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Antenna Fundamentals

Microwave Engineering

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27 views25 pages

Antenna Fundamentals

Microwave Engineering

Uploaded by

shuvominhaj9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Antenna

Dr. Md. Mostafizur Rahman


Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)
Antenna
Antenna
An antenna is defined by ‘Webster’s Dictionary as “ a metallic device (as
a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.” The IEEE
Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas defines the antenna or

aerial as “ a means for radiating or receiving radio waves.”

In other words the antenna is the transitional structure between free


space and a guiding device. The guiding device or transmission line may
take the form of a coaxial line or hollow pipe (waveguide) and it is used
to transport electromagnetic energy from transmitting source to the
antenna or from the antenna to the receiver.
Types of Antenna (Physical Structure)

 Wire Antennas
 Aperture Antennas
 Microstrip Antennas
 Array Antennas
 Reflector Antennas
 Lens Antennas
Types of Antenna (Frequencies)

 High Frequency Antennas


- V, Inverted V, Rhombic, Travelling wave

 Medium Frequency Antennas


- Tower antenna

 VHF/UHF Antennas
- Folded Dipole, Yagi-Uda, Ground Plane, Helical
 Microwave Antennas
- Parabolic Reflector, Horn, Lens
Broadband Antenna
- Helical, Log-periodic, Bi-Conical, Slot, Turnstile
Antennas have to be classified to understand their physical structure and functionality more clearly.
There are many types of antennas depending upon the applications . Let us discuss the above-
mentioned types of antennas in detail, in the coming chapters.

Type of antenna Examples Applications


Dipole antenna, Monopole antenna, Helix antenna, Personal applications, buildings, ships,
Wire Antennas
Loop antenna automobiles, space crafts
Flush-mounted applications, air-craft, space
Aperture Antennas Waveguide (opening), Horn antenna
craft
Microwave communication, satellite
Reflector Antennas Parabolic reflectors, Corner reflectors
tracking, radio astronomy
Convex-plane, Concave-plane, Convex-convex,
Lens Antennas Used for very highfrequency applications
Concaveconcave lenses
Circular-shaped, Rectangularshaped metallic patch Air-craft, space-craft, satellites, missiles,
Micro strip Antennas
above the ground plane cars, mobile phones etc.
Yagi-Uda antenna, Micro strip patch array, Used for very high gain applications, mostly
Array Antennas
Aperture array, Slotted wave guide array when needs to control the radiation pattern
Parameters (Properties) of Antenna

 Radiation Pattern
 Radiation Intensity
 Polarization Gain
 Directive Gain or Directivity
 Power Gain
 Efficiency
 Effective Aperture or Area
 Self Impedance and Mutual
Impedance
 Radiation Resistance
 Beam Width
 Band Width
Radiation Pattern & Isotropic Radiator
It is a mathematical function or a graphical representation of
radiation properties (Amplitude, Phase, Polarization) of the antenna as a
function of space coordinates.
It is a graph which shows the variation in actual field strength
of electromagnetic field at all points which are equal distance from the
antenna.

Types of Pattern
- Omnidirectional or Broadcast type Pattern - Fan Beam Pattern
- Pencil Beam pattern - Shaped Beam patter

An Isotropic radiator is a fictitious radiator and is defined as a


radiator which radiates uniformly in all directions. It is also called
as isotropic source or omnidirectional radiator or simply unipole.
12/27/2020 12
Parameters of an Antenna

Gain (G) : It is the ratio of Maximum Radiation Intensity from the Test antenna
to the Radiation Intensity from Isotropic antenna (Lossless) with same power
input.

Directive Gain : It is the ratio of Power density/Intensity Radiated in a


particular direction by test antenna to Power density/Intensity Radiated in that
particular direction by an isotropic antenna (Average radiated Power)

Power gain and Directive Gain is almost same in VHF and UHF. And this
can be called the antenna Gain.

Directivity : The maximum directive gain is called as directivity of an antenna


and is denoted by D. In particular direction D is constant.

That is directivity is the ratio of maximum radiation Intensity from a


Test/Subject antenna to Radiation Intensity of an Isotropic antenna.
Parameters of an Antenna (Continue)
Antenna Efficiency :
The efficiency of an antenna is defined as the ratio of power radiated
to the total input power supplied to the antenna and is denoted by η.

Effective area/Effective aperture or Capture area :


It is the ratio of power received at the antenna load terminal to the
pointing vector (or Power density) in Watts/m2 of the incident wave.

Effective Length :
The term “effective length” of an antenna represents the effectiveness
of an antenna as radiator or collector of electromagnetic wave energy. In other
words, effective length indicates how for an antenna is effective in transmitting
or receiving the electromagnetic wave energy.
Effective Length (le) = Open circuited voltage (V)/Incident field
strength (E)
Beam width of Antenna
Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) of antenna

The main beam is the angular region where primarily the radiation goes. The
effective width of the antenna main beam called the HPBW is defined as the
angular separation between directions where the field reduces to 1/√2 of its
maximum value. Since the power density of a wave is proportional to the
square of the electric field, when the electric field reduces to 1/√2 of its
maximum value, the power density reduces to 1/2 of its maximum value. That
is, the power density reduces by 3-dB. The HPBW therefore is also referred to
as the 3-dB Beam width. There two HPBWs, one for the E-plane pattern and
other for the H-plane pattern. For the Hertz dipole, the E-plane HPBW is 900
and the H-plane HPBW is not defined since the radiation pattern is constant in
the H-plane.
The HPBW is a better measure of the effective width of the main beam of the
antenna compared to BWFN because there are situations when the effective
width of the antenna beam changes but the BWFN remains same.
Band width of an Antenna

The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the range of frequencies over which


the antenna can operate correctly. The antenna's bandwidth is the number
of Hz for which the antenna will exhibit an SWR less than 2:1. The
bandwidth can also be described in terms of percentage of the
center frequency of the band.

BW = 100 × (FH − FL) / FC

where, FH is the highest frequency in the band, FL is the lowest frequency


in the band, and FC is the center frequency in the band. In this way,
bandwidth is constant relative to frequency. If bandwidth was expressed in
absolute units of frequency, it would be different depending upon the center
frequency. Different types of antennas have different bandwidth limitations.
Radiation Resistance of Antenna
In general, an antenna radiates power into free space in the form of electromagnetic
waves. So the power dissipated is given by, Assuming all the power dissipated in the form
of electromagnetic waves, then we can write,

The resistance which relates power radiated by radiating antenna and the
current flowing through the antenna is a fictitious resistance. Such resistance is called
radiation resistance of antenna and it is denoted by
Rrad or Rr, or Ro.
Note: The radiation resistance is a fictitious resistance such that when it is connected in
series with antenna dissipates same power as the antenna actually radiates. But practically
the energy supplied to the antenna is not completely radiated in the form of
electromagnetic waves, but there are certain radiation losses due to the loss resistance
denoted by Rloss.. Thus the total power is given by,

W = W'+ W" = Ohmic loss + Radiation loss


W = I2 Rrad +I2 Rloss
W = I2(Rrad + Rloss)

Note: The radiation resistance of antenna depends on antenna configuration, ratio of


length and diameter of conductor used, location of the antenna with respect to ground and
other objects.
References
 Antenna Theory by Constantine A Balani
 Antenna & Wave Propagation by K D Prasad
 Antenna Theory (Tutorials Point)
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/antenna_theory/antenna_theory_broad
_side_array.htm

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