MATHS IN FOCUS 11

MATHEMATICS ADVANCED
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 5: Further functions

Exercise 5.01 The hyperbola

Question 1

k
a D= .
x
When x = 2, D = 80.
k
80 =
2
k = 160
160
∴D =
x

b When x = 0.8,

160
D= = 200 mm
0.8

c When D = 115.3,
160
115.3 =
x
160
x= = 1.3876 … ≈ 1.4 mm
115.3

d x 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

D 320 160 106.7 80 64 53.3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 1

Question 2
k
a C= .
n
When x = 128, C = 2.
k
2=
128
k = 256
256
∴C =
n

b When n = 100,
256
C= = $2.56
100

c When C = $0.5,
256
0.5 =
n
256
n= = 512 boxes
0.5
d n 100 200 300 400 512

C($) 2.56 1.28 0.85 0.64 0.5

Question 3
a i Domain ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) iii

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii No y-intercept

b i Domain ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) iii

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii No y-intercept

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 2

c i Domain ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) iii Vertical asymptote at x = –1.

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii 1
f (0) = = 1, y-intercept 1.
0 +1

d i Domain ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) iii Vertical asymptote at x = 2.

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii 3 1 1
f (0) = = −1 , y-intercept −1
−2 2 2

e i 3x + 6 ≠ 0 iii Vertical asymptote at x = –2.

3x ≠ –6
x ≠ –2
Domain ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( −2, ∞ )

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii 1 1 1
f (0) = = , y-intercept .
0+6 6 6

f i Domain ( −∞,3) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) iii Vertical asymptote at x = 3.

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii 2 2 2
f (0) = − =, y-intercept .
−3 3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 3

g i Domain ( −∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞ ) iii Vertical asymptote at x = 1.

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii 4
f (0) = = −4 , y-intercept –4.
−1

h i Domain ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) iii Vertical asymptote at x = –1.

Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii 2
f (0) = − =−2 , y-intercept –2.
1

i i 6x – 3 ≠ 0 iii 1
Vertical asymptote at x = .
6x ≠ 3 2
1
x≠
2
 1 1 
Domain  −∞,  ∪  , ∞ 
 2 2 
Range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

ii 2 2 2
f (0) = = − , y-intercept − .
0−3 3 3

Question 4

2
f (x) =
x
2 2
f (–x) = = − = –f (x)
−x x
∴ f (x) is odd.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 4

Question 5

a i Yes

ii Neither

2 2 2
f (x) = − = − = ≠ f (x) or –f (x)
x +1 ( −x) +1 x −1
iii Not continuous at x = –1.

b Vertical asymptote x = –1, horizontal asymptote y = 0.

c Domain ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) , range ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 5

Exercise 5.02 Absolute value functions

Question 1

a x-intercept f x-intercept
0 = |x| + 7 0 = |3x – 2|
|x| = –7 3x – 2 = 0
No solution, no x-intercept. 3x = 2
y-intercept 2
x=
y = |0| + 7 = 7 3
y-intercept
b x-intercept
y = |0 – 2| = 2
0 = |x| – 2
g x-intercept
|x| = 2
0 = |5x + 4|
x = ±2
5x + 4 = 0
y-intercept
5x = –4
y = |0| – 2 = –2
4
x= −
c x-intercept 5
0 = 5|x| y-intercept
|x| = 0 y = |0 + 4| = 4
x=0 h x-intercept
y-intercept 0 = |7x – 1|
y = 5|0| = 0 7x – 1 = 0

d x-intercept 7x = 1

0 = –|x| + 3 1
x=
7
|x| = 3
y-intercept
x = ±3
y = |0 – 1| = 1
y-intercept
y = –|0| + 3 = 3 i x-intercept
0 = |2x| + 9
e x-intercept
|2x| = –9
0 = –|x + 6|
No solution.
x+6=0
y-intercept
x = –6
y = |0| + 9 = 9
y-intercept
y = |0 + 6| = 6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 6

