BASIC

ENGLISH
GRAMM
AR

1
 ▪ Function Words: Article (Determiners), Adjective,
Preposition, Conjunction
▪ Verb and Tenses: Agreement between subject and
verb; gerund, participle
▪ Active-Passive Voice
BASIC ▪ Degree of Comparison

ENGLISH ▪ Modal auxiliaries: Usage of CAN, MAY, COULD,

SHOULD, Expressing Attitudes and Feelings
GRAMMAR ▪ Use of some, many, any, few, a little, since and for
▪ Combination of Actions
▪ Expressions of Result, Reasons, Time and Contrast
(Use of Clause)
▪ Conditionals

2
 A noun is used to identify a person or thing

NOUNS

3
 ▪‘A’ and ‘An’ : Indefinite articles

FUNCTIO ▪ She's a doctor.

▪ I need an umbrella.
N
▪Normally used before singular noun
WORDS: ▪Noun starting from Vowel and Consonant
ARTICLE to be taken care of
▪‘The’ : Definite article

4
 Determiners are those words that
precede a noun to refer to something
particular/specific.
FUNCTION
WORDS: For example, “Those books are old.”
DETERMINE
RS Here, ‘those’ is a determiner as it refers to
something specific, i.e. the ‘books’.

5
1 Possessive My, our, your, his, her, its their

2 Demonstrative Definite
Indefinite
This,
that,these,those,such,same
FUNCTIO
Any, some, other certain N WORDS:
3 Quantitative Much, little, no, some, any, enough,
sufficient, all, whole, half
DETERMI
4 Numeral Definite One, two, three, first,
NERS
Indefinite second, third
All, some, no, many, few,
several

6
 ▪Words that describe the attributes,qualities,
quantities,traits,numbers,distribution, nature of
something/someone

▪Adjectives of quality: kind, clever,smart,noble,honest

▪Adjectives of quantity:little, much, more, less,abundant

ADJECTIVE ▪Adjectives of numbers:first, many, ten, few, several, some,

any

S ▪Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those, such

▪Distributive adjectives: each, every, neither, either

▪Interrogative adjectives: whose, which,what,when

▪Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

▪Articles: A, An, The

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ADJECTIVES: CAUTION OF USE
Little, a Nearest,
Few, a few,
little, the next
the few Much, many
little

Elder,
First, Fewer, less
eldest,
foremost
older, oldest
Outermost,
uttermost,
Many a, a utmost
Farther, Later, latter, great many
further last, latest

8
PREPOSITION:
a word or phrase that is used before a noun or pronoun to show place, time, direction etc

At Beside From
In and Into Besides
To
By Among
For
With Between
Since
On Across
Over Beyond For

Above Along Till

Up Through Until
Under Of
After Up to 9
PHRASE PROPOSITION
With a view to According to

Due to In search of

Inspite of In front of

Used to In favour of

In order to On behalf of

Because of Owing to

On account of Instead of

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 ▪Should

▪Must

MODAL ▪Have to

AUXILIARIES/HE ▪Would

LPING VERBS ▪Could

▪May

▪Might

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ADVERBS USED AS CONJUNCTION
Relative adverbs: As soon as: No sooner Co-relatives:

Where: Place Hardly …when: Scarcely….when Either..or:

neither…nor
When: Time As…if Not
only…but also
Why: Reason
Since (time) Both
Since (reason)
So…that: such…that
Yet, still
Though, however
As (adverb clause of contrast and manner)

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TENSES: SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE
The simple present tense is used:

▪ To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or

unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging
situation); London is a large city (general truth)
▪ To give instructions or directions:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
▪ To express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your exam starts at 09.00
▪ To express future time, after some conjunctions: after,
when, before, as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
▪ Hints: Everyday, daily, always, often, If clause

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We use the present continuous to talk about:
• Activities at the moment of speaking:
• Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

• Future plans or arrangements:

• What are you doing next week?

• Something which is happening before and after a specific TENSES:

time: PRESENT
• At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast.
CONTINUOU
• Something which we think is temporary:
• I'm working in London for the next two weeks.
S TENSE
• Something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:
• What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays?

