Being organized is must !

Periodic table helps us in undergo a systematic study of the various

elements found in nature, Without which it would have been impossible for
us to study all the elements. By classifying the elements into various
groups and periods a comparative study of the elements and their
compounds can be done. It also help us to analyse the periodic trend in
various properties such as ionization potential, electron affinity,
electronegativity etc-Various historical methods have been propsed for
Classification of Elements like
(i) Prout’s hypothesis (ii) Dobereiner Triad Rule
(iii) Newland's octave law (Iv) Lother meyer’s curve
(v) Mendeleev's Periodic Table
 Being organized is must !

Elements Atomic Element Atomic Element Atomic

Weights weights weights
Li 7 Ca 40 Cl 35.5
Na 23 Sr 88 Br 80
K 39 Ba 137 I 127
Not that easy !

Law of Triads LIMITATIONS

Seemed to work only for a few elements, it was dismissed as coincidence.
The story continues…

John Alexander Newlands in 1865 profounder the Law of Octaves. He

arranged the elements in increasing order of their atomic weights and noted
that every eighth element had properties similar to the first element.
 Law of Octaves.

Elements Li Be B C N O F

At. Wt. 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

At. Wt. 23 24 27 29 31 32 35.5

Elements K Ca

At. Wt. 39 40
The story continues…

The periodic Law by MANDELEEV

The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic
weights.
From MENDELEEV
The story continues…

Periodic table may be defined as the table giving the arrangement of all
the known elements according to their properties so that similar
elements fall within the same vertical column and dissimilar elements
are separated.
 ..something started to be observed

MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The most commonly known periodic table is the long form of the periodic table.
 LONG FORM / PRESENT FORM OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
(It is also called as Bohr, Bury & Rang, Werner Periodic Table)
(a) It is based on the Bohr-Bury electronic configuration concept and atomic
number.
(b) This model is proposed by Rang & Werner
(c) 7 periods and 18 vertical columns (groups)
(d) According to I. U. P. A. C. 18 vertical columns are named as 1st to 18th
group.
(e) Elements belonging to same group having same number of valence
electrons in the outermost shell so their properties are similar.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
Learning continue !
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The chemical and physical properties of the elements are a periodic

function of their atomic numbers.
1. Which of the following forms the basis of the modern periodic table?
(a) Atomic mass (b) Atomic number
(c) Number of nucleons (d) All of these
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE
Description of Periods
A horizontal row of a periodic table is called a period.
A period consists of a series of elements having same valence shell.
There are seven periods in all, which are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

Description of Groups
A vertical column of periodic table is called a group.
A group consists of a series of elements having similar configuration of the outer
energy shell .
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
Trick to find number of elements in a period
Trick to find number of elements in a period
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The first period corresponds to the filling of electrons in first energy shell (i.e.,
n = 1).
There can be only two elements in the first period.
 MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The second period starts with the electrons beginning to enter the second
energy
shell (n = 2).
Thus, second period has eight elements in it.
 MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The third period begins with the electrons entering the third energy shell (n = 3).
There are only eight elements in the third period.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The fourth period corresponds to n = 4.

There are eighteen elements in fourth period.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The fifth period beginning with 5s orbital (n = 5) is similar to fourth period.

There are eighteen elements in fifth period as well.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The sixth period starts with the filling of 6s orbital (n = 6).

There are sixteen orbitals.
As such there are thirty two elements in sixth period.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The seventh period begins with 7s-orbital (n = 7).

It would also have contained 32 elements corresponding to the filling of 7s, 5f,
6d and 7p orbitals.
But it is still incomplete.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The seventh period begins with 7s-orbital (n = 7). It would also have contained
32 elements corresponding to the filling of 7s, 5f, 6d and 7p orbitals. But it is still
incomplete.
NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS
(a) IUPAC gave names to elements above atomic number 100 as follows -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn
 Crack the PYQ

2. The atomic number of the element unnilennium is:

[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2020]
(1) 119 (2) 106
(3) 102 (4) 109
 Crack the PYQ

3. In the sixth period, the orbitals that are filled ate

[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2020]
(1) 6s, 5f, 6d, 6p (2) 6s, 6p, 6d, 6f
(3) 6s, 5d, 5f, 6p (4) 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
 Blocks of Periodic Table

Determination of period, block and group of an elements

1. Period no. :- Predicted by principal q. no. (n) of the valence shell.
2. Block no. :- The type of orbital which receives the last e– is k/a block no.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
Learning continue !

Determination of period of an element

1. Period no. :- Predicted by principal q. no. (n) of the valence shell.

MODERN PERIODIC LAW
Learning continue !
 Blocks of Periodic Table

Determination of block of an element

2. Block no. :- The type of orbital which receives the last e– is k/a block no.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
Blocks of Periodic Table

Determination of block of an element

 Blocks of Periodic Table

Determination of group of an element

3. Group no. :-
(a) For s-block, group no. is = the no. of e’s in the valence shell & after
the noble gas core.
(b) for p-block element, group no. = 10+ no. of e’s is valence shell
(c) for d-block element, group no. = no. of e’s in (n –1) d subshell &
valence shell.
 Blocks of Periodic Table

Determination of group of an element

MODERN PERIODIC LAW
Blocks of Periodic Table
Determination of group of an element
Blocks of Periodic Table

Determination of group of an element

Blocks of Periodic Table

Determination of group of an element

Can you Crack it !

Write the electronic configuration of the elements given below and also predict
their period, group and block.
A (at. No. 16), E (at. No. 37) & G (at. No. 30).
 Can you Crack it !

4. An element has atomic number 19. Predict the group and period in which
the element is placed,
(a) 2nd group, 7th period (b) 1th group, 4th period
(c) 13th group, 6th period (d) 12th group, 6th period
Can you Crack it !