Question 2

a x-intercept
0
y-intercept
0

b x-intercept
0 = |x| + 1
|x| = –1
No solution.
y-intercept
y = |0| + 1 = 1
 x + 1 for x ≥ 0
f ( x) = 
− x + 1 for x < 0

c x-intercept
0 = |x| – 3
|x| = 3
x = ±3
y-intercept
y = |0| – 3 = –3
 x − 3 for x ≥ 0
f ( x) = 
− x − 3 for x < 0

d x-intercept
0 = 2|x|
|x| = 0
x=0
y-intercept
y = –2|0| = 0
2 x for x ≥ 0
f ( x) = 
−2 x for x < 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 7

e x-intercept
0 = –|x|
|x| = 0
x=0
y-intercept
y = –|0| = 0
− x for x ≥ 0
f ( x) = 
x for x < 0

f x-intercept
0 = |x + 1|
x+1=0
x = –1
y-intercept
y = |0 + 1| = 1
 x + 1 for x ≥ −1
f ( x) = 
− x − 1 for x < −1

g x-intercept
0 = –|x – 1|
|x – 1| = 0
x–1=0
x=1
y-intercept
y = –|0 – 1| = –1
− x + 1 for x ≥ 1
f ( x) = 
 x − 1 for x < 1

h x-intercept
0 = |2x – 3|
2x – 3 = 0
3 1
x= =1
2 2
y-intercept
y = |0 – 3| = 3
 1
 2 x − 3 for x ≥ 1 2
f ( x) = 
−2 x + 3 for x < 1 1
 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 8

i x-intercept
0 = |3x| + 1
|3x| = –1
No solution
y-intercept
y = |0| + 1 = 1
3 x + 1 for x ≥ 0
f ( x) = 
−3 x − 1 for x < 0

Question 3

a Domain (–∞, ∞), range [0, ∞)

b Domain (–∞, ∞).

|x| ≥ 0 so |x| – 8 ≥ –8, so range [–8, ∞).

c Domain (–∞, ∞), range [0, ∞)

d Domain (–∞, ∞).

|x| ≥ 0 so 2|x| – 3 ≥ –3, so range [–3, ∞).

e Domain (–∞, ∞).

|x – 3| ≥ 0 so –|x – 3| ≤ 0, so range (–∞, 0]

Question 4

a x = ±3 b x = –3, –1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 9

c x=3 1
g x= , –1
3

d x = 1, 2 h x = 2, –3

1
e x = –7, 4 i t=
2

f x = 2, –1.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 10

Exercise 5.03 Circles and semicircles

Question 1

a i Circle, centre (0, 0), radius 9 =3

ii Domain [–3, 3], range [–3, 3]

b i Circle, centre (0, 0), radius 16 = 4

ii Domain [–4, 4], range [–4, 4]

c i Circle, centre (2, 1), radius 4 =2

ii Domain [0, 4], range [–1, 3]

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 11

d i Circle, centre (–1, 0), radius 9 =3

ii Domain [–4, 2], range [–3, 3]

e i Circle, centre (–2, 1), radius 1 = 1

ii Domain [–3, –1], range [0, 2]

Question 2

a i − so below x-axis.

ii Radius 25 = 5

iii Domain [–5, 5], range [–5, 0]

b i + so above x-axis.

ii Radius 1 = 1

iii Domain [–1, 1], range [0, 1]

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 12

c i + so above x-axis.

ii Radius 36 = 6

iii Domain [–6, 6], range [0, 6]

d i − so below x-axis.

ii Radius 64 = 8

iii Domain [–8, 8],

range [–8, 0]

e i − so below x-axis.

ii Radius 7

iii Domain [ − 7 , 7 ],
range [ − 7 , 0]

Question 3

a x2 + y2 = 100 c Radius = 16 = 4
Radius = 100 = 10 Centre (4, 5)
Centre (0, 0)
d Radius = 49 = 7
2 2
b x +y =5 Centre (5, –6)
Radius = 5
e Radius = 81 = 9
Centre (0, 0)
Centre (0, 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 13

