Math GR 7 Ahlia

Collection : PUISSANCE
Mathematics
Intermediate Level - 7th year
GR
MATHEMATICS
7
Edition
2006
Authors
A. MOARBES K. ATTIEH
M. EL ASMAR N. BADR
C. MERHEB H. NASSAR
G. KARROUM
Editors
AL- AHLIA
Layout
Technical Department
AL-AHLIA
Press
AL-AHLIA Press
Distribution
Zouk Mikaël - Haret El Mir - Lebanon

Tel. 00 961 9 214144 - 5 - Cell : 00 961 71 315959
Fax : 00 961 9 213499 - P.O.Box : 369 Zouk Mikaël
www.ahliame.com - Email : [email protected]
All rights reserved
Foreword
This book deals with the new program of the seventh year (intermediate
cycle) with a new spirit : the individual building of concept, the formation of the
student for better communication and critical thinking, the conservation of the link
between the mathematics and real life situations.
Each chapter is formed of several parts.
The preparatory activities. It is important not to neglect this part. It is short

and accessible, enabling the introduction of a new concept, and sometimes
even part of the lesson.
The course. It is clear, simple and concise, hence respecting the new
program. Certain essential results are highlighted so that the student may
refer to them.
Exercises and problems. A good number of exercises is proposed and

presented in three parts.
– For testing the knowledge. This part consists of the direct application
exercises, thus helping the student verify whether he acquired the concepts
or not.
– For seeking. It consists of exercises demanding a thinking effort.
– The test. The goal of this part is to control if the student assimilated well
the studied concepts.
Notice that a large number of problems was chosen from real life situations
familiar to the student. This is done in an effort to consolidate the link that exists
between the daily life and mathematics.
We have two wishes. The first is to respect the time given for each chapter
that appears in the table of contents. The second is the use of the calculator, which
is demanded in the new program.
We hope that this work will be useful to the student of the 7th year and that it
will contribute in improving the teaching of mathematics.
We will be happy and thankful for any suggestion, criticism or advice.
The Authors
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
1. Geometry : the essential to start ..................................... 7
2. Addition and subtraction of integers ........................... 17
3. Multiplication and division of integers ........................ 29
4. Location ........................................................................... 37
5. Statistics .......................................................................... 51
6. Powers ............................................................................. 61
7. Prime numbers ............................................................... 73
8. Writing a natural number as a product of

prime factors ................................................................... 81
9. Greatest common divisor and least common

multiple of two natural numbers .................................. 87
10. Triangles - Remarkable lines in a triangle ................ 95
11. Congruent triangles (1) ............................................. 103
12. Fractions ..................................................................... 111
5
13. Decimal fractions ....................................................... 121
15. Algebraic expressions ................................................ 141
16. Expanding - Factorization ......................................... 153
18. Equations .................................................................... 167
19. Parallel lines (1) .......................................................... 179
20. Parallel lines (2) .......................................................... 187
21. Proportions ................................................................. 199
22. Translation .................................................................. 215
23. Fixed points and variable points - Constructions ... 223
24. Space Geometry ......................................................... 235
6
1
GEOMETRY: The essential
to start
1
Objectives
• Know the definition of a straight line, a semi-straight line

(ray) and a segment.
• Know the definition of an angle, an acute angle, a right
angle and an obtuse angle.
• Know the definition and the properties of the
perpendicular bisector of a segment.
• Know the definition of the symmetry of a point with
respect to a point and with respect to a line.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Straight line - Semi-straight line - Segment of a line

2 - Angles
3 - Perpendicular bisector of a segment
4 - Circle
5 - Symmetry
EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS
TEST
7
Course
1 STRAIGHT LINE - SEMI-STRAIGHT LINE -

SEGMENT OF A LINE
• (xy) is a straight line. It is also denoted by (AB) or by (d). y
• [Ay) and [Bx) are two rays. (d)
B
A
x
(d) and (d′) intersect (this means that they have one point in
(d)
A common). They are said to be secant (intersecting) at A or
concurrent.
(d’) A is their intersection point.
• (d) and (d′) do not intersect. They are parallel. (d)

• From point A, only one parallel (d′) can be drawn to (d). A
(d’)
• [AB] is a segment.
A B A and B are its extremities.
• If I is the midpoint of [AB], then IA = IB.
I
2 ANGLES

1º) • xOy is an angle of vertex O. x
[Ox) and [Oy) are its sides.
• To measure it, the chosen unit is the degree (denoted by
°). O
• The protractor is the instrument used for measuring
angles. y
x

2º) xOy is a right angle :

xOy = 90°.
O y [Ox) is perpendicular to [Oy).
8
x

O 3º) xOy is an acute angle : 0 < xOy < 90°.

4º) [Ox) and [Oy) are two opposite rays. 5º) xOy is an obtuse angle :

90° < xOy < 180°. x
xOy is a straight angle :

xOy = 180°.
o
180
x y
O
y
O

6º) xOy and zOt are vertically opposite angles, as well z x
O
as zOx and yOt.
We have :

t y
xOy = zOt and zOx = yOt.
.A
7º) AH is the distance from A to (xy).
x y
H

8º) xOy and yOz are adjacent since they have : O x
• the same vertex O.
• a common side [Oy).
• [Ox) and [Oz) are situated on opposite sides of [Oy). y
O y z

9º) [Ou) is the bisector of xOy :

it divides xOy in two adjacent and equal angles.
u
xOu = uOy.
x
9
10º)
z
y
y
x z x
O O

xOy and yOz are xOy and yOz are
adjacent and complementary : adjacent and supplementary :

xOy + yOz = 90°. xOy + yOz = 180°.
3 PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR OF A SEGMENT

y
• (xy) is the perpendicular bisector of [AB]. It
M
is perpendicular to [AB] at its midpoint I.
• M and N belong to (xy) , the perpendicular A B

I
bisector of [AB], therefore :
MA = MB and NA = NB.
N
x
4 CIRCLE A
D
• O is the center of the circle.
• [CD] is a diameter of the circle . C and D are two R
diametrically opposite points.
• [AD] is a chord of the circle . O
• [OA] is a radius of the circle .
OA = OC = OD = R
• A diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the C
circle. The measure of the diameter is double that of the
radius : CD = 2R .
10
5 SYMMETRY
(d)
1º) (d)
A .
E E′
O
C . .
A′ F F′
• A and A′ are symmetrical to each other The symmetric of segment [EF] with
with respect to (d) if (d) is the respect to (d) is segment [E′F′] where (d) is
perpendicular bisector of [AA′]. the perpendicular bisector of [EE′] and of
• If C is a point of (d), then it is the [FF′].
symmetric of itself with respect to (d). We have : EF = E′F′.
2º) A O A′
x y
A′ is the symmetric of A with respect to O if O is the midpoint of [AA′].
The symmetric of [AB] with A B

respect to O is [A′B′], where O is
O
the midpoint of [AA′] and of [BB′].
We have AB = A′B′.
B′ A′
Exercises and problems

For testing the knowledge
1 Answer the following questions using the figure below :
x A B C y
1º) Name the segments.

2º) Name the rays.
3º) Place point I , the midpoint of [AB] and J, the midpoint of [AC].
4º) Place point M on (xy) such that C is the midpoint of [BM].
5º) Place point E on (xy) such that AE = 2 cm.
Is there another point F of (xy) situated at 2 cm from A?
11
GEOMETRY: The essential to start
2 On line (xy), place the points A, B, C and D in this order such that AB = CD .
1º) Show that AC = BD .
2º) Let I be the midpoint of [BC]. Show that I is the midpoint of [AD].
3º) (d) is perpendicular to (xy) passing by I and E is a point of (d).

a) is EB = EC ? Justify .
b) is EB = ED ? Justify .
c) is EA = ED ? Justify .
3 On a straight line (xy), place in order the points A, C, B and D with AB = CD .

1º) Show that AC = BD .
2º) Let I , J and K be the midpoints of [AC], [BC] and [BD] respectively.
Show that : a) AB = 2IJ .
1
b) JK = CD .
2
c) AD + BC = 2IK .
4 t
x I
y
O
s z
Using the figure above : 6º) Answer by true or false :

1º) Name a right angle and a straight angle. a) uOt and sOx are vertically opposite.
2º) Name an acute angle and an obtuse
b) yOu and yOt are adjacent
angle.
complementary.
3º) Name two vertically opposite angles.

4º) Name two adjacent angles. c) zIy and yOu are adjacent.

5º) Name two adjacent complemen-tary d) uOx and xOs are adjacent
angles and two adjacent supplementary
angles. supplementary.
e) (xy) and (su) are perpendicular.
12
5 Calculate x in each of the following 8 In the figure below, we have

cases:
xOy = zOt .
1º) t z
O
25°
y
x 16°
r
O
2º)
x y z t
z
y
1º) Show that xOz = yOt .
37° x 25° 2º) Let [Oy) be the bisector of angle
t r
O yOz . Show that [Ou) is the bisector of

xOt .

6 1º) Draw an angle xOy = 80°.
2º) Construct [Oz) knowing that [Ox)

is the bisector of yOz. 9 Given that rIm = sIn .

3º) Construct xOt adjacent and

supplementary to xOy. Calculate xOt.
I
4º) [Ou) is the ray opposite to [Ox).

Calculate yOu.
5º) What can be said about angles

xOt and yOu ? Compare them.

7 mOn and nOp are two adjacent r s m n

supplementary angles with mOn = 50°.

1º) Calculate nOp. 1º) Show that rIs = mIn .
2º) [Ox) and [Oy) are the bisectors of 2º) Let [Iu) be the bisector of angle

rIn . Show that [Iu) is the bisector of
mOn and of nOp respectively.

angle sIm .
Calculate xOy.
13

10 xOy and yOz are two adjacent complementary angles. [Ou) and [Ov) are the bisectors of

xOy and yOz respectively. What is the measure of uOv ?

11 xOy and yOz are two adjacent supplementary angles. [Ou) and [Ov) are the bisectors of

xOy and yOz respectively. What is the measure of uOv ?
12 1º) Draw, using the ruler and the set square, the perpendicular bisector (xy) of [AB].
A B
2º) Place a point T on (xy). Compare TA and TB.
3º) Place a point F such that FA = FB.
Where is F found ?
For seeking
13 (xy) and (zt) intersect at O . 14 In the figure below, [Ou) is the

bisector of the two angles zOt and

y xOy .
z O O
t

1º) Show that : a) zOy = xOt .

b) yOt = zOx .
x z t y
2º) Let [Ou) be the bisector of zOy , u
[Ov) is the opposite of [Ou) . Show

1º) Show that xOz = tOy .
that [Ov) is the bisector of xOt .
14
15 In the adjacent figure, the two circles 17 [Ox) and [Oy) are two semi-lines. A
of centers M and N have the same and B are two points of [Ox), C and D
radius and are secant at A and B . are two points of [Oy) with :
A OA = OC and OB = OD .
1º) Show that AB = CD .
M N 2º) Let I be the midpoint of [AC] .
Show that (OI) is the perpendicular
B
bisector of [AC] .
1º) Is (MN) the perpendicular bisector
3º) Let J be the midpoint of [BD] .
of [AB] ? Justify.
Show that (OJ) is the perpendicular
2º) Which line is the perpendicular
bisector of [BD] .
bisector of [MN] ? Justify.
4º) The perpendicular bisector of
[OA] cuts (OI) at H . Show that H
is equidistant from the points O, A
and C .
16 Ziad drew a circle and forgot to place
its center I . 18 (d) and (d′) intersect at I .
Can you help him place I ? Justify. E and F are two points of (d) such that
IE = IF .
(C) A and B are two points of (d′) such
that IA = IB .
1º) Show that AF = BE and AE = BF .
2º) The perpendicular bisectors of
[BE] and [BF] meet at O . Show that
O is equidistant from the three points
B, E and F .
19 A is a point in the interior of the acute

angle xOy .
1º) Construct I and J , the symmetrics
of A with respect to [Ox) and (Oy)
respectively.
2º) What do [Oy) and [Ox) represent
for [AJ] and [AI] ?
3º) Show that OI = OJ .
15
Test
1 Show that I , the center of the circle passing B

through A, B and C belongs to the
perpendicular bisectors of [AB], [AC] and A C
I
[BC].
(3 points)
2 In the adjacent figure, A is a point of (xy) x

and B is a point that does not belong to (xy). A
1º) Draw (uv) the perpendicular bisector

y
of [AB] . B
2º) Let O be the intersection point of (uv)
and (xy) . Does the circle of center O and
radius OA pass through B ? Justify.
(3 points)
3 Let I be a point on (d). A and B are two points of (d), symmetrical with respect to I .
E and F are two points of (d), symmetrical with respect to I .
1º) Show that AE = BF .
2º) Show that EB = AF . (4 points)
16
2
ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
DECIMAL NUMBERS
1
Objectives
• Recognize a decimal number.

• Represent the decimal number on an axis.
• Recognize the opposite of a decimal.
• Compare two decimal numbers.
• Add two decimal numbers.
• Change the subtraction of two decimal numbers into
addition.
• Perform calculations on decimal numbers.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Decimal numbers
2 - Location on a graduated axis
3 - Opposite decimal numbers
4 - Comparison of two decimal numbers
5 - Addition of decimal numbers
6 - Subtraction of decimal numbers
7 - Methods of calculation
TEST
17
Course
1 DECIMAL NUMBERS
Definition
A decimal number is preceded by a + sign or a – sign.
• It is said to be positive if its sign is +
• It is said to be negative if its sign is –
Attention : Zero is the only number which is at the same time positive and negative.
EXAMPLES
• The number + 3.5 is positive.

• The numbers – 5.7 and – 3 are two negative numbers.
• The numbers + 2.6 ; – 3 ; + 4 and – 7 are decimal numbers.
• The numbers + 4.2 ; – 5.11 and + 6 are decimal numbers.
• + 4.2 and + 6 are positive numbers.
• – 5.11 is a negative decimal.
2 LOCATION ON A GRADUATED AXIS

x′ C B O A x
–3 –2 –1 0 +1
The figure above represents a graduated straight line called axis ; O is its origin.
• A is the point of abscissa + 1 and B is the point of abscissa – 2 .
We denote them by A(+ 1) and B(– 2).
• The sense from O to x is the positive sense, whereas from O to x′ is the negative sense.
• Any number is represented on the axis by a point called the image of this number.
• OA = 1 ; 1 is the distance to zero from + 1 .
• OC = 3 ; 3 is the distance to zero from – 3 .
Application 1
x′ C O x
Using the axis above of origin O ,

1º) What is the abscissa of point O?
2º) What is the abscissa of point C?
3º) place the images of the numbers – 5 , + 3.5 and + 5 .
4º) place the points E and F whose distance from zero is 3 .
18
3 OPPOSITE DECIMAL NUMBERS
D B O A C x
x′
–3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
• The points A and B on the axis above are symmetrical with respect to the origin O ; their
abscissas are said to be opposite .
• + 1 is the opposite of – 1 , and – 1 is the opposite of + 1 .
• – 1 = opp (+ 1) and + 1 = opp (– 1) .
• – 1 and + 1 are two opposite numbers .
• opp (0) = 0 .
Application 2
What are the opposites of the following decimal numbers : + 3 ; – 7 ; + 2.1 ; 0 ; – 4.3 ; – 2 ; + 1.1 ?
4 COMPARISON OF TWO DECIMAL NUMBERS
In order for two numbers to be compared, they should be placed on an axis. The one that is to the
left is the smaller.
• – 5 is to the left of – 2 : – 5 < – 2

–5 –2 0
• – 2.5 is to the left of + 1 : – 2.5 < + 1

–2.5 0 +1
• + 1.5 is to the left of + 3 : + 1.5 < + 3

0 1.5 3
• – 2 is to the left of 0 : – 2 < 0
–2 0
• 0 is to the left of + 1 : 0 < + 1 .

0 1
Application 3
Complete by < or >
1º) – 7.1 ... + 2.8 2º) 0 ... – 15.3 3º) + 3 ... – 5
4º) + 2.15 ... + 5.01 5º) – 3.11 ... 0 6º) – 2.93 ... – 2.01
19
5 ADDITION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Activity
O
–3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
An ant is moving on the graduated axis above, where the chosen unit is the centimeter.
If it moves 3.5 cm to the right, it is said to move by + 3.5 .
If it moves 2.7 cm to the left, it is said to move by – 2.7 .
The ant went from O to + 3 , then moved by + 2 . Will its position be on + 5 ? We write :
(+ 3) + (+ 2) = + 5 .
1º) Starting from O , the ant moves by + 4 then by – 5 . What will be its position ? Complete :
(+ 4) + (– 5) = …
2º) The ant moves by – 2 then by – 3 .
Complete : (– 2) + (– 3) = …
1º) Sum of two decimal numbers having the same sign

To add two numbers having the same sign :
- add their distances from zero,
- the result is written with the sign of these two numbers.
EXAMPLES
1º) (+ 3) + (+ 5) = + 8 2º) (– 3) + (– 5) = – 8
2º) Sum of two decimal numbers having opposite signs

To add two numbers of opposite signs :
- calculate their difference,
- the result is written with the sign of the number having the longer distance from zero.
EXAMPLES
1º) (+ 8) + (– 3) = + 5 2º) (– 8) + (+ 3) = – 5
3º) (+ 3) + (– 3) = 0 4º) (+ 7) + opp (+ 7) = 0 .
Remark
The sum of two opposite numbers is equal to zero.
Application 4
Perform the following :
1º) (+ 3) + (+ 16.5) 2º) (+ 4.25) + (– 6.75) 3º) (– 2.5) + (– 12.5)
4º) (+ 13.9) + (– 13.9) 5º) (+ 7.8) + (– 3.2) 6º) 0 + (+ 14.27) .
20
6 SUBTRACTION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
To subtract a decimal number from another, its opposite is added to the other.
EXAMPLES
1º) (+ 3) – (+ 2) = (+ 3) + opp (+ 2) = (+ 3) + (– 2) = + 1
2º) (– 5) – (– 3) = (– 5) + opp (– 3) = (– 5) + (+ 3) = – 2
3º) (+ 2) – (– 5) = (+ 2) + opp (– 5) = (+ 2) + (+ 5) = + 7
Application 5
Perform :
1º) (– 15.1) – (– 4.9) 2º) (– 30) – (– 30) 3º) (+ 5.3) – (– 3.2)
4º) (+ 35.5) – ( – 35.5) 5º) (– 20) – (+ 20) 6º) (– 17.8) – (– 17.8)
7 METHODS OF CALCULATION
Calculate :
A = (– 5.2) + (+ 6.3) + (–14.5) + (+ 5.2) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4).
1st method A = (– 5.2) + (+ 6.3) + (– 14.5) + (+ 5.2) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4).

We group the opposite numbers.
A = (– 5.2) + (+ 5.2) + (+ 6.3) + (– 14.5) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4)
A= 0 + (+ 6.3) + (– 14.5) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4).

We group the numbers of the same sign.
A = (+ 6.3) + (+ 8) + (– 14.5) + (– 30.4).
We add
the numbers of the same sign.
A= (+ 14.3) + (– 44.9).
A = – 30.6 .
21
2nd method Start adding from left to right :
A = (– 5.2) + (+ 6.3) + (– 14.5) + (+ 5.2) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4).
A= (+ 1.1) + (– 14.5) + (+ 5.2) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4).
A= (– 13.4) + (+ 5.2) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4).
A= (– 8.2) + (+ 8) + (– 30.4).
A= (– 0.2) + (– 30.4).
A= – 30.6 .
Application 6
Calculate in two different methods :
A = (+ 4.7) + (– 3.8) + (– 6.2) + (– 4.7) + (+ 13.1) + (+ 3.8),
B = (– 5.21) + (+ 8) + (– 13) + (+ 13.7) + (– 7) + (+ 5.21) .
22
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Course

1 Complete the following table.
a opp (a) distance to zero from a distance to zero from opp (a)
–5
+ 49
– 7.2
+ 12.5
+ 9.4
2 Complete : A O B
x′ x
–4 0 +4
1º) – 4 and + 4 are the ... of the points A and B respectively.
2º) Since the abscissas of the points A and B are ... , then A and B are ... with respect
to O ; point O is therefore the ... of [AB].
3º) + 4 is the distance to ... from – 4 .
3 Draw an axis x′Ox.

Plot on this axis the points A(+ 1) , B(+ 4) , C(– 5) , D(+ 2.5) , E(– 2.5) and F(– 4).
a) What is the midpoint of [BF] ? the midpoint of [DE]?
b) Find OB, OC and EF.
23
4 Arrange from the least to the greatest.

a) – 31.4 ; – 27 ; – 31.14 ; – 3.1 ; – 31.04 ; – 31.42.
b) – 19 ; – 3.13 ; – 19.5 ; – 19.51 ; – 3.01 ; – 3.10.
5 Calculate.
(+ 5) + (+ 7) (– 13) + (– 14) (– 9) + (+ 5)
(+ 14.2) + (+ 3.4) (– 15.2) + (+ 10) (– 7.1) + (+ 9.4)
(– 13.2) + (+ 13.2) (– 7.3) + (– 1) (+ 0.7) + (+ 11.2)
(– 10.05) + (+ 0.05) (+ 12.02) + (– 12.2) (+ 4.08) + (– 398)
6 Perform.
(+ 17) – (+ 18) (+ 13) – (– 19) (– 14) – (+ 15)
(– 13.2) – (– 15.1) (– 5) – (+ 5) (– 13.4) – (– 13.4)
(+ 386) – (– 12) (+ 32) – (– 582) (– 1234) – (– 1624)
7 Calculate using the fastest way:

A = (+ 115.2) + (+ 4.3) + (– 115.2).
B = (– 2123.5) + (+ 5.1) + (+ 2123.5).
C = (– 17.2) + (– 3) + (+ 15) + (+ 17.2) + (– 12).
D = (+ 12) + (– 12) + (– 9) + (+ 7).
8 Perform.
A = (+ 5) + (– 6) + (+ 10) + (– 7) + (– 5) + (+ 11).
B = (– 11123.6) + (+ 10) + (+ 1) + (+ 11123.6) + (– 10).
C = (– 5.2) + (+ 3.02) + (+ 5.02) + (– 3.2) + (+ 5.2).
D = (+ 3.5) + (– 6.2) – (– 3).
E = (– 5.2) – (– 3.5) + (– 5.5).
F = (– 3.4) – (+ 3.4) – (– 5.1).
G = (– 3.2) – (– 4.2) + (– 5.2) + (– 6.3) + (– 3.4).
H = (– 5.2) – (– 3) – (– 7.8) + (+ 0.5) + (– 0.7).
24
9 Answer by true or false.

1º) Any natural number is a decimal number.
2º) 0 is not a decimal.
3º) (– 5) and (+ 7) are two opposite decimal numbers.
4º) (– 15) and (+ 15) are two numbers of opposite signs.
5º) (– 7) and (+ 7) are two opposite numbers.
6º) A number is always greater than its opposite.
7º) The sum of two numbers having opposite signs is zero.
8º) The sum of two opposite numbers is zero.
9º) The sum of two numbers having the same sign is always positive.
10º) The sum of two numbers having opposite signs is negative.
1l º) The opposite of a number is negative.
12º) – 13.4 is less than – 12.4.
10 Choose the best answer.
Answers
Nº Questions
a b c
1 (– 4) – (– 5) = –9 1 +9
2 (+ 7) – (+ 2.3) + (– 7) = + 2.3 + 16.3 – 2.3
The abscissa of point A is

3 A B C
–1 0 +2
+5 +7
4 – 3.2 is less than – 3.23 – 3.1 – 3.21
25
For seeking
11 Given : a = (– 15) + (– 3) – (– 5),
b = (– 6) + (– 4) + (+ 6) and
c = (– 5.1) – (– 4.1) – (– 6.3)
Calculate : a, b, c, a – b – c, a – (b – c) and opp (a – b + c).
12 Calculate A , B and C then arrange them in increasing order.

A = (– 3.2) + (– 5.1) , B = (+ 9.1) – (+ 17.2) , C = (– 2.1) – (– 4.5) + (– 3.2) .
13 Find the path from A to F , always passing by a greater decimal number :

B C
A D
– 2.7 – 1.5
– 5.7 – 2.1
L P
E F
– 1.3 –2
– 2.9 3.8
M
K L
2.4
– 2.6 – 2.7
14 Find a negative decimal number x knowing that :

• x is written with four digits,
• these digits are 1, 3, 4 and 8,
• a digit is used only once,
• – 3.484 < x < – 3.471.
26
15 In a game, a question is asked to each member of two teams.

Each player has the right to try twice and the following scores were obtained :
- right answer at the first try + 0.5 ,
- right answer at the second try + 0.2 ,
- wrong answer at the second try – 0.3 .
The results obtained by the members of the two teams are recorded in the following
table :
1st team 2nd team
Name Answer Name Answer
Walid correct 1st try Zeina wrong 2nd try
Ziad correct 2nd try Nadine correct 2nd try
Rabih wrong 2nd try Nadia correct 1st try
Kamal correct 1st try Leyla correct 1st try
1º) Write the score of each player.

2º) Write the score of each team. Which team won ?
16 1º) On an axis x′x of origin O , locate point E of abscissa – 3 .
2º) What are the abscissas of the points of this axis whose distance from E is 4 ?
27
Test
1 Calculate using the fastest way. (6 points)

a) (+ 9.4) + (+ 4.6) + (+ 1.13) + (+ 3.4).
b) (+ 45.12) + (– 8.5) – (+ 14.12) + (+ 1.5).
c) (– 3.5) + (+ 5) + (– 8) – (– 3.5) + (+ 14) – (+ 19).
2 Calculate starting from left to right. (2 points)

(– 2.2) + (– 3.4) – (– 5.7) – (+ 8.2).
3 Arrange in increasing order the following numbers. (2 points)

– 2.1 ; – 2.03 ; – 2.13 ; – 2.8 ; – 2.73.
4 During a whole week, Sami wrote each morning the evolution of the temperature in °C,
with respect to the preceding day. (5 points)
Mon → Tues → Wed → Thur → Fri → Sat → Sun
+2 –4 +1 –3 –1 +4
Knowing that the temperature of Sunday morning was 14 degrees, find the temperature
of each day of the week.
5 These are 31 passengers in a bus.

At the first station, 9 passengers left the bus and 12 got on it.
At the second station, 6 passengers left and 2 got on it.
Find the new number of passengers on the bus. (5 points)
28
3
MULTIPLICATION
AND DIVISION
OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
1
Objective
Know and use the rule of multiplication and of division of

two decimal numbers having the same sign and having
opposite signs.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Multiplication of two decimal numbers

2 - Conventional writing
3 - Division of two decimal numbers
4 - Order of calculation
TEST
29
Course
1 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DECIMAL NUMBERS
The product of two numbers having the same sign is a positive number.
(+) × (+) = (+) (–) × (–) = (+)
EXAMPLES
(+ 5) × (+ 6) = + 30 (– 4) × (– 6) = + 24 .
The product of two numbers having opposite signs is a negative number.
(–) × (+) = (–) (+) × (–) = (–)
EXAMPLES
(–3) × (+ 4) = – 12 (+ 2) × (– 8) = – 16 .
Attention
– (– 3) means (– 1) × (– 3) ; therefore – (– 3) = + 3
– (+ 5) means (– 1) × (+ 5) ; therefore – (+ 5) = – 5
+ (+ 2) means (+ 1) × (+ 2) ; therefore + (+ 2) = + 2
+ (– 3) means (+ 1) × (– 3) ; therefore + (– 3) = – 3 .
Application 1
1º) Calculate.
(+ 3) × (+ 7) (+ 6) × (– 6) – (– 2.3)
(– 5) × (– 8) (– 7) × (+ 1) – (+ 1.5)
0 × (+ 5) (– 6) × 0 + (– 4) .
2) Complete .
(+ 5) × … = + 20 (– 4) × … = + 12 … × (– 6) = – 42
(+ 3) × … = – 15 (– 5) × … = + 35 … × (+ 8) = – 40
… × (– 5) = + 60 … × (+ 5) = + 5 … × (+ 10) = 0.
30
2 CONVENTIONAL WRITING
A positive number is equal to its distance to zero.