Elements A, B, C, D and E have the following electronic configurations:

A : Is2 2s2 2pl B : Is22s22p63s23p1

C : Is22s22p63s23p3 D : Is22s22p63s23p5
E : Is22s22p63s23p64s2

Which among these will belong to the same group in the periodic table?
 Can you crack it

1. Elements A, B, C, D and E have the following electronic configurations;

A: 1s22s22p1 B: 1s22s22P63s23p1 C : 1s22s22p63s23p3
D: 1s22s22p63s23p5 E: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Which among these will belong to the same group in the periodic table?
 Crack the PYQ

5. The IUPAC symbol for the element with atomic number 119 would be;
[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2019]
(1) unh (2) uun
(3) une (4) uue
 Crack the PYQ

6. The element with Z= 120 (not yet discovered) will be an/a:

[Main Jan. 12,2019(1)]
(1) Inner-transition metal (2) Alkaline earth metal
(3) Alkali metal (4) Transition metal
Learning continue !
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The chemical and physical properties of the elements are a periodic

function of their atomic numbers.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW

LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE
Description of Periods
A horizontal row of a periodic table is called a period.
A period consists of a series of elements having same valence shell.
There are seven periods in all, which are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

Description of Groups
A vertical column of periodic table is called a group.
A group consists of a series of elements having similar configuration of the outer
energy shell .
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
1. The elements with atomic numbers 59 and 105 belong to, respectively :
[Main Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]
( (a) Group 11 and Group 5
( (b) Actinoids and Group 6
(c) lanthenoids and Group 5
(d) Group 6 and Actinoids
 Blocks of Periodic Table

DIVISION OF PERIODIC TABLE INTO s-, p-, d- AND f-BLOCKS ON THE

BASIS OF ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
The long form of periodic table can be divided into four main blocks. These are
s-, p-, d- and f-blocks.
 Blocks of Periodic Table

1. s-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements in which the last electron enter the s-sub-shell of their
outermost energy level are called s-block elements.
It contains elements of groups 1 and 2.
Their general configuration is ns1–2, where n represents the outermost
shell. The elements of group 1 are called alkali metals whereas the
elements of group 2 are called alkaline earth metals.
Blocks of Periodic Table

2. p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements in which the last electron enters the p-sub-shell of their
outermost energy level are called p-block elements.
The general configuration of their outermost shell is ns2 np1–6.
The only exception is helium (1s2).
 Blocks of Periodic Table

3. d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements in which the last electron enters the d-sub-shell of the
penultimate energy level are called d-block elements.
Their general valence shell configuration is (n – 1) d1–10, ns0–2, where n
represents the outer most energy level.
 Blocks of Periodic Table

4. f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
The elements in which the last electron enter the f-sub-shell are called f-
block elements.
Their general configuration is (n – 2) f1–14 (n – 1)d0–1, ns2, where n
represents the outer most shell.
They consists of two series of elements of first series follow lanthanum
(57La) and are called lanthanoids.
The elements of second series follow actinium (89Ac) and are called
actinoids.
SCREENING EFFECT (S) AND EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE (Zeff)

(a) Valence shell e– suffer force of attraction due to nucleus and force of
repulsion due to inner sheIl electrons.
(b) The decrease in force of attraction on valence e– due to inner shell e– is
called screening effect or shielding effect, (i.e. total repulsive force is called
shielding effect.)
(c) Due to screening effect, valence shell e– experiences less force of
attraction exerted by nucleus. (i.e. total attraction force experienced by
valence e – is called Zeff.)
(d) There is a reduction in nuclear charge due to screening effect. Reduced
nuclear charge is called effective nuclear charge.
(e) If nuclear charge = Z, then effective nuclear charge = Z – s (Where s
(Sigma) = Screening constant) So, Zeff = (Z - s)
Screening Effect
CALCULATION OF s (wing slater's rule)
To calculate the shielding constant (s) for an electron in ns or np orbital;
(a) Write the electronic configuration of the element in the following order and
groupings:
(1s), (2s, 2p), (3s , 3p), (3d), (4s, 4p), (4d), (4f), (5s, 5p), etc.

For s and p electrons:

(b) Electrons in any group to the right of the (ns, np) group contribute nothing
to the shielding constant
(n-shell no. of the electron for which s is calculated)
(c) All of the other electrons in the (ns, np) group, shield the concern election
to an extent of 0.35 each. (Except for the 1s orbital for which value is 0.30).
(d) All electrons in the (n -1) shell shield to an extent of 0.85 each.
(e) All electrons (n - 2) or lower group shield completely; that is, their
contribution is 1.00 each.
 (Effective Nuclear charge of elements of second period)

Element Electronic Z s of na & np s (n–1) orbital Total Effective

Configuration Electron
Screening nuclear
Constant charge
(a) (b) (a+b) Z*=Z – s

3Li 1s22s1 3 - 0.85 x 2 = 1.70 1.70 1.30

4Be 1s2,2s2 4 1x0.35=0.35 0.85 x 2 = 1.70 2.05 1.95

5B 1s2,2s2,2p1 5 2x0.35=0.70 0.85 x 2 = 1.70 2.40 2.60

6C 1s2,2s2,2p2 6 3x0.35=1.05 0.85 x 2 = 1.70 2.75 3.25

7N 1s2,2s2,2p3 7 4x0.35=1.40 0.85 x 2 = 1.70 3.10 3.90
8O 1s2,2s2,2p4 8 5x0.35=1.75 0.85 x 2 = 1.70 3.45 4.55
9F 1s2,2s2,2p5 9 6x0.35=2.10 0.85 x 2 = 1.70 3.80 5.20
For d and f electrons:
(f) Electrons in any group to the right of the nd or nf group contribute nothing
to the shielding constant,
(g) All the other electrons in the nd or nf group, shield the valence electron to
an extent of 0.35 each.
(h) All electrons in groups lying to the left of the nd or nf group contribute 1.00.
For d and f electrons:
(f) Electrons in any group to the right of the nd or nf group contribute nothing
to the shielding constant,
(g) All the other electrons in the nd or nf group, shield the valence electron to
an extent of 0.35 each.
(h) All electrons in groups lying to the left of the nd or nf group contribute 1.00.