Question 4

a x2 + y2 = 42 g (x – 4)2 + (y – 2)2 = 72
x2 + y2 = 16 x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 49
x2 – 8x + y2 – 4y – 29 = 0
b (x – 3)2 + (y – 2)2 = 52
x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 25 h (x + 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 92
x2 – 6x + y2 – 4y – 12 = 0 x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 + 8y + 16 = 81
x2 + 6x + y2 + 8y – 56 = 0
c (x + 1)2 + (y – 5)2 = 32
x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 – 10y + 25 = 9
( 5)
2
i (x + 2)2 + y2 =
x2 + 2x + y2 – 10y + 17 = 0
x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 = 5
2 2 2
d (x – 2) + (y – 3) = 6
x2 + 4x + y2 – 1 = 0
2 2
x – 4x + 4 + y – 6y + 9 = 36
( 3)
2
x2 – 4x + y2 – 6y – 23 = 0 j (x + 4)2 + (y + 7)2 =

e (x + 4)2 + (y – 2)2 = 52 x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 + 14y + 49 = 3

x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 25 x2 + 8x + y2 + 14y + 62 = 0
x2 + 8x + y2 – 4y – 5 = 0

f x2 + (y + 2)2 = 12
x2 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 1
x2 + y2 + 4y + 3 = 0

Question 5

a x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 2y + 1 – 4 – 4 – 1= 0
(x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = 9
Radius 9 = 3, centre (2, 1)

b x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 – 4y + 4 – 5 = 16 + 4
(x + 4)2 + (y – 2)2 = 25
Radius 25 = 5, centre (–4, 2)

c x2 + y2 – 2y + 1 = 1
x2 + (y – 1)2 = 1
Radius 1 = 1, centre (0, 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 14

d x2 – 10x + 25 + y2 + 6y + 9 – 2 = 25 + 9

(x – 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 36

Radius 36 = 6, centre (5, –3)

e x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 – 2y + 1 = 1

(x + 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1

Radius 1 = 1, centre (–1, 1)

f x2 – 12x + 36 + y2 = 36

(x – 6)2 + y2 = 36

Radius 36 = 6, centre (6, 0)

g x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 – 8y + 16 = 9 + 16

(x + 3)2 + (y – 4)2 = 25

Radius 25 = 5, centre (–3, 4)

h x2 + 20x + 100 + y2 – 4y + 4 + 40 = 100 + 4

(x + 10)2 + (y – 2)2 = 64

Radius 64 = 8, centre (–10, 2)

i x2 – 14x + 49 + y2 + 2y + 1 + 25 = 49 + 1

(x – 7)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25

Radius 25 = 5, centre (7, –1)

j x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 + 4y + 4 – 5 = 1 + 4

(x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 10

Radius 10 , centre (–1, –2)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 15

Question 6

a x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 + 2y + 1 – 6 = 9 + 1

(x – 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16

Centre (3, –1), radius 16 = 4

b x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 10y + 25 + 4 = 4 + 25

(x – 2)2 + (y – 5)2 = 25

Centre (2, 5), radius 25 = 5

c x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 + 12y + 36 – 12 = 1 + 36

(x + 1)2 + (y + 6)2 = 49

Centre (–1, –6), radius 49 = 7

d x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 – 14y + 49 + 1 = 16 + 49

(x – 4)2 + (y – 7)2 = 64

Centre (4, 7), radius 64 = 8

Question 7

x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 – 2y + 1 = 4

(x + 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = 4

Circle, centre (–2, 1), radius 4 =2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 16

Exercise 5.04 Reflections of functions

Question 1

a i y=
− f ( x) =
−( x 2 − 2)
=− x2 + 2
ii y =f (− x) =−
( x) 2 − 2
= x2 − 2
iii y=− f (− x) =−( x 2 − 2)
=− x2 + 2

b i y=− f ( x) =−( x + 1)3

ii y = f (− x) = (− x + 1)3

iii y =− f (− x) =− (− x + 1)3  =−(− x + 1)3

c i y=− f ( x) =−(5 x − 3) =−5 x + 3

ii y =f (− x) =5(− x) − 3 =−5 x − 3
iii y=− f (− x) =−(−5 x − 3) =5x + 3

d i y=
− f ( x) =
− 2x + 5

ii y =f (− x) =2(− x) + 5 =−2 x + 5

iii y = − f (− x) = − −2 x + 5

1
e i y=
− f ( x) =
−
x −1
1 1
ii y =f (− x) = =−
−x −1 x +1
 1  1
iii y =− f (− x) =−  − =
 x +1  x +1

Question 2

a − f ( x) takes the negative of each y-value in f ( x) , so it is a reflection in the x-axis.

b f (− x) takes the negative of each x-value in f ( x) , so it is a reflection in the y-axis.

c f (− x) reflects f ( x) in the y-axis and − f (− x) reflects f (− x) in the x-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 17

Question 3

f (− x) = (− x − 1) 2 =[ −( x + 1) ] = ( x + 1) 2 and
2

− f (− x) =−( x + 1) 2 .