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• Something which is changing, growing or developing:
• Your English is improving.

• Something which happens again and again:

• They are always arguing.

• Telling a story: TENSES:

• The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly
this man comes up to me and asks me to lend him some PRESENT
money. Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit
dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …
CONTINUOU
• Summarising a book, film or play:
S TENSE
• Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is
playing Quidditch he sees a strange object in the sky. He
wonders what is happening …

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 We do not normally use the continuous with
stative verbs.
Stative verbs include:

Verbs of thinking and feeling: believe,

TENSES: dislike, know, love, like, hate, prefer, realise,
recognise, remember, suppose, think,
PRESENT understand, want, wish
CONTINUOU Verbs of the senses: appear, look, feel, seem,
S TENSE smell, sound, taste

Others: agree, be, belong, disagree, need,

owe, own, possess

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TIME ADVERBIALS
▪ Always
▪ briefly
▪ forever
▪ indefinitely
▪ long
▪ overnight
▪ permanently
▪ temporarily

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 PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
▪ The past in relation to the present: the
present perfect
▪ If you want to mention something that
happened in the past but you do not want to
state a specific time, you use the present
perfect.
▪ They have raised £180 for a swimming pool.
▪ I have noticed this trait in many photographers.

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 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present for something when we are We often use the and we use never
perfect is formed that started in the talking about our adverb ever to for the negative
from the present past and continu experience up to talk about form:
tense of the verb es in the present: the present: experience up to
have and the the present:
past participle of
a verb.
They've been I've seen that film My last birthday Have you ever
married for before. was the worst day I met George?
nearly fifty years. have ever had. Yes, but I've
never met his
wife.
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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

for something that happened We use have/has been when But when someone has not
in the past but is important someone has gone to a place returned, we use have/has
in the present: and returned: gone:
I can't get in the house. I've A: Where have you been? A: Where's Maria? I haven't
lost my keys. B: I've just been out to the seen her for weeks.
supermarket. B: She's gone to Paris for a
week. She'll be back
tomorrow.

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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
▪ You cannot use time adverbials that place the action at a definite time in the past
with the present perfect.
▪ For example, you cannot say I have done it yesterday.
▪ You can, however, use an adverbial of duration.
▪ The settlers have left the bay forever.
▪ I ate brown rice, which I have always hated, and vegetables from my garden.

▪ You can also use since and for with the present perfect because when they are used
in this way they refer to a definite time.
▪ They have been back every year since then.
▪ She has worked for him for ten year

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PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
SITUATIONS THAT STILL EXIST
▪ If you want to talk about an activity or situation that started at some time in the past,
continued, and is still happening now, you use the present perfect or the present
perfect progressive.
▪ All my adult life I have waited for the emergence of a strong centre party.
▪ She’s always felt that films should be entertaining.
▪ National productivity has been declining.
▪ I have been dancing since I was a child.

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PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
EMPHASIZING DURATION OF EVENT:
▪ If you want to emphasize the duration of a recent event, you use the present perfect
progressive.
▪ She’s been crying.
▪ Some people will say that what I have been describing is not a crisis of industry.
▪ The Department of Aboriginal Affairs has recently been conducting a survey of Australian
Aborigines.

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 PAST TENSE
▪ When you are talking about the past, a time adverbial is
necessary to specify the particular time in the past you are
referring to.
▪ The time reference can be established in a previous clause,
and the verbs in the following clauses are therefore put in
the past tense.
▪ It was very cold that night. Over my head was a gap in the reed
matting of the roof.
▪ The house was damaged by fire yesterday. No-one was injured.

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 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Stating a definite time in the past: the past simple
1. If you want to say that an event occurred or that something was the case at a particular
time in the past, you use the past simple.
▪ The Israeli Prime Minister flew into New York yesterday to start his visit to the US.
▪ Our regular window cleaner went off to Canada last year.
▪ On 1 February 1968 he introduced the Industrial Expansion Bill.
▪ They gave me medication to help me relax.
2. If you want to say that a situation existed over a period of time in the past, you also use the
past simple. (Past Situations)
▪ He lived in Paris during his last years. Throughout his life he suffered from epilepsy
3. If you are talking about something that happened in the past, and you mention a situation
that existed at that time, you use the past simple. You can do this whether or not the situation
still exists.
▪ All the streets in this part of Watford looked alike.
▪ About fifty miles from the university there was one of India’s most famous and ancient Hindu temples.

