ABOUT THE COMPANY

Techno Hacks is a tech company offering students internships .

Techno Hacks is not just another internship platform; it’s a gateway to
turning dreams into reality. With a mission to bridge the gap between
students and valuable work experiences, Techno Hacks has been
empowering the youth of India by offering a wide array of internship
opportunities across various domains as following as
 Web Development
 Data Analytics
 Machine Learning
 Full Stack Web Development
Techno Hacks understands this well and provides mentorship
programs that allow interns to learn from experienced professionals.
This mentorship not only enhances your skillset but also provides
invaluable insights into your chosen field.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Web Development

 Objectives
 Tools and Technology used
 Highlights and Training Exposure

Frontend Development:

 HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

o Document Structure

o Elements and Tags

o Forms and Input Elements

 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

o Styling HTML Elements

o Layouts and Positioning and Responsive Web Design.

o Responsive Web Design

o CSS Frameworks (e.g., Bootstrap)

 JavaScript
o Variables, Data Types, and Operators

o Control Structures (Loops, Conditionals)

o Functions and Objects

Back-End Development

 Server-Side Scripting
o Introduction to Server-Side Languages (Node.js, Ruby,

PHP)
o Server-Side Frameworks (Express.js, Django, Ruby on

Rails)
 Databases and Data Management

4.Project Description

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5.References

List of Abbreviations

 HTML - HyperText Markup Language

 CSS - Cascading Style Sheets
 JS - JavaScript
 API - Application Programming Interface
 HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
 CMS - Content Management System
 SEO - Search Engine Optimization
 DOM - Document Object Model
 SQL - Structured Query Language
 DB - Database
 JSON - JavaScript Object Notation
 PWA - Progressive Web App
 CDN - Content Delivery Network
 PHP- Personal Home Page

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 List of Figures

Figure No.1 HTML………………............

Figure No.2 CSS……………………………………………
Figure. No.3 JAVASCRIPT..........................................
Figure No.4 Project Management Tools...................................................
Figure No.5 Temperature Convertor…………………….

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 INTRODUCTION
Web development refers to the process of creating, building, and
maintaining websites and web applications for the internet. It involves
a combination of tasks that include web design, content creation,
client-side/server-side scripting, network security configuration, and
more, to deliver a fully functional website or web application. Web
development can be categorized into two primary parts: Front-end
Development (Client-Side Development): This aspect of web
development focuses on what users see and interact with on their
browsers. It involves the creation of the user interface, design, layout,
and overall aesthetics of a website. Technologies such as HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), and
JavaScript are commonly used in front-end development to create a
visually appealing and user-friendly experience. Back-end
Development (Server-Side Development): Back-end development
deals with the behind-the-scenes functionality of a website. It
involves working on the server, databases, and the website's
architecture. Back-end developers use languages like PHP, Ruby,
Python, Java, and frameworks such as Node.js and Django to build
and manage the logic, databases, and server connections that power
the website.

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 OBJECTIVE
Create a User-Friendly Experience:

 Develop websites that are easy to navigate and understand for

users.
 Ensure intuitive user interfaces and smooth interactions.

Optimize Website Performance:

 Improve page loading times for a seamless user experience.

 Compress images, optimize code, and leverage caching to
enhance speed.

Ensure Mobile Compatibility:

 Develop mobile-friendly websites or adaptive web apps.

 Prioritize mobile responsiveness given the increasing use of
smartphones and tablets.

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 Tools and Technology
FRONTEND DEVELOPMENT:

 HTML (HyperText Markup Language): For structuring web

content.
 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): For styling the visual
presentation of web pages.
 JavaScript: For adding interactivity and dynamic elements to
websites. Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C#: Server-side scripting
languages used for backend development.

BACKEND DEVELOPMENT:

 Django is a high-level framework that handles many low-level

web development tasks, allowing developers to focus on writing
application logic without getting bogged down by repetitive
code
 Ruby on Rails: A web application framework written in Ruby
under the MIT License.
 PHP is executed on the server-side, meaning the code is
processed on the web server before it is sent to the user's
browser. This allows developers to create dynamic web pages
that can be customized for each users.

DATABASES:

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 MySQL: An open-source relational database management
system. Mon
 MongoDB: A NoSQL database for managing unstructured data.

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 TRAINING AND EXPOSURE
The training exposure in web development encompasses various
essential areas and scopes that offer a comprehensive understanding
and hands-on experience in building, designing, and maintaining
websites and web applications. Some of the highlights in this area
could include:

Full-Stack Development:

Gaining knowledge and experience in both front-end and back-end

technologies to become proficient in handling the entire web
development process.

