AI VIETNAM

All-in-One Course

Object-Oriented
Programming
(Draft)

Year 2024
 Outline
➢ Introduction
➢ Classes and Objects
➢ Iterator and Class Data Type
➢ Inheritance
➢ Exercises
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Inheritance
❖ Introduction

Mechanism by which one class is allowed to inherit the features

(attributes and methods) of another class.

Super Class: The class whose features are inherited is known as

superclass (a base class or a parent class).

Subclass: The class that inherits the other class is known as

subclass (a derived class, extended class, or child class).

The subclass can add its own attributes and methods in addition
to the superclass attributes and methods.

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Inheritance
❖ Introduction

Person Employee

- name: string
- annualSalary: double
- name: string
- yearOfStartingWork: int
- insuaranceNumber: string

// … // …
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Inheritance
Person Employee Person

- name: string # name: string

- annualSalary: double
- name: string
- yearOfStartingWork: int // …
- insuaranceNumber: string
is
// … // …
Employee

Access modifiers is-a

relationship - annualSalary: double
Employee Person - yearOfStartingWork: int
- private
- insuaranceNumber: string
+ public
An employee is a person.
# protected // …
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Inheritance
Inherit attributes and methods Animal
from one class to another
Benefit: Code reusability # name: string

+ setName(string): void

Derived class (child) - the class is

that inherits from another class
Cat
Base class (parent) - the class
being inherited from
DerivedClass(BaseClass) // …

is-a
relationship
Cat Animal A cat is an animal.
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Inheritance
❖ Introduction
Super Class Employee
To extend an existing class
# name: string
UML Annotation # salary: double

+ computeSalary(): double
‘-’ stands for ‘private’

‘#’ stands for ‘protected’ is

‘+’ stands for ‘public’ Subclass Manager

- bonus: double

What features does a manager inherit? + computeSalary(): double

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Inheritance
❖ As a template

A class Animal that has a method sound() and the subclasses of it like Dog,
Lion, Horse, Cat, etc.

Since the animal sound differs from one animal to another, there is no point
to implement this method in parent class.

This is because every child class must override this method to give its own
implementation details, like Lion class will say “Roar” in this method and
Dog class will say “Woof”.

Year 2022 https://beginnersbook.com/2013/05/java-abstract-class-method/ 45

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Inheritance
❖ As a template

Animal

+ sound(): void

is

Dog Horse Lion

+ sound(): void + sound(): void + sound(): void

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Example
❖ Implement the two classes below

Math1 Math2

+ __init__()
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateE(int): double

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Example
Implement the two
classes below
Math1

+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int

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Example
Implement the two classes below

𝑒 = 2.71828

Math2

+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double
Year 2022
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Example
Implement the two classes below

𝑒 = 2.71828

Math2

+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double
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Example
How to reuse an existing class?
Math1

+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int

Math2

+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double
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Example
❖ Inheritance
Math1

Math1: super class or

parent class
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
Math2: child class or + factorial(int): int
derived class

Child classes can use

Math2
the public and protected
attributes and methods
of the super classes.
+ __init__()
+ estimateEuler(int): double
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Another Example
Employee-Manager Example: Simple requirement
Employee

A standard employee of company X includes his/her name and - name: string

base salary. For example, Peter is working for X, and his base - salary: double
salary is 60000$ a year. Implement the Employee class and the
computeSalary() method to compute the final salary for an
employee. The salary for an employee is his/her base salary. + computeSalary(): double

A manager includes his/her name, base salary, and bonus. The final
salary for the manager comprises the base salary and a bonus. For Manager
example, Mary is a manager in the company. Her base salary and - name: string
bonus are 60000$ and 20000$ a year, respectively. Yearly, she gets - salary: double
paid 80000$ a year. Implement the Manager class and the - bonus: double
computeSalary() method to compute the final salary.
+ computeSalary(): double
Year 2022
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Another Example
Employee-Manager Example (Using inheritance)

A standard employee of company X includes his/her name and base salary. For example,
Peter is working for X, and his base salary is 60000$ a year.

Implement the Employee class and the computeSalary() method to compute the final
salary for an employee. The salary for an employee is his/her base salary.

A manager is an employee who has the name and base salary attributes. However, the
final salary for the manager comprises the base salary and a bonus.

For example, Mary is a manager in the company. Her base salary and bonus are 60000$
and 20000$ a year, respectively. Yearly, she gets paid 80000$ a year.

Implement the Manager class and the computeSalary() method to compute the final
salary.
 Another Example
Employee-Manager

Employee

# name: string
# salary: double

+ computeSalary(): double

is

Manager

- bonus: double

+ computeSalary(): double
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Example
❖ Inheritance recognition
Square

- side: int
Squares and circles are both examples of
shapes. There are certain questions one can + perimeter(): double
reasonably ask of both a circle and a square + area(): double
(such as, ‘what is the area?’ or ‘what is the
perimeter?’) but some questions can be asked
Circle
only of one or the other but not both (such as,
‘what is the length of a side?’ or ‘what is the
radius?’) - radius: double

+ perimeter(): double
+ area(): double

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Example
❖ Inheritance recognition
Shape

Shape does not know how to

compute its perimeter and area
+ perimeter(): double
Use @abstractmethod to ask its + area(): double
child to implement them
is
Using pass in the abstract method

Square Circle

- side: int - radius: double

+ __init__(int) + __init__(double)
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Example
❖ Inheritance recognition

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Example
❖ Inheritance recognition

Year 2022
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Example
❖ Inheritance recognition

Year 2022
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Example
❖ Exercise
Shape

+ perimeter(): double
+ area(): double

is

Rectangle Square Circle

- height: int
- side: int - radius: double
- width: int

+ __init__(int, int) + __init__(int) + __init__(double)

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Overriding

Employee

- name: string
Overriding is a feature that - salary: double
allows a child class to provide
+ computeSalary(): double
a specific implementation of a
method that is already
is
provided by its super-class.
Overriding
Manager

- bonus: double

+ computeSalary(): double

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Overriding
Example

Person

+ perform(): void

is

Doctor Student

+ perform(): void + perform(): void

 Exercise Vector 𝑥Ԧ =
2
3
𝑢=
4
4
+ 𝑥Ԧ =
6
7
A vector in 2D includes x and y. - x: int 4 3 7
𝑦Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ = + 𝑦Ԧ =
- y: int 2 3 5
1) Implement a constructor with no
parameters. This constructors set 1
to x and y. + __init__(int, int)
+ add(Vector): void
2) Implement a constructor with two + dotProduct(Vector): int
parameters x and y. + check(Vector): bool 𝑢
3) Implement a destructor

4) Write a method to compute the Dot Product

addition between a vector and
another vector 𝑛 𝑣Ԧ
𝑥Ԧ
5) Write a method to compute the dot x. y = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖
product between two vectors. 1 𝑦Ԧ

6) Check if two vectors are the same