+ 3 is written 3 ; + 1.5 is written 1.5 .
EXAMPLES
1º) + 2 = 2 ; + 11.8 = 11.8.

2º) The equality (+ 3) + (+ 5) = + 8 is written : 3 + 5 = 8.
3º) (+ 5) + (– 3) = + 2 is written : 5 – 3 = 2.
4º) (+ 2) – (+ 6) = – 4 is written : 2 – 6 = – 4.
5º) (+ 2) × (+ 3) = + 6 is written : 2 × 3 = 6.
6º) (– 2) × (– 3) = + 6 is written : – 2 × (– 3) = 6.
7º) (– 4) × (+ 5) = – 20 is written : – 4 × 5 = – 20.
8º) (+ 6) × (– 5) = – 30 is written : 6 × (– 5) = – 30.
Application 2
Perform.
1º) 5 – 3 – 15 + 6 + 7 = …
2º) – (– 24) = …
3º) 3 × (– 5) + 2 × (– 7) – 4 × (– 6) = … .
4º) 7 – (– 2) + (– 4) = ...
Remark :
The product of several numbers is :
• positive , if the number of negative numbers is even
• negative , if the number of negative numbers is odd.
EXAMPLES
1º) The product – 5 × 6 × (– 213) × (– 421) is negative .

2º) The product – 7 × (– 628) × 41 × (– 48) × (– 729) is positive .
31
Solved exercises 1º) Calculate A = – 4.5 – (– 2) + (– 3) + 1.2
A = – 4.5 + 2 – 3 + 1.2
A = – 4.3 .
2º) Calculate B = (8 – 7 × 2) + (– 5 – 1) – (– 5)
B = 8 – 14 + (– 6) + 5
B = 8 – 14 – 6 + 5
B=–7.
3º) Calculate C = 12 – 5 + [4.8 + (9 – 7) × 5] × 2

C = 12 – 5 + [4.8 + 2 × 5] × 2
C = 12 – 5 + [4.8 + 10] × 2
C = 7 + 14.8 × 2
C = 7 + 29.6
C = 36.6 .
3 DIVISION OF TWO DECIMAL NUMBERS

Divide the two numbers, then apply the following rule for the sign of their quotient :
(+) ÷ (+) = (+) ; (+) ÷ (–) = (–) ; (–) ÷ (+) = (–) ; (–) ÷ (–) = (+)
EXAMPLES
3
• 3 ÷ 5 = 0.6 is also written = 0.6 .
5
4 4
• 4 ÷ (– 5) = – (4 ÷ 5) = – 0.8 is also written = – = – 0.8 .
–5 5
–2 2
• (– 2) ÷ 8 = – (2 ÷ 8) = – 0.25 is also written = – = – 0.25 .
8 8
–6 6
• (– 6) ÷ (– 10) = 6 ÷ 10 = 0.6 is also written = = 0.6 .
– 10 10
Attention
0 0
• =0 ; =0. • We cannot divide by 0 .
5 –3
32
Application 3
Calculate .
– 11 – 13
1º) (– 7) ÷ (– 20) ; 2º) (– 5) ÷ 30 ; 3º) ; 4º) .
4 – 39
4 ORDER OF CALCULATION
To perform operations :
• Start by calculating inside the parentheses
• Multiplication and division in the order of their appearance
• Addition and subtraction.
EXAMPLES
A = 22 + 5 × (15 + 2) – 28 ÷ (10 – 6)
A = 22 + 5 × 17 – 28 ÷ 4
A = 22 + 85 – 7
A = 100 .

1 Complete the following tables.
1º) × –6 0 –2 – 0.5 2º) ÷ –6 12 0 – 13
–6 2 –3
0 –5
–2 12 4 3
– 0.5 – 10
33
MULTIPLICATION ANDDIVISION
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF DECIMAL
OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
NUMBERS
2 Calculate .
1º) 0.25 × 4 2º) 0.2 × 5 3º) – 0.125 × 8 4º) 2 × 0.5
5º) 0.0625 × (– 16) 6º) – 100 × 0.01 7º) – 2.5 × (– 0.4) 8º) 25 × (– 0.04)
3 Calculate.
1º) 15.2 – 15.4 2º) 2.25 – 1 3º) 15.2 × (– 15.4) 4º) 2.25 × (– 1)
–7 1 0 – 13
5º) 6º) 7º) 8º)
5 –2 –3 10
4 Calculate (you may use the calculator).

1º) 13.1 × 15.01 2º) – 10 × 0.1 3º) – 7.2 × 0
4º) – 16.3 × 5 5º) (– 100) × (– 0.02) 6º) (– 3.2) × (– 1)
7º) (– 14.2) × (– 23) 8º) (– 11.2) × 19 9º) (– 3) ÷ (– 100)
10º) 18 ÷ (– 12) 11º) (– 9) ÷ 25 12º) (– 16) ÷ 20
5 Calculate .
1º) 4 × (5 + 6) 2º) 4 × (– 5 + 6) 3º) – 4 × (– 5 + 6)
4º) – 4 × (– 5 – 6) 5º) 4 ÷ (5 – 6) 6º) 5 ÷ (7.2 – 7)
6 Perform .
1º) (– 3) × 2×(– 1) × (– 6) × 2 2º) (– 3) × (– 5) × 3 × 2 × (– 2)
3º) (– 3) × 2 × (– 1) × 2 × (– 4) × (– 1) 4º) (– 2.5) × (– 0.5) × (– 0.1)
7 Complete by the convenient decimal.

48 – 35
1º) – 5.3 × 16 = … × (– 16) 2º)
..........
=–8 3º)
.......... = 7
4º) 24 × (… – 5) = 0 5º) – 7.8 × (– 9.2) = … × 9.2 6º) .......... ÷ (– 7) = – 9
8 Perform.
1º) – 2 – (3.1 – 5) – (– 3 + 2.3) – 9 2º) – 3 [4.1 – (3 + 5.2)] – (1 – 3)
3º) – [4 – (3 + 2)] – (2.3 – 1) 4º) + 2 (3 – 6) – [– 1.5 – 1 + (– 3 + 5)]
34
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS

1º) If the product of two numbers is positive, then these two numbers are positive.
2º) The product of two numbers of opposite signs is negative.
3º) The product of two numbers is equal to the product of their opposites.
4º) (– 8) ÷ (– 5) = – 1.6 .
5º) – 9 – 5 = + 45 .
6º) – 7 + 7 × 2 = 0 .
7º) The product of a number by itself is positive.
8º) The product of seven negative numbers is positive.
9º) The product of four negative numbers is positive.
10º) 5 × 2 × [4 × 3 + 2 × (– 6)] × 10 = 0 .
10 Find the intruder .

A = – 4 × (6 + 5) B = – 2 × (– 11) × 2 C = – 4 × 6 + (– 4) × 5
D = 4 × (– 5 – 5) – 4 E = – 4 + 5 × (– 8) F=–4–5×8
For seeking
11 Calculate.
A = 15 + 3.2 × 2 B = – 16 + 5 × 2 C = 3.2 × (– 3) + 3 ÷ 5
D = 12 – 2 ÷ 4 + 5 × 6 E = 5 – 4 × 2 + 5 × (– 3) F = 15 – 3 ÷ 15 – 5 × (– 2)
12 Calculate.
A = – 5 × (– 6) – 3 × [– 5 – 3 × (– 4) + 6]
B = – 3 + 3 × [ – 6 – 7 × 2 + 3 × (– 4)] – 5 × (– 5 – 6 × 2)
C = – (– 3 – 5 × 4) – 5 × (– 4 – 3 × 2) – 5 × [– 9 – 3 × (– 2)]
D = 3.25 – 5.25 × [(3 – 5.2 × 3) × 5.1 – 5.1].
13 The product of two integers is – 8.

Find all the possible values of these integers.
14 Calculate .
A = – 4.2 – [– 5 – (8.3 + 16)] – (11.2 – 3)
B = – (2.4 – 1.5 – 5) – [12 – (– 1 + 2.1 – 5)] + (1.2 – 7)
C = 12 – (– 4.5 + 3.8) + [– 5 – (2.3 – 10 – 4.7)]
D = – 8 – (– 7) × (– 3.1) + 5.2 × (– 8) – (– 4.8)
E = (12 – 5 × 8) × (4 – 6 × 3) – (– 8.4) × (3.2) .
35
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Test
1 Calculate . (4 points)
A = 8 × 0.5 × (– 2) × (– 1)
B = – 2.5 × (– 4) × 10 × 0.1
C = – 7 × (– 6.1) × (– 0.1)
D = 0.1 × (– 10) + 3 ÷ (– 5) – 0.2 ÷ (– 10) .
2 Complete : (4.5 points)

– 7 × … = 3.5 7 ÷ … = 3.5 – 7 × … = – 3.5
+ 0.3 × … = 3 – 0.3 × … = 3 … ÷ (– 10) = – 5
– 8 × ... = – 0.8 9 × ... = – 0.09 – 1.3 × ... = 13
3 Pick a number, multiply it by – 2 and add to the result the double of the chosen number.
Repeat the same procedure with another number.
What do you notice ? (2.5 points)
4 Perform . (4.5 points)

A = – 3.5 + 4 – (– 9.5 + 1.5) – (– 3 × 2 – 0.2 × 5)
B = (3.6 + 6.4) × [2 + 3 × (5 – 9) + 10 – 3]
C = 10.5 – 2 × [(3 – 7.5) – 9 × (– 10 + 5.5)] .
5 Find the number which is equal to (– 10) times the double of 0.5. (3 points)
6 Below are two methods to calculate A = 2 × 5 + 7 : (1.5 points)
1st method 2nd method

A = 10 + 7 A = 2 × 12
A = 17 A = 24
• Indicate the correct one.
36
4
LOCATION
1
Objectives
• Recognize the abscissa of a point on an axis.

• Define an orthogonal system of axes x ′x and y′y and of
origin O and know how to locate a point of the plane.
• Locate a point in a system knowing its coordinates.
• Recognize the four quadrants of the plane with respect
to a system.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Abscissa of a point
2 - Location of a point in a plane
TEST
37
Course
1 ABSCISSA OF A POINT
x'Ox is an axis of origin O.
For every number x , we associate a point M of this axis.
x is called the abscissa of this point ; we write : x = O M
and we read «OM bar» (algebraic
measure).
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x′ B O A M x
EXAMPLES
• The abscissa of point M is 3 ;

OM = 3.
• The abscissa of point A is 1 ;
OA = 1.
• The abscissa of point B is – 2 ;
OB = – 2.
Remarks :
• The positive numbers are the abscissas of the points situated on [Ox).
• The negative numbers are the abscissas of the points situated on [Ox′).
• The distance from A to B is 3. We write AB = 3 or BA = 3.
If we go from B to A on [Ox), we write
BA = + BA = +3.
If we go from A to B on [Ox′), we write
AB = – AB = –3.
Application 1
1º) What are the abscissas of the points A and B on this axis ?
Complete
OA = ..... ;
OB = ..... ;
AB = ......
–3 –2 –1.5 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x’ B O A x
C
2º) Place the points C, D and E such that O = 3.5 , C
D = 1.5 and D
E = – 6.
3º) Deduce the abscissas of D and E.
38
2 LOCATION OF A POINT IN A PLANE
Activity
The following is the reading in degrees Celsius of the temperatures recorded during a winter day
in the Cedars from 6 in the morning until midnight.
Hours 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Temperature in
–8 –3 2 9 8 4 0 –2 –4 –5
degrees
1º) Represent in increasing order on the graduated axis (x′x) below these different temperatures.
We call O the point of this line where the temperature is equal to 0º.
2º) Let (y′y) be a perpendicular axis to (x′x) through O. On (y′y) place the hours as shown below.
Through the point I of (x′x) that represents 4º , draw the parallel to (y′y) and through the point J of
(y′y) that represents 16 hours, draw the parallel to (x′x). These two parallels meet at F. This point
indicates the time at which the temperature is 4º : It is denoted by F (4 ; 16).
Locate in a similar way the following points :
A (– 8 ; 6) ; B (2 ; 10) ; C (0 ; 8) ; D (–5 ; 24).
hours
y
24
H 22
20
18
J F
16
14
G
12
10
E 8
6
4
2 temperatures
I
x′ O 4 x
y′
39
3º) What do the points E, G and H represent ?
Location
To locate a point in the plane, a system is chosen :
• an origin O
• two graduated axes x′Ox and y′Oy perpendicular at O .
If the chosen units are not the same, the system is said to be orthogonal.
If the units on both axes are the same, the system is orthonormal.
negative abscissa positive abscissa

y
positive ordinate positive ordinate
5
L
4 B (2;4)
3 the abscissa of B is 2
the ordinate of B is 4
2 The coordinates of B
are 2 and 4
A(–1.5;1) 1
J F (1;1)
I K C x
x′
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 Abscissas’ axis
–1
–2 E (2;–2)
–3 D
negative abscissa
negative ordinate –4
positive abscissa
negative ordinate
Ordinates’ axis y′
40
1º) In the preceding system, point A is located by the numbers –1.5 and 1.
–1.5 is its abscissa and 1 is its ordinate. –1.5 and 1 are called the
coordinates of A. It is denoted by A (–1.5 ; 1).
To obtain the abscissa of A, draw from it a perpendicular to x′Ox , cutting
it at I : I is the orthogonal projection of A on x’x,
OI is the abscissa of A ;

OI = – 1.5.
To obtain the ordinate of A , draw from it a perpendicular to y′Oy cutting
it a J : J is the orthogonal projection of A on y′y, O J is the ordinate
of A ,
OJ = 1.
2º) The horizontal axis x′Ox is called the abscissas’ axis. The vertical
axis y′Oy is called the ordinates’ axis.
3º) The system divides the plane in four quadrants numbered

1 , 2 , 3 and 4 . Point B, for example, is found in the first
quadrant. Its coordinates are positive.
4º) All the points having a null ordinate (zero) are located on x′Ox . For
example, the points C (3 ; 0) and K (2 ; 0).
All the points having a null abscissa (zero) are located on y′Oy . For
example the points D (0 ; –3) and L (0 ; 4).
5º) The points having the same abscissa are located on a straight line
parallel to y′Oy . For example the points B (2 ; 4) ; E ( 2 ; –2) and
K (2 ; 0).
The points having the same ordinate are located on a straight line
parallel to x′Ox . For example the points A (–1.5 ; 1) , F (1 ; 1) and
J (0 ; 1).
Application 2
1º) Construct an orthonormal system (x′Ox, y′Oy) having as unit 1 cm .
2º) Locate in this system the points A (2 ; 1) ; B (–1 ; –1) ; C (0 ; 4) ; D (–3.5 ; 0) ;

E (3 ; – 4.3) and F (–1.7 ; 2.1).
3º) Find the coordinates of points H and K such that (AH) and (BK) are parallel to x′Ox and to
y′Oy.
4º) Indicate the quadrants to which the following points belong :

L (–3 ; –5) , M (4.4 ; –2) and P (531 ; –192).
41
LOCATION

1 Choose the best answer.
Using the axis x′Ox : -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x′ B O A x
1º) the abscissa of point A is : 2º)

AB=
+ 1 + 3 – 2 –3 +5 –5
Using the system (x′Ox, y′Oy) below :

3º) (1 , 2) are the coordinates of point : 5º)
OI =
C A B –2 +2 +1
4º) the coordinates of C are : 6º) the ordinate of D is :
(1 ; –2) ( 1 ; 2) +5 +4 0
(–1 ; –2)
I A
x′ O x
C
y′
42
LOCATION
2 (x′Ox, y′Oy) is an orthonormal system.
B
A N
x′ x
O
C
L
y′
1º) What are the coordinates of points A, B and C?
2º) Locate the points :

D (2 ; 0) ; E (0 ; –2) ; F (– 1 ; 2),
G ( – 4 ; 2) ; H (–2 ; 1) ; K (–2 ; 5).
3º) What can you say about the points B, F and G? C, H and K?
4º) Locate the points I and J, the orthogonal projections of A and B on x′x.
Find the coordinates of I and J.
5º) Locate the points R and T, the orthogonal projections of C and K on y′y.
Find the coordinates of R and T.
6º) Locate point M knowing that its orthogonal projections on x′x and y′y are N and L
respectively.
Find the coordinates of M.
43
LOCATION
3 Given the orthogonal system (x′Ox , y′Oy).
1º) Where are all the points having 0 as abscissa located ?
2º) Where are all the points having 0 as ordinate located ?
4 (x′Ox , y′Oy) is an orthonormal system.
State to which quadrant each of the following points belong :

A (–1 ; 2.5) ; B (3 ; 5.3) ; C (–2 ; 4) ; D (–3.1 ; –4.7);
E (3 ; –1.8) ; F (5 ; 6) ; G (–2.7 ; –16.4) ; H (7.03 ; –3).
5 Answer by true or false. (x′Ox, y′Oy) is an orthonormal system.

1º) The abscissa of a point is always a positive number.
2º) The ordinate of a point is a decimal number.
3º) If the abscissas of A and B are 2 and 5 respectively, then AB = –3.
4º) The coordinates of the origin O of the system are (0 , 0).
5º) The points E (2 ; 3) and F (3 ; 2) are coincident.
6º) Any point on x′Ox has its abscissa equal to zero.
7º) The point F (0 ; 3) belongs to y’Oy.
8º) The point H (–1 ; 2) is in the second quadrant.
9º) Given the points R ( 2 ; 3) and T (2 ; –5). The line (RT) is parallel to x′Ox.
10º)If J is the orthogonal projection on x′Ox of a point I of the plane, then (IJ) is parallel
to y′Oy.
For seeking
6 Without locating the points A(2 ; 6) , B(–3 ; 6) , C (–3 ; –5) and D (2 ; –5) in an
orthonormal system (x′Ox , y′Oy), explain why the straight lines (AB) and (CD) are
parallel to x′x.
What do you notice about (BC) , (DA) and y′y ?
44
LOCATION
7 The curve below represents the sale of new cars during the first seven months of a
year.
y number of cars
15000
12000
9000
6000
3000
number of
x′ x the months
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y′
1º) Which is the month of the maximum sale ?

2º) Which is the month of the minimum sale ?
3º) Complete the following table :
Number of the
1 7
month
Sale 4500 3000
4º) What is the total number of cars sold between the fourth and the seventh months ?
45
LOCATION
8 A game consists of throwing

arrows on the target represented y
in the adjacent figure. If the
arrow hits I , 20 points are won.
10 points are won if the arrow
hits the interior of the small
circle. 5 points are won if it hits
the space between the two
circles. I
Walid, Sami and Kamal have O
thrown each three arrows that x′ x
have fallen on the following
points :
(0 ; 1) ; (–1 ; 3) ; (–2.5 ; 0) for
Walid
(–2 ; 2) ; (2 ; 4) ; (–2 ; –2)
for Sami
I ; (–1.5 ; 2) ; (–1.5 ; 3) for Kamal.
y′
1º) Find the number of points gained by each.

2º) Who is the winner ?
9 The graph below represents the trajectory of a cyclist who left from O for 6 hours.
Distance in km
y
E
C D
A
B
x′ x
O
Duration
in hrs
y′
Complete :
He reaches A at ...... hr after having traveled ...... km.
He rests for one hour then leaves from B at ...... hr.
He reaches C at ........ hr after having traveled from B ....... km.
He leaves D at ...... hr . To arrive at E at ...... hr, he still has to cover ...... km.
46
LOCATION
10 1º) x′Ox is an axis of origin O.
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x′ O x
a) Place the points A, B, C and D of respective abscissas – 4 , + 2, + 4 and – 2.

b) Place point I , the midpoint of [AB]. What is its abscissa ?
Compare this abscissa with the half of the sum of the abscissas of A and B.
c) Calculate the abscissa of point J , the midpoint of [CD].
2º) (x′Ox , y′Oy) is an orthonormal system.
x′ x
O
y′
a) Find the coordinates of A and B.

b) Place I , the midpoint of [AB] and find its coordinates.
c) Compare the abscissa of I to the half of the sum of the abscissas of A and B. Do the
same for the ordinates.
d) Place the points C (3 ; –2) and D (–1 ; 4).
e) Calculate the coordinates of J , the midpoint of [CD] . Locate J.
47
LOCATION
11 In the system below, the green line represents the trajectory of a cyclist and the purple
line that of a driver.
y Distance in km
100
Tyre
90
80
60
Saida 50
40
20
hour
Beirut O
x′ x
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
y′
1º) At what time does the driver leave Beirut ?

2º) At what time does he pass by Saida ?
3º) At what time does the cyclist pass by Tyre ?
4º) At what time and at what distance from Beirut do the driver and the cyclist meet ?
12 Find a word made of five letters hidden among all the ones located in the system below.
y R
A T
S
I
L N
x′ x
O
P
y′
Use the following information to find these letters :

First letter : its abscissa and its ordinate are equal (non-zero).
Second letter : its abscissa and its ordinate are null.
Third letter : its abscissa is the third of its ordinate.
Fourth letter : its ordinate is the opposite of its abscissa.
Fifth letter : its abscissa is the half of its ordinate.
48
LOCATION
Test
1 The mysterious word :

(x′Ox , y′Oy) is an orthonormal system where the chosen unit is 1 cm.
a) Join the following points :
First : A (–5 ; –1) → B (–5 ; 3) → C (–3 ; 3) → D (–3 ; 2) → E (–5 ; 2),
then : F (–2 ; 3) → G (– 2 ; – 1) → H (– 0.5 ; – 1),
after : I (1 ; 3) → J (1 ; –1) → K (3 ; –1) → L (3 ; 3),
finally : M (6 ; 3) → N (4 ; 3) → P (4 ; 1.5) → Q (6 ; 1.5) → R (6 ; –1)
→ S (4 ; –1).
b) Find this mysterious word. (6 points)
2 a) In an orthonormal system (x′Ox , y′Oy) place the points A (–3 , –2) and B (2 ; 3).
b) The straight line (AB) cuts x′x at I and y′y at J. Find th coordinates of I and J. (3 points)
c) Place on (AB) the point C of abscissa 1 and the point D having – 1 as ordinate.
Find the coordinates of C and D. (5 points)
3 In the system below, given the figure of the form .

Find the coordinates of the points that make this figure, starting from the point (2 ; 3) .
(3.5 points)
y
x′ x
O
y′
49
LOCATION
4 While heating ice cubes, the

temperature was recorded every
minute and the results are shown in
the graph below.
Temperature
y (in degrees)
solid
+ liquid
liquid
x′ x
O duration
(in min)
solid
y′
1º)What is the initial temperature of the ice cubes ? (1 point)
2º)What is the temperature after three minutes ? after five minutes ? after ten minutes ?
(3 points)
3º)After how many minutes will the ice cubes become totally liquid ? (1.5point)
50
5
STATISTICS
1
Objectives
• Take and organize data.

• Represent in a table the values and the frequencies.
• Calculate the relative frequency of each value.
• Represent a statistical distribution in a bar diagram and
draw the frequency polygon.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Vocabulary
1 - Population - Individual
2 - Characters
3 - Frequencies and relative frequencies
4 - Solved exercise
2 - Representation: bar diagram
TEST
51
Course
1 VOCABULARY
Population - Individual
A statistical study consists of gathering and organizing information.
• The set on whom the study is done is called population. It may consist of people (students of a
class, employees in an enterprise, inhabitants of a village, etc ...) of objects (cars, items, etc ...)
of animals (hens, etc ...)
• Each element of the population is called individual : the student of a class, the employee, the
inhabitant, the hen...
Character
The studied aspect of a population is called character. Two types of characters are distinguished :
• The characters that can be measured. They are said to be quantitative (height, weight, number
of students, etc...). These characters have different values, also called modalities.
• The non-measurable characters. They are said to be qualitative (sex, color of eyes, kind of sport,
etc...). There are no values for these characters, only modalities.
Frequencies and relative frequencies

Activity
The number of books read during the first semester by the students of a grade 7 class, is given by
the following table :
Number of books read 0 1 2 3 4
Number of students 5 12 8 4 1
1º) What is the number of students of this class ?

(This number is called the total frequency of the class).
2º) a) What is the number of students that have read two books ?
(This number is called the frequency of the value 2).
What fraction of the class does it represent ?
(This number is the relative frequency of 2).
b) Calculate the frequency and the relative frequency of the students that have read only one
book.
3º) What does the number 5 represent in this table ?
4º) a) What is the number of students that have read at least two books ?
b) What is the number of students that have read less than two books ?
52
Definitions
• The number of individuals of a population is called the total frequency of the population.
• The number of individuals that verifies a specific value of a character is called the frequency of
this value.
frequency of a value
• The ratio is called the relative frequency of this value.
total frequency
Remarks :
• The sum of the frequencies of all the values is equal to the total frequency of the population.
• The relative frequency of a value or modality of a character is a number included between 0 and
1.
• The sum of the relative frequencies is equal to 1.
• The relative frequency may be expressed in percentage.
1
(The relative frequency = 0.2 is expressed by 20%).
5
Solved exercise
A survey done on the students of a grade 7 class about their favorite hobby gave the following
results :
Hobby Sports Movie Television Music Computer
Frequency 5 8 4 3 10
• The studied population is : the set of the students of this class.

• The individual is : Each student of this class.
• The studied character is : the favorite hobby. It’s a qualitative character. The modalities of this
character are : sport, movie, television, music and computer.
• The total frequency of this population is : 5 + 8 + 4 + 3 + 10 = 30.
• Eight students have the movies as their favorite hobby. We say that the frequency corresponding
to the «movies» is 8.
The preceding table, grouping all the different modalities of the character and their frequencies
is called table of frequencies.
3 1
• The relative frequency of the «music» is : 30 = 10 = 0.1 ; that is 10%.
53
• The table below, grouping all the different modalities of the character with their relative
frequencies is called table of relative frequencies.
Hobby Sports Movie Television Music Computer
Relative 1 4 2 1 1

frequency 6 15 15 10 3
Relative
frequency in 16.66% 26.66% 26.66% 13.33% 33.33%
percentage
1 4 2 1 1
We notice that : + + + + = 1 or 100%.
6 15 15 10 3
Application 1
A study made on 100 families on the number of their children gave the following results :
Number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 5 15 40 25 12 3
1º) What is the studied character ? Give its nature.