Web Security:

Understanding security best practices in web development, including

techniques to secure web applications from common threats like SQL
injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and more.

Responsive Design:

Learning how to create websites that adapt to various screen sizes and
devices, ensuring a consistent user experience across platforms.

Web Performance Optimization:

Techniques to optimize website performance, including minimizing

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loading times and maximizing user experience.

Industry Standards and Best Practices:

Understanding industry standards and best practices in web

development, including clean code, accessibility, SEO, and user
experience principles.

Project Work and Practical Experience:

Engaging in real-world projects or exercises that simulate industry

scenarios to apply theoretical knowledge in practical settings.

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 HTML
HTML is the standard markup language used to create the structure
and layout of web pages. It defines the content of a web page by using
various tags and elements, allowing browsers to interpret and display
the content properly

Document Structure:

HTML documents are structured with elements that define different

parts of a webpage. A basic structure includes:

<!DOCTYPE html>: This declaration specifies the HTML version

and helps browsers

understand the type of document they are rendering.

<html>: The root element that wraps the entire content of the web
page.

<head>: Contains meta-information about the document, such as title,

links to CSS or JavaScript files, and metadata.

<title>: Sets the title of the web page, displayed on the browser tab.

<body>: Houses the main content visible to users, including text,

images, links, and other elements.

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Elements and Tags:

HTML consists of elements, which are defined by tags, and they

enclose content to give it a specific meaning or structure. Some
common tags include:

<h1> to <h6>: Define heading levels, with <h1> being the highest
level and <h6> the lowest.

<p>: Denotes a paragraph.

<a>: Creates hyperlinks, linking to another webpage or resource.

<img>: Embeds images on the webpage.

<div> and <span>: General-purpose containers used to group

elements or apply styles.

<ul>, <ol>, <li>: For unordered and ordered lists.

<table>, <tr>, <td>: Used for creating tables with rows and cells.

<form>, <input>, <button>: Form elements used for user input and
interaction.

Forms and Input Elements:

HTML provides form elements to collect user input. Some essential

form elements include:

<form>: Defines a section that contains form elements, allowing user

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to input data.

<input>: Offers various input types such as text, password, email,

checkbox, radio buttons, and more.

<textarea>: Provides a larger text input area for users.

<select> and <option>: Used for dropdown menus and selecting

options.

<button>: Creates clickable buttons that can trigger form submission

or perform other actions.

These elements enable the creation of interactive web pages, allowing

users to input data, make selections, and interact with the content of a
webpage. They play a crucial role in user engagement and
functionality within web applications.

Figure no.1

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 CSS

CSS(Cascading Style Sheets) is a style-sheet language used to

describe the look and formatting of a document written in HTML . It
allows web developers to control the layout, design, and appearance
of multiple web pages all at once

1. Styling Web Content:

 CSS is primarily used for styling web content, including fonts,

colors, spacing, and layout. It enables developers to control the
visual presentation of elements on a webpage.

3. Selectors and Declarations:

 CSS uses selectors to target HTML elements and declarations to

define how those elements should be styled. For example, you
can select all <h1> elements and declare that they should be
displayed in a specific font and color.

5. Responsive Web Design:

 CSS enables responsive web design by allowing developers to

create flexible and adaptive layouts. Media queries in CSS allow
styles to be applied based on the characteristics of the device,
such as screen width, making websites responsive and usable on
various devices and screen sizes.

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8. Flexbox and Grid Layout:

 CSS provides advanced layout techniques like Flexbox and Grid

Layout, which enable developers to create complex, responsive
layouts with ease.
 Styling HTML Elements:
 color, font-size, font-family: To set text styles.
 background-color, background-image: To set background
styles.
 border, padding, margin: For control of element borders,
spacing, and layout.
 width, height: To define the size of elements.
 display, position: To control how elements are displayed and
positioned on the page.

9.CSS Animations:

 CSS animations allow for more complex and customized

animations by specifying keyframes, which define styles at
various points during the animation. Animations can loop
infinitely or run a specified number of times.

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Figure no.2

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 JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language
primarily used for making web pages interactive. It's commonly used
in web development to create dynamic and responsive content.

Variables, Data Types, and Operators:Variables: Containers for

storing data values. Variables in JavaScript are declared using var, let,
or const.

Data Types: JavaScript has various data types such as numbers,

strings, booleans, arrays, objects, and more.