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 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
4. If you want to talk about an activity that took place regularly or repeatedly
in the past, but that no longer occurs, you use the past simple.
(Habitual/regular actions)
▪ We walked a great deal when I was a boy.
▪ Each week we trekked to the big house.
▪ Would and used to can also be used to say that something happened regularly in the
past but no longer does so

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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Actions in progress in the past: the past continuous (progressive)
1. If you want to focus on action in progress or repeated actions that occurred in the past,
you use the past progressive. (Repeated actions)
▪ Her tooth was aching, her burnt finger was hurting.
▪ He was looking ill.
▪ Everyone was begging the captain to surrender.
▪ I was meeting thousands of people and getting to know no one
2. If you want to contrast a situation with an event that happened just after that situation
existed, you use the past progressive to describe the first situation. You then use the past
simple to describe and draw attention to the event that occurred after it. (Contrasting
events)
▪ We were all sitting round the fire waiting for my brother to come home. He arrived about six
in the evening.
▪ I was waiting angrily on Monday morning when I saw Mrs. Miller

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PAST PERFECT TENSE
EVENTS BEFORE A PARTICULAR TIME IN THE PAST: THE PAST PERFECT
▪ If you want to talk about a past event or situation that occurred before a particular
time in the past, you use the past perfect.
▪ One day he noticed that a culture plate had become contaminated by a mould.
▪ Before the war, he had worked as a bank manager.
▪ She had lost her job as a real estate agent and was working as a waitress.
▪ I detested games and had always managed to avoid children’s parties.

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE)
EMPHASIZING TIME AND DURATION
▪ If you want to emphasize the recentness and the duration of a continuous activity
that took place before a particular time in the past, you use the past perfect
progressive.
▪ Until now the rumours that had been circulating were exaggerated versions of the truth.
▪ The doctor had been working alone.
▪ He died in hospital where he had been receiving treatment for cancer.
▪ They had been hitting our trucks regularly.

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE)
EXPECTATIONS AND WISHES
▪ If you want to say that something was expected, wished for, or intended before a
particular time in the past, you use the past perfect or the past perfect progressive.
▪ She had naturally assumed that once there was a theatre everybody would want to go.
▪ It was the remains of a ten-rupee note which she had hoped would last till the end of the
week.
▪ It was not as nice on the terrace as Clarissa had expected.
▪ I had been expecting some miraculous obvious change.

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TIME ADVERBIALS WITH
REFERENCE TO THE PAST
▪ When you are using past verb forms, you normally use a time adverbial to indicate
that you are talking about the past.
▪ At one time the arts of reading and writing were classed among the great mysteries of life for
the majority of people.
▪ I’ve made some poor decisions lately, but I’m feeling much better now.
▪ It was very splendid once, but it’s only a ruin now.
▪ It’s Mark who lost his wife. A year last January.
▪ It was terribly hot yesterday.

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
▪ Indicating the future using will
▪ If you want to say that something is planned to happen, or that you think it is likely
to happen in the future, you use the modal will in front of the base form of the verb.
▪ Nancy will arrange it.
▪ These will be dealt with in chapter 7.
▪ ‘I will check,’ said Brody.
▪ When will I see them?
▪ What do you think Sally will do?
▪ You will come back, won’t you?

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
▪ If the subject is I or we, the modal shall is sometimes used instead of will to talk
about future events.
▪ I shall do everything I can to help you.
▪ You will stay at home and I shall go to your office.
▪ ‘We shall give him some tea,’ Naomi said.

GENERAL TRUTHS:
▪ If you want to talk about general truths and to say what can be expected to happen
if a particular situation arises, you use will.
▪ When peace is available, people will go for it.
▪ An attack of malaria can keep a man off work for three days.
▪ He will earn nothing and his family will go hungry.