[V] 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d3 4s2

[Cr] 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d5 4s1

Learning Continues !
PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Most of the properties of the elements such as atomic volume, atomic size, ionization enthalpy,
electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity undergo periodic variation with the change in the
atomic number within a period or a group.
 Learning Continues !

ATOMIC RADIUS
Atomic radius is defined as the distance from the centre of nucleus of the atom
to the outermost shell of electrons.
..feel the Electronic cloud !!
Learning Continues !

1. COVALENT RADIUS
It may be defined as one-half of the distance between the centres of the nuclei of two
similar atoms bonded by a single covalent bond.
In case of homonuclear bonds,
1
rcovalent = [Internuclear distance between two bonded atoms]
2
Learning Continues !

Covalent radius of hydrogen atoms.

 Learning Continues !

2. VAN DER WAAL'S RADIUS

It may be defined as half of the internuclear distance between two
adjacent atoms of the same element belonging to two nearest neighboring
molecules of the same substance in solid state.
Covalent radius of the elements is shorter than its van der Waal radius.
Learning Continues !

Comparison of covalent and van der Waal radii.

Learning Continues !

3. METALLIC RADIUS
Metallic radius may be defined as half of the internuclear distance between two
adjacent atoms in the metallic lattice.
The metallic radius of an atom is always larger than its covalent radius.
Learning Continues !

VARIATION OF ATOMIC RADII IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

(a) Variation in a Period
In general, the atomic radii decrease with the increase in the atomic
number in a period.
Learning Continues !

VARIATION OF ATOMIC RADII IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

(a) Variation in a Period
In general, the atomic radii decrease with the increase in the atomic
number in a period.
 ..this is the pattern

Variation of atomic radius with atomic number across the second period.
Full Story !

The values given in Table, show abrupt increase in the atomic size of Ne. This
is due to the reason that the values for other elements are covalent radii whereas
that for Ne it is van der Waal's radius because it does not form covalent bond.
 Learning Continues !

(b) Variation in a Group

In general, the atomic radii increase from top to bottom within a group of the periodic
table.
 Learning Continues !
(b) Variation in a Group
In general, the atomic radii increase from top to bottom within a group of the
periodic table.
..the pattern !
Crack the PYQ

2. Moving from right to left in a periodic table, the atomic size is:
(A) increased (B) decreased
(C) remains constant (D) none of these
[IITJEE 1995]
 Crack the PYQ
3. The increasing order of the atomic radii of the following elements is:
[Main Jan. 08; 2020 (II)]
(i) C (ii) O
(iii) F (iv) Cl (v) Br

(a) (ii) < (iii) < (iv) < (i) < (v)
(b) (iv) < (iii) < (ii) < (i) < (v)
(c) (iii) < (ii) < (i) < (iv) <(v)
(d) (i) < (ii) < (iii) < (iv) < (v)
 Learning Continues !

IONIC RADIUS
Ionic radius may be defined as the effective distance from the nucleus of the
ion to the point up to which it has an influence in the ionic bond.
Learning Continues !
Learning Continues !

The study of ionic radii leads to two very important generalizations:

 Learning Continues !

(a) The radius of cation is smaller than that of the parent atom.
Lets Understand !
Lets Understand !
 Learning Continues !

(b) The radius of anion is larger than that of parent atom.

Learning Continues !
Lets Understand !
Lets Understand !
Learning Continues !
Can you crack it !

4. The correct order or radii of three species Ca, Ca+ and Ca2+ is
(a) Ca > Ca+ > Ca2+ (b) Ca2+ > Ca+ > Ca
(c) Ca + > Ca > Ca2+ (d) Ca+ > Ca2+ > Ca
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
 Crack the PYQ

5. The increasing order of atomic radii of the following Group 13 elements is

[JEE 2016]
(A) Al < Ga < In < TI (B) Ga < Al < In < Tl
(C) Al < In < Ga < Tl (D) Al < Ga < TI < In
 Learning Continues !

ISO-ELECTRONIC IONS
The ions having same number of electrons but different magnitude of nuclear
charge are called iso-electronic ions.
Variation of size among iso-electronic ions.
Can you crack it !

The following species are isoelectronic with the noble gas neon. Arrange
them in order of increasing size : Na+, F- O2-, Mg2+ , A13+
 Crack the PYQ

6. The isoelectronic set of ions is:

[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2019]
(1) N3–, Li+, Mg2+
and O2– (2) Li+,Na+, O2– and F–
(3) F–, LI+, Na+ and Mg2+ (4) N3–, O2–, F– and Na+
Crack the PYQ

7. The ionic radii of K+, Na+, Al3+ and Mg2+ are in the order:
[JEE Mains July 25,2021 (I)]
(a) Na+ < K+ < Mg2+ < Al3+
(b) Al3+ < Mg2+ < K+ < Na+
(c) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < K+
(d) K+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
 Crack the PYQ
1. The correct sequence which shows decreasing order of the ionic radii of
the elements is :-
[2010]
(1) O2– > F – > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+
(2) Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > F – > O2–
(3) Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > O2 – > F –
(4) Na+ > F – > Mg2+ > O2 – > Al3+
 Crack the PYQ
2. The increasing order of the ionic radii of the given isoelectronic species is:-
[2012]
(1) K+, S2–, Ca2+ , Cl–
(2) Cl–, Ca2+, K+, S2–
(3) S2–, Cl–, Ca2+, K+
(4) Ca2+, K+, Cl–, S2–
 Crack the PYQ
3. Which of the following arrangements represents the increasing order
(smallest to largest) of ionic radii of the given species O2–, S2–, N3–, P3– ?
[JEE MAINS - 2014]
(1) N3– < O2– < F3– < S2–
(2) O2– < N3– < S2– < P3–
(3) O2– < P3– < N3– < S2–
(4) N3– < S2– < O2– < P3–
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
IONIZATION ENTHALPY
Ionization enthalpy of an element may be defined as the amount of energy
required to remove the most loosely bound electron from its isolated gaseous atom in
the ground state.
IONIZATION ENTHALPY