The graph of y = − f (− x) is the graph of f ( x= ( x − 1)

2
)
reflected in the y-axis and x-axis.

− f (− x) has x-intercept at −( x + 1) 2 =0⇒ x=−1 .

The y-intercept is −(0 + 1) 2 =−1

Question 4

f ( x) = 1 − x 3 has an x-intercept at 1 − x3 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
.

The y-intercept is 1 − 03 =
1

− f ( x) =−(1 − x3 )
=−1 + x3
= x3 − 1

This is a reflection of f ( x) in the x-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 18

Question 5

a f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x = x( x + 2)
x-intercepts at x( x + 2) =0⇒ x=0, x =−2 .
The y-intercept is 0.
The axis of symmetry is midway between the
x-intercepts, that is, at x = −1 .
f (−1) =(−1) 2 + 2 × ( −1) =−1
The parabola is concave upward, and the
turning point is at (–1, –1)

b y = − f ( x) is a reflection of y = f ( x)
in the x-axis. The axis of symmetry and
the x-intercepts remain the same.
The turning point (–1, –1) becomes (–1, 1),
and the shape is now concave downward.

c y f (− x) is a reflection of y = f ( x)
=
in the y-axis. The new x-intercepts are the
negative of the old, so (–2, 0) and (0, 0)
become (2, 0) and (0, 0).
The axis of symmetry x = −1 becomes x = 1
and the turning point (–1, –1) becomes (1, –1).
The shape remains concave upward.

d y=− f (− x) reflects =
y f (− x) in the x-axis.
The axis of symmetry, x = 1 , and the
x-intercepts (2, 0) and (0, 0), are the same as
those of =
y f (− x) .
The turning point (1, –1) becomes (1, 1).
The shape is now concave downward.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 19

Question 6

a f (–x) = 2(–x)2 = 2x2 = f (x), so f (x) is an even function.

b i f (− x) = 2(− x) 2 = 2 x 2
The equation is y = 2 x 2

ii − f ( x) =
−(2 x 2 ) =
−2 x 2
The equation is y = −2 x 2

c − f (− x) =−(2 x 2 ) =−2 x 2
The x-intercept and y-intercept are both at 0, so the
turning point is at (0, 0).
The graph is concave downward, and the maximum turning point is at (0, 0).

Question 7

a f (–x) = –(–x)3 = x3 = –f (x), so f (x) is an odd function.

b i − f ( x) =−(− x 3 ) = x 3
The equation is y = x 3

ii − f (− x) =−( x 3 ) =− x3
The equation is y = − x3

c y = f (–x) = x3

Question 8

a f ( x) = x3 − 7 x 2 + 12 x = x( x 2 − 7 x + 12) = x( x − 3)( x − 4)
x-intercepts
f ( x) = 0
=
x 0,=
x 3,=
x 4

y-intercept
x=0
f ( x) = 03 − 7 × 02 + 12 × 0 = 0

The y-intercept is 0.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 20

 f ( x) = x( x − 3)( x − 4)

For x > 4 , f ( x) > 0

For 3 < x < 4 , f ( x) < 0

For 0 < x < 3 , f ( x) > 0

For x < 0 , f ( x) < 0

Approximate turning points by evaluating

f ( x) for values of x midway between
x-intercepts.

Try x = 1, f (1) = 1(1 − 3)(1 − 4) = 8

Try x =
3.5, f (3.5) =
3.5(3.5 − 3)(3.5 − 4) =−0.875

b i f (− x) reflects the graph of f ( x) in

the y-axis. Thus, the x-intercepts are
the negative of the x-intercepts
of f ( x) .

Thus,=x 0,=
x 3,=x 4 become
x= 0, x =
−3, x =
−4 .

The approximate y values of the

turning points remain the same.

ii − f ( x) reflects the graph of

f ( x) in the x-axis. The x-intercepts
remain the same, but the y values of
the turning points become the
negative of the y values of f ( x) .

iii − f (− x) reflects the graph of

f (− x) in the x-axis.
The x-intercepts remain the same,
but the y values of the turning
points become the negative of the
y values of f (− x) .