Operators: Used for performing operations on variables and values.

Includes arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators.

Control Structures (Loops, Conditionals):Loops: Iterative

structures that execute a block of code repeatedly. Common loops
include for, while, and do-while.Conditionals: Control structures that
execute different code based on certain conditions. Examples are if,
else if, and switch.

Functions and Objects:

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Functions: Blocks of code designed to perform a particular task.
They can be called or invoked when needed. Functions in JavaScript
are defined using the function keyword.

Objects: In JavaScript, almost everything is an object. Objects are

collections of properties, and properties can be variables or functions.
Object properties can be accessed using dot notation (object.property)
or bracket notation (object["property"]).

DOM Manipulation and Events:

DOM (Document Object Model): Represents the structure of an

HTML document as a tree of objects. JavaScript can manipulate the
DOM, allowing changes to the structure, content, or style of a web
page.

DOM Events: Actions that occur as a result of user interaction or

other events. JavaScript can handle these events, such as clicks,
keypresses, mouse movements, and more.

Understanding JavaScript allows developers to add interactivity,

dynamic behavior, and user engagement to web applications. It's a
fundamental part of web development, enabling the creation of
responsive and feature-rich websites.

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 Figure no.3

BACKEND DEVELOPMENT

Backend development refers to the server-side of web development

where the focus is on databases, scripting, and the architecture that
powers the entire web application. It is responsible for handling data,
user authentication, server, and database operations.

It includes:

1) DJANGO FRAMEWORK

 Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages

rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. It follows the
"batteries-included" philosophy, meaning it provides a wide
range of built-in features and tools, allowing developers to focus
on building their applications rather than reinventing the wheel.

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 A) MVC Architecture:

 Django follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural

pattern. In Django, this pattern is implemented as Model-View-
Template (MVT), where:
 Model: Represents the data structure, defines how data is
stored, retrieved, and manipulated in the database.
 View: Handles the presentation logic and sends data to the
templates.
 Template: Defines the structure of the final output sent to the
user, usually in HTML format.

B) Forms and Validation:

Django provides a form handling mechanism that simplifies form

creation, rendering, and validation. It includes various built-in form
fields and validators for data validation and sanitization.

C) Authentication and Authorization:

Django includes robust authentication and authorization systems. It

provides user authentication out of the box, allowing developers to
manage user accounts, permissions, and security easily.

2) PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessoris a widely-used server-side scripting

language that is especially well-suited for web development. It's an
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integral part of the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL,
PHP/Perl/Python) and used to create dynamic and interactive web
pages.

Here's a detailed overview of PHP in the context of backend web

development:

Server-Side Scripting:

PHP is executed on the server, generating dynamic content before it is

sent to the client's browser. This means it can interact with databases,
manage files on the server, create cookies, and generate web content
on-the-fly.

Integration with HTML PHP code can be embedded into HTML,

allowing for a seamless combination of static and dynamic content.
PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the
client as standard HTML.

Data Types and Variables:

PHP supports various data types such as strings, integers, floats,

arrays, objects, and booleans. Variables in PHP start with the $
symbol.

Control Structures:

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Similar to many programming languages, PHP supports control
structures like loops (for, while, do-while), conditionals (if, else,
elseif), and switch statements to control the flow of a program.

Functions:

PHP allows the creation and use of functions to perform specific

tasks. Built-in functions are available in PHP, and developers can
create their own custom functions.

Database Connectivity:

PHP can interact with various databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL,

SQLite, and more. It can execute queries, fetch data, and manage
databases, making it a powerful tool for building data-driven web
applications.

Security:

PHP provides various security features to protect web applications.

Techniques like data sanitization, input validation, and using prepared
statements in database interactions are crucial for secure PHP coding.

Frameworks and Libraries:

There are several PHP frameworks and libraries available, such as

Laravel, Symfony, CodeIgniter, and more. These frameworks provide
structure, pre-built components, and help streamline the development
process.
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File Handling:

PHP can manipulate files on the server, allowing developers to read,

write, and manage files, making it useful for tasks like file uploads,
logging, and data storage.

Error Handling:

PHP offers error handling mechanisms to handle errors and

exceptions, ensuring better debugging and maintaining the stability of
web applications.

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3)DATABASE MANAGEMENT
Database management refers to the process of organizing, storing, and
manipulating data in a structured manner. Databases are crucial for
various applications, from simple to complex, where large volumes of
data need to be efficiently stored, retrieved, and managed.