A (g) -----------------> A+ (g) + e- DH = DiH

Units. Ionization enthalpy is expressed either in terms of electron volts per atom
(eV/ atom) or kilo joules per mole of atoms (kJ mol-1)
1 eV per atom = 96.49 kJ mot-1.
IONIZATION ENTHALPY

SUCCESSIVE IONIZATION ENTHALPIES

A (g) --------------------------> A+(g) + e- DH = DiH1

A+(g) --------------------------> A2+(g) + e- DH = DiH2

Unipositive ion

A2+ (g) --------------------------> A3+(g) + e- DH = DiH3

Dipositive ion

DiH3 > DiH2 > DiH1

The variation in the values of successive ionization enthalpies
 Successive Ionization Energy

(a) For an atom M, successive ionisation energies are as follows -

M + E1 --------------> M+ + e– E1 = Ist lonisation Potential
M+ + E2 --------------> M+2 + e– E2 = IInd ionization Potential
M+2 + E3 --------------> M+3 + e– E3 = IIIrd ionization Potential
Ist Ionization Potential < IInd ionization Potential < IIIrd Ionization Potential

(b) Electron can not be removed from solid state of an atom, it has to convert
in gaseous form, Energy required for conversion from solid state to
gaseous state is called Sublimation energy.

(c) Ionization Potential is always an endothermic process [DH = +ve)

(d) It is measured in eV/atom (electron volt/atom) or Kcal/mole or KJ/mole

IONIZATION ENTHALPY

Na(g) – e– ----------------------> Na+(g); DiH1 = 495 kJ mol–1

(2, 8, 1) (2, 8)

Na+(g) – e– ----------------------> Na2+(g); DiH2 = 4581 kJ mol–1

(2, 8) (2, 7)
IONIZATION ENTHALPY
IONIZATION ENTHALPY
Crack the PYQ
The five successive ionization enthalpies of an element are 800, 2427,
3658, 25024 and 32824 kJ mot–1. The number of valence electrons in the
element is:
[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2020]
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 4 (4) 5
FACTORS ON WHICH IONIZATION ENTHALPY DEPENDS

1. Size of the atom;

2. Magnitude of nuclear charge;
3. Screening effect of the inner electron;
4. Penetration effect of the electrons; and
5. Electronic configuration.
 FACTORS: IONIZATION ENTHALPY

1. Size of the Atom.

As the size of the atom increases, the outermost electrons are less tightly held by
the nucleus. As a result, it becomes easier to remove the electron. Therefore,
ionization enthalpy decreases with increase in atomic size.
 FACTORS: IONIZATION ENTHALPY

2. Magnitude of Nuclear Charge.

With the increase in nuclear charge, it becomes more difficult to remove an
electron and, therefore, ionization enthalpy increases.
 FACTORS: IONIZATION ENTHALPY

3. Screening Effect of the Inner Electrons.

An increase in the number of inner electrons tends to decrease the ionization
enthalpy.
 FACTORS: IONIZATION ENTHALPY
4. Penetration Effect of the Electrons.
In case of multi-electron atoms, the maximum probability of electron to be found
near the nucleus goes on decreasing in case of p, d and f orbitals.
The penetration power decreases in a given shell in the order : s > p > d > f.
Ionization enthalpy increases with increase in penetration power of the electrons.
 FACTORS: IONIZATION ENTHALPY

5. Electronic Configuration.
The atom having a more stable configuration has less tendency to lose the
electron and consequently, has high value of ionization enthalpy. For
example:
(i) The noble gases have stable configuration (ns2np6).

(ii) The elements like

N (1s2, 2s2, 2px1, 2py1, 2pz1)

P (1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3px1, 3py1, 3pz1)

(iii) The elements like Be (1s2, 2s2) and Mg (1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2)
 VARIATION OF IONIZATION ENTHALPY IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

Variation Across the Period

In general, the value of ionization enthalpy increases with the increase in
atomic number across the period. This can be attributed
(i) nuclear charge increases regularly
(ii) addition of electrons. occurs in the same energy level
(iii) atomic size decreases.
VARIATION: IONIZATION ENTHALPY

(A) There is a decrease in the value of ionization enthalpy from Be to B inspite of

increased nuclear charge. The effect of increased nuclear charge is cancelled by
(i) greater penetration of 2s electron as compared to 2p electron;
(ii) better shielding of 2p electrons by the inner electrons;
(iii) relatively stable configuration of Be due to completely filled orbitals.
Thus, 2p electron of boron is relatively less tightly held by its nucleus in
comparison to 2s electrons of Be.
VARIATION: IONIZATION ENTHALPY

(B) There is slight decrease in ionization enthalpy from N to O. It is attributed to the

relatively stable configuration of the nitrogen due to a half filled 2p-orbital.
 VARIATION: IONIZATION ENTHALPY
Variation in a Group
The values of ionization enthalpies of elements decrease regularly with the increase in
atomic size.
VARIATION: IONIZATION ENTHALPY

Variation in a Group
The values of ionization enthalpies
of elements decrease regularly with
the increase in atomic size
 VARIATION: IONIZATION ENTHALPY
The decrease in the value of ionization enthalpy within the group can be
explained on the basis of net effect of the following factors:
As we move down the group there is:

(i) A gradual increase in the atomic size due to progressive addition of new
energy shells;