3º) What is the number of families that have more than three children ?
4º) What are the frequency and the relative frequency of the value «3» ?
Give in percentage, the relative frequency of this value.
5º) Represent the relative frequencies of this study in a table.
54
2 REPRESENTATION
Activity
number of students
age
The graph above represents the distribution of the students of grade 7 according to their age.
It is called a bar diagram of the frequencies.
1º) Complete the following table.
Age 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14

Number of students 10
2º) What is the frequency of the age 12?

3º) What is the total frequency of the sections of grade 7 ?
4º) What is the relative frequency of the age 12?
5º) Join the extremities of the bars. The obtained broken line is called the polygon of frequencies.
Bar diagram
The obtained results of a study may be represented in the form of tables, as in the preceding
examples. There are other methods too.
One of these methods is the bar diagram. We draw an orthogonal system where the abscissa axis
represents the values of the studied character, and the ordinate axis represents their frequencies or
their relative frequencies.
55
Below is a table showing the grades over 20 obtained on a test by the students of grade 7 .
Grade 6 9 10 14 16
Relative 1 4 2 1 1
frequency 6 15 15 10 3
The bar diagram representing the result of this study are the following :
Bar diagram of the frequencies

Frequencies
Grades
6 9 10 14 16
The broken line joining the extremities of the bars is called the frequency polygon.
Bar diagram of the relative frequencies

Relative frequencies
Grades
6 9 10 14 16
The broken line joining the extremities of the bars is called the relative frequencies polygon.
Application 2
Draw the frequency bar diagram of the study done in application 1.
56
STATISTICS

1 A survey done on the students of a class about their practiced activity gave the
following :
Sport Football Basketball Ping-Pong Tennis None
1º) What is the population of this study ?
2º) What is the studied character ? Give its nature.
3º) Calculate the total frequency of this population.
5º) Construct the frequency bar diagram.
6º) Calculate the relative frequency in percentage of the basketball.
7º) Represent in a table the relative frequencies.
2 300 students of a college are divided in : 100 semi-boarding students, 150 day-scholar
students and 50 boarding students.
1º) Represent this division in a table.
2º) Represent the division of the students in a bar diagram. Construct the frequency
polygon.
3º) Calculate the percentage of the day-scholar students.
4º) Represent the relative frequency in the table.

The following table represents the number of brothers and sisters of the students of a
grade 7 class.
Number of brothers and sisters 0 1 2 3 4

1º) The population is the set of the 6º) The relative frequency of the value
brothers ans sisters. «1» is 1 .
2º) The studied character is quantitative. 3
7º) 10% of the students of this class have
3º) There are three students who have
four brothers and sisters.
three brothers and sisters.
4º) The total frequency of the class is 30. 8º) There are ten students in this class
who have more than two brothers or
5º) The frequency of the value «2» is 10.
sisters.
57
STATISTICS
For seeking
4 In a maternity, the weighing of twenty newborns, expressed in kg, gave the following
results :
2.3 2.3 2.5 3.5 3.2 3 3 3.2

3.5 2.5 2.3 3 3 3.5 2.5 3.5
3 3.5 3 2.5
1º) Represent these results in a table showing the frequencies and the relative
frequencies in percentage.
2º) What is the most frequent weight ? the least frequent ?
3º) Represent the bar diagram of the percentages.
Construct the frequency polygon.
5 The bar diagram below represents the distribution of 32 test papers (the grades are
over 20).
Frequency
8
1 Grade
over 20
2 4 5 6 8 10 12 1314 16 18 20
1º) Translate these results in a table.

2º) Give the frequencies of the grades 8 , 16 and 20.
3º) Calculate the percentage of the students having 10.
4º) Calculate the number of students having less than 10.
5º) Calculate the number of students having more than 12.
58
STATISTICS
6 The 1 500 students of a college are divided in the following manner :

510 are in the pre-school cycle,
30% are in the primary cycle,
11
are in the elementary cycle.
50
Cycle Pre-school Primary Elementary Secondary
Frequency 510
Percentage 30
2º) Represent the frequencies in percentage in a bar diagram.
7 The graph below represents the frequency polygon of cars manufactured by a factory
during the first six months of the year 1997.
Frequencies
2 000
1 750
1 500
1 250
1 000
5 00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ju Month
1° Translate these results in a frequency table and deduce the total number of
manufactured cars.
2° Represent the relative frequencies in a table and draw the corresponding bar
diagram.
59
STATISTICS
Test
1 Answer by True or false. (7.5 points)
1° A dice is thrown twenty times. The number of times of appearance of each digit is
shown in the following table :
a) The studied character is qualitative. (0.5 point)
Digit 1 2 3 4 5 6
b) The studied character is quantitative. (0.5 point)
c) The number of appearance of 5 is 3. (0.5 point) Frequency 2 3 5 1 5 4
d) The frequency of 2 is 3. (0.5 point)
e) The relative frequency of 6 is 0.2 . (0.5 point)
2° The adjacent bar diagram represents the frequencies of movies watched by the
60 students of the grade Frequencies
7 class during the month 0.5
of January.
a) The population is
made of the movies
seen. (1 point)
b) The studied character 0.25
is quantitative. 0.2
(1 point)
c) The relative frequency
of “2” is 0.4 . (1 point) 0.05
d) 25 % of the students
have seen a movie. 1 2 3 4 Number of
(1 point) movies
e) The frequency of “3”
is 12 . (1 point)
2 “Autumn (12.5 points)

The dawn is less clear, the air is less hot
the sky is less pure, the evening is grim and the stars are less bright”
In this poem, the number of letters of each word is studied
(for example : stars : 5 letters)
1° Complete the frequency table. (3 points)
Number of letters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency (number of words) 0 3
2° Draw the relative frequency table. (3 points)

3° Draw the frequency polygon. (4 points)
4° a) What is the number of words made with more than four letters ? (1 point)
b) What is the percentage of these words ? (1.5 points)
60
6
POWERS
1
Objectives
• Use the notation an .
• Calculate the product and the quotient of two powers of the same
positive number.
• Calculate the product and the quotient of two positive numbers.
• Calculate a power of a power of a positive number.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Power of a positive number

2 - Properties
3 - Powers of 10
4 - Scientific notation
5 - Order of calculation
TEST
61
Course
1 POWER OF A POSITIVE NUMBER
Activity
Observe and complete the following table .
5×5= 52
...
4×4×4= 4
7×7×7×7= 74
...
8×8×8×8×8= 8
.................................................... = 36
.................................................... = 103
10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = ........................
Definition
• a is a strictly positive number and n is a natural number greater than 1 : a × a = a2 ; we read

« a squared » or « a exponent 2 ».
• a × a × a = a3 ; we read « a cubed » or « a exponent 3 ».
123
3
• a × a × … × a = an ; we read « a exponent n » or « a to the power of n ».
14243
n
a is called the nth power of a.
n
a is called the base and n is the exponent of this power.
Particular powers : a1 = a and a0 = 1.
EXAMPLES
73 , 75 , 72 are powers of 7 .
85 is called the fifth power of 8 . We read «8 exponent 5» .
62
2 PROPERTIES
Property Activity
1 1º) Calculate : 22 = … ; 23 = …
2º) Calculate : 22 × 23 = … ; 25 = …
3º) What do you deduce ?
Rule
a is a strictly positive number, m and n are two natural numbers :
am × an = am + n
EXAMPLES
• 54 × 53 = 54+3 = 57 .
• 102 × 10 = 102+1 = 103 .
• 74 × 73 × 7 = 74+3+1 = 78 .
• a2 × a3 = a5 .
Application 1
Write each of the following products in the form of one power :
45 × 42 ; 105 × 103 ; (12.3)4 × (12.3)5 ; 30 × 313 ; 42 × 45 × 43 ; a × a2 .
Property Activity
2 1º) Calculate : 22 = … ; 32 = …
2º) Calculate : 22 × 32 = … ; (2 × 3)2 = …
3º) What do you deduce ?
Rule
a and b are two strictly positive numbers, n is a natural number :
(a × b)n = an × bn
63
EXAMPLES
• (3 × 4)5 = 35 × 45 .
• (2.4 × 5.7)8 = (2.4)8 × (5.7)8 .
• (2 × 3 × 5)4 = 24 × 34 × 54 .
• (a × b)3 = a3 × b3 .
Application 2
Complete the following :
1º) (5 × 10)4 = 54 × 10… 2º) 158 × 138 = (15 × 13)…
3º) (… × 13.2)7 = 57 × (13.2)… 4º) (… × 5) 3 = 8 × 53.
Property Activity
3 2
1º) Calculate :
5
3
2 2 2
= × × = ...
5 5 5
23 2 × ... × ...
2º) Calculate : = = ...
53 5 × ... × ...
3º) What do you notice ?
Rule
a and b are two strictly positive numbers, n is a natural number :
an

a n
=
b bn
EXAMPLES
4 5
1º) ( 35 ) =
34
54
2º) ( 13
17 ) =
135
175
Application 3
5 …
1º) ( 43 ) =
45
…
2º) ( 137 ) …
= 135
13 5
3º) ( 89 ) …
= 913 4º) ( 86 ) …
= 35
64
Property Activity
4 3
1º) Calculate : (52) = 52 × 52 × 52 = 5
2º) Calculate : 52×3 = 5
....
....
3º) What do you notice ?
Rule
a is a strictly positive number, m and n are two natural numbers :
(am)n = am × n
EXAMPLES
• (175)3 = 175×3 = 1715

• [(3.4)2]4 = (3.4)2×4 = (3.4)8.
Application 4
5 … 6
1º) (84) = 8… ; 2º) [(…)3] = 1315 ; 3º) (7…) = 742 ;
2 5
4º) [( ) ]
5
3 =
510
…
…
; 5º) (53) = 518 ; 3
6º) (a2) = a .
...
3 POWERS OF 10
Numerical example
102 = 10 × 10 = 100 103 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000
Rule
n is a natural number : 10n = 1000
14243
…0
n
EXAMPLE
105 = 100 000
65
Application 5
103 104 100

1000 100 10 1 000 000 100 000 000
2º) Complete the following :

…
7 3 …
( )
10 = (0.7)
… …
; (3.7) =
37
102
; (…)
…
=
93
103
; ( 1.2
0.4 )
4.
= 3
4 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
A number in scientific notation is written in the form of : a × 10p where a is a decimal number
with 1 ≤ a < 10 and p is an integer.
EXAMPLES
• The scientific notation of 28400 is 2.84 × 104 .

• The scientific notation of 631.18 is 6.3118 × 102 .
Application 6
Complete the following table :
Number 3530 36.42 4.52

Scientific notation 2.718 × 102
5 ORDER OF CALCULATION
Numerical examples
1º) To calculate 53 × 2 , perform first the power 53 then the product 53 × 2 :
53 × 2 = 125 × 2 = 250 .
We say that the power has the priority over the multiplication.
2º) 53 + 23 = 125 + 23 = 148 .
The power has the priority over the addition.
66
3º) 53 – 50 = 125 – 50 = 75 .
The power has the priority over the subtraction.
4º) 152 ÷ 5 = 225 ÷ 5 = 45 .
The power has the priority over the division.
5º) 15 × 20 – 50 + 20 = 300 – 50 + 20 = 270 .
The multiplication has the priority over the addition and the subtraction.
6º) 28 ÷ 4 + 6 – 3 = 7 + 6 – 3 = 10 .
The division has the priority over the addition and the subtraction.
Remark :
The expressions of the type : 24 ÷ 3 × 5 ; 36 ÷ 6 ÷ 3 and 3 × 12 ÷ 6 are not allowed. There are
parentheses that are missing.
Rules
1º) In an expression without parentheses, where there are powers, products, divisions, additions
and subtractions, the calculation of the powers has the priority over the rest.
The following order is followed : powers, multiplications and divisions (in the order of their
appearance), then additions and subtractions.
2º) In an expression containing parentheses, the calculation inside the parentheses has the
priority over the rest.
EXAMPLES
• Calculate A = 2 × 4 × 32 – 24 ÷ 23 + 52 × 4 × 2.
A = 2 × 4 × 9 – 24 ÷ 8 + 25 × 4 × 2
= 72 – 3 + 200
= 269.
• Calculate B = 3 × (2 + 52) – 3 × (9 – 7)3.
B = 3 × (2 + 25) – 3 × 23
= 3 × 27 – 3 × 8
= 81 – 24
= 57.
67
POWERS

All the used letters represent strictly positive numbers.

1 Complete the following table.
The power it is read it’s it’s

a power of the product
43 4 exponent 3 4 4×4×4
104
7 exponent 5
8×8×8×8
2 Write the following in the form of a 4 Write in the form of a power of 10.
power : 1000 ; 100 000 ; 1 ;
1º) The square of 4. 10 ; 1 000 000 000 ;
5 10 × 10
2 5 ; (10 )4 5 ;
2º) The cube of .
7 (10 ) × (10 )
2 3 7 2 ; (10 × 10 )
7 5 2 ;
3º) The fifth power of 7. 10 × (10 ) .
16 3 4
4º) 8.9 exponent 9.
5º) 10 exponent 3.
1
6º) The power of exponent 7 . 5 How many zeros are found in the
3
writing of each of the following
7º) The opposite of the square of 13.2.
numbers ?
8º) The opposite of the fourth power 2
(104) ; 104 × 102 ; 105 × 104 ;
of 19. 10
107 × 100 ; (1010) ;
9º) The square of x . 0
10 × 10
10 10 ; (10 × 1015) .
18
3 1º) Calculate : 23 ; 33 ; 43 ; 53 ; 63. 6 Write the following in scientific

2º) Find the intruder : notation.
737 million ; 85 billion ;
1 1 1 1 1
71 hundred thousand ; 240 million ;
8 ; 27 ; 216 ; 144 ; 64 .
13.7 billion.
68
POWERS
7 Complete. 10 Write each of the following

… … expressions in the form of products of
1º) b7 = b2 × b 2º) 1 000 000 = 10
… … 2, 3, 5, 7 or 11.
3º) x2 × x = x9 4º) (a × b) = a7 × …
… … A = (2 × 5)3 × 22 × 53
5º) (102) = 108 6º) a × an × a = an +3
B = 32 × 7 × (5 × 3)4 × 7
4 ...
= 3
2 2 4 2 2
7º) × × C = 92 × 27 × (52)3 × 25
3 3 3
D = 9 × 16 × (27 × 4)2
2 ...
5 = 5
3 3 8
8º) . E = 55 × (2 × 32)2 × 222.
11 Calculate each of the following

expressions.
A = 3 – 42 B = –7 + 32
8 Write the following in the form of
C = 5 × 2 – 42 D = 2 × 32 – 7 × 2
one power :
3 8 3 9 E = 32 × 5 – 5 × 23 F = – 52 – 72
27 × 25 ; ×
5 5 G = 140 × 3 – 6 × 33 H = –72 + 32 × (–2)
921 ×9 ; (5.1)4 × (5.1)14
I = 32 × 23 – (2 × 5)2 .
(10.2) × (10.2)12 ; 22 × 47
23 × 46 ; 36 × 915
12 Perform.
25 3 2

5
82 × 16 ; × A = (13 – 2 × 5)2 + 16
9 3
3 2 B = (26 – 22 × 5)2 – 2 × 3
3 × 3 .
2 a a
(a3) × a ;
C = 32 – (– 5 + 2 × 3)2
D = 52 × 2 – 3 × (52 – 3 × 8)100
9 Write the following in the form of a E = 5 × 104 + 4 × 103 + 2 × 102
product of two powers :
F = (9 – 2 × 4)5 – 7 × 22 + (5 – 3)2.
25 × 23 × 311 × 39
39 × 52 × 310 × 517 13 Calculate in the most rapid way.
(23)2 × (35)3 × 2 × 32 A = 45 × (0.25)5 B = 510 × (0.2)10
(7.2)3 × 510 × (7.2)17 ×7.2 × 5 C = 5013 × (0.2)13 D = 405 × (0.025)5
(3.5)7 × (7.01)4 × (3.5)13 × (7.01)9 E = 411 × (0.25)11 + 14 × 811 × (0.125)11
(a2)5 × (b2)6 × a5 × b F = 25 × 54 G = 813 × (0.125)12
(a3 × b2)5 × (a4 × b3)2 × a. H = 9 × 512 × (0.2)11 + 10013 × (0.01)13 .
69
POWERS
14 Answer by true or false. 15 Complete .

4 5 ... 2...

2 2 2
1º) The square of three is equal to the 1º) × = =
3 3 3 3...
cube of two.
24 5 2...
2º) 42 = 24.
3º) (0.5)2 = 0.25.
2º)

7
=
7...
5 ...
3º) =
2 2
4º) (0.3)2 = 0.9. 3 ...
7 7
5º) 109 is a ten-digit number. 4 5 ...
4º) =
3 3
6º) 1013 is a thirteen-digit number. 8 3 8 ...
7º) 34 × 35 = 320. 2 4 ...

5º) =
3 9
...
8º) 134 + 135 = 139. 5 5
2 5 2 5 ...
9º) 33 + 33 + 33 = 34. 6º) = =
3 3 3
8 2 2 ... ...
64 6
10º) 4 = . 4 ...
7º) =
3 3 5 5
16 2 ...
143
11º) 3 = 23 . 6 ...
8º) = .
7 125 5
32 2 ...
12º) (105)2 is different from 1025.
16 Complete .
13º) 43 × 53 = 203.
3

27 ... 1
14º) (122)5 = 1210. 1º) = . 3º) (0.5)4 = .
8 ... 2...
15º) 62 × 34 = 186. 5 3

1 ... ...
2º) = . 4º) (0.4)3 = .
16º) 103 + 103 = 203. 32 ... ...
For seeking
17 Fill the box with the correct answer.
1º) 4 × 105 + 3 × 104 + 2 × 102 + 3 × 100 = 4323; 430203; 43023
2º) – 82 = – 16; 64; – 64
3º) – 121 = – 21; 1; – 1
4º) 32 + 42 = 72; 142; 52
5º) – 22 + 22 = 0; 8; – 8
6º) 2 × 52 = 102; 50; 20.
18 Complete according to the given example.

300 × 12 000 = 3 × 102 × 12 × 103 = 36 × 105.
4 000 × 1 100 = … ; 140 × 6 000 = … ; 502 000 × 70 = … ; 100 × 10 000 = ….
70
POWERS
19 Write in the form of a product of three 24 Write in the form of one power the
powers. following :
4
1º) (2 × a2 × b3) × 2a2
32 2 9 3 33 2 3

3 3 9
2º) (3 × a3 × b2) × (32 × a5 × b) 1º) × 2º) ×
7 7 8 22
3º) 52 × 25 × 32 × 7 × 35
23 × 33 4 1 2
4º) 122 × 183 × 254 .

3º)
53
4º)(0.2)3 ×
52
.
20 The following are the respective
distances from the major planets to 25 Cross numbers (You may use the
the sun : calculator).
Jupiter : 7792 × 105 km
Pluto : 57 × 109 km Horizontally
Mars : 228 million km 1) 62 ; 104 – 1
Saturn : 1.4 billion km 2) fifth power of 3
Mercury : 59.14 million km
3) 34 × 28
Earth : 150 million km
4) 54 ; 54 – 102
Neptune : 4 500 000 000 km
Uranus : 2.87 billion km. 5) 8 × 105
6) 5 × 23
Write in scientific notation each of the 7) 106 + 8 × 105 + 103 + 102 + 1
above distances.
Vertically
1) 215
21 The human blood contains, on an
2) 22 × 42 ; 211
average, five million of red blood
cells per mm3. What is the total 3) 13 × 55 × 23
number of red blood cells in five liters 4) ...
of blood ? (1 liter = 1 dm3). 5) 56 × 6
6) 5 × 26
22 The physicist Avogadro proved that 7) 55 × 3 – 10.
18gm of water contain approximately 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6.03 × 1023 water molecules.
1
Calculate the number of water
molecules contained in 18 kg.
2
23 Write in scientific notation. 3
1º) (0.3)2 × 403
2 2

4
2º) × 602
5
3º) 0.027 × 53 × 42 × 6 5
4º) (0.02)3 × (40)6
5º) (0.8)2 × (60)3 6
2 2

6º) × (30)3 .
5
7
71
POWERS
Test
1 Answer by true or false. (3 points)
1º) 72 + 82 ≠ 152 . 2º) 1010 is an 11-digit number. 3º) 101 = 110 .

2
4º) (105) = 1025 . 5º) x × x = x2 .
2 Write each of the following expressions in the form of a product of powers of 2, 3, 5

or 7. (8 points)
1º) 24 × 42 × 25 × 7 × 21 = ..... 2º) 125 × 27 × 35 × 36 = .....
3º) 45 × 25 × 36 × 35 × 49 × 7 = …… 4º) 21 × 35 × 100 × 84 = ……
3 Complete : (3 points)
…
1º) ( 498 )… = …
26
; 2º)
10
(21)2 = 2
10
3 ×7
… ; [
3º) (3.2)2 ] =
230
10
… .
4 Write each of the following numbers in scientific notation :

1998 ; 2731.425 ; 134.05 × 104 ; (0.5)3 × (800)2 × 6 .
(2 points)
5 Perform .
A = 32 – 5 × (3 – 7) – 23 × (1.7 + 2.5 + 150.75)0 .
B = (19 – 3 × 6)12 – 13 × 22 + 15 – 2 × 33 . (4 points)
72
7
PRIME NUMBERS
1
Objectives
• Recognize a prime number.
• Recognize whether a number is prime or not.
• Apply Eratosthenes’ method to calculate all the prime

numbers less than 100.
• Know and use the algorithm of successive divisions.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Definition
2 - Prime numbers less than 100
3 - Recognize prime numbers
TEST
73
Course
1 PRIME NUMBERS
Activity
1º) Given the natural number 13.

a) Are 1 and 13 divisors of 13?
b) Does 13 have other divisors ?
c) What is the number of the divisors of 13?
d) Does 13 admit only two divisors ?
2º) a) List the divisors of 12.

b) What is the number of the divisors of 12?
c) Does 12 admit only two divisors ?
Definition
Let p be a natural number such that p ≥ 2.

p is said to be prime if it admits only two divisors : 1 and p.
Remark :
0 and 1 are not prime.
EXAMPLES
• 3 admits only two divisors : 1 and 3; 3 is therefore prime.

• 13 admits only two divisors : 1 and 13 ; 13 is therefore prime.
• 12 admits more than two divisors ; hence 12 is not prime.
Application 1
1º) List the divisors of 20. Is 20 prime ? Justify.
2º) State whether each of the following numbers is prime or not :
11 ; 15 ; 17 ; 24 ; 29.
74
2 PRIME NUMBERS LESS THAN 100
Activity
The goal of this activity is to find the prime numbers that are less than 100.
Below is the list of the natural numbers from 0 till 100.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
1º) Cross out the numbers 0 and 1 ( 0 and 1 are not prime).
2º) 2 is prime, so cross the multiples of 2 , except 2.
Result
The numbers that are not crossed out are the prime numbers less than 100.
This method is known as Eratosthenes’ method.
75
3 RECOGNIZE PRIME NUMBERS
Activity
The number 131
The divisor 2 3 5 7 11 13
The quotient 65 43 26
The remainder 1 2
What is the quotient of 131 by 13 ? Compare this quotient to 13.
2º) Complete the following table (stop once the obtained remainder is zero).
The number 187

The divisor 2 3 5 7 11 13 17
The quotient 93
The remainder 1
Is 187 prime ? justify.
Rule
To recognize whether a number is prime, we divide it successively by the prime numbers : 2,
3, 5, 7, … until we obtain :
- no remainder, hence the number is not prime,
- a quotient which is less or equal to the divisor with a non-zero remainder. The number is
therefore prime.
Application 2
State whether the following numbers are prime : 221 ; 367 ; 231.
Remark :
2 is the only even prime number.
76
PRIME NUMBERS

1 1º)Is 48 divisible by 2 ? Justify . 4º)Is 275 divisible by 5 ? Justify .
Is 48 prime ? Why ? Is 275 prime ? Why ?
2º)Is 309 divisible by 3 ? Justify . 5º)Is 927 divisible by 9 ? Justify .

3º)Is 728 divisible by 4 ? Justify . 6º)Is 1210 divisible by 10 ? Justify .

2 1º) Complete.
The natural The number

Its divisors Prime or not
number of its divisors
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
2º) List the prime numbers that are less than 14.
77
PRIME NUMBERS
3 Tell whether each number is prime or not :
7 ; 16 ; 23 ; 27 ; 29 ; 31 ; 100.
4 List the first ten prime numbers.
5 Give three divisors of 4 × 13 ; is 52 prime? Justify.
6 1º) Is11 prime ? 3º) Is (17 – 11) prime ?
2º) Is 17 prime ? 4º) Is (11 + 17) prime ?
1º) 31 is prime.
2º) Every odd number is prime.
3º) 1 is an odd prime number.
4º) 129 is not prime.
5º) Any prime number other than 2 is odd.
6º) 2 is the only even prime number.
7º) 0 is not prime.
8º) Any even number is not prime.
9º) Any even number other than 2 is not prime.
78
PRIME NUMBERS
For seeking
8 1º) List the divisors of 12.
2º) What is the least divisor of 12 other than 1?
3º) Is this divisor prime? Justify.
9 1º) List the divisors of 45 .
2º) What is the least divisor other than 1? Is this divisor prime? Justify.
10 1º) List the divisors of 30.
2º) Does 30 admit a prime divisor ? Which one ?
3º) Does 30 admit other prime divisors ? Which ones ?
11 Justify why each of the following numbers is not prime.
951 ; 10 101 ; 234 ; 13 × 17 ; 7 325 ; 5 × 7 × 12.
12 Are 437 and 491 prime ?
13 Find two prime numbers knowing that their sum is 50. List all the possibilities.
79
PRIME NUMBERS
Test
1 Are the following numbers prime ? Justify.

1 ; 5 ; 6 ; 13 ; 23 ; 27 ; 39 ; 41 . (4 points)
2 Justify why each of the following numbers is not prime.

10 011; (19 × 23); 7 171; 4 444. (2 points)
3 State whether each number is prime or not.

1º) 2 2º) 19 3º) (19 + 2) 4º) (19 – 2)
5º) 3 6º) 17 7º) (17 + 3) 8º) (17 – 3) . (4 points)
4 1º) What is the greatest prime number less than 26? (1 point)
2º) What is the least prime number greater than 24? (1 point)
5 Are 253 and 257 prime ? (3 point)
6 1º) Show that the sum of the three consecutive numbers :

16 ; 17 and 18 is not a prime number. (1 point)
2º) Do the same with 29 ; 30 and 31 (1/2 point)
7 Find two prime numbers having a sum of 30.