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 21

Exercise 5.05 Combined and composite functions

Question 1

a i y = 4x + 1 + 2x2 + x d i y = 3x2 + 2x – 1 + x2 – x + 5
= 2x2 + 5x + 1 = 4x2 + x + 4
ii y = 4x + 1 – (2x2 + x) ii y = 3x2 + 2x – 1 – (x2 – x + 5)
= 4x + 1 – 2x2 – x = 3x2 + 2x – 1 – x2 + x – 5
= –2x2 + 3x + 1
= 2x2 + 3x – 6
iii y = (4x + 1)(2x2 + x)
iii y = (3x2 + 2x – 1)(x2 – x + 5)
= 8x3 + 4x2 + 2x2 + x
= 3x4 – 3x3 + 15x2 + 2x3
= 8x3 + 6x2 + x
– 2x2 + 10x – x2 + x – 5
4x +1 = 3x4 – x3 + 12x2 + 11x – 5
iv y=
2x2 + x
4 3
3x 2 + 2 x − 1
b i y = x + 5x – 4 + x + 5 iv y=
x2 − x + 5
= x4 + x3 + 5x + 1
4 3
e i y = 4x5 + 7 + 3x – 4
ii y = x + 5x – 4 – x – 5
= 4x5 + 3x + 3
= x4 – x3 + 5x – 9
iii y = (x4 + 5x – 4)(x3 + 5) ii y = 4x5 + 7 – 3x + 4
= x7 + 5x4 + 5x4 + 25x = 4x5 – 3x + 11
– 4x3 – 20
iii y = (4x5 + 7)(3x – 4)
= x7 + 10x4 – 4x3 + 25x – 20
= 12x6 – 16x5 + 21x – 28
x4 + 5x − 4
iv y= 4 x5 + 7
x3 + 5 iv y=
3x − 4
c i y = x2 + 3 + 5x2 – 7x – 2
= 6x2 – 7x + 1

ii y = x2 + 3 – (5x2 – 7x – 2)
= x2 + 3 – 5x2 + 7x + 2
= –4x2 + 7x + 5

iii y = (x2 + 3)(5x2 – 7x – 2)

= 5x4 – 7x3 – 2x2 + 15x2
– 21x – 6
= 5x4 – 7x3 + 13x2 – 21x – 6
x2 + 3
iv y=
5x2 − 7 x − 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 22

Question 2

a i 1 ii 1 iii 1+1=2

b i 2 ii 2 iii 2+1=3

c i 2 ii 1 iii 2+2=4

d i 3 ii 3 iii 3+1=4

Question 3

a i 4 – 7 = –3 ii 4 – (–7) = 11 iii 4 × (–7) = –28

b i 1 + (–5) = –4 ii 1 – (–5) = 6 iii 1 × (–5) = –5

c i 25 – 3 = 22 ii 25 – (–3) = 28 iii 25 × (–3) = –75

d i 7 ii 7 iii No constant term

Question 4

a f (x) + g(x) = x + 2 + x – 4 d f (x) + g(x) = x2 – 1 + x – 1

= 2x – 2 = x2 + x – 2

Domain (–∞, ∞), range (–∞, ∞) Vertex of parabola:

−1 1
b f (x) + g(x) = 2x2 + x – 1 – x – 1 x= = −
2 (1) 2
= 2x2 – 2 2
 1  1
y = −  +− −2
Domain (–∞, ∞), range [–2, ∞)  2  2
1
c f (x) + g(x) = x3 + x + 2 = −2
4
Domain (–∞, ∞), range (–∞, ∞)  1 
Domain (–∞, ∞), range  −2 , ∞ 
 4 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 23

Question 5

a f (x) – g(x) = 3x + 2 – x + 1 d f (x) – g(x) = 3x2 – x – 1 – x2 – x – 3

= 2x + 3 = 2x2 – 2x – 4

Domain (–∞, ∞), range (–∞, ∞) Vertex of parabola:

b f (x) + g(x) = x2 – 1 – x + 1 − ( −2 ) 1
x= =
2 ( 2) 2
= x2 – x
2
Vertex of parabola: 1 1
y = 2  − 2  − 4
2 2
− ( −1) 1
x= = 1
2 (1) 2 = −4
2