(ii) Increase in the shielding effect on the outermost electron due to increase in
the number of inner electrons.
The nuclear charge also increases but the effect of increased nuclear charge
is cancelled by the increase in atomic size.
 Exception Listing
(a) In a period, the ionization energy of IInd group elements is more than the
element of 13th because the penetration power of s-orbital is more. The
value of Ionization energy of Be(1s22s2) is more than B(1s22s22p1)
because the penetration power of 2 s-electrons of Be is more than the 2p
electron of B
 Exception Listing
(b) In a period, the ionization energy of 15th group elements is more than the
elements of 16th because the half filled p3 configuration of 15th elements is
comparatively of higher stability, 16th group elements (p4) have the
tendency to acquire comparatively more stable (p3) configuration by the
loss of one electron, ionization energy
N(1s22s22p1xpy1pz1) > O (1s22s22p1xpy1pz1)
and P > S ; As > Se

(c) In group 13th group the ionization potential of Al(13) is nearly equal to the
ionization potential of Ga(31) due to transition contraction.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
 Exception Listing

(d) In group IVA the values of I.P. of Tl(81) and Pb(82) of sixth period is more
than that I.R values of ‘In’ (49) and Sn(50) of same groups in period fifth.
This is because of the electrons are filled in 4f-orbitals for Tl(81) and
Fb(82) which do not completely shield the outer electrons.

(e) Thus increase in +32 units in nuclear charge results in the increase of
ionization potential values.
Can you Crack it !
1. From each set, choose the atom which has the largest ionization enthalpy and
explain your answer
(i) F, O, N.
(ii) Mg, P, Ar.
(iii) B, Al, Ga.
 Can you Crack it !

2. Out of Na+ and Ne which has higher ionization enthalpy?

Explain why?
Can you Crack it !
3. The ionization energy of nitrogen is more than that of oxygen because
(a) Nitrogen has half filled p-orbitals
(b) Nitrogen is left to the oxygen in the same period of the periodic table
(c) Nitrogen contains less number of electrons
(d) Nitrogen is less electronegative
 Crack the PYQ

4. Which among the following elements has the highest first ionization
enthalpy ?
[AIEEE - 2012]
(1) Nitrogen (2) Boron
(3) Carbon (4) Oxygen
 Crack the PYQ
5. Which of the following atoms has the highest first ionization energy ?
[JEE MAINS - 2016]
(1) Rb (2) Na
(3) K (4) Sc
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
 ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY

Electron gain enthalpy of an element may be defined as the enthalpy

change taking place when an isolated gaseous atom of the element accepts
an electron to form a monovalent gaseous anion.

X(g) + e- ---------------> X-(g) DH = Deg H

ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
 ELECTRON AFFINITY(ELCTRON GAIN ENTHALPY)

(a) The amount of energy released when an electron is added to the

outermost shell of one mole of an isolated gaseous atom in its Lower
energy state.
(b) When one mole of electrons is added to one mole of isolated gaseous
atom (X) to convert it into a negative ion, the enthalpy change
accompanying the process is defined as the Electron Gain Enthalpy
(DHEG). Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure of the ease with which
an atom adds an electron to form anion as represented by:
X(g) + e– -----------> X –(g)
(c) It is also the measure of tightness by which given electron is binded by the
gaseous atom.
 ELECTRON AFFINITY(ELCTRON GAIN ENTHALPY)

(d) The positive value of the electron affinity indicates that the process,
i,e. X(g) + e – ---------> X –(g), is exothermic and the negative value indicates
the process to be an endothermic one. Thus the convention accepted in
defining the electron affinity apparently contradicts the established
convention in the thermodynamics.
Thus, F(g) + e– -----> F –(g), DH = – 328 kJ mol–1, and EA = 328 kl mol–1
and
N(g) + e– ------> N–(g), DH = +31 kJ mol–1 and EA = –31 kJ mol–1
ELECTRON AFFINITY(ELCTRON GAIN ENTHALPY)
(e) Successive Electron affinities :
Electron affinity is actually first electron affinity as it corresponds to the
addition of one electron only.

In the process of adding further electron, the second electron will be added to
gaseous anion against the electrostatic repulsion between the electron being
added and the gaseous anion.

Energy instead of being released is supplied for the addition of an electron

to an anion.

The sum of EA1 and EA2 is positive [energy required).

A(g) + e– -------> A– (g) + EA1
A –(g) + e– + EA2 -------> A2–(g)
EA1 is energy released (generally) \ DHEG1 = –ve (generally)
EA2 is energy required (always) \ DHEG2 = +ve (always)
(EA1 + EA2) is energy required (always) \ DHEG1 + DHEG2 > 0
For isolated gaseous atom.
(i) Except DHEG1 all other electron gain enthalpies
i.e. DHEG2, DHEG3…….DHEGn are positive
(ii) | DHEG1| < | DHEG2|

Example:
First electron gain enthalpy:
O(g) + e– ---------> O –(g); …(i) DHeg1 = – 141 kJ mol–1
(Energy is released)
Second election gain enthalpy;
O –(g) + e–(g) ---------> O2–(g); …(ii) DHeg2 = + 780 kJ mol–1
(Energy is absorbed)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
O(g) + 2e– ---------> O2–(g); (i) + (ii) DH = DHEG1 + DHEG2
= – 141 + 780 = 639 kJ mol–1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
The large negative value of electron gain enthalpy reflects the greater
tendency of an atom to accept the electron.

