paste a white sheet of paper on it.
(ü) Paste the graph paper on the white X
sheet of paper.
(iiü) Draw the axes X0X and YOY on the
graph paper (See Fig. 20.1).
(iv) Take two points A(a, b) and B(c, d) on
the graph paper and join them to get
aline segment AB (See Fig. 20.1).
Fig. 20.1

99
 MATHEMATICS ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS -X
OBSERVATION.
(i) Coordinates of point A are .... Coordinates of the point B are
units
(ü) Distance AB, using distance formula = Je -a +(d- b) units =
(iü)Actual distance AB measured by ruler is units.
(iw) The distance calculated in step (ü) and actual distance measured in step (i)are
by the ruler
So, we observe that the distance calculated by distance formula and distance measured
are the same.

RESULT.
We have verified the distance formula by graphical method.
NOTE The distance formula is used in proving a number of results in geometry.

STUDENT ACTIVITY

Find the distance betueen two objects by physically demonstrating the position of two objects, say two students in
a classroom, taking aset of reference axes with the corner of the room as origin.

VIVA VOCE
Q.1. The distance of the point P2, 3) from the x-axis is
Y4
Ans, 3 units,
A (0, 2y)
Q.2. The distance between the points A(0, 6) and
B(0, - 2) is

Ans. AB = (-2-6 =V64 =8 units X+ +X

B (2x, 0)
Q.3. The distance of the point P6, 8) from the origin is

Ans. OP -6 +8 -(36 +64 = 100 = 10 units. Ans. ( y)

Q.4. The distance between the points A(0, 5) and Q.6. What is abscissa?
B(-5, 0) is Ans. The distance of a point from the y-axis is called
abscissa.
Ans. AB = -5-0+(0-5)?
Q.7. What is ordinate?
= 25+25=V50 =5V2 units. Ans, The distance of a point from the x-axis is called
ordinate.
Q.5. The coordinates of the point which is equidistant
from the three vertices of the AOB as shown in the
figure is