 1 
2
1 1 1
Domain (–∞, ∞), range  −4 , ∞ 
y=  − =−
2 2 4  2 

 1 
Domain (–∞, ∞), range  − , ∞ 
 4 

c f (x) – g(x) = x3 + x – x – 2

= x3 – 2

Domain (–∞, ∞), range (–∞, ∞)

Question 6

a f (x)g(x) = (x + 2)(x – 4) b f (x)g(x) = (x – 5)(x + 5)

2
= x – 2x – 8 = x2 – 25
Vertex of parabola:
Domain (–∞, ∞), range [ −25, ∞ )
− ( −2 )
x= =1
2 (1) c f (x)g(x) = x2 × x

= x3
12 − 2 (1) − 8
y=
= −9 Domain (–∞, ∞), range (–∞, ∞)

Domain (–∞, ∞), range [ −9, ∞ )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 24

Question 7

f ( x) 5 f ( x) 2x
a = c =
g ( x) x − 4 g ( x) x − 3
Domain ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞,3) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
f ( x) x − 1 f ( x) x + 3
b = d = 3
g ( x) x + 1 g ( x) x
Domain ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )

Question 8

a f (g(x)) = (x2 + 1)2 = x4 + 2x2 + 1

b f (g(x)) = (5x – 3)3

= (5x – 3)3(5x – 3)2
= (5x – 3)(25x2 – 30x + 9)
= 125x3 – 150x2 + 45x – 75x2 + 90x – 27
= 125x3 – 225x2 + 135x – 27

OR f (g(x)) = (5x – 3)3

= 3C0 (5x)3 + 3C1 (5x)2(–3) + 3C2 (5x)(–3)2 + 3C3 (–3)3
= 1(125x3) + 3(25x2)(–3) + 3(5x)(9) + 1(–27)
= 125x3 – 225x2 + 135x – 27

c f (g(x)) = (x2 – 3x + 2)7

d f (g(x)) = 2x −1

e f (g(x)) = 3
x4 + 7 x2 − 4

f f (g(x)) = 3(2x + 1) = 6x + 3

g f (g(x)) = 2x3 – 7

h f (g(x)) = 6x2 – 5

i f (g(x)) = 2(3x)2 = 2(9x2) = 18x2

j f (g(x)) = 4(x2 + 3)2 + 1

= 4(x4 + 6x2 + 9) + 1
= 4x4 + 24x2 + 36 + 1
= 4x4 + 24x2 + 37

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 25

Question 9

a f (g(x)) = (x – 1)2 = x2 – 2x + 1 c f (g(x)) = x−2

Vertex of parabola: x–2≥0
− ( −2 ) x≥2
x= =1
2 (1)
Domain [2, ∞), range [ 0,∞ )
y =(1 − 1) =0
2

d f (g(x)) = − 3 x + 9
Domain (–∞, ∞), range [ 0,∞ )
3x + 9 ≥ 0
b f (g(x)) = (x + 5)3 3x ≥ –9
Domain (–∞, ∞), range (–∞, ∞) x ≥ –3
Domain [–3, ∞), range (–∞, 0]

e f (g(x)) = 4 − x2
Equation of a semicircle, above x-axis. centre (0, 0), radius 4 =2
Domain [–2, 2], range [0, 2]

f f (g(x)) = − 1 − x 2

Equation of a semicircle, below x-axis. centre (0, 0), radius 1 = 1

Domain [–1, 1], range [–1, 0]

Question 10

( x)
3
a f (g(x)) = x3 b g(f (x)) =

Question 11

x2 + 3 c
f ( x)
= =
1 1
g ( x) x ( x + 3) x + 3 x
a f (x)g(x) = 2 3
x

1 g ( x) x 2 + 3
= 1 =( x 2 + 3) x =x3 + 3 x
b f (g(x)) =
x +3
2 d
f ( x) x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 26

Test yourself 5

Question 1

x≠4

Domain (–∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)

Question 2

(x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 32 = 9

Question 3

f (− x) reflects the graph in the y-axis and − f (− x) reflects the graph of f (− x) in the x-axis.