Units. Electron volt per atom or kilo joules per mole of atoms.
For example,
Cl(g) + e-  Cl- (g) DegH = - 348 kJ.
 Factors affecting electron affinity

1
(A) Atomic size Electron Affinity 
Atomic size
1
(B) Screening effect Electron Affinity 
Screening effect
(C) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) Electron Affinity Zeff
(D) Stability of completely filled or half filled orbitals: electron affinity of
filled or half filled orbital is very less or zero.
Note :
(i) Elements (He, Ne, Ar, ….), Electron Affinity = Zero (DHEG = + ve)
(ii) Elements (Be, Mg, Ca, …), Electron Affinity = ¾Zero (DHEG= + ve)
(iii) Elements (N, P, As, ....), Electron Affinity = Very less
 FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
1. Nuclear Charge. Greater the magnitude of nuclear charge greater will
be the attraction for the incoming electron and as a result, larger will be
the negative value of electron gain enthalpy.
 FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
2. Atomic Size. Larger the size of an atom is, more will be the distance
between the nucleus and the additional electron and smaller will be the
negative value of electron gain enthalpy.
 FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY

3. Electronic Configuration. Stable the electronic configuration of an

atom is, lesser will be its tendency to accept the electron and larger will
be the positive value of its electron gain enthalpy.
Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity
VARIATION OF ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY

Variation in a Period

Electron gain enthalpies tend to become more negative as we go from left

to right across a period. However, some irregularities are observed.

Group 2 elements have Full-filled ns subshell,

Group 15 elements have a half filled np subshell and
Group 18 elements have all subshells filled.

These electronic configurations are relatively stable and hence these

elements have positive or very low negative electron gain enthalpies.
VARIATION OF ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
VARIATION OF ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY

Variation Down a Group

On moving down a group, the atomic size as well as nuclear charge

increases. But the effect of increases in atomic size is much more
pronounced than that of nuclear charge and thus, the additional electron
feels less attraction. Consequently, electron gain enthalpy becomes less
negative on going down the group.
Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity
 Crack the PYQ

1. Electron gain enthalpy with negative sign of fluorine is less than that of
chlorine due to :
[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2013]
(1) Smaller size of chlorine atom
(2) Bigger size of 2p orbital of fluorine
(3) High ionization enthalpy of fluorine
(4) Smaller size of fluorine atom
 Exception
(a) Electron affinity values of nitrogen and phosphorous (VA) are lesser than
the election affinity values of carbon and silicon respectively. It is due to
the comparatively stable half filled configuration (np3) of nitrogen and
phosphorus and the tendency to acquire the stable np3 configuration by the
gain of one electron in carbon and silicon (np2).
 Exception

(b) The theoretical value of the electron affinity of zero group i.e. inert gas
elements is zero due to stable s2p6 configuration.

(c) F < Cl, O < S, N < P, B < Al.

The electron affinity sequence is in the opposite order as is expected from
the size sequence.
The electrostatic attractive pull inwards the nucleus favors the 2nd period
elements more compared to the corresponding 3rd period elements, the
added electron creates an un-favorable effect, i.e. electron-electron
repulsion, which is more for the 2nd period elements because of their
smaller sizes.
This repulsive force is not so large in the 3rd period elements because of
their larger size.
 Crack the PYQ

2. Assertion: F atom has a less negative electron gain enthalpy than Cl atom.
[JEE 2000]
Reason: Additional electron is repelled more efficiently by 3p electron in Cl
atom than by 2p electron in F atom.

(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct

explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is True and Statement-2 is NOT the
correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statemeni-2 is true.
Homework !
In each of the following sets, arrange the elements in the increasing order
of their negative electron gain enthalpies:
(i) C, N, O (ii) O, N, S
(iii) S, Cl, Ar (iv) F, Cl, Br.
 Crack the PYQ

3. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy with negative sign of F, Cl, Br
and I, having atomic number 9,17, 35 and 53 respectively, is :-
[AIEEE- 2011]
(1) I > Br > Cl > F (2) F > Cl > Br > I
(3) Cl > F > Br > I (4) Br > Cl > I > F
 Crack the PYQ

4. The electron gain enthalpy (in kJ/mol) of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and
iodine, respectively are:
[JEE MAINS 2020]
(1) – 333, – 349, – 325 and – 296
(2) – 296, – 325, – 333 and – 349
(3) – 333, – 325, – 349 and – 296
(4) – 349, – 333, – 325 and – 296
 Crack the PYQ

5. The absolute value of the electron gain enthalpy of halogens satisfies:

[JEE MAINS - 2021]
(1) I > Br > Cl > F (2) Cl > Br > F > I
(3) Cl > F > Br > I (4) F > Cl > Br > I
 Crack the PYQ

6. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy is

[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2021]
(1) S > Se > Te > O (2) Te > Se > S > O
(3) O > S > Se > Te (4) S > O > Se > Te
Crack the PYQ

7. Given Reaction Energy Change (in kJ)

Li(s) -----> Li(g) 161
Li(g) -----> Li+(g) 520
½ F2(g) -----> F(g) 77
F(g) + e– -------> F–(g) (Electron gain enthalpy)
Li+(g) + F –(g) ------> LiF(s) –1047
Li(s) + ½ F2(g) ------> LiF(s) – 617
[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2013]

Based on data provided, the value of electron gain enthalpy of fluorine

would be :
(1) – 300 kJ mol–1 (2) – 328 KJ mol–1
(3) – 350 kJ mol–1 (4) – 228 kJ mol–1
Reaction Energy Change (in kJ)
Li(s) -----> Li(g) 161
Li(g) -----> Li+(g) 520
½ F2(g) -----> F(g) 77
F(g) + e– -------> F–(g) (Electron gain enthalpy)
Li+(g) + F –(g) ------> LiF(s) –1047

Li(s) + ½ F2(g) ------> LiF(s) – 617

 161+520+77+x+(-1047)=(-617)
get x

Based on data provided, the value of electron gain enthalpy of fluorine would be :
(1) – 300 kJ mol–1 (2) – 328 KJ mol–1
(3) – 350 kJ mol–1 (4) – 228 kJ mol–1
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
 Crack the PYQ