It includes:

A)MYSQL

 MySQL is an open-source relational database management

system (RDBMS) that is widely used for building web
applications and managing large sets of structured data.
Developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation,
MySQL is a robust, scalable, and reliable database solution.

 MySQL is a relational database, which means it organizes data

into tables with rows and columns, providing a systematic way
to store and manage structured data.

 MySQL is open-source software, allowing users to access,

modify, and distribute the source code freely.

 MySQL uses SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying

and manipulating data. It supports a wide range of SQL
commands and functions, making it compatible with various
applications and tools.

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25
B)MongoDB:

MongoDB is a popular open-source NoSQL database known for its

flexibility and scalability. It falls under the document-oriented
database category and uses a JSON-like format to store data, known
as BSON (Binary JSON). Key points include:

Document-Oriented: Data is stored in flexible, JSON-like

documents, allowing for varied structures and making it easier to store
and query complex data.

Scalability: MongoDB is designed to scale horizontally, making it a

suitable choice for handling large volumes of data.

Indexes and Queries: Supports indexing and powerful querying,

allowing for efficient data retrieval.

Aggregation Framework: Provides a powerful set of data

aggregation tools to perform complex data analysis and manipulation.

Replication and Sharding: Offers features for replication (creating

copies of data across multiple servers for redundancy) and sharding
(distributing data across multiple machines) for improved
performance and availability.

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C)Firebase:

Firebase is a mobile and web application development platform

offered by Google. It provides a suite of tools and services, including
a NoSQL database, authentication, hosting, cloud functions, and
more. The database in Firebase is often referred to as the Firebase
Realtime Database or Firestore. Key points include:

Realtime Database: Firebase offers a real-time NoSQL database that

enables synchronization of data between clients in real-time. Any
changes made by one user are immediately reflected across all
connected devices.

JSON Data Format: Similar to MongoDB, Firebase uses JSON-like

data to store information, making it easy to work with and understand.

Authentication and Hosting: Apart from the database, Firebase

offers user authentication services and web hosting, making it a
comprehensive platform for developing web and mobile applications.

Serverless Functions: Firebase supports serverless functions,

allowing developers to execute backend code without managing
servers.

Scalability and Performance: Firebase's infrastructure is designed

for scalability and performance, accommodating varying application
needs.

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 Project Description
Project Management Tools

The "Project Management Tools" project is a software initiative

aimed at developing a comprehensive and intuitive platform that
aggregates various tools and functionalities to assist project managers
and teams in organizing, executing, and monitoring projects
efficiently. The primary goal is to provide a centralized system that
integrates multiple project management tools, facilitating seamless
collaboration, task management, and progress tracking.

Key Features:

Tool Integration:

Integration of diverse project management tools, including task

management, collaboration, documentation, and version control
systems, into a unified dashboard.

User Authentication and Roles:

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Secure user authentication with different roles (admin, project
manager, team member) to control access and permissions within the
platform.

Task Management:

Offering tools for creating, assigning, tracking, and prioritizing tasks.

Users can manage deadlines, dependencies, and task assignments.

Collaboration Hub:

Providing a centralized space for team communication, discussions,

file sharing, and real-time updates on project progress.

Document Repository:

Storage and sharing of project-related documents, templates, reports,

and other essential files.

Version Control and Integration:

Supporting version control systems, enabling users to track changes,

merge updates, and maintain different versions of project documents.

Reporting and Analytics:

Generating reports and providing analytics on project progress, team

productivity, and milestones achieved.

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 Figure no. 4

Temperature Convertor

Creating a temperature converter using web development

technologies involves building a user interface where users can input
a temperature value in one unit (such as Celsius or Fahrenheit) and
convert it to another unit. Here's a description of how you can develop
a basic temperature converter using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript:

1. HTML (Structure):

In the HTML file, you define the structure of the temperature

converter. This includes input fields for the temperature value and
dropdown menus for selecting the input and output units, along with a
button to perform the conversion and a space to display the result.

2. CSS (Style):

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In the CSS file, you can style the converter to make it visually
appealing and user-friendly. You can define styles for input fields,
buttons, and result displays.

3. JavaScript (Functionality):

In the JavaScript file, you handle the logic for converting

temperatures based on the user input and update the result displayed
on the web page.

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Figure no. 5

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REFERENCES
 We got this internship from an open source platform the
Linkedin,
 Website of Bharat Intern: https://bharatintern.live

 Github Link of Team Members :

 https://github.com/Shivanikumari1234

 https://github.com/S2103aumya

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