=
y f (− x) y=− f (− x)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 27

 Question 4

k
a A=
n
When n = 5, A = 30.
k
30 =
5
k = 150
150
A=
n

b i When n = 10: ii When n = 8:

150 150
A= A=
10 8
= 15 cm2 = 18.75 cm2

c i When A = 16.67: ii When A = 25:

150 150
16.67 = 25 =
n n
150
n= 150
16.67 n=
25
= 8.9982 … = 6 people
≈ 9 people

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 28

Question 5

a Circle, centre (0, 0), radius 1 = 1

b Hyperbola

c y = |x + 2|

x-intercept (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
0 = |x + 2| y = |0 + 2|
x+2=0 =2
x = –2

 x + 2 for x ≥ 2
y=
− x − 2 for x < 2

d y = − 4 − x2

Semicircle, below x-axis, centre (0, 0), radius 4 =2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 29

 2
e f ( x) = has a vertical asymptote at x = 1
x −1
and a horizontal asymptote y = 0 .

There is no x-intercept or y-intercept because the axes

are asymptotes.

As x → +∞, f ( x) → 0 and as x → −∞, f ( x) → 0 .

=
y f (− x) reflects the graph of f ( x) in the y-axis.

2 2
y= = −
−x −1 x +1

f =
y f ( x=
) 3 x − 6 is a straight line.

x-intercept
y = 0 , 0 = 3x − 6 ⇒ x = 2

y-intercept
x = 0 , y =3 × 0 − 6 =−6

y= − f ( x) =−(3 x − 6) =−3 x + 6 is a reflection of the

graph y = f ( x) in the x-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 30

g y = f ( x) = x 2 + x = x( x + 1) is a parabola, concave upward.

x-intercepts
x( x + 1) =0⇒ x=0, x =−1

y-intercept
=
x 0,=
y 0

Axis of symmetry is at x = −0.5 , half way

between the x-intercepts, 0 and –1.
f (−0.5) =
0.52 − 0.5 =
−0.25

The turning point is at (–0.5, –0.25)

y = f ( x)

=
y f (− x) is a reflection of the graph
y = f ( x) in the y-axis.

y= − f (− x) is a reflection of the graph

y = − f ( x) in the x-axis.

Question 6

x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 2y + 1 – 6 = 9 + 1
(x – 3)2 + (y – 1)2 = 16
Radius 16 = 4, centre (3, 1).

Question 7

a f (x) + g(x) = x3 + 3x – 1 c f (g(x)) = (3x – 1)3

= (3x – 1)(3x – 1)2
b f (x) g(x) = x3(3x – 1)
= (3x – 1)(9x2 – 6x + 1)
= 3x4 – x3
= 27x3 – 18x2 + 3x – 9x2 + 6x – 1
= 27x3 – 27x2 + 9x – 1

d g(f (x)) = 3x3 – 1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 31

Question 8

a No, it fails the vertical line test.

b y2 = 1 – x2

y = ± 1 − x2

c y = 1 − x 2 is a semicircle, above the x-axis,

with radius 1 = 1.

y = − 1 − x 2 is a semicircle, below the x-axis, with

radius 1 = 1.

Question 9

a Circle, centre (0, 0), radius 16 = 4.

Domain [–4, 4], range [–4, 4]

b Hyperbola, x ≠ –2
Domain (–∞, –2) ∪ (–2, ∞), range (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

c |x| ≥ 0, so |x + 3| ≥ 3
Domain (–∞, ∞), range [3, ∞)

d y= 9 − x2
Semicircle, above the x-axis, centre (0, 0), with radius 9 = 3.
Domain [–3, 3], range [–3, 3]

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 32

Question 10

f (x) + g(x) = x2 – 4x + 2x – 3
= x2 – 2x – 3

Parabola with vertex

− ( −2 )
x= =1
2 (1)
y = 12 – 2(1) – 3 = –4

Domain (–∞, ∞), range [–4, ∞).