1. The 1st, 2nd and the 3rd ionization enthalpies, I1, I2 and I3, of four atoms with atomic
numbers n, n+1, n+2 and n+3 , where n < 10, are tabulated below. What is the value
of n?
Atomic Ionization Enthalpy (kJ/mol) [JEE - 2020]
Number
I1 I2 I3

n 1681 3374 6050

n+1 2081 3952 6122

n+2 496 4562 6910

n+3 738 1451 7733

 Crack the PYQ

2. Which among the following elements has the highest first ionization
enthalpy ?
[AIEEE ONLINE - 2012]
(1) Nitrogen (2) Boron
(3) Carbon (4) Oxygen
 Crack the PYQ

3. Within each pair of elements of F & Cl, S & Se, and Li & Na, respectively,
the elements that release mote energy upon an electron gain are-
[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2020]
(1) F, Se and Na (2) F, S and li
(3) Cl, S and Li (4) CL, Se and Na
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Electronegativity may be defined as the tendency of an atom in a molecule
to attract towards itself the shared pair of electrons.

The most common and widely used scale electronegativity is the Pauling
scale.
Oxygen Vs Nitrogen
Oxygen Vs Sulphur
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

The main factors on which the electro-negativity depends are

effective nuclear charge and atomic radius.
• Greater the effective nuclear charge greater is the electronegativity.
• Smaller the atomic radius greater is the electronegativity.
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

In a period electronegativity increases in moving from left to right. Reason

that nuclear charge increases whereas atomic radius decreases as we
move from left to right in a period.
Halogens have the highest value of electronegativity in their respective
periods.
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

In a group electronegativity decreases on moving down the group. This is

due to the effect of increased atomic radius. For example, among halogens
fluorine has the highest electronegativity.
In fact, fluorine has the highest value of electronegativity among all the
elements.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
ELECTROPOSITIVITY OR METALLIC CHARACTER

Tendency of atoms of an element to lose electrons and form positive

ion is known as electropositivity.
A more electropositive element has more metallic character,

In a period, from left to right electropositivity decreases.

In a group, from top to bottom electro-positivity increases.
Periodic Trends
 Can you Crack it !!

1. Arrange the following elements in the increasing order of metallic

character: B, Al, Mg, K
Can you Crack it !!
2. Arrange the following elements in the increasing order of non metallic
character:
B, C, Si, N, F
 Crack it
3. The element with highest electronegativity belongs to group _____ and
period ____.
 Crack it

4. Among alkali metals which element do you expect to be least

electronegative and why ?
 Crack it

1. On the Pauling's electronegativity scale the element next to F is

(a) N (b) Cl
(c) O (d) Ne.
 Crack it
2. The correct option with respect to the Folding electronegativity values of
the elements is :-
[JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2019]
(1) Ga < Ge (2) Si < Al
(3) P > S (4) Te > Se
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)

(a) Electronegativity and Electron affinity both have tendency to attract

electrons but electron affinity is for isolated atoms. Where as
electronegativity is for bonded atoms.
(b) There is no unit of electronegativity because it is a relative value
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)

(c) Electronegativity is property of a bonded atom not an isolated gaseous

atom so no energy will be liberated or absorbed.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY measurement
Pauling's Scale : Raiding related the resonance energy (DAB) of a
molecule AB with the electro-negativities of the atoms A and B. If XA and
XB are the electro-negativities of atoms A and B respectively then,

XA – XB = 0.208 D A B D in kca/mol

XA – XB = 0.102 D A B D in kJ/mol

DAB = EA – B – (EA – A x EB – B)½

Pauling assumed the electronegativity value of hydrogen, 2.1 and

calculated the electronegativity values of other elements from this value.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY measurement

Mulliken’s Scale: According to Mulliken, the electronegativity of an

element b the average value of its ionisation potential and electron affinity,
Electron affinity + lonisation potential
Electro-negativity = --------------------------------------
2

When both are expressed in electron volt,

Mulliken's values of EN are about 2.8 times the values of Pauling's scale.
XM
i.e. XP = (where XP and XM are in ev)
2.8
ELECTRONEGATIVITY measurement

Alfred Rochow's Scale: The electronegativity of an element is measured

by the electrostatic force of attraction between the electron present on the
circumference of outermost shell and the atomic nucleus. If the distance
between the circumference of outermost shell & the neucleus is r and the
effective nuclear charge Zeff then -
0.359 Z eff
Electron-negativity = +0.744 Zeff = Z – s
r2
Z = The number of proton present in the nucleus.
s = Shielding constant
r = Covalent radius of atom (in Å)
 Difference between electronegativity and Electron Affinity

S.No Electronegativity Electron Affinity

1 Tendency of an atom in a Energy released when an election is

molecule to attract the bonded added to neutral isolated gaseous
elections atom

2 Relative value of an atom Absolute value of an atom

3 It regularly changed in a period It does not changes regularly
or group

4 It has no unit It is measured in eV/atom or KJ mol–1

or K cal mole–1

Note : Small atoms are normally having more electro/negativity than larger atoms.
 Factors Affecting electronegativity

(a) Charge on atom: The +ve charge on the cation increases electronegativity
increases E.N. of Fe+3 > Fe+2
The -ve charge on the anion increases electro-negatively decreases O2– <
O– < O
(b) Effect of Substitution: Carbon atom in CF3l acquires greater positive
charge than in CH3l .Hence C atom in CF3l is more electronegative than in
CH3l.
(c) Ionization energy and election affinity: Higher the ionization energy and
electron affinity of an atom, greater will be the its electronegativity.
 Factors Affecting electronegativity

(d) Hybridization state: s-electrons are more penetrated (on attracted) than p-
electron towards the nucleus. So, as the s-character in hybrid orbital
increases, electronegativity increases.
For example:
CH4 sp3 25 % s-character
C2H4 sp2 33 % s-character
C2H2 sp 50 % s-character
The electronegativity of carbon atom increases as we move from CH4 to C2H2.
 Factors Affecting electronegativity