Are there many possibilities ? (2 points)
8 Give three examples of two prime numbers having their sum also prime. (1.5 point)
80
8
DECOMPOSITION OF A
NATURAL NUMBER INTO A
PRODUCT OF PRIME
FACTORS
1
Objective
Know how to decompose a number into prime factors.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Activity - Property
2 - Practical method of decomposition
TEST
81
Course
DECOMPOSITION OF A NATURAL NUMBER INTO

1 A PRODUCT OF PRIME FACTORS
Activity
Given the number 30.
2º) Complete : 30 = 2 × …
3º) Is 15 prime?
5º) Complete : 15 = 3 × …
6º) Is 5 prime ?
«2 × 3 × 5» is the only decomposition of 30 into a product of prime factors.
Property
Any non-zero natural number can be written as a product of prime factors, and this prime
factorization is unique.
EXAMPLE
42 = 2 × 3 × 7
82
2 PRACTICAL METHOD OF DECOMPOSITION
Write 180 as a product of prime factors.
Horizontal method
• 2 is the smallest divisor of 180 other than 1 : 180 = 2 × 90
Hence : 180 = 2 × 90
180 = 2 × 2 × 45
180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 15
180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
180 = 22 × 32 × 5
Vertical method
180 2
90 2
45 3
15 3
5 5
1
180 = 22 × 32 × 5
Application
Write the number 1188 as a product of prime factors.
83
FACTORIZATION

1 Write the following numbers as a 6 Verify that each prime factor of 24 is
product of prime factors 420 , 860 and also a factor of 840, but where its
3600 . exponent is less than the exponent in
the decomposition of 840.
2 Decompose in a product of prime
factors each of the following
numbers :
96 ; 962 ; 963 .
For seeking
3 a and b are two natural numbers such
that : 7 Decompose 144 in a product of prime
a = 23 × 3 × 52 and b = 24 × 3 × 5 factors.
Is a a divisor of b? Justify. Deduce that 144 is the square of a

number to be determined.
4 Decompose in a product of prime

8 Decompose 30 and 900 in a product
factors :
of prime factors.
450 ; 70 ; 450 × 70 ; 450 × 702
What do you notice about the
48 ; 482 ; 483 ; 42 × 123 ; 102 exponents of the prime factors ?
152 × 773 ; 84 × 213 × 333. Deduce that 900 is the square of 30.
9 Which number has for square :

5 Determine x and y so that the number
72 may be written in the form of : 32 × 52 ; 24 × 32 × 52 ; 26 × 72 × 44
y
72 = 2x × 3
84
FACTORIZATION
10 Decompose 1 728 in a product of prime factors.
Deduce that 1 728 is the cube of a number to be determined.
11 Write n and t in the form of a product of prime factors :
1º) n2 = 26 × 34 × 52 and t3 = 29 × 312 × 721.
2º) n2 = 23 × 35 × 63 and t3 = 312 × 73
3º) n2 = 26 × 34 × 52 and t3 = 29 × 106
4º) n2 = 54 × 106 and t3 = 36 × 209 .
12 Are the numbers below the divisors of 23 × 37 × 5 ?
1º) 23 × 35 3º) 24 × 34
2º) 23 × 3 × 5 4º) 23 × 5 × 7.
85
FACTORIZATION
Test
1 Write as a product of prime factors each of the following numbers :

15 147 ; 36 × 210 ; 4203 . (5 points)
2 Write 7 056 as a product of prime factors.

Deduce that 7 056 is the square of a number to be determined. (4 points)
3 Let a = 22 × 32 × 5 and b = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7 (3 points)

Is a a divisor of b? Justify.
4 Let x = 420 and y = 1 050

Write x and y in the form of a product of prime factors.
Deduce the prime factorization of :
x × y ; x2 ; y3. (5points)
5 Simplify.
(The result should be a product of prime factors)
1º) 23 × 32 × 7 × 22 × 3
2º) 35 × 52 × 72 × 32 × 52 × 13
(3 points)
86
9
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR AND
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE OF
TWO NATURAL NUMBERS
1
Objective
Perform the algorithms of the calculation of the G.C.D

and L.C.M of two natural numbers.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Finding the greatest common divisor (G.C.D) of two natural

numbers
2 - Other methods for determining the G.C.D of two natural
numbers
3 - Finding the least common multiple (L.C.M) of two natural
numbers
TEST
87
Course
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR OF TWO

1 NATURAL NUMBERS
Activity
1º) Write the divisors of 60.

2º) Write the divisors of 84.
3º) What is the greatest common divisor of 60 and 84 ?
4º) Find the prime factorization of 60.
5º) Find the prime factorization of 84.
6º) What are the common prime factors of 60 and 84?
7º) Calculate : 22 × 3 ; compare this result to that of 3º).
Finding the greatest common divisor G.C.D of two natural numbers
Find the G.C.D of 24 and 36.
1st method The divisors of 24 are : 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 24.

The divisors of 36 are : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 36.
The greatest common divisor of 24 and 36 is therefore 12 .
2nd method The prime factorizations of 24 and 36 are :

24 = 23 × 3 and 36 = 22 × 32.
The common prime factors of 24 and 36 are 2 , and 3,
so 22 × 3 = 12 is the G.C.D of 24 and 36.
We write : G.C.D (24 , 36) = 12 .
Rule
The G.C.D of two natural numbers a and b is the product of their common prime factors
found in their prime factorization, taken with their least exponent.
If the G.C.D of two natural numbers a and b is 1, then a and b are said to be relatively
prime.
88
Application 1
1º) Determine the G.C.D of 32 and 48.
2º) Show that 15 and 28 are relatively prime.
2 OTHER METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE G.C.D OF

TWO NATURAL NUMBERS
Determine the G.C.D of 110 and 45.
1st method For a > b, G.C.D. (a , b) = G.C.D (b, a – b)

G.C.D (110 , 45) = G.C.D (45, 110 – 45)
= G.C.D (45, 65)
= G.C.D (45, 65 – 45)
= G.C.D (45, 20)
= G.C.D (20, 45 – 20)
= G.C.D (20, 25)
= G.C.D (20, 25 – 20)
= G.C.D (20, 5)
= G.C.D (5, 20 – 5)
= G.C.D (5, 15)
= G.C.D (5, 15 – 5)
= G.C.D (5, 10)
= G.C.D (5, 10 – 5)
= G.C.D (5, 5)
=5.
G.C.D (110 , 45) = 5 .
This method is known under the name of difference.
Application 2
Calculate, using the method above, the G.C.D of 84 and 62.
2nd method 2 2 4
45 110 20 45 5 20
– 90 – 40 – 20
20 5 00
By this method, known under the name of successive divisions or Euclidean

Algorithm, the G.C.D is the last non-zero remainder.
G.C.D (110 , 45) = 5 .
89
Application 3
Use the Euclidean Algorithm to determine the G.C.D of 48 and 76.
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE OF TWO NATURAL

3 NUMBERS
Activity
1º) Write the first seven non-zero multiples of 8.
2º) Write the first seven non-zero multiples of 6.
3º) What is the least non-zero common multiple of 8 and 6?
4º) Write the prime factorization of 8.
5º) Write the prime factorization of 6.
6º) List the prime factors that appear in the factorization of 8 or of 6.
7º) Calculate : 23 × 3 ; compare this result to that of 3º).
Finding the least common multiple L.C.M of two natural numbers

1º) Find the L.C.M of 120 and 36.
120 = 23 × 3 × 5 and 36 = 22 × 32 .
L.C.M (120 , 36) = 23 × 32 × 5
= 360.
45 = 32 × 5 and 105 = 3 × 5 × 7.
L.C.M (45 , 105) = 32 × 5 × 7
= 315.
8 = 23 and 15 = 3 × 5.
L.C.M (8 , 15) = 23 × 3 × 5
= 120.
Rule
The L.C.M. of two natural numbers a and b is the product of all the prime factors of a
and b, each with the highest exponent.
90
Application 4
Let m be the L.C.M and d be the G.C.D of 70 and 84 .
1º) Determine m and d.
2º) Verify that : 70 × 84 = m × d .
Remarks :
1º) If a and b are relatively prime, then :
G.C.D (a , b) = 1 and L.C.M (a , b) = a × b .
EXAMPLE
2 and 15 are relatively prime.
G.C.D (2 , 15) = 1 and L.C.M (2 , 15) = 2 × 15 = 30.
2º) If a is a multiple of b, then :
G.C.D (a , b) = b and L.C.M (a , b ) = a .
EXAMPLE
18 is a multiple of 6.
G.C.D (18 , 6) = 6 and L.C.M (18 , 6) = 18.
Application 5
Determine the L.C.M and G.C.D of :
1º) 60 and 15 2º) 7 and 9 3º) 12 and 6 4º) 36 and 24 5º) 20 and 21
91
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR AND LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE OF TWO NATURAL NUMBERS

1 Determine the G.C.D of a and b in 4 A carpenter has two pieces of wood :
each of the following cases using the one measures 630 cm and the other
indicated method . 825 cm. He wants to divide them into
equal parts having the longest
1º) a = 315 and b = 280
possible length.
(decomposition into prime factors).
What will be the common length of
2º) a = 630 and b = 375 (Euclidean these parts ?
Algorithm).
3º) a = 18 and b = 54 (difference).
4º) a = 594 and b = 770 5 The number of students in a school is
(decomposition into prime factors). between 350 and 400.
Find the number of students, knowing
that they can be arranged into groups
of 5 and of 9.
2 Determine the L.C.M of a and b in
each of the following cases .
6 Determine the L.C.M and G.C.D of :
1º) a = 75 and b = 120
1º) 130 and 140 2º) 36 and 18
2º) a = 8 and b = 24
3º) 14 and 27 4º) 1260 and 132
3º) a = 12 and b = 49
5º) 75 and 25 6º) 260 and 100
4º) a = 264 and b = 1260 .
7º) 320 and 504 8º) 360 and 1024
9º) 2670 and 2030
3 Let : a = 240 and b = 360.

1º) Write each as a product of its 7 1º) List the divisors of each of the
prime factors. following numbers :
2º) Find : d = G.C.D (a , b) and m = 30 ; 49 ; 125 ; 19 ; 81 ; 25 ; 810 ;
L.C.M ( a , b). 250.
3º) Verify that : 240 × 360 = m × d . 2º) Indicate, among the numbers
above, the pairs which are formed of
relatively prime numbers.
92
For seeking
8 A lighthouse emits two different lights : a red light every 12 seconds and a green light
every 15 seconds.
Initially, these lights are emitted simultaneously. Indicate the time when they will be
emitted again together.
9 We want to cover the floor of a rectangular room with equal square tiles which are the
largest possible.
How many tiles are needed if the dimensions of this room are 630 cm and 462 cm ?
10 Give the prime factorization of the L.C.M and the G.C.D of the following numbers :
1º) 25 × 32 × 64 × 72 and 26 × 34 × 354 × 13.

2º) 23 × 34 and 24 × 33 × 5.
3º) 36 × 5 × 72 × 114 and 36 × 76 × 112 × 13.
4º) 216 ; 540 and 756
5º) 28 × 33 × 52 × 7 and 25 × 39 × 72 × 132.
6º) 972 ; 1024 and 64.
93
Test
1 Give the prime factorization of the G.C.D and the L.C.M of the numbers :
a = 24 × 33 × 52 × 11 and b = 23 × 3 × 53 × 7. (2 points)
2 Determine the G.C.D and the L.C.M of a and b in each of the following cases.
(4 points)
1º) a = 90 and b = 180 2º) a = 25 and b = 16
3 Use the Euclidean Algorithm to determine the G.C.D of 840 and 680.
(3 points)
4 Let : x = 480 and y = 1260.

a) Give the prime factorization of each.
b) Determine d = G.C.D (x,y) and m = L.C.M (x,y).
c) Verify that : 480 × 1260 = m × d . (4 points)
5 Complete to determine the G.C.D of 75 and 45.

G.C.D (75,45) = G.C.D. (45,75 – 45) = … . (2 points)
6 Give the prime factorization of the G.C.D and the L.C.M of the three numbers :
(12)4 ; (2 × 32 × 5)3 and 270 . (2 points)
7 Two boats leave the same harbour. The first leaves every 8 days and the second every
12 days.
If they leave together on the 1st of May, when will they leave again together ?
(3 points)
94
10
TRIANGLES
REMARKABLE LINES IN
A TRIANGLE
1
Objectives
• Know the definition of a triangle and its elements.
• Know the definition of the remarkable lines in a triangle .
• Know the definition of each particular triangle.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Triangle
2 - Remarkable lines in a triangle
3 - Particular triangles
TEST
95
Course
1 TRIANGLE
• ABC is a triangle. A
• A, B and C are its vertices.
• [AB], [AC] and [BC] are its sides.

• ABC, BCA and CAB are its angles. B C

• ABC + BCA + CAB = 180°.

• ABC and ACB are the angles adjacent to side [BC].

• ABC is the angle opposite to side [AC] .
2 REMARKABLE LINES IN A TRIANGLE
1. Heights of a triangle
In triangle ABC, the three heights (or altitudes) : [AE], [BF] and [CG] are concurrent in point H,
called the orthocenter of this triangle.
A
A
F
G G
F
H
B
B C H C
E E
A
2. Medians of a triangle
In triangle ABC, the three medians : [AA′], [BB′] and [CC′] are concurrent C’ B’
in point G, called the center of gravity (or centroid) of this triangle. G
B C
A’
96
3. Perpendicular bisectors in a triangle
In triangle ABC, the three perpendicular bisectors (d3) A
(d1)
(d1), (d2) and (d3) meet at I which is the center of the
circle passing through the vertices of this triangle.

I
B C
(d2)
4. Bisectors in a triangle A
z
In triangle ABC, the three bisectors : [Ax), [By) and
y
[Cz) are concurrent in J , called the incenter of J
this triangle.
B C
3 PARTICULAR TRIANGLES
1. Isosceles triangle (d)
• A triangle is isosceles if it has two equal sides. For A

example, ABC is isosceles since AB = AC.
• A is the vertex of this triangle.
• [BC], the opposite side to the vertex, is the base of this
triangle. B C

• The angles ABC and ACB which are adjacent to the base
[BC] are equal.

• In triangle ABC, if ABC = ACB then the triangle ABC is isosceles.
• The perpendicular bisector (d) of the base [BC] is the axis of symmetry of this triangle and it
passes through A.
• In an isosceles triangle, the height relative to the base, the bisector of the vertex angle, and the
median relative to the base are overlapping.
97
2. Equilateral triangle A
• A triangle having three equal sides is an equilateral triangle.
For example, ABC is equilateral since AB = AC = BC.

C′ B′
• In an equilateral triangle, the three angles are equal (each
is 60°).
• The three perpendicular bisectors of the sides are the B C

three axes of symmetry of this triangle. A′
3. Right triangle C
• A triangle is right if one of its angles is right.

For example, ABC is right at A since BAC = 90°.
• [BC], the side opposite to the right angle is called the

hypotenuse of this triangle.
• [AB] and [AC] are the sides of the right angle.

A B

1 In the figure below, [Bx) and [Cy) are 2 In the figure, the A

the respective bisectors of ABC and heights [AA′]
C′
ACB . They meet at I . and [CC ′] meet
A at H.
x
[BH) cuts B C
y A′
I (AC) at B′.
What does [BB′] represent in triangle
B C ABC ?
What does [AI) represent in triangle
ABC?
98
TRIANGLES - REMARKABLE LINES IN A TRIANGLE
3 Reproduce each of the following triangles and locate the orthocenter of each.
I
A E
J K
B C F G
4 Observe the perpendicular bisectors of each triangle, then justify whether they are
correct or not.
A D J
E F
B C K
5 1º) Construct a right isosceles triangle ABC .

2º) Does this triangle admit an axis of symmetry ? If yes, draw it.
6 1º) Construct a right triangle ABC of vertex A . Let A′ be the symmetric of A with
respect to (BC).
2º) Name the isosceles triangles of the figure.
3º) What does (BC) represent for segment [AA′] ?
7 1º) Complete : The sum of the angles of a triangle is …

2º) In a triangle ABC, let BAC = 50° and CBA = 60°. Calculate BCA .
3º) In the figure below, ABC is a right-angled triangle at A . We have : AC = AB = BE.
C
A B
Calculate each of
the following angles : E

ACB , CBA , ABE , AEC , BAE .
99

8 ABC is a right-angled triangle at A . The bisectors of ABC and ACB meet at I . Find the

measure of BIC .

9 In the figure below, show that MOx = OMN + ONM .
M
x N
O
10 Construct triangle ABC in each of the following cases.

1º) BC = 4 cm ; ABC = 50° and ACB = 60° .
2º) BC = 4 cm ; AB = 5 cm and AC = 6 cm .

3º) AB = 3 cm ; BC = 5 cm and ABC = 120° .
11 Construct an equilateral triangle MIN having a perimeter of 12 cm.

12 Let ABC be a triangle such that : BC = 75 mm , ABC = 60° and ACB = 50° .

The bisectors of BAC and ACB meet at I .
Calculate the angles of triangle AIC .
13 Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. The bisectors of its angles meet at I .

Show that AIB = AIC = BIC .
14 Construct an isosceles triangle having a side of 4 cm and a perimeter of 14 cm. (Two

cases arise).
100
For seeking
15 Let ABC be a right-angled triangle at A . [AH] is the height relative to [BC] .

1º) Show that ACH and ABC are complementary.

Show that BAH and ABC are complementary.

Deduce that ACH = BAH .

2º) Similarly show that ABH = CAH .
3º) Locate the orthocenter of triangle ABC .
16 Let PAL be an isosceles triangle of vertex A . The perpendicular to (PL) at P cuts (AL)
at I .

1º) Show that API and APL are complementary as well as LIP and PLI . Deduce that
triangle IAP is isosceles .
2º) Show that :
a) A is the midpoint of [IL] ,
b) IL = 2PA .
17 In the figure below, ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A .

A
x y
B C

1º) a) Show that ABx and ABC are supplementary.

b) Is it the same for ACy and ACB ?

2º) Deduce that ABx = ACy .

18 Let [Ou) be the bisector of any angle xOy . I is any point of [Ou) .
The perpendicular drawn from I to [Ox) cuts it at A . The perpendicular drawn from I to
[Oy) cuts it at B .

Show that [IO) is the bisector of AIB .
101

19 In the figure below, (IJ) is the perpendicular bisector of [AB] and BAC = 50° .
A I B
50° 40°
?
J
C
1º) What is the nature of triangle AJB? Justify .

2º) Calculate angle CJA .
20 E
D F
G
1º) Write the given of the coded figure above.
2º) a) What are the natures of triangles EDF and FGD ?

b) Show that the ray [FD) is the bisector of EFG .

3º) a) Find the measure of EFG .
b) Deduce that the straight lines (EF) and (GD) are parallel.
21 S 6m R
20°
40°
T
1º) Write the given of the coded figure above.
2º) a) Prove that triangle RTU is isosceles .
b) Deduce that triangle RST is isosceles, then calculate

70° angles RST and RTS .
U 3º) Show that RT = SU .
102
Test
1 1º) Construct triangle CAR knowing that AC = 5 cm , AR = 4 cm and CR = 6 cm .

2º) Construct the perpendicular bisector of [AR] that cuts [CR] at M .
3º) What is the nature of triangle MAR ? Justify . (5 points)

2 Let [Ou) be the bisector of an angle xOy . I is any point of [Ou) . The perpendicular at
I to [Ou) cuts [Ox) and [Oy) at A and B .

Show that angles OAB and OBA are equal . (4 points)
3 In the adjacnt figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle of A
vertex A . H is any point of [BC] .

Show that angles PHB and QHC are equal .
(5 points)
P Q
B C
H
4 Let ABC be a right triangle at C .

H is the midpoint of [AB] . The perpendicular bisector of [AB] cuts (AC) and [BC] at F
and E respectively.
1º) Show that triangle EAB is isosceles of vertex E .
2º) a) What does F represent for triangle ABE ?
b) Deduce that (BF) is perpendicular to (AE) . (6 points)
103
11
CONGRUENT
TRIANGLES (1)
1
Objectives
• Know the definition of two congruent triangles, as well

as the corresponding parts of congruent triangles
(c.p.c.t) .
• Know that if two triangles have an equal side and its two
adjacent angles respectively equal, then these two
triangles are congruent.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Definition
2 - First case of the congruency of two triangles
TEST
103
Course
1 DEFINITION
Two triangles are said to be congruent if the three sides and the three angles of the first are
respectively equal to the three sides and the three angles of the second.
EXAMPLE
LOI and RAT are congruent. They have :
L R
O I A T
OL = AR LI = RT OI = AT

OIL = ATR LOI = RAT OLI = ART
Remarks :
• [OL] and [AR] are said to be corresponding sides of congruent triangles. Similarly for [LI] and
[RT], for [OI] and [AT].

• OIL and ATR are said to be corresponding angles of congruent triangles. Similarly for LOI and

RAT, for OLI and ART.
• The angles facing two equal sides are equal.
• The sides facing two equal angles are equal.
104
FIRST CASE OF THE CONGRUENCY OF TWO
2 TRIANGLES
Activity

1º) Draw [AC] = 5 cm. On the same side of [AC], draw CAx = 60° and ACy = 40°. [Ax) and [Cy)
meet at L.
You have therefore constructed triangle LAC knowing the measures of one side and the two
adjacent angles of this side.

2º) Do the same for drawing a triangle DEF such that EF = 5 cm, DEF = 60° and DFE = 40°.
3º) On tracing paper, trace each of the two triangles LAC and DEF.
4º) Verify that these two triangles are congruent.
5º) In these two triangles, state :
1°) the equal angles . 2°) the equal sides .
Rule
If in two triangles, a side from the first is equal to a side from the second, and the
adjacent angles of these two sides are respectively equal, then the two triangles are
congruent. (by a.s.a)
EXAMPLE
The two triangles LAC and DEF below have :

AC = EF, LAC = DEF and LCA = DFE ; they are therefore congruent (this has been verified in
the activity).
L D
A C E F
105
Application
Indicate, among the given trianges, those that are equal. Justify.
D
A
Q
60° 50°
B 3cm C
40° 70°
E F
5cm
M
70° 40°
R S
5cm
50° 60°
N 3cm
P
Remark :
To show that two sides or two angles are equal, we consider them as being two corresponding sides
or two corresponding angles of two triangles that are proved congruent.
SOLVED EXERCISE x
From the extremities of a segment [AB], draw on
opposite sides of [AB] two rays [Ax) and [By) forming
each an angle of 60° with AB.
L
From the midpoint I of [AB], draw any line that cuts
[Ax) and [By) at L and N respectively.
Show that AL = BN.
I B
A
Given :

LAB = NBA = 60° ; IA = IB
Prove : N
AL = BN
Proof
Consider the two triangles LAI and NBI ; they have : y

LAI = NBI = 60° (given),
IA = IB (given),

LIA = NIB (vertically opposite angles).
These two triangles are congruent since one side and its adjacent angles from the first triangle are
equal to one side and its adjacent angles from the second triangle.
All their corresponding parts are equal. In particular : AL = BN.
106
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES (1)

1 Draw triangle THE in each of the following cases :

a) ET = 63 mm, ETH = 39° and HET = 48°.

b) TH = 5 cm, ETH = 45° and EHT = 110°.

c) ETH = 32°, EHT = 48° and TH = 6 cm.

2 Let M be a point of [Ou) , the bisector of any angle xOy . The perpendicular drawn from
M to [Ou) cuts [Ox) at A and [Oy) at B.
a) Show that the two triangles OMA and OMB are congruent.
b) List the corresponding parts of these two congruent triangles.
3 Using the information given in the adjacent A

figure ,
1º) Show that triangles ABC and A′BC are

C B
congruent.
2º) Deduce then that triangles ABA′ and ACA′
are isosceles.
A′
4 In the figure below, triangles ABC and A′B′C′ are two congruent triangles.

[AD) and [A′D′) are the bisectors of the angles BAC and B′A′C′ . Using the given, show
that : AD = A′D′.
A A′
C B C′ B′
D D′
107
5 From the extremity A of a segment [AB], draw on both sides of [AB], two rays [Ax) and

[Ay) such that BAx = BAy = 50°. Similarly from B, draw [Bu) and [Bv) such that

ABu = ABv = 60°.
[Ax) and [Bu), which are on the same side of [AB], meet at M and [Ay) and [Bv), which
are also on the other same side of [AB], meet at N.
Show that the two triangles AMB and ANB are congruent.
6 From the extremities E and F of a segment [EF], and on opposite sides of this segment,

draw [Ex) and [Fy) such that : FEx = EFy . The perpendicular drawn from E to [EF]
cuts [Fy) at M . The perpendicular drawn from F to [FE] cuts [Ex) at N.
Show that : EM = FN.

Two triangles ABC and A′B′C′ are congruent if :

1º) AB = A′B′ and BAC = B′A′C ′ .
2º) AB = A′B′ and AC = A′C′.

3º) BAC = B′A′C′ , ABC = A′B′C ′ and ACB = A′C′B′ .

4º) AB = A′B′ , BAC = B′A′C ′ and ABC = A′B′C ′ .

5º) AC = A′C′ , BAC = B′A′C ′ and ACB = A′C′B′ .

6º) BC = B′C′ , ABC = A′B′C ′ and ACB = A′C′B′ .
For seeking

8 On the sides [Ox) and [Oy) of an angle xOy , place the points E and F respectively, such
that : OE = OF.
The perpendicular drawn from E to [Ox) cuts [Oy) at K and the perpendicular drawn
from F to [Oy) cuts [Ox) at L.

a) Show that OK = OL and OLF = OKE .
Deduce that EL = FK.
b) [EK] and [FL] meet at I. Show that : EI = IF and IL = IK.
108
9 Let O be a point at a distance of 5 cm from a straight line (D). A is a point of (D).

Elongate (OA) to a length AC = OA. The perpendiculars drawn from O and C to (D) cut
it at H and K respectively.
a) What is the length of [OH]?

b) Show that HOA = KCA .
c) Show that OH = CK.
10 Let ABC be an isosceles triangle of vertex A .

A
The perpendicular at A to (AB) cuts (BC) at M .
The perpendicular at A to (AC) cuts (BC) at N .
1º) Show that the two triangles ANC and ABM are
congruent . Deduce that BM = CN .
N B C M
2º) Compare the two triangles ABN and ACM .
Deduce that AMN is an isosceles triangle.
11 ABCD is a rectangle having I

x
AB = 5 cm and BC = 2 cm .
[Ax) and [Cy) are two rays drawn
outside the rectangle such that

BAx = DCy = 30° . 30°
A B
5
[Ax) cuts (BC) at I and [Cy) cuts (AD)
2
at J .
D C
1º) Show that the two triangles ABI 30°
and CDJ are congruent .
2º) Deduce that AJ = CI .

J
y
12 Let ABC be a right-angled triangle at A such that AB = 7 cm and AC = 4 cm .

The bisector of BAC cuts [BC] at M .