Question 11

a Domain (–∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞),

range (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

b Vertical asymptote at x = 3.
y-intercept (x = 0)
2 2
y= = −
0−3 3

Question 12

a x-intercept (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
0 = |x + 1| y = |0 + 1|
x+1=0 =1
x = –1

 x + 1 for x ≥ −1
y=
− x − 1 for x < −1

b |x + 1| = 3
x = –4, 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 33

Question 13

y = |x – 3|

x-intercept (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
0 = |x – 3| y = |0 – 3|
x–3=0 =3
x=3
 x − 3 for x ≥ 3
y=
− x + 3 for x < 3
x = 1, 5

Question 14

a Centre (0, 0), radius 100 = 10

b Centre (3, 2), radius 121 = 11

c x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 + 2y + 1 = 9
(x + 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9
Centre (–3, –1), radius 9 =3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 34

Question 15
a x-intercepts (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
0 = x3 – 4x y = 03 – 4(0)
= x(x2 – 4) =0
= x(x + 2)(x – 2)
x = 0, –2, 2

b x-intercepts (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
2 2
0 =− y= −
x +1 0 +1
No x-intercept = –2

c x-intercepts (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
x2 = 9 y2 = 9
x = ±3 y = ±3

d x-intercepts (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
0 = 25 − x 2
y = 25 − 0
0 = 25 – x2 =5
x2 = 25
x = ±5

e x-intercepts (y = 0) y-intercept (x = 0)
0 = |x – 2| + 3 y = |0 – 2| + 3
–3 = |x – 2| =5
No x-intercepts

Question 16
a f (x) + g(x) = 2x2 + x – 6 + 5x3 + 1 = 5x3 + 2x2 + x – 5
Degree 3

b f (x) g(x) = (2x2 + x – 6)(5x3 + 1)

Leading term = 2x2 × 5x3 = 10x5

c f (x) – g(x) = 2x2 + x – 6 – 5x3 – 1

= –5x3 + 2x2 + x – 7
Constant term –7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 35

Challenge exercise 5

Question 1

x = 3.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 36

Question 2

a f ( x) = x + 3x − 4

 x + 3x − 4 = 4 x − 4 x ≥ 0
f ( x) = 
− x + 3x − 4 = 2 x − 4 x < 0
y=f ( x) =
4 x − 4, x≥0

y-intercept (x = 0)
y=0–4=4

x-intercept (x = 0)
0 = 4x – 4
4x = 4
x=1

b y = –f (x) is the graph in a reflected in the x-axis.

Question 3

k c When a = 10:
a a=
b2 18
10 =
When b = 3, a = 2. b2
k k 18
2= = b2 = = 1.8
32 9 10
k = 18 b = 1.8
18 = 1.3416…
a=
b2
≈ 1.34
b When b = 2:
18
a= = 4.5
22

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 37

Question 4

x2 + 3x + 2.25 + y2 – 2y + 1 – 3 = 2.25 + 1
(x + 1.5)2 + (y – 1)2 = 6.25
Centre (–1.5, 1), radius 6.25 = 2.5

Question 5

x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 – 8y + 16 – 5 = 4 + 16
(x + 2)2 + (y – 4)2 = 25
Centre (–2, 4)

x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 + 10y + 25 + 10 = 1 + 25
(x – 1)2 + (y + 5)2 = 16
Centre (1, –5)

Line passing through (–2, 4) and (1, –5).

−5 − 4 −9
Gradient = = = –3
1 − (−2) 3

Equation: y – 4 = –3(x – [–2]) = –3x – 6

3x + y + 2 = 0

Question 6

x 1
y= = for x ≥ 0
x2 x

−x 1
y= 2
= − for x < 0
x x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 38

Question 7
1 2 ( x + 3) + 1 2 x + 6 + 1 2 x + 7
a RHS = 2 + = = =
x+3 x+3 x+3 x+3
= LHS

b Domain (–∞, –3) ∪ (–3, ∞)

Range (–∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

c Vertical asymptote at x = –3.

Question 8
x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 + 4y + 4 + 1 = 1 + 4
(x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 4
Centre (1, –2)
x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 + 4y + 4 – 4 = 1 + 4
(x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
Centre (1, –2)
Both circles have centre (1, –2), so they are concentric.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 39

Question 9
Domain (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
1
x2 ≥ 0 so 2 > 0
x
1
So 1 – 2 < 1
x
Range (–∞, 1)
Horizontal asymptote y = 1
Vertical asymptote x = 0
Even function.
x-intercepts (y = 0)
1
0=1– 2
x
1
=1
x2
x2 = 1
x = ±1
No y-intercept as x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
As x → ∞, y → 1 , and as x → −∞, y → 1
As x → 0, y → −∞ .

Question 10

b Discontinuous at x = –2 and x = 0.

c Domain (–∞, ∞); Range (–∞, 2) ∪ [0, 4]

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 40