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FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
(PROGRESSIVE)
INDICATING CERTAINTY:
▪ If you are sure that something will happen because arrangements have been made,
you can use the future progressive.
▪ I’ll be seeing them when I’ve finished with you.
▪ She’ll be appearing tomorrow and Sunday at the Royal Festival Hall.
▪ I’ll be waiting for you outside.
▪ I understand you’ll be moving into our area soon.
▪ They’ll spoil our picnic. I’ll be wondering all the time what’s happening.
▪ Our people will be going to their country more.

▪ Note that a time adverbial or an adverbial of frequency is normally required with

the future progressive

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FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
▪ If you are referring to something that has not happened yet but will happen before
a particular time in the future, you can use the future perfect.
▪ By the time you get to the school, the concert will have finished.
▪ Maybe by the time we get there he’ll already have started.
▪ By then, maybe you’ll have heard from your sister.

▪ Note that you must indicate the specific future time referred to by using a time
adverbial or another clause

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FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE)
INDICATING DURATION
▪ If you want to indicate the duration of an event at a specific time in the future, you
can use the future perfect progressive.
▪ By the time the season ends, I will have been playing for fifteen months without a break.
▪ The register will have been running for a year in May.

▪ Note that you need to use a time adverbial to indicate the future time and an
adverbial of duration to state how long the event will last.

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OTHER WAYS OF TALKING ABOUT
THE FUTURE
be going to
▪ If you are stating an intention that something will happen, or if you have some
immediate evidence that something will happen fairly soon, you can use be going
to followed by an infinitive.
▪ I’m going to explore the neighbourhood.
▪ Evans knows lots of people. He’s going to help me. He’s going to take me there.
▪ You’re going to have a heart attack if you’re not careful.
▪ We’re going to see a change in the law next year.

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SUMMARY

Source: https://leverageedu.com/blog/tenses-rule/
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SUMMARY: PRESENT TENSE

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SUMMARY: PAST TENSE

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SUMMARY: FUTURE TENSE

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CONJUNCTIONS
a word that is used for joining other words, phrases or sentences
And But Though although
or
Otherwise so Therefore because
either or
Neither nor when while till/until
before
After If Unless

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 Quoting and Paraphrasing: What’s the
Difference?
I have something to tell you: I love Jane Austen’s
novels and read all six once a year.

If you want to convey that fact about me, you have

two choices:
PARAPHRAS ▪ “I love Jane Austen’s novels and read all six once a
year,” wrote Woods.
ING ▪ Woods explained that she enjoys Jane Austen’s writing
and works her way through Austen’s six novels annually.
▪ The first example is a direct quotation.
▪ My exact words are inside the quotation marks.

▪ The second example is a paraphrase.

▪ The sense of what I wrote is there, but the words are
slightly different.

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SPEECH : DIRECT VS
INDIRECT
Direct speech:
(REPORTED)
▪ One way of reporting what someone has said is to repeat their actual
words.
▪ ‘I don’t know much about music,’ Judy said.

▪ Repeating someone’s actual words like this is called direct speech

Indirect speech (reported speech):
▪ Instead of repeating Judy’s words, the writer could say, Judy said that
she didn’t know much about music. This is called reported speech.
Some grammars called this indirect speech.

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SPEECH : DIRECT VS
INDIRECT
▪Direct speech and reported speech both consist of two clauses. The
main clause is called a reporting clause. The other clause shows what
someone said or thought.
▪ In direct speech, this other clause is called the quote.
▪ ‘Have you met him?’ I asked.
▪ ‘I’ll see you tomorrow,’ said Tom.

▪ In reported speech, the other clause is called the reported clause.

▪ He mentioned that he had a brother living in London.
▪ He asked if you would be able to call and see him.
▪ He promised to give me the money.

▪ Note that the reported clause can begin with a to-infinitive.

