Linux Programming – CCS10903

Assignment 1
CHAPTER /TOPIC: Topics on Introduction to Linux

INSTRUCTION:
1. All questions MUST be answer with relevant justification.
2. Each student is required to submit written report that consists of Introduction, Content
and Conclusion.
3. Mode: Individual
4. Submission in the form of written report (Soft Copy)
5. Submission date: 03/03/2023

** If you have any difficulties in submitting the assignment according to the date
given, please come and discuss with me.

PROGRAM OUTCOME(S):
PO1 Knowledge
PO2 Practical Skills
PO6 Problem Solving & Scientific Skills

COURSE OUTCOME(S):
CO1 Explain the functional components of LINUX operating system.
CO2 Write simple program using shell script.

QUESTION:

Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. In fact, one of the most
popular platforms on the planet, Android, is powered by the Linux operating system. An
operating system is software that manages all the hardware resources associated with your
desktop or laptop. To put it simply, the operating system manages the communication
between your software and your hardware.

1. Discuss the primary components of a Linux Kernel. Is it legal to edit Linux

Kernel? Provide your Justifications.

2. Present the major differences between BASH and DOS.

3. Describe the most stable versions of Ubuntu and provide your justification on why it
has been used by majority of Linux Community.

Format of submission:
 Font face : Arial
 Font size : 11 pt
 Spacing : 1.5 spacing
 LINUX PROGRAMMING
– CCS10903
FEBRUARY 2023
ASSIGN
MENT 1

Name : ADAM HILMAN BIN AZHAR

Matric No. 012020073046
Semester : February 2023
Lecturer : ENGKU MARYAM SYAHDINA
BINTI ENGKU SAFRUDDIN

Instruction to students:

1. This is an INDIVIDUAL reflection Report.

Student declaration:
I declare that:
 This assignment is my group work
 I understand what is meant by plagiarism
 My lecturer has the right to deduct my marks in the case of:
- Late submission
- Any plagiarism found in my assignment.

MARKS Total
REPORT:

100

Introduction

Linux is an open-source operating system or kernel that is freely available. Its feature set is
very similar to UNIX. The kernel is a program at the heart of the Linux operating system that
handles fundamental tasks like allowing hardware to communicate with software.

Furthermore, while it was originally designed for desktop computers, Linux has now
spread to other platforms such as servers, mainframe computers, and
supercomputers. As a result, Linux is now widely used in embedded systems such as
routers, automation controls, televisions, digital video recorders, video game consoles,
smartwatches, and other devices. Furthermore, the most popular Linux application is
Android (operating system), which is based on the Linux kernel and runs on
smartphones and tablets. Linux has the most users of any general-purpose operating
system due to Android. Linux is frequently distributed as part of a Linux distribution.

Additionally, the kernel is the basis of the Linux operating system. It virtualizes the
computer's shared hardware resources in order to deliver virtual resources to each
process. So, this gives the impression that the process is the only one operating on
the computer. For instance, the kernel is also in charge of avoiding and reducing
conflicts between processes. There are several types of kernels which is Monolithic
Kernel, Kernels that are hybrids, Exo kernels and Micro kernels.
 1. Discuss the primary components of a Linux Kernel. Is it legal to edit Linux
Kernel? Provide your Justifications.

The primary components of a Linux Kernel consists of

1) The Process Scheduler - This kernel subsystem is responsible for allocating CPU time
evenly among all programs running on the system at the same time.
2) The Memory Management Unit (MMU) - This kernel sub-unit is in charge of allocating
memory resources to the system's many processes. The MMU does more than just
provide separate virtual address spaces for each activity.
3) The Virtual File System (VFS) - This component provides a global interface for acquiring,
accessing, and displaying any type of data or information stored in different file systems.
4) The Networking Unit. - This component provides a global interface for acquiring,
accessing, and displaying data or information stored in various file systems.
5) Inter-Process Communication Unit. - This is concerned with the communication between
processes, such as the commencement or execution of any process following the
completion or termination of a programme.
Yes. Because the Linux kernel is released under the General Public License (GPL), anyone can
modify it. It falls under the category of free and open-source software.

2. Present the major differences between BASH and DOS.

Bash is a command shell and scripting language based on the Bourne shell. Following that, bash
implementations for other operating systems are now available. Furthermore, bash supports array
variables, shell functions, and extremely flexible substitution. It is constantly being improved, with new
features being added on a regular basis. The user's instructions are interpreted by BASH and DOS.

There are distinctions between BASH and DOS down below :

BASH DOS
BASH uses no file naming conventions. When naming files, DOS adheres to a
standard. The file name is 8 characters
long, followed by a dot, and the
extension is 3 characters long.

The '/' character is a directory In DOS, a command parameter

separator in BASH, & " is an escape delimiter is '/', and a directory separator
character. is ".
In BASH, commands are case sensitive. DOS command are not case sensitive.
 3. Describe the most stable versions of Ubuntu and provide your justification on why it
has been used by majority of Linux Community.

Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS is a dependable and secure Linux distribution ideal for production
deployments in public clouds, data centers, and edge computing. Stability, resilience, and security at
the enterprise level. Canonical will provide it with LTS support until 2025. Customers can, however,
purchase the ESM (Extended Security Maintenance) service, which comes with their UA-I (Ubuntu
Advantage for Infrastructure) subscription, to extend security updates for another five years. All of this
helps to make Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS one of the most dependable and secure Linux distributions
available, making it ideal for production deployments in public clouds, data centers, and the edge.

i) Security for up to 10 years

One of the most significant advantages of Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS is its dependability. This is also
due to the UA-I subscription's ten-year security guarantee. Because it is an LTS release, Ubuntu
Server 20.04 includes five years of support by default. The ESM service, on the other hand, extends
security updates for an additional five years. As a result, a very robust platform that is tailored to
corporate needs for both infrastructure and application deployment is established.

ii) Automatic updates for Ubuntu Server Live Installer

Otherwise, the Ubuntu Server Live Installer can now automatically update itself when it boots. Users
will have immediate access to new features, bug fixes, and security updates that are included in the
installer, rather than having to wait for official point releases or use updated installer versions. The
installer will search for and report on users if a newer version is available after launching on a machine
with Internet connectivity. Users will be able to update the installer or avoid the update. If they opt to
update, the installer will perform an update and restart the installation process once the update is
complete.
 iii) SSH two-factor authentication

SSH formerly employed single-factor authentication, with passwords or keys serving as the
actual authentication method. If secrets are disclosed or the system is infiltrated, this might
represent a security issue. Meanwhile, beginning with Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS, SSH will
allow hardware-based two-factor authentication, lowering the effect of secrets leaking and
boosting SSH's security level. Thus, Users must utilise a physical device or an authenticator
app to create an SSH session on systems with two-factor authentication enabled. This will
show that the session is being initiated by the computer that created the keys.

iv) WireGuard VPN

WireGuard VPN technology is cutting-edge, with contemporary cryptographic defaults and an

easy-to-use UI. By executing as a module in the kernel area, it gives performance benefits as
well as a high level of security. WireGuard is featured in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS and will be
backported to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS to allow for wider business use.
v) More resilient bootloader

Previously, the Ubuntu installer could only write the bootloader on a single disc. As a result,
the bootloader became a single point of failure in systems with numerous discs inserted. The
current version of the Ubuntu installer enables writing the bootloader to many CDs, assuring
Ubuntu Server's bootloader resilience.

vi) Public cloud Ubuntu Pro images

Ubuntu Pro was built by Canonical as a premium image to give the most extensive feature
set for production scenarios operating on public clouds. It is based on regular Ubuntu Server
cloud images but provides extras like security certifications and hardening, as well as access
to the Kernel Livepatch service. Ubuntu Pro images for prior Ubuntu LTS versions, dating
back to 14.04 LTS, are currently available, and Ubuntu
20.04 LTS Pro images will be available immediately following the release of the operating
system.
Conclusion

Although Linux can be a secure platform, more effort is required on commercial systems. Because of
the nature of Linux development, security fixes are frequently released much faster than on
commercial operating systems, making Linux an appropriate platform for security.

In a nutshell, an operating system is a piece of software that manages computer hardware and
software resources while also providing public services to computer programs. The operating system
is a critical component of the software that controls a computer system.
References

 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-linux-operating-system/
 https://www.guru99.com/introduction-linux.html#8
 http://answers.mindstick.com/qa/96817/what-is-the-difference-between-bash-
and- dos-in-linux
 https://ubuntu.com/blog/ubuntu-server-20-04
 Linux Programming – CCS10903

 ASSESSMENT:
Report will be evaluated based on the rubric attached.

Lo Fair Avera Above Excellent Mark

w ge average s
Criteri Wt 0 1 2 3 4 5 (Wtg
a g x
Scor
e)
• Acceptable • Clear and • Good and clear • Excellent
introduction, but acceptable introduction with introduction
with plenty of history/definition/ proper explanation/ with clear and
Introduction of the • Unclear
comprehensive
report which history/definiti room for concept of the description on the
5 • No explanation on the
covers the improvement. topic. history/definition/
introduction on/ concept of concept and history/ definition/
following: the topic. • Quite clear • Introduction is
. supported with concept and
 Brief definition/ explanation on properly
concept explained and example. supported with
the
supported with good example and
history/definition/
example. citation.
concept of the
topic.
• Most points • Some of the • Most of the • Most points are • All the points are
Description/ • No
or are not related points are points are clearly explained. explained clearly
discussion 5 wrong to the topic. acceptable. acceptable. • All examples are and engaging the
/explanation on the conten • Examples • Only a few • Most examples well described. reader.
items required by t. given are examples are are clearly • All examples are
the question. vaguely acceptable or described. well described and
described. clearly described. referenced.
•A fair • Acceptable •A good • An excellent
conclusion conclusion conclusion which conclusion
• Very brief or which which states states all main which
• No not related summarizes all main ideas/points of the inclusively states all
conclusion on some of the ideas/points of topic discussed. main ideas/points of
Conclusion 5 conclusio
n. the topic. main the topic. • Some points are the topic discussed.
ideas/points. • Some points are integrated and with • All points are well
• A few points are integrated and good flow of ideas. integrated and
integrated but the there is a good excellent flow of
ideas don’t flow flow of ideas in the ideas.
 smoothly. discussion.
Poor APA style of APA style of writing APA style is well APA style is well
writing is adopted is adopted, but with adopted for all
• No citation/
inconsistently and adopted but with few minor mistakes. citation and
References and 5 references references and
did not follow with some major some mistakes or references.
citation and
APA style. mistakes or missing
citation.
missing citation/references.
citation/references.
Total 5 /100