Designate by I the point of [AB] such that AMI = AMC .
1º) Show that the two triangles MAC and MAI are congruent .
2º) (MI) cuts (AC) at J .
Show that the two triangles MCJ and MBI are congruent .
3º) Deduce that triangle MBJ is isosceles.
109
Test

1 Construct a triangle ABC knowing that AB = 7 cm, BAC = 35° and ABC = 45°.
(2 points)

2 ABC and DEF are two triangles such that BAC = EDF , ABC = DEF

and ACB = DFE. Are these two triangles congruent? Why? (2 points)

3 Draw a triangle ABC right at A such that AC = 5 cm and BCA = 30°.
(2 points)

4 ABC and A′B′C′ are two triangles such that BAC = B′A′C′ and ABC = A′B′C′ .
What is the condition that should be imposed on these two triangles so that they will be
congruent? (3 points)

5 Given, in a triangle ABC, that AB = AC and ABC = ACB . The bisector of ABC cuts [AC]

at I and the bisector of ACB cuts [AB] at J.
Show that BI = CJ. (4 points)
6 Let O be the midpoint of a segment [AB]. (xy) and (uv) are the perpendiculars to (AB)
passing through A and B respectively. A line passing through O cuts (xy) at C and (uv)
at D.
1º) Show that OC = OD. (3 points)
2º) The perpendicular to (CD) from O cuts (xy) at E and (uv) at F.
Show that the two triangles OEC and OFD are congruent. (4 points)
110
12
FRACTIONS
1
Objectives
• Know the meaning of the terms : irreducible,

reduced, simplify.
b
• Use the property = 1 for any non-zero number b.
b
• Calculate the reduced form of a fraction using
several methods.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Fractions
2 - Simplifying fractions
3 - Reducible fraction - Irreducible fraction
4 - Practical methods for reducing a fraction
5 - Fractions equal to an irreducible fraction
TEST
111
Course
1 FRACTIONS
• a and b are two integers where b ≠ 0.
a
The writing is called a fraction.
b
a
The numerator a and the denominator b are the terms of the fraction .
b
a 0 b
In particular : = a ; = 0 ; = 1 .
1 b b
EXAMPLES
3 5 15 14 121
, , , and are fractions.
7 8 17 21 360
2 SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS
Activity
18 18 : 3 …
1º) Complete : = = .
24 24 : 3 8
21 21 : 7 …
= = .
35 35 : … …
24
2º) Given the fraction : .
36
a) Is 4 a common divisor of 24 and 36?
24 24 : 4 …
b) Complete : = = .
36 36 : 4 …
6
c) Give the simplest fraction equal to .
9
Rule
a
To simplify a fraction is to replace it by an equal fraction, upon dividing its two terms
b
by the same common divisor
112
Remark :
a
To simplify a fraction , it is necessary to find the common divisors of the numerator and the
b
denominator.
An integer is divisible by :
2 if it ends by 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 or 8 ;
5 if it ends by 0 or 5 ;
3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3 ;
9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9 ;
10 if it ends by 0.
EXAMPLES
64 64 : 2 32 54 54 : 9 6
= = ; = = .
20 20 : 2 10 63 63 : 9 7
Application 1
175
1º) a) Simplify the fraction by dividing its terms by 5.
225
b) Can you simplify the obtained fraction ?
2º) Simplify each fraction :

28 27 90 121 .
; ; ;
42 63 126 66
3º) a) Is 10 a common divisor of 210 and 360?
b) Complete :
210 210 : 10 …
= =
360 360 : … …
21
c) Simplify the fraction .
36
113
3 REDUCIBLE FRACTION
IRREDUCIBLE FRACTION
Activity
32
Given the fraction .
40
32
Since 32 and 40 are not relatively prime, then is said to be a reducible fraction.
40
By simplifying the terms 32 and 40 ,
32 32 : 4 8 8:2 4
we obtain : = = = = .
40 40 : 4 10 10 : 2 5
4
Since 4 and 5 are relatively prime, then is called an irreductible fraction.
5
Rule
a
Given the fraction (b ≠ 0).
b
a
• If a and b are not relatively prime, then is a reducible fraction.
b
a
• If a and b are relatively prime, then is irreductible.
b
• To reduce a fraction is to replace it by the irreductible fraction equal to it.
EXAMPLES
345
• The fraction is reducible since 5 is a common divisor of 345 and 1275.
1275
14
• The fraction is irreducible since 14 and 33 are relatively prime.
33
(1 is their only common divisor).
Application 2
1º) Indicate the irreducible fractions :
5 18 32 7 4 7 41
; ; ; ; ; ; .
9 21 20 10 15 7 37
315
2º) Reduce the fraction .
630
114
4 PRACTICAL METHODS FOR REDUCING A FRACTION
108
Reduce the fraction 144 .
1) Method of successive divisions

108 108 : 2 54 54 : 2 27
= = = =
144 144 : 2 72 72 : 2 36
27 : 3 9 9:3 3
= = = = .
36 : 3 12 12 : 3 4
2) Method of prime factorization

108 = 22 × 33 and 144 = 24 × 32 .
108 22 × 33 2×2×3×3×3 3 3
= 4 = 2×2×2×2×3×3 = = .
144 2 ×3 2 2×2 4
3) Method using the G.C.F

108 = 22 × 33 and 144 = 24 × 32 .
G.C.D (108 and 144) = 22 × 32 = 36 .
108 108 : 36 3
= = ,
144 144 : 36 4
3
is an irreducible fraction since 3 and 4 are relatively prime.
4
Application 3
51 105 100 1581

1º) Simplify the following fraction : ; ; ; .
123 65 300 2431
216
2º) Reduce the fraction .
720
1260
3º) Find, in two different ways, the irreducible fraction equal to .
1350
115
5 FRACTIONS EQUAL TO AN IRREDUCIBLE FRACTION
3
is an irreducible fraction ; it is written :
7
3 3 × 2 3 × 3 3 ×4 3 × k
= = = = … = (k ≠ 0).
7 7 × 2 7 × 3 7 × 4 7 × k
Rule
Upon multiplying the two terms of an irreducible fraction by the same non zero whole
number, a fraction equal to it is obtained.
a a a × k
is irreducible, therefore = (k ≠ 0).
b b b × k
Application 4
3
Give four fractions equal to .
5
a a × k
= (k ≠ 0)
b b × k

1 Complete : 2 Simplify the following fractions :
49 … 15 3 6 54 4 45 140 30 300
= ; = ; = ; ; ; ; ;
56 8 25 … 10 … 12 60 105 75 600
24 4 5 … 123 3 5 × 11 × 7 5 × 62 × 112
= ; = ; = . 7 × 11 ; 32 × 7 × 11 ;
… 7 8 40 … 5
24 × 32 × 5
12 .
116
FRACTIONS
216 … 54 … 9 …
3 1º) Complete : = = = = =
720 360 … 90 … …
216
2º) Give the irreducible fraction equal to 720 .
216
3º) Give three simplified fractions equal to .
720
4 Give the irreducible fraction equal to each of the following fractions :

30 90 500 42
; ; ; .
25 126 800 96
5 Find the intruder in each case :
18 5 9 7 5 19 36 14
1º) ; ; ; . 2º) 7 ; ; ; .
20 13 27 42 21 45 17
6 Calculate:
1 1 1 4 2 7 3 3
1º) – 3 + 2º) + + 3º) 3 + 5 – 15
2 6 5 3 15
5 2 8 7 5 1
4º) 2 + 3 – 6 5º) + 6º) 1 –
8 20 5
1 1 3 1 3 9º) 5 – 1 .
7º) 1 + – 8º) – –
3 2 12 6 36 2
7 Calculate after simplifying :

2 8 6 15 12 5 2 18 4
1º) + – ; – + ; – + + 1.
5 14 12 16 24 8 7 24 28
2 4 ; 3 4 1 7 1 5 3 14 7 4
2º) 3 × 5× 7 ; 9 × 2 ; 6 ×3 4 × 8
; ; × 9 ; × .
5 2 6 12
2 4 3 4 1 7 1 5 3 14 7 4
3º) ÷ ;5÷ ; ÷ ; ÷3; ÷ ; ÷ ; ÷ ;
3 5 7 9 2 6 4 8 2 9 6 12
5 9 1
÷ ; ÷2.
13 13 3
117
FRACTIONS
8 Write the fraction that corresponds 105

13 1º) Reduce the fraction by
to : 195
1º) Half of the third applying successive divisions to 105
and 195.
2º) three quarters of the half
2º) Let d be the G.C.F of 105 and 195.
3º) the quarter of the quarter a) Calculate d .
4º) the fifth of the three halves. 105 : d
b) Determine : .
195 : d
c) What can you say about the
9 Write the irreducible fractions having obtained fraction ?
a denominator less than or equal to 8,
and a numerator equal to 2.
Arrange these fractions in increasing 14 Answer by true or false.
order. 1º) If a and b are two natural numbers
a
then is a fraction.
b
10 1º) Find the irreducible fraction 15
52 2º) is an irreducible fraction .
20
equivalent to 65 . 12
3º) A simplified writing of is
8
2º) Complete : 6
.
9
52 …
= . 425 4
65 100 4º) = .
325 3
14 14 − 6
5º) = 20 − 6 .
11 Find a and b if : 20
20 a a 3 50 1 6º) To find the irreducible fraction
= ; = ; =
36 9 60 15 b 2 240
equivalent to , we divide the
25 1 12 4 a 4 460
= ; = ; = .
125 b 36 b 270 9 two terms 240 and 460 by their G.C.F.
12 1º) Using the method of successive

divisions, find the irreducible fraction
1026
which is equal to .
360
2º) Find the G.C.F of 1026 and 360 ; For seeking
deduce then the irreducible fraction
1026
equal to . 15 564
360 Reduce using the method of
852
prime factorization.
118
FRACTIONS
16 1º) Are the fractions : 22 Find the G.C.F of a and b , then give
1 2 3 4
; ; ; ; the irreducible fraction equivalent to
2 3 4 5
a
5 10 15 23 in each of the following cases :
; ; and b
6 11 16 24 1º a = 540 and b = 60 .
irreducible ? 2º a = 612 and b = 828 .
2º) What can you deduce about the 3º a = 2205 and b = 3675 .
n 4º a = 3600 and b = 5920 .
fraction where n is any
n+1
non-zero natural number ?
23 Calculate :
17 Find the irreducible fraction equal to 4 5 3
each of the following expressions : 1º) × + ×4.
5 2 2
60 5 4 4 5
1º) +1 ; 5º) + 2º) 4 + 5 × –2× .
75 77 7 3 3
2 5 5 8 2 5
2º)
3
+
6
; 4º)
18
+
9 3º) + ×8.
3 3
3º)
3
4
–
5
8
; 6º)
1
3
–1+
8
3
. 4º) (
1
2
–
1
3
) (
÷ 1+
2
3
) .
5º) 1 –
1
3
÷ 1 +( 2
3
) .
48
18 Reduce the fraction , then find
80

3 49 2
its equivalent fraction having the sum 6º) – ÷ .
4 6 3
of its terms 12.
68
19 Give the equivalent fraction of , 24 1º) Calculate the sum and the product
85
whose denominator is 100. 3 7
of and .
7 4
20 1º) Verify that the number 313131 is 2º) Calculate the sum of the reciprocal
divisible by 31. 3 7
313131 of and .
7 4
2º) Simplify the fraction .
939393
3º) Give the irreducible fraction
313131 1 3
equivalent to . 25 Calculate for a = and b = :
939393 2 7
1º) 3a – 2b .
2º) – 2a + b + 1.
60 3º) a + 3b .
21 Reduce the fraction then find
252
its equivalent fraction whose terms
have a sum of 130.
119
FRACTIONS
Test
42 21 ...
1 Complete : = = (1 point)
56 ... 4
242361
2 Is the fraction 111111 irreducible? Justify . (1 point)
3 Determine x knowing that :

30 x 225 5 125 5
1º) = ; 2º) = ; 3º) = . (3 points)
70 7 x 3 1200 x
4 a ) Write as a product of prime factors the numbers 1458 and 2187.

b ) Find the G.C.F of 1458 and 2187.
1458
c ) Give the irreducible fraction equivalent to . (3 points)
2187
5 Indicate among the following fractions, those that are reducible :
14 17 15 19 20 555
; ; ; ; ; . (3 points)
28 19 24 30 21 999
12
6 Find the irreducible fraction equivalent to 1 + . (1 point)
384
540
7 Reduce the fraction then find its equivalent fraction having the difference of its
288
terms 14 . (2 points)
8 Find the correct answer and write its corresponding letter.
You will find out a word useful in certain calculations.
N G S M
1
1. 1 ÷ = 1 2
3 1 3
3 3
O I L E
2. 4 × 15 – 2 × (7 + 3) + 5 = 180 0 36 4
P S I G
65 13
3. + = 78 52 78
3 3 26
6 3 9
I N M E
2 + 15 5
4. – = 7 19 17
6 3 2
6 3 3
E P I S
17
5. 32 – × 2 = 47 15 111
4 6
2 2 2 (6 points)
120
13
DECIMAL FRACTIONS
1
Objectives
• Write a decimal fraction in the form of a decimal number.
• Write a decimal number as the sum of several fractions
whose denominators are 10, 100, 1000, ...
• Define and recognize a non-decimal fraction.
• Know that a non-decimal fraction can be written as a
decimal having an infinite number of repetitive digits
after the point.
• Calculate an approximate value of a non-decimal
fraction.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Quotient of two numbers

2 - Property
3 - Rational number
4 - Decimal fraction
TEST
121
Course
1 QUOTIENT OF TWO NUMBERS
• a and b are two numbers where b ≠ 0. The quotient of a and b is denoted by :

a
a : b or a ÷ b ( a divided by b) or (a over b) ; a is the numerator and
b
b is the denominator. a is a fractional writing.

b
• If the division of a by b «ends», then the quotient is a decimal number.
EXAMPLE
6.4 3.666…
5 32 3 11
− 30 −9
20 20
− 20 −18
0 2
32
The quotient admits the decimal writing : 6.4.
5
11 11
is not a decimal. 3.6 ; 3.66 ; 3.666 are approximations of .
3 3
a
• If a and b are whole numbers, the quotient is a fraction.
b
EXAMPLE
3
is a fraction.
4
0.3
is not a fraction since 0.3 is not a whole number.
4
122
Application 1
1º) Among the following, which are fractions ? Justify .
2.3 3 1 .
; 4; ;
7 7 1.8
State why the others are not fractions.
2º) Calculate, for each of the following fractions, the decimal writing or the approximated
writing rounded to the nearest hundredth .
2 3 7 –8 41 .
; ; ; ;
5 7 –2 10 14
2 PROPERTY
Activity
a) Divide 12 by 2.5 then complete :
12
=…
2.5
12 × 2 12 : 2
b) Calculate 2.5 × 2 then 2.5 : 2 .
What do you notice ?
Rule
a
The value of a quotient does not change if its numerator and denominator are multiplied or
b
divided by the same non-zero number.
EXAMPLES
32 32 × 2 64
• = 6.4 and = = 6.4
5 5×2 10
30 30 : 2 15
• = 0.75 and = = 0.75
40 40 : 2 20
123
Remark :
The property above enables each quotient to be written as a fraction.
EXAMPLES
3.2 3.2 × 10 32
• = = .
4 4 × 10 40
0.01 0.01 × 100 1

• = = .
2.3 2.3 × 100 230
– 0.3 – 0.3 × 10 –3 3
• = = =– .
4 4 × 10 40 40
Application 2
1º) Find the irreducible fraction equivalent to each of the following fractions :
180 ; 91 ; 121 ; 105 .
40 26 77 140
2º) Write each of the following quotients in the form of a simplified fraction :
10.5 ; – 0.12 ; 80 ; 15.2 .
14 5.6 3.6 – 54
3 THE RATIONAL NUMBERS
Definition
a
A rational is a number that can be written in the form of where a is an integer and b is a
b
non-zero integer.
b where a is an integer
-32 a
• The decimal –3.2 is a rational since it can be written in the form:
10

and b is a non-zero integer .
Every decimal is a rational.
124
7
• The natural number 7 is a rational since it can be written in the form of: .
1
Every natural number is a rational.
• The number 3.666.... where 6 is a repetitive, is called an infinite periodic number; it is a rational
11
that is written .
3
The number 12.3141414... where 14 is repetitive is called an infinite periodic number; it is a
12 191
rational that is written .
990
Any periodic number is a rational.
• The infinite non-periodic number 3.1415927... is an approximation of π ; it is not a rational since

a
it cannot be written in the form where a and b are non-zero whole numbers.
b
Any infinite non-periodic number is not a rational.
Application 3
Name among the following the rational numbers.
7 ; – 8.3 ; 7.636363… ; 2.15 ; 3.7654317
3
0 ;
–4 ; –8 ; 10 ; 60 .
9 10
4 DECIMAL FRACTION
Definition
a
Any fraction where the division of a by b «ends» is called a decimal fraction. Such a fraction
b
can be written in the form of a fraction having its denominator a power of 10.
125
EXAMPLES
7
• is a decimal fraction since 7 : 5 = 1.4 (decimal).
5
7 7×2 14 .
= 5×2 =
5 10
11
• is not a decimal fraction since the division of 11 by 3 « does not end»;
3
11
= 3.66666…
3
It cannot be written in the form of a fraction whose denominator is a
power of 10.
75
• is a decimal fraction, 75 : 40 = 1.875.
40
75 75 : 5 15 15 × 125 1 875 1 875

= 40 : 5 = = 8 × 125 = = .
40 8 1 000 103
Practical methods to recognize whether a fraction is a

decimal or not.
1st method Simplify the fraction so that it becomes irreducible.

If the obtained fraction can be written in the form of a fraction whose
denominator is a power of 10, then the given fraction is a decimal.
EXAMPLES
42
• The fraction is written :
84
42 42 : 42 1 1×5 5 ;
84 = 84 : 42 = = 2 × 5 = 10
2
it is therefore a decimal fraction. 0.5 is its decimal writing.
24
• The fraction is written :
40
24 24 : 8 3 3×2 6 ;
= 40 : 8 = = 5×2 =
40 5 10
126
15 15 15 : 3 3 3 × 25 75
• The fraction is written : = = = = ;
200 200 200 : 5 40 40 × 25 1 000
57 57 57 : 3 19
• The fraction is written : = = ;
42 42 42 : 3 14
hence, it is not a decimal.
2nd method Reduce the given fraction. Write the denominator of the obtained
fraction as a product of prime factors.
If only 2 or 5 are obtained as prime factors, then the fraction is decimal.
EXAMPLES
42 42 : 42 1 42
• = 84 : 42 = ; 2 = 21, then is a decimal fraction.
84 2 84
It is written : 0.5.
24 24 : 8 3 24
• = 200 : 8 = ; 25 = 52, then is a decimal fraction.
200 25 200
15 15 : 5 3 15
• = 200 : 5 = ; 40 = 23 × 5, then is a decimal fraction.
200 40 200
57 57 : 3 19 57
• = 210 : 3 = ; 70 = 2 × 5 × 7, then is not a decimal fraction.
210 70 210
Application 4
1º) Show that the following fractions are decimal fractions (write each one in
the form of a fraction whose denominator is a power of 10)
2 ; 1 ; 51 ; 63 ; 81 .
100 500 60 75 36
2º) Give the decimal writing of each of the fractions of 1º)
127
Non decimal fraction
Every non-decimal fraction is written in the form of a number with a decimal point, in which the
decimal part is repeated or periodic.
EXAMPLES
37
• is not a decimal fraction ; in fact, the division of 37 by 3
3
«does not end». 37 : 3 = 12.3 3 3 3 ...
12.3333... is a number where the decimal part is repeated. It is a rational but not a decimal.
49
• is not a decimal fraction ;
6
in fact 49 : 6 = 8.1 6 6 6 6 ...
8.16666.... is a number where the decimal part is repeated; it is a rational but not a decimal.
71
• Similarly for the fraction which is equal to 0. 71 71 71 ...
99
Application 5
1º) Simplify each of the following fractions below. Decompose into prime factors the denominator
of the obtained fraction and deduce if it is a decimal or not.
46 ; 5 ; 35 ; 21 ; 6 ; 35 ; 26 .
36 75 300 420 30 20 42
2º) Give the decimal writing or the approximate value of the fractions of 1º), to the nearest
hundredth.

1 Complete:
7 … 17 68 12 36 75 … 8 …
= ; = ; = ; = ; =
2 4 21 … 13 … 50 2 12 3
5 15 … 30 … .
= = = =
7 … 28 … 77
128
DECIMAL FRACTIONS
2 Give a fractional writing for each of the following quotients :

13 ÷ 11 ; 4.5 ÷ 2 ; 1 ÷ 32.
3 Write each of the following quotients in the form of a fraction.

0.1 1.7 2.2 0.45 1.4 .
; ; ; ;
0.3 1.3 0.11 9 0.07
4 Write the irreducible fraction.

20 56 140 108 28 75 ; 12
; 125
; ; ; ; ; .
12 72 105 84 98 100 100 100
5 Give the decimal writing of each of the following quotients :

7 23 5.3 3.5 .
; ; ;
20 5 53 5
6 The following divisions «have an end».

Perform the operation and give the decimal writing of each quotient.
12.45 by 15 ; 3.23 by 1.9 ; 42.9 by 8.25 .
7 Give, when possible, the decimal writing of each of the following fractions.
13 26 2 4 27 .
; ; ; ;
15 39 18 32 2
8 1º) Find a fraction which has 0.25 as a decimal writing.

2
2º) Give the decimal writing of 5 .
9 Write in the form of an irreducible fraction.

0.0035 ; 0.7 ; 5.4 ; 0.08 ; 13 ; 11.32 .
129
DECIMAL FRACTIONS
10 Observe and complete .

3 4 5
12.345 = 12 + + + = 12 + 0.3 + 0.04 + 0.005
10 100 1 000
1º) 7.46 = ……… 3º) 0.001 = ………
2º) 1.036 = ……… 4º) 0.4 = …..……
11 Write in the form of an irreducible fraction each of the following numbers.
2 1 31 23 2 9 9
4+ ; 3+ ; 0.1 + ; + ; 25 + + .
10 10 100 1 000 100 10 1 000

a
1º) We do not change the quotient if we add the same number to the numerator and
b
to the denominator .
8
2º) = 0.2 .
0.4
2
3º) is a decimal fraction.
7
19
4º) is not a decimal fraction.
2
5º) The quotient of two whole numbers is always a whole number.
6º) Every decimal number can be written in the form of a fraction.
3 21
7º) = .
7 49
4 50 2
8º) 12.4502= 12 + + + .
10 100 1 000
2.4
9º) is a decimal fraction.
4
707 707
10º) = 7. 14 14 14... , then is a decimal.
99 99
For seeking
13 Write in the form of a fraction.
12 + 3 ÷ 4 ; (12 + 3) ÷ 4 ; 12 ÷ (3 + 4) ; (23 + 7) ÷ (2 + 5).
130
DECIMAL FRACTIONS
14 Here are the answers of Zahi on a quiz on equal fractions. Each answer scores 2 points
if it is correct and 0 if it is wrong :
2 20 4 0 5 2 4 15 3 .
= ; = ; =6 ; = ; =
7 70 12 3 30 3 9 10 2
What is Zahi’s grade ?
15 Simplify the following fractional writings :

4.5 ; 2.1 ; 24 ; 0.42 .
3.5 1.2 5.4 4.3
16 1º) Perform the division of 25 by 7.

25
2º) Give two framings of , to the nearest 0.01 and to the nearest 0.0001 .
7
23.5
17 Use the calculator to calculate (where π = 3.14).
π
Read the displayed result and complete.

23.5 23.5
1º) 7 < < … to the nearest 2º) …< < … to the nearest hundredth,
π π
whole number,
23.5 23.5
3º) …< < … to the nearest tenth, 4º) …< < … to the nearest thousandth.
π π
2×3 7 × 52 × 3 2 × 11 × 5 .
18 Consider the fractions : ; ;
22 × 3 × 5 2 ×5 ×3 22 × 112
1º) Simplify them.
2º) Find which one of the above fractions is not decimal. Give its approximate value to
the nearest tenth.
3º) Give a decimal writing to each of the following decimal fractions.
131
DECIMAL FRACTIONS
Test
1 Write in the form of a sum of decimal fractions.

2.5 ; 1.7603 . (4 points)
2 Write each of the following decimals in the form of an irreducible fraction.
5.64 ; 0.03 ; 12.4 ; 76.002 . (6 points)
3 Consider the quotients :

80 ; 1.3 ; 0.5 ; 3 ; 15 ; 0.2 ; 14 ; 2.4 .
400 4.5 2.4 21 64 12.5 35 3
1º) Write them in the form of fractions and simplify them.
2º) List among the simplified fractions those which are decimals and give their
decimal writings.
3º) Give the approximate value to the nearest hundredth for each non decimal
fraction. ( 4 - 3 - 3 points)
132
14
CONGRUENT
TRIANGLES (2)
1
Objective
Knowing that if two triangles have an angle and its

adjacent sides respectively equal then these triangles are
congruent.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Second case of the congruency of triangles

2 - Commentary exercise
TEST
133
Course
1 SECOND CASE OF THE CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES
Activity

a) Draw an angle xEy of measure 65º ; place the point F on [Ex) and the point G on [Ey) such that
EF = 4 cm and EG = 7 cm ; join F and G ; measure [FG].
You have drawn therefore a triangle EFG knowing an angle and its adjacent sides.

Which side is opposite to angle FEG ?
Which angle is opposite to side [EF] ? [EG] ?

b) Similarly draw a triangle MNP such that : MN = 4 cm, MP = 7 cm and NMP = 65º.
c) Copy each of the two triangles drawn above.
d) Verify that these two copies are congruent.
e) Determine in these two triangles :

1º) the equal angles.
2º) the congruent sides.
Rule
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are respectively equal to two sides
and the included angle of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent
EXAMPLE
Consider the two triangles EFG and MNP such that :

EF = MN , EG = MP and FEG = NMP ;
Thus, these triangles are congruent (this is verified in the activity)
E M
F G N P
134
Application
[AB] and [CD] are two segments intersecting at their common midpoint O.
Show that AC = BD.
2 COMMENTARY EXERCISE
Let ABC be an isosceles triangle of vertex A.

A
The bisector of angle BAC cuts
the base [BC] at D.
Show that :
1º) BD = CD,

2º) ADB = ADC = 90º. B D C
Given Required to prove

AB = AC • DB = DC

BAD = CAD • BDA = CDA = 90º.
PROOF
1º) Consider the two triangles ABD and ACD ; they have :
AB = AC (given),

BAD = CAD (given),
[AD] common side.
These two triangles are congruent since the two sides and the included angle of one are equal to
the sides and the included angle of the second.
All their corresponding parts are also equal, in particular :

DB = DC ([DB] and [DC] are opposite to the equal angles BAD and CAD) that is :
[AD] is the median relative to the base [BC].
135

2º) ADB = ADC (opposite to the congruent sides [AB] and [AC]).

But : ADB + ADC = 180º, then :
180°
ADB = ADC = = 90º ,
2
that is (AD) is perpendicular to (BC) (AD) ⊥ (BC).
[AD] is the height relative to the base [BC].
From the preceding exercise we can state the following properties :
In an isosceles triangle :
the bisector of the vertex angle is at the same time the median and the height relative to
the base ; it is therefore, the perpendicular bisector of the base.

1 Draw a triangle CAR in each of the following cases :

a) AC = 30 mm ; AR = 42 mm and CAR = 50°.

b) ARC = 70° , RA = 4 cm and RC = 45 mm.
c) CA = 4 cm , CR = 3 cm and CAR right at C.
2 Two segments [AB] and [CD] intersect at O such that :

OB = OC and OD = OA.
Prove that the two triangles AOC and BOD are congruent;
list the equal angles.
136
3 In triangle ABC, we produce the median [AM] to a length MA′ such that MA′ = MA.
Prove that the two triangles AMB and A′MC are congruent.
4 SEC is any triangle. O is the symmetric of E with respect to S ; L is the symmetric of C

with respect to S ; D is the midpoint of [EC] and D′ the midpoint of [OL].
a) Compare OL and EC.
b) Compare SD and SD′.
5 ABC and A′B′C ′ are two congruent triangles; the corresponding sides are [AB] and
[A′B′] , [AC] and [A′C ′], [BC] and [B′C ′].
[AM] and [A′M′] are the medians relative to [BC] and [B′C′] respectively.
Prove that AM = A′M ′.