(e) Atomic Radius & Ionic Radius: As the atomic radius and ionic radius
increases the electronegativity value decreases

(f) Effective Nuclear Charge: The electronegativity value increases as the

effective nuclear charge on the atomic nucleus increases.
 Exceptions

(a) In ‘0’ group - Electronegativity is always zero, because inert gas do not
form molecule.
(b) Electronegativity of Cs and Fr are equal, it is because from 55Cs to 87Fr
only one shell increases but nuclear charge (No. of proton) increases by
+32.
Electronegative of F > Cl but Electron affinity of Cl > F
 Application of electronegativity

(a) Metallic and non metallic nature

Low electronegativity -------> Metals
High electronegativity -------> Non Metals

(b) Bond length

1
DEN  Here DEN = difference in electro-negativities
Bond length
of bonded atoms
 Application of electronegativity

(c) Nature of bonds :

According to Hanny & Smith formula
Ionic % = 16(XA – XB) +3.5 (XA – XB)2
Here XA = Electronegativity of A
Here XB = Electronegativity of B
If XA – XB  2.1 Ionic % > 50% i.e. Ionic bond
lf XA – XB ≤ 2.1 Ionic % < 50% i.e. covalent bond
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
PERIODIC TRENDS IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

VALENCY
The valency of an element may be defined as the combining capacity of
element.
VARIATION OF VALENCY IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

Variation in a Period
The valency to the elements with respect to hydrogen and chlorine
increases from 1 to 4 and then decreases from 4 to zero.
VARIATION OF VALENCY IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
Variation in a Group
On moving down a group, the number of valence electrons remains same
 all the elements in a group exhibit same valency.

For eg. all the elements of group 1 have valency equal to 1

and those of group 2 have valency equal to 2.
Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity

There is high chemical reactivity at the two extremes and the lowest in the
centre.

The maximum chemical reactivity at the extreme left (among alkali metals)
is exhibited by the loss of an electron leading to the formation of a cation
and at the extreme right (among halogens) shown by the gain of an
electron forming an anion.

It can be directly related to the metallic and non-metallic character of

elements. The metallic character of an element, which is highest at the
extremely left decreases and the, non-metallic character increases while
moving from left to right across the period.
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
It is observed that an element of the second period exhibits certain
similarities with the second element of the following group.
For example, lithium resembles magnesium and beryllium resembles
aluminium in some respects.
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
Diagonal relationship is the similarity between a pair of elements in
different groups and different periods and located diagonally in the
periodic table.

Sometimes the diagonal relationship is explained in terms of polarizing

power [Ionic charge / (Ionic radius)2]
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
(i) Lithium resembles with Mg
(a) Li forms covalent compound like Mg but rest of the alkali metal form
ionic compounds
(b) Lithium has tendency to form normal oxide like Mg but rest have
tendency to form higher oxides like amide & superoxide.
(c) Lithium salts like carbonate, nitrate, hydroxides, sulphates etc. on
heating changes to oxide whereas rest of the alkali metal salts are
thermally stable.
(d) Lithium form oxide & nitride like Mg when bum in air whereas rest form
only oxide.
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP

(ii) Be resembles with Al

(a) Both forms covalent compounds.
(b) Oxides & hydroxide of both are amphoteric
(c) Oxides of both form transparent glassy beads used as precious stone.
(d) Halides of both like BeCl2, AlCl3 are electron deficient & act as Lewis
acid.
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
(iii) Boron resembles with silicon
(a) Oxide of both B2O & SiO2 are acidic.
(b) Both are non-metal & displaces H2 gas from NaOH
(c) Halides of both fumes in air because on hydrolysis they form HX.
Crack it
1st and 2nd IE of few elements have been given below: IE1 (KJ/mole) IE2
(KJ/mole)
(A) 520 7300 (B) 1680 3380
(C) 2370 5250 (D) 900 1760

(i) Which is reactive metal ?

(ii) Which is reactive non metal ?
(iii) Which is inert gas ?
(iv) A metal that form a stable binary halide of formulae AX2 (X = Halogen)
 Crack it

From among the elements, choose the following : Cl, Br, F, Al, C, Li, Cs & Xe.

(i) The element with highest electron affinity.

(ii) The element with lowest ionisation potential.

(iii) The element whose oxide is amphoteric.

(iv) The element which has smallest radii.

(v) The element whose atom has 8 electrons in the outermost shell.
 Ratt lo !!!

(A) BeO, Al2O3, ZnO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2, Sb2O3 etc. are amphoteric oxides.

(B) CO, H2O, NO, N2O etc. are neutral oxides.

 Ratt lo !!!

Non metal form acidic oxide and metal form basic oxides.

Neutral oxide: Oxides having no acidic or basic properties,

e.g.: CO, N2O, NO, H2O.

Metal oxides in their higher oxidation state like V2O5, CrO3, Mn2O7 are
acidic.
Ratt lo !!!
 Ratt lo !!!

Acidic properties increases with increasing oxidation state of an element

when central atom is same.

Ex.
(i) Sb2O5 > Sb2O3 (ii) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO
(iii) HNO3 > HNO2 (iv) SO3 > SO2
(v) N2O5 > N2O3 (vi) H2SO4 > H2SO3
Crack the PYQ

Among Al2O3, SiO2, P2O3 and SO2, the correct order of acid strength is :-
[AIEEE-2004]
(A) Al2O3 < SiO2 < SO2 < P2O3
(B) SiO2 < SO2 < Al2O3 < P2O3
(C) SO2 < P2O3 < SiO2 < Al2O3
(D) Al2O3 < SiO2 < P2O3 < S02
Crack the PYQ

Which of the following oxides is amphoteric in character ?

[AlEEE-2005]
(A) SnO2 (B) SiO2
(C) CO2 (D) CaO