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RULE 1 - DIRECT TO INDIRECT
SPEECH CONVERSION -
REPORTING VERB
1. When The reporting verb of direct speech is in past tense then all the present
tenses are changed to corresponding past tense in indirect speech.
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct : she said, “I am happy‟
Indirect : She said (that) she was happy
2. In indirect speech tenses do not change if the words used within the quotes (“ ‟)
talk of a habitual action or universal truth.
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct: He said, “we cannot live without air‟.
Indirect: He said that we cannot live without air.

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RULE 1 - DIRECT TO INDIRECT
SPEECH CONVERSION -
REPORTING VERB
3. The tenses of direct speech do not change if the reporting verb is in future tense or
present tense.
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct: She says/will say, “she is going‟
Indirect: She says/will say she is going.

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RULE 2 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH
CONVERSION - PRESENT
TENSE
1. Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect.
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct: "I have been to Boston", She told me.
Indirect: She told me that she had been to Boston.
2. Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct: "I am playing the guitar", she explained.
Indirect: She explained that she was playing the guitar.

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RULE 2 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH
CONVERSION - PRESENT
TENSE
3. Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct: He said, "she has finished her homework“.
Indirect: He said that she had finished her homework.
4. Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct: "I am unwell", she said.
Indirect: She said that she was unwell

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RULE 3 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH CONVERSION
- PAST
1.
TENSE & FUTURE
Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
TENSE
Direct to indirect speech example:
Direct: She said, “Irvin arrived on Sunday."
Indirect: She said that Irvin had arrived on Sunday.
2. Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous
Direct to indirect speech example
Direct: "We were playing basketball", they told me.
Indirect: They told me that they had been playing basketball.

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RULE 3 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH CONVERSION
-3. Future
PAST TENSE & FUTURE
Changes to Present Conditional
TENSE
Direct to indirect speech example
Direct: She said, "I will be in Scotland tomorrow."
Indirect: She said that she would be in Scotland the next day.
4. Future Continuous Changes to Conditional Continuous
Direct to indirect speech example
Direct: He said, "I'll be disposing the old computer next Tuesday.”
Indirect: He said that he would be disposing the old computer next Tuesday.

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RULE 4 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH CONVERSION
- INTERROGATIVE
1.
SENTENCES
No conjunction is used, if a sentence in direct speech begins with a question
(what/where/when) as the "question-word" itself acts as a joining clause.
Direct to indirect speech example
Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the boy.
Indirect: The boy enquired where I lived.
2. If a direct speech sentence begins with auxiliary verb/helping verb, the joining
clause should be if or whether.
Direct to indirect speech example
Direct: She said, „will you come for the party‟?
Indirect: She asked whether we would come for the party.

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RULE 4 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH CONVERSION
-3. Reporting
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
verbs such as „said/ said to‟ changes to enquired, asked, or demanded
Direct to indirect speech example
Direct: He said to me, „what are you wearing‟?
Indirect: He asked me what I was wearing.

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RULE 5 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH CONVERSION
-While
▪
CHANGES IN MODALS
changing direct speech to indirect speech the modals used in the sentences
changes like:
1. Can becomes Could
2. May becomes Might
3. Must becomes had to /Would have to
Check the examples:
1. Direct : She said, “She can dance‟.
Indirect: She said that she could dance.
2. Direct: She said, “I may buy a dress‟.
Indirect: She said that she might buy a dress.
3. Direct: Rama said, “I must complete the assignment‟.
Indirect: Rama said that he had to complete the assignment.

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RULE 5 - DIRECT SPEECH TO
INDIRECT SPEECH CONVERSION
-ThereCHANGES IN MODALS
are Modals that do not change like (Could,Would,Should, Might,Ought to)
Direct: She said, “I should clean the house‟
Indirect: She said that she should clean the house

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 VOICE: ACTIVE VS PASSIVE
What is Voice of a verb?
The voice of a verb expresses whether the subject in the sentence has performed or received the
action.
Example:
• The watchman opens the door.
• The door is opened by the watchman.
Types of Voices of Verb
▪ Verbs have two voices (i) Active Voice (ii) Passive Voice
Active Voice – When an action performed by the subject is expressed by the verb, it is an active
voice. Active voice is used when more straightforward relation and clarity is required between the
subject and the verb.