6 ABC is an isosceles triangle of base [BC]. The bisector of angle ABC cuts [AC] at B′ and

that of ACB cuts [AB] at C ′.
Prove that BB′ = CC ′.

Two triangles ABC and A′B′C′ are congruent if :

1º) AB = A′B′ , AC = A′C′ and ABC = A′B′C′.

2º) AC = A′C′ , BC = B′C′ and BAC = B′A′C′.

3º) BAC = B′A′C′
, ABC = A′B′C′and ACB = A′C′B′.

4º) AB = A′B′, AC = A′C′ and BAC = B′A′C′.

5º) BC = B′C′ , ABC = A′B′C′ and ACB = A′C′B′.

6º) AC = A′C′ , BC = B′C′ and ACB = A′C′B′.
137
For seeking

8 [Ou) is the bisector of an angle xOy. A is a point of [Ox) and B is a point of [Oy) such
that OA = OB . M is any point of [Ou).
a) Prove that the two triangles OAM and OBM are congruent. Deduce that [MO) is the

bisector of AMB.
b) The perpendicular drawn from M to [Ou) cuts [Ox) at C and [Oy) at D.

Prove that OC = OD and that AC = BD.
9 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A ; [BM] and [CN] are the medians relative to the
sides [AC] and [AB] respectively.
a) Prove that the two triangles AMB and ANC are congruent.

Deduce that CN = BM and that ACN = ABM.
b) [BM] and [CN] intersect at I.

Show that triangle IBC is isosceles of vertex I.
Deduce that IMN is an isosceles triangle.
10 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A. I is the midpoint of [BC]. P is a point of [BI]

and Q a point of [CI] such that BP = CQ.
a) Prove that I is the midpoint of [PQ].
b) The perpendiculars at P and Q to [BC] cut [AB] at M and [BC] at N respectively.

Prove that BM = CN.
c) Prove that triangle MIN is isosceles.
138

11 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A. The bisector of angle BAC cuts [BC] at M.
a) N is a point of [AM] ; Prove that the two triangles ANB and ANC are congruent.
Deduce that triangle NBC is isosceles.
b) Let E be a point of [MA) such that A belongs to [ME].

Prove that the two triangles EAB and EAC are congruent.

12 MNP is any given triangle. On the bisector [Mx) of angle NMP, we consider the points
E and F such that ME = MN and MF = MP.
Prove that NF = PE.
13 In the adjacent figure, ABC is an

A
isosceles triangle and BE = CF .
1º) Prove that the two triangles ABE and

ACF are congruent .
E B C F
2º) Deduce that triangle AEF is isosceles.

3º) The bisector of angle BAC cuts (BC) at I .

Prove that [AI) is the bisector of angle EAF .
139
Test
1 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A. E and F are two points of [BC] such that
BE = CF.
Prove that triangle AEF is isosceles. (3 points)

2 From the vertex O of angle xOy and to the exterior of this angle, we draw [Ox′)
perpendicular to [Ox) and [Oy′) perpendicular to [Oy). A is a point of [Ox) and B is a
point of [Ox′) such that OA = OB. C is a point of [Oy) and D is a point of [Oy′) such
that OC = OD.

a) Compare angles AOD and BOC. (3 points)
b) Prove that AD = BC. (3 points)
3 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A. The perpendiculars drawn from B and C to

(AB) and (AC) respectively intersect at M.

a) Prove that MBC = MCB . (2 points)
b) (BM) cuts (AC) at E and (CM) cuts (AB) at F. Prove that the two triangles BCF and
BCE are congruent. (3 points)

4 Given an angle xOy . A and C are two points of [Ox), B and D are two points of [Oy)
such that OA = OB and OC = OD. [AD] and [BC] intersect at I.
a) Prove that the two triangles OAD and OBC are congruent. Deduce that AD = BC and

CAI = DBI . (3 points)
b) Prove that the two triangles IAC and IBD are congruent. (3 points)
140
15
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
1
Objectives
• Knowing the definition of the term algebraic or

monomial, coefficient, variable, algebraic expression.
• Finding the like terms in an algebraic expression.
• Reducing the like terms in an algebraic expression.
• Performing calculation on the algebraic expression
(addition, subtraction, multiplication...)
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Definitions
2 - Multiplication of monomials
3 - Operations on the algebraic expressions
TEST
141
Course
1 DEFINITIONS
Activity A 6m B
2m
D C
1°) A rectangular field ABCD has for dimensions 6 m and 2 m.

Calculate the area of this field.
2°) Designate by L and l the dimensions of ABCD. Express the area A in terms of L and l.
3°) What does the area A become by taking as length 2 × a and as width 3 × b ?
Algebraic expression
In the goal of simplifying and to generalizing questions that can be asked on numbers, they are
frequently represented by letters.
An algebraic expression is a collection of letters called variables and numbers organized in some
manner by using the operations ( + ; – ; × ; ÷ ).
3 × x2 ; 6 × a2 × b ; 3 × x2 × y + 5 × x3 ; 6 × a2 × c – 8 × b3 × c2 and 4 × x2 ÷ 3 × y are algebraic

expressions.
In 3 × x2 × y + 5 × x3 , 3 × x2 × y and 5 × x3 are the terms of this expression.
Monomial
Each term in an algebraic expression is called a monomial :
In the algebraic expression 8 × x2 × y – 3 × x × y5 , 8 × x2 × y and –3 × x × y5 are monomials.
• In the monomial 2 × x3 , 2 is called the coefficient and x the variable.
• In the monomial –2.5 × x2 × y , –2.5 is the coefficient, x and y are the variables.
142
Simplified writing
• The literal writing of a × b is ab . a and b are the factors of the product ab .
• a being an integer and n a natural number, we write :

a + a + ... + a = na
14243
n terms
Also : a + a = 2a ; a + a + a = 3a ; etc ...
Remark : 5 + 5 + 5 is written 3 × 5 and not 35 .
EXAMPLES
• The monomial 2 × x3 is written 2x3

–5 –5
• The monomial × x3 × y is written x3y
2 2
• The algebraic expression 6 × a2 × c – 8 × b3 × c2 is written 6a2c – 8b3c2 .
• The monomial 1 × a is written a .
• The monomial –1 × a is written – a .

Application 1
Complete the following table :
Monomial Variable Coefficient Exponent of the variable
–5x3
y –1.5 2
x8
a 2 5
3y2
t –3.5 1
143
Like terms
We call like terms the terms that differ only by their cœfficients.
EXAMPLES
• 7x6 and – 3x6 are two like terms.

• – 3x2y3 , – 5x2y3 and 10x2y3 are not like terms.
• 4a2b and – 3ab2 are not like terms.
• 8x3 and – 3x2 are not like terms.
Application 2
Collect the like terms :
3x5 ; – 2a2b3 ; 6x5y2 ; – 4x5 ; – 1.5t3;
3 2 3 ;
1 5 2 ;
4 3 ;
ab – xy t 2xy2z3 ; – 0.5a2b3 .
4 5 5
Numerical value
The numerical value of an algebraic expression is the result obtained by replacing the letters by
given numbers and performing the given operations.
EXAMPLE
The numerical value of the algebraic expression 3x2y + 5x3 for x = 2

and y = 3 is :
3 × 22 × 3 + 5 × 23 = 36 + 40 = 76.
Application 3
Calculate the numerical value of the algebraic expression 6a2c – 8b3c2 for a = – 1 , b = 2 and
c = 1.5 .
144
2 MULTIPLICATION OF MONOMIALS
Activity
x 2 –1 0.3
x2
3x2
x3
2x3
3x2 × 2x3
x5
6x5
2º) Compare the pink lines and complete :

3x2 × 2x3 = ........................
Rule
The product of two or more monomials is obtained by multiplying their
cœfficients and adding the exponents of the same variable.
EXAMPLES
• 2x3 × (– 3x5) = – 6x8

• 3a2b × (– 5ab3) = – 15a3b4
• xy × 2ay3 × (– 3a2x4y4) = – 6a3x5y8.
145
Application 4
Perform :
1º) – 4x3 × 2x4 × x 2º) 3ab2 × (– 2a2b) × 5c .
3 CALCULATION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
Activity
x 2 –3 1.5
2x2
5x2
2x2 + 5x2
7x2
2x2 – 5x2
–3x2
2º) Compare the pink lines and complete :

2x2 + 5x2 = ........................
3º) Compare the yellow lines and complete :

2x2 – 5x2 = ........................
Reducing like terms

To reduce like terms in an algebraic expression is to replace them by a unique term, simply by
adding or subtracting their cœfficients.
146
EXAMPLES
• 3x2 – 4x2 + 8x2 = (3 – 4 + 8) x2 = 7x2 .

• a2b4 + 3a2b4 – 0.5a2b4 = (1 + 3 – 0.5) a2b4 = 3.5 a2b4.
Application 5
Reduce the like terms in each of the following algebraic expressions (a, b, m, x and y are variables).
1º) 3x2 + 4y2 – 5x2 + y2 + x2 – 5 – 2y2.
2º) – 4a2b + 3xy2 + 8 + 2a2b – xy2 – 4.
3º) 3m – 4bm + 3b – 5m + 6bm + 7b – 5 .
Addition of algebraic expressions

To add algebraic expressions, we write them in succession by preserving the signs of their terms,
and we reduce the like terms.
EXAMPLES
• Let A = 3x2 – 4x + 5 and B = – 5x2 + 3x – 7.

A + B = 3x2 – 4x + 5 – 5x2 + 3x – 7
A + B = – 2x2 – x – 2 .
• Let P = 5b2 + 7ab – 3a2 and Q = 3b2 – 2ab + c2 .

P + Q = 5b2 + 7ab – 3a2 + 3b2 – 2ab + c2
P + Q = 8b2 + 5ab – 3a2 + c2.
Application 6
Calculate the following algebraic expressions :
C = 2x2y – 5y2 – 3x2 + 2 and D = 4y2 + 3x2 – x2y + 4.
147
Subtraction of algebraic expressions
To subtract an algebraic expression from another, we write them in succession by changing the
signs of the terms of the expression to be subtracted and we reduce the like terms.
EXAMPLES
• Let A = 2x3 – 4x + 5 and B = 2x – 7 + 5x3 .

A – B = 2x3 – 4x + 5 – 2x + 7 – 5x3
A – B = – 3x3 – 6x + 12 .
• Let P = 3a2 – 4ab + 5b and Q = 2ab + a2 – 5b + 8.

P – Q = 3a2 – 4ab + 5b – 2ab – a2 + 5b – 8
P – Q = 2a2 – 6ab + 10b – 8.
Application 7
Calculate C – D where C = 3xy3 + 5x2 – 8y + 7 and D = 2x2 – xy3 + 2y – 8 .

1 Complete the following table :
exponent of
monomial variable coefficient
the variable
– 6x7
t – 3.54 4
5a3
z 6 2
148
2 Match each writing to its corresponding expression.

1º) 2º)
1×x • • 0.5x x+y • • The third of a number

x
0x • • 2x • • The quadruple of a number
2
–1 × x • • 0 x+x • • The sum of two numbers
x
1 •
x • • x 4 • The quarter of a number
2 4x •
x+x • • –x 2x • • The double of a number
x • The triple of a number
•
3
3x • • Half of a number
–y •
• The reciprocal of a non-zero number
1
•
x • The opposite of a number
3 Collect the like terms :

4y6 ; 2x3 ; – 4a2b5
6a2b5 ; 2cza2b2 ; – 1.5a2b5
0.3x3 ; – 5.6za2b2c ; 3.5 a2b5
4 Reduce the like terms in each of the following algebraic expressions :

1º) 3x5 – 8y4 + 6a2b – 7 + 2x5 + 3y4 – 2a2b + 6 .
2º) x2y – 3y2 + 5y3x2 – 3x2y + 1.5y2 – 0.2y3x2 – 4 .
3º) 4a2bc3 – 8t + 5a2bc3 – 4at + 10t – 5y+2at .
1 2 3 1 22 2 2 1 4 7 .
4º) x + x – x + + x – x + x +
3 5 3 29 3 15 3 29
5 Calculate the numerical value of each of the following algebraic expressions .

1º) 3a3 for a = – 2 . 3º) – 3x2y3 for x = 2 and y = 1 .
1 1
2º) ab2 for a = – 3 and b = 1 . 4º) – 4x2yz3 for x = , y = and z = – 3.
2 3
149
6 Write the algebraic expression for the perimeter of each of the figures below.
b
c
a x
a
7 The side of a square is 3x ; calculate its perimeter.
8 Perform .
1º) 2a3 × 5a2 . 4º) y3 × (– 2y5) .

3 –8
2º) 5x3 × 2x . 5º) y × y4 .
4 9
1 4
3º) – x2 × x . 6º) – 4x2y2 × 3xy2 .
2 3

1°) Consider the algebraic expression: 3°) 3x2 × 5x3 = 15x5 .
2x3y – 6xy5 + 4abx + 8 . 4°) 4x5 + 2x5 = 6x5 .
a) 2x3y – 6xy5 is a monomial. 5°) 4x5 + 2x5 = 6x10 .
b) 4abx is a monomial. 6°) 2x3 + 3x2 = 5x5 .
2°) 3x2 × 5x2 = 8x2 . 7°) 2a3b + 3ab3 = 6a4b4 .
For seeking
10 Given A = 2x3 – 4x2 – 3x + 8 and B = x4 – 2x3 + 6x – 4 .
Calculate : A + B ; A – B ; 2A + B ; 3A – 2B.
11 Given : P = 3x2y – 2xy2 + 7xy – 3 and Q = –2x2y – 6xy + 5 + 4xy2 .

Calculate : P + Q ; P – Q ; 2P– 3Q .
150
12 1º) Express the perimeter of the figure below in terms of x and y.
2º) Calculate the perimeter for x = 5.5 cm and y = 6.3 cm .
2x
13 Perform .

1 1
1º) –5x5 × – x2 2º) 2ab2 × – a2b
5 2

3 5
3º) xy2 × – x2y3 4º) xy × (– 2x2y) .
5 3
14 Given three similar monomials :

3 3 2 2 3 2
A= ab , B= – a b and C = – a3b2
5 3
Calculate successively :
1º) P = A + B – C 2º) Q = A – B + C 3º) R = – A + B + C 4º) S = A – B – C .
15 Given the algebraic expressions:

A = x4 + 2x3 – 5x2 + 2x – 5 , B = 2x4 – 3x2 + x + 3, C = 3x4 + 2x3 – x + 5 .
1°) Calculate successively :
a) P = A + B – C b) Q = A – B + C c) R = B + C – A
d) S = P + Q + R e) T = A + B + C .
2°) Compare S and T.
151
Test
1 Answer by true or false. (6 points)
1°) 72x is a monomial in the variable x.
2°) 13xy – 2x2 is an algebraic expression.
3°) 5 is the cœfficient of 5x2 .
4°) 3x4 × 2x5 = 6x20 .
5°) x – 1 – (x + y) + y is always equal to – 1.
6°) The numerical value of the expression : 2 + 2x3 – 2 for x = 2 is 24 .
2 Perform . (2 points)

3 7
1°) x2 × – x
7 3
3
2°) 5x2y × xy .
5
3 Reduce each of the following expressions, then calculate its numerical value for x = 3
and y = 1. (2 points)
1°) 2x – 4y + 8 – (x + y – 4).
2°) (5x + 6y – 10) + (x – 9.2y + 7).
4 Given the algebraic expressions : (6 points)

A = 3x2 – 2x + 3 , B = 2x2 + 3x – 5 and C = x2 + 5x – 8.
Calculate : R = A + B ; S = A – B and T = A + B – C.
5 1°) Calculate the perimeter of the

x2
adjacent figure.
2°) Find this perimeter for x = 2.
x+2 (4 points)
4x2
152
16
EXPANDING -
FACTORIZATION
1
Objectives
• Developing and reducing algebraic expressions .
• Factorizing algebraic expressions .
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Expanding and factorization

2 - Factorization
TEST
153
Course
1 EXPANDING AND FACTORIZATION
Activity A a E b B
D F C
Calculate the area of the rectangle ABCD in two ways :
1º) by calculating the product of its length by its width ;
2º) by calculating the sum of the areas of the two rectangles AEFD and EBCF. Which is the
simpler way ?
Rules
• a , b and m being integers, we have :
m (a + b) = ma + mb
To expand the expression m (a + b) is to replace it by ma + mb .
• a , b , m and n being integers, we have :
(m + n) (a + b) = ma + mb + na + nb
To expand the expression (m + n) (a + b) is to replace it by
ma + mb + na + nb .
154
EXAMPLES
• 3 (b + 2.5) = 3 × b + 3 × 2.5 = 3b + 7.5 .
• (– 2) (x + 5) = (– 2) × x + (– 2) × 5 = – 2x – 10 .
• (x + 5) (2x – 3) = 2x2 – 3x + 10x – 15

= 2x2 + 7x – 15 .
• 3x (2x – 5) = 6x2 – 15x .
• (3x + 5) (x2 – 2x + 1) = 3x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 5x2 – 10x + 5

= 3x3 – x2 – 7x + 5 .
Application 1
Expand and reduce .
1º) 6 (2 + y) 3º) x (2 – y + a)

3
2º) – 4 – 2a 4º) (x – 1) (3x + 2) .
2
2 FACTORIZATION
To factorize the expression m a + m b is to replace it by m (a + b).

m is a common factor of ma and mb.
ma + mb = m (a + b)
EXAMPLES
• 5 x – 5 y = 5 (x – y) ;
• 7a – 7b + 14 = 7a – 7b + 7 × 2 = 7 (a – b + 2) ;
• 4x2 – 8x = 4x × x – 4x × 2 = 4x (x – 2) ;
• 2a (y – 1) + 5b (y – 1) = (y – 1) (2a + 5b).
Application 2
Factorize each of the following expressions :
A = 4y + 8b + 16
B = 5y2 – 10y
C = b (a2 + 3) – 5 (a2 + 3)
155
Remark :
The expanding and the factorization usually simplify the expression.
EXAMPLES
• A = 34 × 101 = 34 (100 + 1) = 34 × 100 + 34 × 1 = 3 400 + 34 = 3 434.
• B = 13.8 × 1.6 + 13.8 × 8.4 = 13.8 (1.6 + 8.4) = 13.8 × 10 = 138
Application 3
Calculate by expanding or by factorizing :
A = 26 × 12 B = 13 × 99 C = 41 × 11.2 – 41 × 1.2
D = 69.1 × 12 – 69.1 × 2 E = 37.8 × 7 + 37.8 × 3

1 Expand.
1º) 5(a + b) 2º) –3 (2a + 4b) 3º) 2a (1 – b)
4º) m (– 3 + m) 5º) –m (–3 + 4m) 6º) – 2m (– m + n)
2 Expand and reduce.

1º) 3 (x – 1) – 5 (x + 2) + 4x. 2º) 3 (x + y + 1) – 2 (x – 2y) – 3y + 2.
3º) 3 (– 2x + 5y + 4) – 2 (– 3x + 8y + 2) – y + 5. 4º) a (2 + a – b) – b (3 – a + b) + 4.
156
EXPANDING - FACTORIZATION
3 Expand . 6 Calculate in an easy way .

1º) 6(a + b). 2º) – 2 (c – 5). 1º) 4 × (0.25 – 3)
3º) ( 3
5
)
– 2y × 4. 4º) (2 + a) ( b – 5). 2º) (60 – 2) × 40
5º) (3 – 2y) (5 + 2a). 6º) (5 – 2y) (5 – 2y). 3º) 176 × 101
7º) (– 3a + 2b) (– 3a – 2b). 4º) 787 × 99
8º) (2z – 5) (3z + 6).
9º) (
2
3
)(
+ 2x – 4x +
8
3
. ) 7 Calculate in an easy way .
1º) 15.81 × 0.64 + 15.81 × 0.36.
4 Factorize each of the following 2º) 132.17 × 0.45 + 132.17 × 9.55.
expressions . 3º) 427.321 × 11.37 – 427.321 × 1.37.

1º) 9a + 9b 2º) 9a + 18b 4º) 51.28 × 1.89 – 51.28 × 0.78 – 51.28 × 0.11.
3º) 16u – 8 4º) 4y2 – 8xy
5º) 7x + xy 6º) 7x + 14xy
7º) 5x2 + 15x 8º) 4x2y – 16xy2 8 Verify the following equalities.
9º) 16ab – 12ac 10º) 14a – 21 1º) (x + y) (x + y) = (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 .
11º) 3x2 – 5x 12º) –9ab2 – 6ab
2º) (x – y) (x – y) = (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2 .
3º) (x – y) (x + y) = x2 – y2 .
5 Factorize each of the following
expressions .
1º) a2 +7a 2º) 25a2 + 30ab
3º)15a2 – 10ab 4º) 4b2 + 2b
5º) b2 – b 6º) 4x5 – x7
7º) x7 – x5 8º) 16a4 – 8a6
9º) 21a5 – 7a6 10º) – 10a2b + 5a2x
11º) 2xt + 4xa – 8xb 12º) 14a3b – 7a3b
13º) 6ab – 9ac – 12 at
14º) 4x + 8y + 12z
15º) 15ax – 10ab + 25bt
157
1º) 5(y – 2) = 5y – 2. 6º) 8x – 8y = 8(x – y).
2º) 6(x + 3) = 6x + 18. 7º) ax + x = (a + x) x.
3º) 7(xy) = (7x) (7y). 8º) 3(x + 5) = 3x + 8.
4º) (a – 2) (b – 7) = ab + 14. 9º) yx + zx = (y + z) . x.
5º) (x + y) . (x + y) = x2 + y2. 10º) (x – 2) (x + 3) is a facctorized expression.
For seeking
A = 5(a + b – c) – 3(a – b – c – 5) F = 2c (c – 3) + (c – 4) (c – 1)
B = 2x (x – 1) + 3 (y – 2) G = (x – 3) (2x – 1) + (3x – 2) (3x + 2)
C = (y – 7) (y – 3) H = (t + 1) (2t – 2) – (3 – t) (3t – 4) – t (t – 7)
D = (2b + 1) (b – 5) I = (2s + 5) (2s – 5) – s (s + 3) + (s – 2) (3s – 1)

E = (x – y) (y – 2)
1º) (x3 – 2x2) (x + x2) 2º) (3xy – 1) (xy – 4)

3º) (a2b – 3x2) (2a5 + 3x) 4º) (3a5b3 – b + 2a7) (2a2 – b3)
5º) (6x2 + 2xy – 5y2) (2x2 – xy + 3y2) 6º) (4y2 – 2x2y2 + 3) (– 3y2 + x2y2 – 1).
12 Factorize each of the following expressions.

1º) x(x + 1) – 4 (x + 1) 2º) 10a (x – 5) – 15y (x – 5)
3º) 2y (a2 + 1) – 5 (a2 +1) 4º) (x + 2) + 2x (x + 2)
5º) 4a(x – 2) – 3b (x – 2) 6º) 4 (x – 3) – (x – 3)
158
13 Given a = 125 and b = 225.

1º) Write a and b as a product of prime factors.
2º) Calculate the G.C.F of a and b.
3º) Factorize the following expressions : A = 225x – 125y and B = 225x2y – 125xy2.
14 Develop : A = (x + 1) (2x – 3) (x + 4).
1º) Expand and reduce (x + 1) (2x – 3).

2º) Reduce A.
3º) By using another way, expand and reduce A.
15 The given formula of the mass y (in kg) of an individual by using his height x (in cm)
is :
1 1
y = x – 100 – (x – 150) for a man and y = x – 100 – (x – 150) for a woman.
4 2
1º) Reduce each of the two formulas.
2º) How much should a man weigh if his height is 180 cm?
Same question for a woman whose height is 160 cm.
16 The speed of swimming of a fish is given by this formula :
L 5L
V= (1 + 3x) – , where L is the length (in cm) of the fish, x is the number (per
4 4
second) of the beating of its tail and V is the speed in cm per second.
1º) Reduce the expression of V.
2º) A red fish measures 20 cm. Its tail beats 1080 times per second. What is its speed in
cm per second ? in m per second ?
159
Test
1 1º) Expand and reduce the following expressions .

A = 4 (a3 – 3a2 + a) – 5 (2a3 – 4a2 + 3a). (1 point)
B = 6 (a4 – 2a2 + 5) + 4 (a4 + 3a2) – 3 (a4 – 2). (1 point)
2º) Calculate then A and B for a = 1 (2 points)
2 Calculate by expanding .
1º) 39 × 42 2º) 99 × 251 (2 points)
3 Expand and reduce the following expressions .

A = (3a –3) (3a + 2). (1 point)
B = (x – 1) (2x + 3) – x + 7. (1 point)
C = 2y (y – 4) + (y – 1) (y + 1). (1 point)
4 Factorize each of the following expressions.

A = 16 a3 – 48a. (1 point)
B = 5a (3x + 5) + 46 (3x + 5). (1 point)
C = (2x + 5) (3x + 7) – (2x + 5) . x. (1 point)
D = 50 a3 b2 + 150 a4 b3 – 10 ab2. (1 point)
E = 3x3 – 2x2 + 6x – 4. (1 point)
5 Factorize.
1º) 24y + 6 ; 2º) z2 – 5z ; 3º) 12x2– 8x .
4º) 5x2 + 30 ; 5º) 42 – 14t ; 6º) y2 – y. (3 points)
6 1º) Find the G.C.F of 42 and 70. (1 point)

2º) Factorize the following expressions .
A = 42x – 70y . (1 point)
B = 42 ab2 + 70ab . (1 point)
160
17
CONGRUENT
TRIANGLES (3)
1
Objective
Two triangles having their three sides respectively

congruent are congruent .
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Third case of the congruency of triangles

2 - Commentary exercise
TEST
161
Course
THIRD CASE OF THE CONGRUENCY OF

1 TRIANGLES
Activity
1º) Draw a segment [KL] of measure 7 cm.
On the same side of [KL], draw an arc of a circle of center K and radius 6 cm, then an arc of a
circle of center L and radius 4 cm. These two arcs intersect at M.
You constructed a triangle KLM knowing the measures of its three sides.
2º) Use the same procedure to construct a triangle OPQ such that :
OP = 7cm, OQ = 6cm and PQ = 4 cm.
3º) Copy each of these two triangles.
4º) Verify that these two copies are congruent.
5º) What are in these two triangles :

a) the congruent sides ?
b) the equal angles ?
Rule
It the three sides of one triangle are respectively congruent to three sides of the
other, then these triangles are congruent.
EXAMPLE
The two triangles below, KLM and OPQ are such that :
KL = OP, KM = OQ and LM = PQ ;
they are congruent (this is verified in the activity).
K O
L M P Q
162

On the sides [Ox) and [Oy) of an angle xOy , we consider respectively O
the points E and F such that OE = OF.

M is a point in the interior of the angle xOy such that : EM = FM.
E F
Prove that [OM) is the bisector of angle xOy .
Given : OE = OF ; EM = FM
x M y
Required to prove : EOM = FOM
Proof
Consider the two triangles OEM and OFM ; they have :
• OE = OF (given) • EM = FM (given) • [OM] common side.

These two triangles are congruent since the three sides of one triangle are respectively congruent
to the three sides of the other.