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 VOICE: ACTIVE VS PASSIVE
Active Voice example:
• Hens lay eggs.
• Birds build nests.
Passive Voice – When the action expressed by the verb is received by the subject, it is passive
voice. Passive voice is used when the doer of the action is not known and the focus of the
sentence is on the action and not the subject.
Passive Voice Examples:
• Eggs are laid by hens.
• Nests are built by birds.

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Below are the active-passive voice rules to follow for changing an active sentence into a
passive voice. Before heading to the rules of active-passive voice, let’s check the
examples of active and passive voice sentences.
Conversion of Active and Passive voice examples
• Rita wrote a letter. (Subject + Verb + Object)
• A letter was written by Rita. (Object) + (auxiliary verb) + (past participle) + (by
subject).
• She cooks food. (Subject + Verb + Object)
• The food is cooked by her. (Object) + (auxiliary verb) + (past participle) + (by subject)

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RULES FOR ACTIVE – PASSIVE
VOICE CONVERSIONS
Rule 1. Identify the (S+V+O) Subject, Verb and object in the active sentence to convert
to passive voice
Example:
▪ He drives car. (Subject – He, verb – Drives, object – Car)
Rule 2. Interchange the object and subject with each other, i.e. object of the active
sentence become the subject of the passive sentence.
Example :
▪ Active voice : She knits sweater. (Subject – She, Verb – Knits, Object – Sweater)
▪ Passive Voice : The sweater is knitted by her. (Object sweater is interchanged with the
subject She).

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Rule 3. In passive voice sometimes the subject is not used, i.e. the subject in passive voice
can be omitted if the sentence without it gives enough meaning.
Example :
▪ Milk is sold in litres
Rule 4. Change the base verb in the active sentence into the past participle ie. third form
verb in a passive sentence i.e. preceded by (By, With, to, etc). Base verbs are never used in
passive voice sentences.
Example:
• Active voice: She prepares dinner.
• Passive voice: The dinner is prepared by her.
• Active voice: She knows him.
• Passive voice: He is known to her.
• Active voice: Juice fills the jar.
• Passive voice: The jar is filled with juice.

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Active Voice Pronoun Passive Voice Pronoun
I Me
Rule 5. While conversion of Active
voice sentence to Passive voice
We Us sentence, the pronoun used in the
sentence also changes in the
He Him following manner.

She Her

They Them

You You

It It

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Rule 6. Use the suitable helping or auxiliary verb (is/am/are/was, etc.). The rules for
using auxiliary verbs in passive voice sentences are different for each tense.
Example:
• The letter is written by her
• A book was not bought by her
• Chocolates are being eaten by them.

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THE LADDER OF
LISTENING
▪ Constructive

▪ Critical

▪ Appreciative

▪ Empathic

▪ Comprehensive

▪ Discriminative

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 1. I believe listening is automatic, not learned
behaviour.
2. I stop listening when a speech is uninteresting.
3. I find it hard to listen to ideas about which I feel
strongly.
4. I react emotionally to some words.
5. I am easily distracted by noises when someone is
speaking.
LISTENING
6. I don’t like to listen to speakers who are not experts.
PROBLEM
7. I find some people too objectionable to listen to.
CHECKLIST
8. I nod off when someone talks in a monotone.
9. I can be so dazzled by a glib presentation that I
don’t listen critically.
10. I don’t like to listen to messages that contradict my
values.

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 11. I think of counterarguments during the speech when I
disagree with a speaker.
12. I know so much on some topics that I don’t need to hear
more.
13. I believe a speaker-not the listener-is responsible for
effective communication.
14. I find it hard to listen when I have a lot on my mind.
LISTENING 15. I stop listening when a subject is difficult.
PROBLEM 16. I can look like I’m listening when I am not.
CHECKLIST 17. I listen only facts and ignore the rest of a message.
18. I try to write down everything a lecturer says.
19. I let a speaker’s appearance determine how well I
listen.
20. I often jump to conclusions before I have listened to all
of a message.

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