All their corresponding parts are equal, in particular EOM = FOM , and hence [OM) is the bisector

of angle xOy .
Application
[EI] is the median segment relative to the base [MN] of an isosceles triangle EMN.

a) Prove that [EI) is the bisector of angle MEN .
b) Prove that [EI] is the height relative to [MN].

1 LMN and PQR are two triangles.
Verify whether the triangles are congruent in each of the following cases.

1º) LM = PQ, MN = QR, LN = PR. 2º) LM = PQ, MN = QR, LNM = PRQ .

3º) MN = QR, MLN = RPQ , LN = PR . 4º) MLN = RPQ , NML = PQR , LM = QR.
163
2 Given the two triangles LOI and RAT.

What should be added to the given equal parts so that these triangles become
congruent ?

1º) LO = RA, OI = AT, 2º) LI = RT , OLI = ART , 3º) OIL = ATR = 90° , OI = AT.
3 Construct triangle MON such that : MO = MN = 46mm and ON = 3 cm.
4 Construct an equilateral triangle of perimeter 15 cm.
5 ABC and A′B′C′ are two triangles of perimeter 12 cm each.

Prove that they are congruent.
6 ABC is any triangle. [AM] is the median relative to [BC]. We produce [AM] to a length
ME = AM.
1º) Prove that BE = AC.
2º) Prove that AB = CE.
3º) Prove that the two triangles ABC and BCE are congruent.
7 In triangle ABC, we produce the height [AH] to a length HD = AH.

1º) Prove that AB = BD.
2º) Prove that AC = CD.
3º) Prove that the two triangles ABC and DBC are congruent.
8 Two circles of centers O and I and radii r and r′, respectively, intersect at V and R.
1º) Prove that the two triangles VOI and ROI are congruent.

2º) Deduce that [OI) is the bisector of VOR and that [IO) is the bisector of VIR.
9 [AB] and [CD] are two congruent chords of a circle of center O.

Prove that AOB = COD.
164

1º) Two triangles ABC and A′B′C′ are congruent if :
a) two sides of one are respectively congruent to two sides of the other,

b) AB = A′C′, AC = A′B′ and BAC = B′A′C′,

c) AB = A′B′ and ACB = A′C′B′,

d) ABC = A′B′C′, ACB = A′C′B′ and BAC = B′A′C′,
e) AB = A′B′, AC = A′C′ and BC = B′C′ .
2º) In the two congruent triangles ABC and A′B′C′ :

a) if AB = A′B′ then ACB = A′C′B′,
b) if AC = A′C′ and AB = B′C′ then BC = A′B′
For seeking

11 AEC is an isosceles triangle of vertex 14 Let [Oz) be the bisector of xOy. M is a
A. B is a point on [AE] and D on [AC] point of [Oz) ; the perpendicular at
such that AB = AD. M to [Oz) cuts [Ox) at A and [Oy) at B.
1º) Prove that CD = BE. 1º) What is the nature of triangle
2º) Prove that DE = BC. AOB ?
3º) Prove that the two triangles DBE 2º) I is a point of [Oz) such that
and DBC are congruent. MI = MO .
Prove that triangle OBI is isosceles.
Deduce that BI = AO.
12 ABC is an isosceles triangle of 3º) P is the midpoint of [OM] and
vertex A. On the line (xy) holding J of [MI].
[BC], take the points D and E such Prove that AP = BJ.
that : DB = BC = CE. 4º) Prove that the two triangles OAP
1º) Prove that the two triangles ACD and BIJ are congruent.
and ABE are congruent.
2º) Prove that the two triangles ABD
and ACE are congruent.
15 A and D are two points on the
perpendicular bisector of [BC] and on
13 SAC is an isosceles triangle of the same side of [BC].
vertex S such that SA = SC = 4 cm. 1º) Prove that the two triangles ADB
The sides [AS] and [CS] are extended and ADC are congruent.
on the same side of S of same length 2º) (BD) cuts (AC) at E and (CD) cuts
SO = SI = 2 cm (O is on (AS) and I is (AB) at F.
on (CS)). Prove that the two triangles BAE and
1º) Prove that the two triangles SIA CAF are congruent.
and SOC are congruent. 3º) Deduce that DE = DF and that
2º) Prove that the two triangles IAC AE = AF .
and OAC are congruent. What does (AD) represent to [FE]?
165
Test
1 LMN and PQR are two triangles. Verify, in each of the following cases, whether the
triangles are congruent.

1º) MN = QR , LMN = PQR , MLN = PRQ .

2º) LN = PR , MN = QR , LMN = PQR .

3º) MLN = QPR = 90° , MN = QR , LM = PQ .
4º) LM = QR , MN = PR , LN = PQ . (4 points)
2 Given the two triangles LOI and RAT . What should be added to the given equal parts
so that the triangles become congruent?

1º) IL = TR , OLI = ART .

2º) LOI = RAT , OLI = ART . (2 points)
3 A, B and C are three points on a semi-circle of center O and radius R, such that
AB = BC .

Prove that [OB) is the bisector of AOC . (4 points)

4 xOy is any given angle. We take the points A and C on [Ox) and, B and D on [Oy) such
that : OA = OB and OC = OD .
[BC] and [AD] intersect at P .
1º) Prove that AC = BD .
2º) Prove the congruency of the triangles :

OAD and OBC ; ABD and ABC ; ADC and BDC ; PAC and PBD .
3º) Deduce that (PO) is the perpendicular bisector of [AB] and of [CD]. (10 points)
166
18
EQUATIONS
1
Objectives
• Adding and subtracting the same number from both

sides of an equation does not change the equation.
• Replacing an equation by an equivalent equation.

• Reduce an equation to the form ax = b .
b
• The equation ax = b has for solution .
a
• Organizing the given and translating it into an equation
of the form ax = b .
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Definition
2 - Equivalent equations
3 - Properties and solutions
4 - Translation into an equation
TEST
167
Course
1 DEFINITION
The writing 2x – 3 = 5 is called :

equation of the first degree in x, x is the unknown ; 2x – 3 and 5 are the sides of this equation
; 2x, – 3 and 5 are the terms.
x = 4 verifies this equation since : 2 × 4 – 3 = 8 – 3 = 5.
4 is the solution or the root of 2x – 3 = 5.
To solve an equation is to find the value of the unknown which verifies it.
Application 1
Consider the equation 3x + 1 = 4.
Which of the following values is a solution of this equation ?
x = 0 ; x = 1 ; x = 3.
2 EQUIVALENT EQUATIONS
The equations 2 + x = 5 and 4x = 12 have the same solution x = 3 .

They are called equivalent.
Two equations are said to be equivalent if they admit the same solution.
Application 2
1º) Choose the correct answer.

The equation 2 + x = 6 has for solution 0 4 1
The equation x – 1 = – 1 has for solution 2 1 0
The equation x – 3 = 1 has for solution 4 3 2
The equation x + 7 = 7 has for solution 2 –1 0
2º) Indicate which of the preceding equations are equivalent.
168
3 PROPERTIES AND SOLUTION
Activity
xg
The balance is at equilibrium.

We have : x + 50 + 20 = 100 + 50 + 20
xg xg
The balance remains at equilibrium. The balance remains at equilibrium.

Complete : Write the corresponding equation.
x + 50 + 20 + ... = 100 + 50 + 20 + ... .......................... = ..........................
Property 1
If we add or subtract the same number from both sides of an equation, we still obtain an
equation which has the same solution.
EXAMPLE
To solve the equation 5x – 2 = 4x + 4.

Add 2 to both sides :
5x – 2 + 2 = 4x + 4 + 2,
then 5x = 4x + 6.
Subtract 4x from both sides :
5x – 4x = 4x + 6 – 4x.
then x = 6.
These steps are summarized in the following manner :
5x – 2 = 4x + 4
5x – 4x = 4 + 2
x = 6.
6 is the solution of this equation.
By examining this work we derive the following rule.
In an equation we can transfer one term of one side to the other side on condition that
we change the sign that precedes this term.
169
Application 3
Solve the following equations :
1º) 3x – 5 = 2x + 2
2º) 2x – 8 = x + 3 .
Activity
100g
xg xg
The balance is at equilibrium.

• Write the corresponding equation.
• Can you deduce the value of x ?
If yes, complete x = .............
Property 2
If we multiply or divide the two sides of an equation by the same number, we obtain an
equation which has the same solution.
EXAMPLE
• The equation 4x – 5 = 2x + 3 is written 4x – 2x = 5 + 3
2x = 8
2x 8
= and x = 4.
2 2
x x x
• The equation – 2 = 1 is written =2+1; =3
3 3 3
x
× 3 = 3 × 3, then x = 9
3
Application 4
Solve each of the following equations :
1º) 7x – 1 = 2x + 4
a
2º) – 4 = 1.
5
170
General case: solution of the equation ax = b with a ≠ 0
By using the first property, every first degree equation can be written in the form ax = b, where a
and b are two numbers such that a ≠ 0.
The second property gives :
ax b b
= , so x = .
a a a
b
ax = b gives x = , where a ≠ 0
a
Particular case
1º) The equation : 0x = b where b ≠ 0 does not admit any solution,
2º) The equation : 0x = 0 admits every number as solution.
Remark
When an equation admits denominators, we should :
• Reduce all the terms to the same denominator,
• Remove this common denominator : this is done by multiplying the two sides of the equation
by the value of the denominator.
EXAMPLE
x 1 x
The equation + = + 2 is written,
2 6 3
after being reduced to the same denominator 6:
3x 1 2x 12
+ = +
6 6 6 6
or 3x + 1 = 2x + 12, then x = 11.
Application 5
Solve each of the following equations :
1º)
x
3
–5=
1
3
+
x
4
3º)
2x
3
–1=2 ( x
3
–
1
2
)
2º) 2b –
1
4
=
b
2
4º)
3y
4
–
1
2
=3 ( y
4
)
+1 .
171
4 TRANSLATING INTO EQUATIONS
To solve a problem is to translate it into an equation, after a practical choice of the unknown for
this. We follow these four steps :
1°) choice of the unknown (after the reading and the analysis of the text)
2°) Translating into an equation
3°) Solving the equation
4°) Checking by reading the given problem.
EXAMPLES
1º) In a school, the number of students in the three classes GR7, GR8 and GR9 is 95. The
GR8 has 14 students less than GR7 and 3 students more than the GR9.
What is the number of students in each class ?
Let x be the number of students in GR8. The number of students of the GR7 is x + 14 and that
of GR9 is x – 3.
Then we have :
x + ( x + 14) + (x – 3) = 95, so 3x = 84 then x = 28. The number of students of GR8 is 28, that
of GR7 is 42 and that of GR9 is 25.
2º) The dimensions of a rectangle are 60 m and 45 m. We increase the length by 12m.
How much should we decrease the width so that the area of the new rectangle is equal to
the area of the original one ?
Let x be the amount to be decreased from the width.

The area of the first rectangle is :
60 × 45 = 2 700 , so 2 700 m2.
The area of the new rectangle is :
(60 + 12) (45 – x) = 72(45 – x) = 3 240 – 72x, so 3 240 – 72x.
Since the two areas are equal, therefore :
2 700 = 3 240 – 72x,
72x = 3 240 – 2 700
72x = 540
540
x= = 7.5 ; so 7.5 m.
72
The amount that should be decreased is 7.5 m.
172
EQUATIONS
1 Verify whether each number is a solution of the equation :

1º) 3x – 7 = x + 5 x = 6.
–9
2º) 3x – 7 = 5x + 2 x= .
2
3º) 2y – 7 = 8y + 2 y = 1.
t–2 t–3
4º) = t=5.
3 2
5º) 7(b – 3) + 3 (b + 12) = 9(b + 2) b = 3.
2 Solve the following equations : 2x = 4 ; 5x = 0 ; – 4x = 28 ;

– 2b a 2
3y – 7 = 2 ; = 0 ; = ; 3x = 1 .
7 3 3
x–2 x 5
3 Fadi and Nadia solved the equation + = in the following manner :
2 6 3
Fadi Nadia
x–2 x 5 x–2 x 5
2 + 6
=
3 2 + 6
=
3
3(x – 2) + x 10 3(x – 2) + x 10
6 = =
6 6 6
3x – 6 + x = 10 3x – 6 + x = 10
4x = 10 + 6 4x = 10 – 6
4x = 16 4x = 4
16 4
x= ,x=4 x= ,x=1
4 4
Which solution is correct ? Justify you ranswer.
173
EQUATIONS
4 Solve each of the following equations :

1º) 5x + 7 = 4x + 8 2º) 4 = 6 – 2a 3º) –7b = 2 – 5b
5
n
4º) 4(3t + 2) = 3(t + 5) 5º) 3(2m + 1) – 7 = 2m 6º) 2 +1 =0
5
2y – 1 y 6–z x+2 x+9
7º) =2 +4 8º) =2 9º) – =–x
5 3 2 3
2
1 x 1 3x + 1 x + 3 1
10º) +1 = 11º) 3 (x – 1) – x = 2x – 3 12º) – = – x .
3 9 4 3 3
5 For each of the problems below, designate a letter for the unknown, write an equation
then solve it.
1º) The product of a number by 4.4 is 11. What is the number ?
2º) The product of 11 by a number is 4.4. What is the number ?
3º) The third of a number is 11. What is the number ?
4º) The sum of a number and 4.4 is 11. What is the number ?
5º) The sum of 11 and a number is 4.4. What is the number ?
6º) The quotient of a number by 11 is 4.4. What is the number ?
7º) The double of a number is 11. What is the number ?
8º) The sum of 4.4 and triple a number is 11. What is the number ?
6 The perimeter of the triangle below measures 12.8 cm.

A
4,5 x
B 5,1 C
1º) Which equation helps us to find x ?

a) x + 4.5 = 5.1 + 12.8 b) x – 4.5 = 12.8 – 5.1
c) x × 5.1 + 4.5 = 12.8 d) x + 4.5 + 5.1 = 12.8
2º) Find the value of x .
174
EQUATIONS
7 Write an equation in x that translates the given situation, then solve this equation.
C
57°
x°
A B
8 1º) Given two consecutive numbers. If x is the first number express the second number
in terms of x .
2º) The sum of these two numbers is 35. Find these numbers.
9 The length of the rectangle below is double its width.

A B
D C
1º) Express the length in terms of x.

2º) The perimeter of this rectangle is 30cm. Find its dimensions.
10 In a problem, Sami wrote the following equation :

5x – 18 = 6x – 8 in order to find the price x of a pen.
1º) Solve this equation. 2º) Why isn’t this equation correct ?

3x 5
1º) 2x – 1 = x + 4 has a solution x = 5. 2º) = 0 has a solution x = .
5 3
3º) The two equations 2x – 8 = 0 and x + 2 = 6 are equivalent.
4º) The equation 2x + 1 = 2(x + 3) admits no solution.
5º) Every number is a solution of the equation 3x – 4 = x + 2(x – 2).
3
6º) 9x = 9 gives x = 0 . 7º) 3x = 5 gives x = .
5
5
8º) z – 6 = 5 gives z = . 9º) 4y = 6 gives y = 2 .
6
2
10º) 5a = gives a = 2 .
5
175
EQUATIONS
For seeking
12 Solve the following equations :

x – 1 2x – 3 x x + 1 3 x+4
1º) – = – 2º) 3 x– –=x–1
3 2 6 3 2 3
x–2 x+2 2x x–2 1 x 1

3º) – = – 4º) +=–.
5 3 15 5 3 5 15
13 A basket of apples and a basket of grapes both weigh 20 kg. The first basket weighs 8 kg
more than the second. How much does each basket weigh ?
14 The sum of two numbers is 400. Calculate these two numbers knowing that one of them
is the triple of the other.
15 If we add 25 to a given number and subtract 12 from the obtained result, we obtain 16.
What is the number ?
16 Nabil asked Diana to choose a number. He gave her the following hint :
• add 7
• multiply by 2 the obtained result
• subtract 4.
Diana answered «I obtain 20».
What number did Diana choose ?
17 The difference between two numbers is 42. Find these numbers knowing that the greater
is the quadruple of the smaller.
18 The sum of three consecutive numbers is 102. Find these numbers.
19 If I add 4 to the triple of the grade taken by Karim on his mathematics homework I get
40. What is his grade?
174
EQUATIONS
20 How can we divide the sum 875 000L.L. between two people such that one of them has
15 000L.L. more than the other ?
21 Chadi wants to buy a C.D album which costs 63 000L.L. He does not have enough
money. His brother Ziad gave him 8 000 L.L. Chadi buys the album and has no money
left. How much money did Chadi have ?
22 The price of a cinema ticket is 10000L.L. for an adult and 7000L.L. for a child. 60
people attended the movie and paid 540 000L.L.
Find the number of children and adults that attended the movie.
23 Sami is 4 years older than Ziad. Chadi is as old as Sami and Ziad together. The sum of
their ages is 48 years. What is the age of each ?
24 The age of a father is 34 years, and the ages of his two sons, Karim and Walid, are 12
years and 8 years respectively. In how many years will the sum of the ages of the sons
be equal to the age of the father ?
25 A father is 24 years older than his son. What are their ages knowing that, in ten years,
the sum of their ages will be 68 years ?
26 1º) Recopy and complete the following table .
Hadi Lama
Actual age 15 x
Age after 10 years
2º) Let A = 25 + (x + 10) . What does A represent ?

3º) Calculate Lama’s age if A = 45 .
175
EQUATIONS
27 A sum of money is distributed among a number of children. If each child was given
28 000 L.L., the remaining amount is 30 000L.L. If 29 000L.L. was given to each, the
remaining amount is 15 000L.L. Find the number of children and the distributed amount.
28 Calculate x in each of the following cases (the angles are expressed in degrees).
1º) 2º)
x
+ 30
2
x – 20
2x +46
x
2x +14 + 10
x +20 2
29 Find the dimensions of a rectangle knowing that its perimeter is 372 m and that the
length is 15 m less than the double of the width.
30 Locate M on [AB], so 9 cm
A x B
that the two triangles M
2 cm
AMC and BMD would

have the same area.
4 cm
C
31 Calculate x such that the perimeter A 6 cm B

of the rectangle CDEF is equal to half
of that of the isosceles trapezoid
ABCD. 3 cm 3 cm
D C
2 cm
E x F
176
EQUATIONS
32 In the adjacent figure, P varies between A and C . B I
1º) How does x vary ?
2º) Calculate x so that the area of the rectangle 3 cm

ABIP is equal to that of triangle ABC.
3º) What is then the position of P? C

A x P
4 cm
33 A shopkeeper sells the third of the eggs he has in his basket. He broke 3 eggs by
5
accident and he still has of the basket. How many eggs were in the basket ?
8
34 Two pieces of material measure 120 m and 46m each. We cut from each piece the same
number of meters. The first piece is then three times longer then the second.
How many meters were cut from each piece ?
35 Two cyclists start at the same time,

B meeting place T
one from Beirut (B), the other from Tripoli (T), and go to the meeting point.
The speed of the first is 16 km per hour, and that of the second is 24 km per hour.
At what distance from Beirut will they meet ?
Indication :
• the distance between the cities is 80 km.
• the distance = the time × the speed.
177
EQUATIONS
Test
1 Choose the equation which translates the given situation.
a) The half of a number is obtained by subtracting 48 from its double. (2 points)
x 2x – 48 x x
= 2 = 2x – 48 = 48 – 2x
2 2 2
b) The age of a father is triple that of his son.
In ten years the age of the father will be double the age of his son. (2 points)
3x = 2x + 10 3x + 10 = 2x 3x + 10 = 2(x + 10)
c) Walid spent 10,000L.L. in a shop, that is 1000L.L. more than half of the amount he
had initially. (2 points)
x x 10 000
x – 10 000 = 2 + 1000 2 + 1000 = 10 000 x – 1000 =
2
2 Solve each of the following equations : (6 points)

1 3 2 (20x – 1)
a) 3(x – )– x=x–1 b) = 10x + 1
4 2 3
5x – 2 7x – 3 x–1
c) – =
4 8 2
D x M C
3 Calculate x so that the area of triangle AMD
is one third the area of square ABCD. (2 points)
A 12 cm B
4 A math teacher gives his student 16 problems. He gave him 5 points for each correct
exercise and removed 3 points for each wrong exercise. In the end the student had no
points at all.
Find the number of the correct exercises. (3 points)
5 Two cyclists start from the same city and follow the same road. The speed of the first
is 3 km per hour more than the second. The first cycled for 4 hours and the second for
3 hours. They reach two villages, respectively, separated by a distance of 30km.
What is the speed of each one ? (3 points)
178
19
PARALLEL STRAIGHT
LINES (1)
1
Objectives
• Using the properties concerning parallel and

perpendicular straight lines .
• Using Euclid’s postulate in proofs.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Parallel straight lines

a) Definition
b) Euclid’s postulate
c) Properties
2 - Perpendicular drawn from a point to a straight line
a) Definition
b) Properties
c) Construction
TEST
179
Course
1 PARALLEL STRAIGHT LINES

y u
Activity
m n
Observe the adjacent figure.
Does (uv) cut (mn) ?
e f
Does (xy) cut (e f) ?
Is it the same for (uv) and (xy) ? For (mn) and (e f) ? x v
Definition
y v In a plane, two straight lines are v y y v
parallel if they do not intersect.
(xy) and (uv) do not intersect, so
they are parallel.
We write : (xy) // (uv) and we read :
(xy) is parallel to (uv). x u x u
x u
We also say that (xy) and (uv) have (xy) and (uv) are not parallel, they
the same direction. are secant (intersecting lines).
Euclid’s postulate
From a given point not on a straight line, we can draw one and only one line parallel to the
straight line.
Observe the adjacent figure.

u v
(uv) is the only straight line drawn from A A
and parallel to (xy). x y
180
2 PROPERTIES
1 ) In the figure below, (D1) is parallel to (D2) and (d) is parallel to (D1).
(D1)
(D2)
A
(d)
Then (d) is parallel to (D2) since :

If (d) and (D2) intersect at A, for example, we will have from A two parallels to (D1), which
contradicts Euclid’s postulate.
Hence the property :
if two straight lines are parallel, then every straight line parallel to one of them is parallel to
the other.
We can also say :
two straight lines parallel to a third are parallel to each other.
2 ) In the figure below, (D1) and (D2) are parallel and (d) cuts (D1) at A .
(d)
A
(D1)
(D2)
Then (d) cuts also (D2) since :

if (d) is parallel to (D2), we will have from A two parallels (D1) and (d) to (D2), which contradicts
Euclid’s postulate.
if two lines are parallel, then every straight line cutting one of them cuts the other.
181
PERPENDICULAR DRAWN FROM A POINT
3 TO A STRAIGHT LINE
Definition
In the figures below :
y y
A z z
H A
x A does not belong to (xy) x A belongs to (xy)
the straight line (Az) is the straight line (Az) is

perpendicular to (xy) at H. perpendicular to (xy) at A.
We write : (Az) ⊥ (xy). We write : (Az) ⊥ (xy).
The distance from A to (xy) is The distance from A to (xy) is
AH. zero.
Properties
1º) From a point, we can draw one and only one perpendicular to a straight line.
2º) In the adjacent figure, (xy) and (uv) are t

perpendicular to (zt).
Then (xy) is parallel to (uv) since, if (xy) and (uv) A y

x
intersect at I for example, we will have from I two B I
u v
perpendiculars to the same straight line (zt) which is
impossible.
z
two straight lines perpendicular to a third are parallel.
182
The distance between the two parallel straight lines (xy) and (uv) is AB .
(xy) is parallel to (uv) and (zt) is perpendicular to (xy) .
Therefore (zt) is perpendicular to (uv) .
3º)
If two straight lines are parallel, every perpendicular to one of them is also
perpendicular to the other.
Construction
Constructing the parallel to (xy) passing through A.
u A v
A A
x O y x y
y x
H H
• We draw the straight line passing through A and perpendicular to (xy) at H.

• We draw the straight line (uv) passing through A and perpendicular to (AH).
• The two straight lines (uv) and (xy), being perpendicular to the same straight line (AH), are
parallel.
(uv) is then the required straight line.
183
PARALLEL STRAIGHT LINES (1)

1 A is a point not on the straight line 4 ABC is any given triangle.
(xy). Draw the straight lines passing
Draw from A, the parallel to (xy). through A, B and C and parallel to the
x y straight lines (BC), (AC) and (AB)
respectively.
A
5 1º) Draw a figure using the following

2 Draw from E the straight line (zt) indications :
parallel to (xy). (xy) // (uv) ; (uv)⊥ (ir) ;
Does (zt) cut (uv)? Why? (mn) ⊥ (xy) ; (mn) // (pq) ;
y (zt) ⊥ (pq).
v
2º) List other parallel straight lines
E and perpendicular lines of the figure
u
x and justify.
3 ABC is any triangle. Draw :

6 Do the lines (AB) and (CD) of the
(Ax) perpendicular to (BC), (By)
perpendicular to (BC) and (Cz) figure below have a common point ?
parallel to (Ax). Are they parallel ?
1º) Justify the following : Do segments [AB] and [CD]
a) (Ax) // (By). have a common point ?
b) (Cz) // (By).
c) (Cz)⊥ (BC).
B C
d) (AB) cuts (Cz).
e) (AC) cuts (By).
2º) Let [AM] be the median relative to A
[BC]. D
Does (AM) cut (By)? Why?
184

1º) If two straight lines (D2) and (D3) are perpendicular to a same straight line (D1),
then (D2) and (D3) are perpendicular.
2º) If two straight lines are parallel, every straight line perpendicular to one of them is
perpendicular to the other.
3º) From a point not on a straight line, we can draw many parallels to this straight line.
4º) Two straight lines perpendicular to a third are parallel.
5º) If two straight lines are parallel, every straight line which cuts one of them is
parallel to the other.
6º) If two straight lines (AB) and (AC) have the same direction, then the three points A,
B and C are collinear.
7º) From a given point, we can draw many perpendiculars to a given straight line.
8º) Two straight lines (Ax) and (Az) perpendicular to the same straight line (uv) are
confounded.
9º) (D) and (D′) are two perpendicular straight lines.
Every parallel line to one of them is perpendicular to the other.
For seeking
8 (xy) is a given straight line and point A is at a distance of 3 cm from it.
1º) Draw the straight line (uv) passing through A and parallel to (xy). What is the
distance between the two parallel lines (xy) and (uv)?
2º) Can you find a line (zt) parallel to (xy) and at 3 cm from it (xy)?
9 1º) Draw two parallel straight lines (D1) and (D2) at a distance of 4 cm from each other.
2º) Draw the straight line (d) equidistant from (D1) and (D2).
A
10 In the adjacent figure, (Ix) is parallel
to (BC).
What indications can you give a
student who does not see this figure so I J x
that he will be able to draw it ?
B C
K
11 Given two parallel straight lines (xy) and (uv). (zt) is perpendicular to (xy) and (uv), and
cuts them at A and B respectively. From the midpoint O of [AB], we draw a straight line
which cuts (xy) and (uv) at M and N respectively.

1º) Prove that AMN = BNM .
2º) List the equal acute angles and the equal obtuse angles of the figure.
185
Test

1 B is a point taken in the interior of a right angle xAy . The parallels drawn from B to (Ax)
and to (Ay), cut (Ay) and (Ax) at E and F respectively.
Prove that the quadrilateral AEBF is a rectangle. (2 points)
2 ABCD is a rectangle.
1º) Which segments are held by parallel lines ? Why ? (2 points)
2º) [AC] and [BD] intersect at O. E and F are the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from
O to [AD] and [BC] respectively.
Prove that the two straight lines (OE) and (OF) are confounded. (4 points)

3 xOy and yOz are two adjacent supplementary angles such that xOy = 60° .

[Ou) and [Ov) are the bisectors of xOy and yOz respectively. M is any point of [Oy),
P is the feet of the perpendicular drawn from M to [Ov).

1º) Calculate yOz and uOv . (2 points)
2º) Prove that (MP) is parallel to (Ou). (4 points)

4 ABC is any triangle. E is a point of (AC) such that AE = AB. The bisector of BAC cuts
[BC] at M. (xy) is a straight line perpendicular to (AM) at A.
1º) What is (AM) in triangle ABE ? (2 points)
2º) Prove that (xy) is parallel to (BE). (2 points)
186
20
PARALLEL STRAIGHT
LINES (2)
1
Objectives
• Identifying the alternate interior angles and the
corresponding angles formed by two straight lines and
cut by a transversal.
• Knowing the property that the alternate interior angles
formed by two parallel straight lines and a transversal
are equal.
• Knowing the property that the corresponding angles
formed by two parallel straight lines and a transversal
are equal.
• Knowing the converses of the two previous properties.
• Knowing that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180° .
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1. Definitions
2. Properties
3. Commentary exercise
TEST
187
Course
1 DEFINITIONS
In the figures below :

t t
x
A A
x y
y
u v u v
B B
z z

1º) a) xAB , yAB , uBA and vBA are called interior angles to the straight lines (xy) and (uv).

b) xAt , yAt , uBz and vBz are called exterior angles to the straight lines (xy) and (uv).

2º) xAB and vBA are called alternate interior angles. The same for yAB and uBA .

3º) xAt and uBA are called corresponding angles.

The same for : yAt and vBA ; xAB and uBz ; yAB and vBz .
2 PROPERTIES
t
A Activity
(xy) and (uv) are two parallel straight lines. x A y
A is a point of (xy), (zt) a transversal passing through A such that 50°

xAz = 50° and which cuts (uv) at B. B
u v
1º) Measure angles vBA and uBz .

2º) Verify that xAB = vBA and xAB = uBz .
z
Rule
(xy) and (uv) are two parallel straight lines cut by a transversal (zt).
t
x A y
u v
z B
188
1º) Two alternate interior angles are equal.

xAB = vBA and yAB = uBA (activity).
2º) Two corresponding angles are equal.

xAB = uBz ; yAB = zBv ; yAt = vBA ; xAt = uBA .
t
A
x y
u v
z B
B Activity

1º) Draw an angle xAy of measure 40°.

2º) From a point B of [Ay), draw [Bu) such that ABu = 40° where [Ax) and
[Bu) are on opposite sides of (AB).
3º) Are the straight lines (Ax) and (Bu) parallel ?
Rule
(xy) and (uv) are two straight lines cut by a transversal (zt).
If two alternate interior angles are equal then (xy) is parallel to (uv).
t
x A y
u v
z B

For example : if xAB = vBA then (xy) ⁄⁄ (uv).
C Activity

1º) Draw an angle xAy of measure 70°.

2º) From a point B of [Ay), draw [Bu) such that yBu = 70° with [Ax) and [Bu) being on the
same side of (AB).
3º) Are the straight lines (Ax) and (Bu) parallel?
189
Rule
If two corresponding angles are equal then (xy) is parallel to (uv).
t
x y
A
u v
z B

For example : if xAt = uBA then (xy) ⁄⁄ (uv).
ABC is any triangle and (Ax) is parallel to (BC).

Prove that :

BAC + ABC + BCA = 180°.
Proof y
A x

We have : ABC = yAx (corresponding angles)

and ACB = CAx (alternate interior angles).

But : yAx + CAx + CAB = 180° (straight angle).

B C
Therefore : ABC + ACB + CAB = 180°.
The sum of the angles in a triangle is equal 180° .
190

1 [AB] and [CD] are two segments 4 Observe the given figures and answer
intersecting at their midpoint O. the following questions.
1º)
1º) Prove that the two triangles OAC
AB = AC and (DE) ⁄⁄ (BC).
and OBD are congruent ; deduce that A
(BD) is parallel to (AC).
2º) Prove that (AD) is parallel to (BC).
D E
B C
2 [Ou) is the bisector of angle

xOy , B is a point of [Ox). The parallel Show that triangle ADE is isosceles.
to [Oy) through B cuts [Ou) at N.
Show that triangle BON is isosceles.
2º)
A x
31°
3 In the figure below, (xy) and (uv) are
two parallel straight lines cut by the
transversal (zt) at A and B B 67° C
respectively. (Ax) ⁄⁄ (BC).
Prove that :
Calculate BAC .

1º) xAB + uBA = 180°

2º) yAB + vBA = 180° 3º) [AD) is the bisector of BAC and
(AD) ⁄⁄ (CE).
3º) xAt = zBv .
t E
A
A
x y
B B C
u v D
Prove that triangle
z ACE is isosceles.
191
5 In the figure below, (AS) ⁄⁄ (IZ) and 9 In the figure below, (xy) and (uv) are
(PS) ⁄⁄ (RZ). two parallel straight lines and (zt) is a
1º) Prove that the triangle PAS is transversal cutting them at A and B
isosceles. respectively.

2º) Calculate PSx .
The bisector of xAz cuts (uv) at C.
P

The bisector of yAz cuts (uv) at D.
1º) Prove that triangle CAD is right.

A x
2º) Prove that triangles ABC and ABD
R S
are isosceles.
50°
x A y
65°
I Z
u v
C B D
6 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex

A and such that BAC = 50°. z
Calculate the measure of the base
angles of this triangle.
7 MNP is triangle such that : 10 In the figure below, ABC is an

isosceles triangle of vertex A , and
MNP = 50° and MPN = 70°. [Nx) is a
[Ax) ⁄⁄ (BC).
semi straight line holding [NM].
Prove that [Ax) is the bisector of angle
Calculate PMx .
uAC .
8 ABC is a right triangle at A such that
u
BCA = 50°. A

x
1º) Calculate CBA .
2º) [AH] is the height relative to [BC].

Calculate BAH and CAH .
B C
192
11 Observe the adjacent figure and answer by true or false. q

n

1º) mAB and qBA are two alternate interior angles.
2º) If (mn) is parallel to (pq), then :

s A B
sAn = ABq (corresponding angles).
r

3º) If sAm = ABp , then (mn) ⁄⁄ (pq).

4º) If nAB = ABp , then (mn) ⁄⁄ (pq). m
p
12 Observe the adjacent figure and Answer by true or false. n q

1º) mAB and qBA are two alternate interior angles.
s A
2º) sAn and ABq are two corresponding angles. B
r
3º) nAB = ABp (alternate interior angles).

4º) qBr = nAB (corresponding angles).
m
p
13 In the adjacent figure, A

[AD) is the bisector of BAC

and DAE = 90°.
B 34° 86° E
Calculate AEC . D C
14 ABC is an equilateral triangle. M is any point of [BC]. The perpendicular at M to (BC)

cuts (AB) at N and (AC) at F.
Calculate the angles of triangles BMN and ANF.
For seeking
15 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A and M is any point of [BC]. The perpendicular
bisector of [BM] cuts [AB] at D and that of [MC] cuts [AC] at E.
1º) Prove that triangle DMB is isosceles and that (MD) is parallel to (AC).
2º) Similarly, prove that (ME) is parallel to (AB).
193

16 xOy and mAn are two angles such that : A O
[Ox) and [Oy) are parallel to [Am) and [An) respectively.
[Ox) and [An) intersect at B.

B

Prove that mAB = BOy .
m x n y
17 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A and M is any point of [BC]. The perpendicular
at M to (BC) cuts (AB) at I and (AC) at J.
Prove that AIJ is an isosceles triangle.
18 ABC is a right triangle at A. Let [Ax) be an interior semi-straight line of triangle ABC

such that BAx = ABC . [Ax) cuts [BC] at M.
1º) Show that triangles AMB and AMC are isosceles.
2º) Deduce that M is the midpoint of [BC] and that BC = 2AM.
19 (xy) and (uv) are two parallel straight t

lines cut by a transversal (zt) at A and x A N y
B respectively.

The bisector of angle xAB cuts
(uv) at M and the bisector of angle

ABv cuts (xy) at N.
v
1º) Prove that (AM) is parallel to (BN). u M B
2º) Prove that AM = BN. z

20 Let ABC be any triangle. The bisector of BAC cuts [BC] at D. M is a point of [AC]. The
parallel to (AD) passing through M cuts (AB) at P.
Prove that triangle AMP is isosceles.
21 (D) and (D′) are two fixed parallel lines; M and N are two variable points on (D) and
(D′) respectively. The perpendicular at O, the midpoint of [MN], cuts (D) and (D′) at E
and F respectively.
Prove that OE = OF.
194
22 SAC is any triangle. The bisector of 25 1º) Construct quadrilateral SAMI such

ASC cuts [AC] at O. The parallel that (SA) and (SI) are parallel to (IM)
and (AM) respectively.
drawn at O to (SA) cuts [SC] at N.
2º) Prove that the two triangles SAI
1º) Prove that triangle SON is
and MAI are congruent .
isosceles.
Deduce that SA = IM .
2º) The parallel drawn at N to (SO)
cuts (AC) at I. 3º) The bisector of ASI cuts (AM)
at E .
Prove that [NI) is the bisector of angle

a) Prove that SAE is isosceles .
ONC . b) Deduce that AE = IM .
26 ABC is any triangle. [BM] and [CN]

23 [AB] and [EF] are two diameters of
are the medians relative to [AC] and
the circle C (O ; R) .
[AB] respectively. E is the symmetric
of B with respect to M and F is the
E B symmetric of C with respect to N.
1º) Prove that (AE) is parallel to
O (BC).
A F 2º) Prove that (AF) is parallel to

(BC).
1º) Compare the triangles OAE and 3º) Deduce that E, A and F are
OFB . collinear.
2º) Deduce that (EA) is parallel to
(FB) .
3º) Prove that (AF) is parallel to (EB) .
27 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex
A. [BM] and [CN] are the medians
relative to [AC] and [AB] respectively.
24 MNPQ is a rectangle and I is the
1º) Show that AMN is isosceles.
midpoint of [MN] .
Deduce that (MN) is parallel to (BC).
1º) Prove that the two triangles QIM
and PIN are congruent . 2º) Let I be the symmetric of N with

2º) Let [Iu) be the bisector of PIQ . respect to M.
Prove that [Iu) is perpendicular to Show that (CI) is parallel to (AN) and
that CI = AN.
[MN] .
3º) Prove that [Iu) is parallel to (MQ) . 3º) Show that NI = BC and deduce
1 that BC = 2MN.
Deduce that MQI = QIP .
2
195
28 LMNO is a quadrilateral such that LM = ON = 5 cm , MN = OL = 3 cm .

(LM) is parallel to (ON) and (OL) is parallel to (MN) . The parallel to (MO) at L cuts
(ON) at B and (MN) at A . A

1º) a) Compare the angles MON and LBN .

b) Compare the angles LBN and ALM .

c) Compare the angles MON and ALM .
2º) Compare the triangles L
M
MON and MAL .
3º) Compare the triangles
MAL and MOL .
B
O N

29 1º) Construct triangle ABC such that BC = 4 cm , ACB = 40° and ABC = 60° .

2º) a) Construct the semi-straight line [Ax) exterior to triangle ABC, such that CAx =40°.
b) Justify why [Ax) is parallel to (BC) .
3º) Let D be a point of [Ax) such that AD = BC .
Show that the two triangles ABC and ADC are congruent .

4º) a) Let F be a point outside of the triangle, such that BAF = 60° .
b) Is (AF) parallel to (BC) ? Why ?
c) Prove that points A , F and D are collinear .
30 On the perpendicular bisector (xy) of segment [AB] and on opposite sides of this
segment, take two points M and N. Consider on [MA] and [MB], respectively, the points
C and D such that MC = MD. Consider on [NA] and [NB], respectively, the points E and
F such that NE = NF.
1º) Show that CA = DB and that (CD) is parallel to (AB).
2º) Show that EA = FB and that (EF) is parallel to (AB).
3º) Deduce that (EF) is parallel to (CD).
4º) Show that the two triangles ACE and BDF are congruent.
31 ABC is a right triangle at B . Let D be on (BC) such that B is the midpoint of [CD] .
1º) a) What does (AB) represent to [CD] ? Justify your answer.
b) Deduce the nature of triangle ACD .
2º) Draw the parallel to (BC) passing through A .
Take point M on this parallel such that AM = BC , M and C being on the same side
of (AB) .

a) Show that MAC = ACB .
b) Show that the two triangles ABD and AMC are congruent .
196
32 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A , M is the midpoint of [BC] and E is the

symmetric of M with respect to B .
The perpendicular at E to (BC) cuts (AB) at F .
1º) What does (AM) represent in triangle ABC ?
2º) Show that the two triangles ABM and EBF are congruent .
List their corresponding equal parts.
3º) Show that (MF) is parallel to (AE).
33 (xy) and (uv) are two parallel straight lines cut by a transversal (zt) at A and B
respectively. t

The bisector of yAB and that of vBA
D A
x y
intersect at C.
1º) Show that triangle ACB is right.
2º) The perpendicular drawn through B to C
(BC) cuts (xy) at D.

Show that [BD) is the bisector of ABu .
u v
B
z
34 ABC is any triangle such that AB = 9 cm ; AC = 8 cm and BC = 6.5 cm .

[Ax) is the bisector of BAC .
(d) is the perpendicular drawn at A to [Ax) .
The parallel at C to (AB) cuts (d) at E .
F is the symmetric of E with respect to A .

1º) Show that FAB = EAC .
2º) Show that triangle AEC is isosceles .
3º) The parallel to (d) at C cuts (AB) at G and [Ax) at H .
Show that triangle ACG is isosceles .
4º) Show that triangles AEC and AGC are congruent .
5º) Deduce that CG = AF .
6º) Show that triangles AFG and ACG are congruent .
7º) Show that (FG) is parallel to (AC) .
8º) M is the orthogonal projection of F on (CG) .
N is the orthogonal projection of E on (CG) .
Show that GM = CN .
9º) Deduce that H is the midpoint of [MN] .
197
Test

1 xAy is a given angle, AM is the bisector of xAy .
The perpendicular bisector of [AM] cuts [Ax) at B.
1º) Show that (MB) is parallel to (Ay).

2º) Calculate ABM when xAy = 60°. (2 points)
2 In the figure below,

A
B D
C
Show that :

DAB + ABC + BCD + CDA = 360°. (2 points)
3 [AB] and [CD] are two equal parallel segments. [AD] and [BC] intersect at O.
Show that O is the midpoint of [BC] and [AD]. (2 points)

4 MEN is any triangle. The bisectors of angles MEN and MNE intersect at I. The parallel
drawn from I to (EN) cuts (ME) at A and (MN) at B.
1º) Show that triangles AIE and BIN are isosceles. (2points)
2º) Show that the perimeter of triangle MAB is equal to ME + MN. (2 points)
198
21
PROPORTIONS
1
Objectives
• Recognizing a proportionality situation.

• Recognizing a proportion.
• Transforming a proportion to obtain another.
• Calculate the fourth proportional.
• Using the calculation of the fourth proportional in
problems.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Directly proportional magnitudes

2 - Proportion
3 - Properties of a proportion
4 - Fourth proportional
5 - The triple rule
TEST
199
Course
1 DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL MAGNITUDES
Activity
At the butcher, it is sufficient to type the price of a kilogram for which the price of a weighed piece
is typed immediately.
1º) Complete the following table of proportionality.
Mass in kg 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 2 3

x…
Price in L.L. 325 162.5
2º) How can you calculate the terms of the second row from the ones of the first row ?
3º) How can you calculate the terms of the first row from those of the second row ?
4º) Are the prices proportional to the masses ?
Definition
Two magnitudes are directly proportional when we obtain the value of the second magnitude by
multiplying with the same number those of the first; in other words, each corresponding pair of
numbers give the same quotient (proportionality cœfficient).
EXAMPLE
The following table :
Number of pens 3 5 10 13 15
x…
Price in L.L. 18 30 60 78 90
proves that the price of pens is proportional to their number.

18 30 60 78 90
= = = = = 6.
3 5 10 13 15
6 is the proportionality cœfficient.
However, the table below :
200
Age in years 10 12 15 18 20
Height in cm 140 150 160 170 180
proves that the height is not proportional to the age.

140 150
≠ .
10 12
Remark :
« a , b and c are respectively proportional (or directly proportional) to 5 ; 2 and 3 » , means :

a b c
= =
5 2 3
Application 1
1º) Is the following table a proportionality table ?
Mass in kg 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 2 2.5 3
Price in L.L. 65 6.5 13 19.5 32.5 130 162.5 195
2º) How do you calculate the numbers of the second row from those of the first row ?
3º) How do you calculate the numbers of the first row from those of the second row ?
4º) What is the proportionality cœfficient ?
5º) Complete : The prices are … to the masses.
201
2 PROPORTION
Activity
a = 2.4 , b = 3 , c = 2.72 and d = 3.4 are 4 decimals.

a 2.4
a) The ratio of a to b is : = = 0.8 ;
b 3
calculate the ratio of b to a, c to d and d to c.
a c a c
b) Compare and then complete : … .
b d b d
c) Compare a × d and b × c.
b d b d
d) Compare and then complete : … .
a c a c
e) Complete :
2.4 2.72 ; … 2.72 ; 2.4 2.72 ; 2.4 ... .
= = = =
3 … 3 3.4 … 3.4 3 3.4
a b .
f) Calculate the ratio of a to c and that of b to d then complete : …
c d
Definition
a c a c
A proportion is an equality of two ratios and , denoted by : = .
b d b d
1st term a c 3rd term

=
2nd term b d 4th term
The first and the fourth terms are the extremes.

The second and the third terms are the means.
202
EXAMPLE
3 6 3 6 .
and are two equal ratios ; they form a proportion : =
4 8 4 8
3 and 8 are respectively the first and the fourth terms:
they are the extreme terms.
4 and 6 are respectively the second and the third terms:
they are the mean terms.
Application 2
2.5 20
= is a proportion.
25 200
1º) List its extremes terms and its means.
2º) Complete :
… is the third term of this proportion.
3 PROPERTIES OF A PROPORTION
1º) In a proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes.
a c
In = , a × d = b × c.
b d
EXAMPLE
3 6
In = , 3 × 8 = 4 × 6.
4 8
a c
2º) Consider the proportion = ,
b d
a b
• if we permute the means, we obtain a new proportion = .
c d
EXAMPLE
3 6
If we permute the means of the proportion = ,
4 8
3 4
we obtain the proportion = .
6 8
203
d c
• if we permute the extremes, we obtain a new proportion = .
b a
EXAMPLE
3 6
If we permute the extremes of the proportion = ,
4 8
8 6
we obtain the proportion = 3 .
4
b d
• if we inverse the ratios, we obtain a new proportion = .
a c
EXAMPLE
3 6
If we inverse the ratios of the proportion = ,
4 8
4 8
we obtain the proportion = .
3 6
Application 3
2 …
1 - a) Complete so as to have a proportion : 6
=
24
.
b) List the means of the preceding proportion. What proportion do you obtain if you permute
them ?
24 8
c) How do you obtain the proportion = from the one obtained in a) ?
6 2
d) Invert the ratios of the proportion obtained in a) ; do you obtain a proportion?
2.5 32.5
2 - a) By multiplying the means and the extremes, prove that 0.7 = 9.1 is a proportion.
b) Without any calculation, write all the proportions that you can obtain from the above proportion.
204
4 FOURTH PROPORTIONAL
Observe the way to calculate, in each of the proportionality tables below, the missing number x.
1-
51 x
From this table we get the proportion :
12 5 12 5
= ,
51 x
the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means, thus :
12 × x = 5 × 51
12 x = 255
255
x =
12
therefore x = 21.25.
2- 1.5 3
x 9 x 9 ;
=
1.5 3
the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means, thus :
3×x = 9 × 1.5
3x = 13.5
13.5
x =
3
therefore x = 4.5.
3- 2.5 3.5
23.5 x 23.5 x ,
=
2.5 3.5
the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes, thus :
2.5 × x = 23.5 × 3.5
2.5 x = 82.25
82.25
x =
2.5
therefore x = 32.9.
205
4- x 50
1.6 3.2
1.6 3.2 ,
=
x 50
the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes, thus :
3.2 × x = 1.6 × 50
3.2 x = 80
80
x =
3.2
therefore x = 25.
In each of the preceding proportionality, the missing number is called the fourth
proportional.
5 - To determine the fourth proportional of three given numbers

2 , 3 and 4, for example, is to calculate the value of the fourth term of this proportion :
2 4
=
3 x
2×x = 3×4
2x = 12
12
x =
2
therefore x = 6.
Application 4
1 - Calculate x in each of the following proportions.

x 3 ; 3 4 ; 2 x ; 1 3 ; 1.5 4.5 .
= = = = =
2 5 x 3 15 4 6 x 9 x
2 - Find the fourth proportional of the three numbers :

3.2 ; 50 and 9.6.
206
5 THE TRIPLE RULE
2 erasers cost 800L.L. ; what is the price of 5 erasers ?
1st method To complete the proportionality table below (you start by finding the
proportionality cœfficient).
Number of erasers 2 5
…
price in L.L. 800 x
The proportionality cœfficient is 800 : 2 = 400.

The price of 5 erasers is 5 × 400 = 2000
2000 L.L.
From the preceding table, the fourth proportional x of the three numbers : 2 ,
800 and 5 is given by :
2 5
=
800 x
2 × x = 5 × 800
2x = 4000
4000
x = ;
2
therefore x = 2000.
The price of 5 erasers is 2000 L.L.
207
2nd method (Triple rule)
To 2 we correspond 800 or 2 → 800
To 5 we correspond x or 5→x
We say that we express the given problem by the triple rule.
2 and 5 are directly proportional to 800 and x.

2 5
=
800 x
2 × x = 5 × 800
2x = 4000
4000
x = ;
2
therefore x = 2000.
The price or 5 erasers is 2000 L.L.
Application 5
Solve by the triple rule :
a) To 2 corresponds 5 ; to 12 corresponds what ?
b) 10 litres of fuel cost 6200 L.L. What is the price of 20 litres ?
c) The ribbon of a tape of 60 minutes measures 284 m in length. What is the length of a tape of
150 minutes?

1 Which of the following tables is a proportionality table ?
1 11 22 2 6 8 10 3 30 9 12 15
3 33 66 5 15 25 30 1.3 13 3.9 5.2 6.5
208
PROPORTIONS
2 A car moves uniformly at the same speed. The duration of the journey is proportional
to the distance traveled. Copy and complete the following table.
Distance
150 75 225 37.5
(in km)
Time
120 80 40
(in min)
3 Calculate x and y where 6, x and 5 are directly proportional to 4 ; 8 and y.
4 The magnitude x is directly proportional to the magnitude y .

Knowing that x = 8 when y = 6, calculate x when y = 10.
5 Write all the proportions whose terms are the factors of the following two equal
products : 12 × 25 = 6 × 50
6 Can you form a proportion with the numbers : 4 ; 17 ; 12 and 51?
7 Calculate the ratio of the length L to the width l of a rectangular field knowing that L =
0.350 km and l = 70m.
8 To manufacture 30 kg of flour, we need 40 kg of corn.

How much corn should we have to manufacture 1 kg of flour ?
9 In each of the following problems, two magnitudes are included.

a) What are these two magnitudes ?
b) Are these magnitudes proportional ?
c) Solve the problem if possible.
1 - We need 250 g of spaghettis for 4 persons.
How many g are needed for 10 persons?
2 - At the age of 13, Malek measures 1.40 m. How tall will he be at 30 years ?
3 - A square of side of 5 cm has an area of 25 cm2.
What is the area of a square of side 15 cm ?
209
PROPORTIONS
10 Calculate in each case, the fourth proportional.

7.5 135 0.5 x
1º) 14 9 2º) = 3º) =
x 9 0.16 4
2.8 x
9 a x 12 t 13.5
4º) = 5º) = 6º) =
3.6 5 5.4 8.1 36 4
11 Calculate in each case, the fourth proportional of the three given numbers.
1 1 1
1º) 5 ; 8 and 16 2º) 1.5 ; 4 and 0.8 3º) ; and
3 4 5
12 80 liters of fuel cost 48 000 L.L. How much do 90 liters cost ?
13 A heating installation consumes regularly 12 liters of oil in 24 hours.

How much does it consume in 250 hours ?
14 By moving at a constant speed, Jad traveled on a bicycle 100 km in 6 hours.

What distance did he travel in 3 hours ?
15 a) What is the perimeter of a square whose side measures 5 cm ? 14 cm ? 17 cm ?

b) What is the measure of a side of a square when its perimeter measures 48 cm ?
44 cm ?
When we make a map (or a figure), «a scale» is used; there is a proportionality

between the true distances and those of the map.
Determining a scale is to calculate a proportionality
distance on the map
cœfficient =
true distance
distance on the map = proportionality cœfficient × true distance.
1
16 On a plane of scale :
200
a) Which true distance corresponds to a segment of 5.2 cm?
b) What is the length of a segment which represents a true distance of 4.8 cm?
210
PROPORTIONS
17 On a plane of scale 25 :
a) which true distance corresponds to a segment of 7.5 cm ?
b) what is the length of a segment which represents a true distance of 0.8 mm ?
1
18 The length of a road is 600 m. Calculate its length on a map of scale .
80 000
19 What scale should we choose to represent a square of side 80 cm by a square of side

5 cm ?
• Calculate a percentage is to calculate the fourth proportional.

a
• To get the a% of a number, we multiply this number by .
100
20 Of 450 students in a school, 126 are in the intermediate cycle.

What is the percentage of students in this cycle ?
21 Of the 160 pages of a magazine, 40 are occupied by publicity. What is the percentage
of the total number of pages representing this part ?

4 8
1º) The equality = is a proportion.
3 6
4 6
2º) The proportion = is obtained by permuting the means of the proportion
3 4.5
4 3
= .
6 4.5
a c
3º) If = , then a × b = c × d.
b d
4º) If the numbers f, a and b are directly proportional to 4 , 3 and 2 then
f a b
= = .
4 3 2
5º) If a × b = c × d , then a , b , c and d are the terms of a proportion.
6º) If we triple the sides of a triangle, then the perimeter is tripled.
7º) The perimeter of a square is directly proportional to the side of this square.
8º) If we double the side of a square, then the area is doubled.
9º) The numbers 4 ; 240 ; 15 and 20 form a proportion.
1
10º) Taking 25% of a number is to multiply it by .
4
211
PROPORTIONS
For seeking
23 AB = 4 cm 26 Copy and complete the
C proportionality table below :
AC = 3 cm
F
BC = 5 cm Number of CD’s 3 11
AE = 3 cm
Price (in L.L.) 210
A E B
Knowing that the lengths AB, AC and This table is done to solve a problem.
BC are directly proportional to the What could the statement be ?
lengths AE, AF and EF, calculate AF
and EF.
27 Do the plane of a rectangular dining
24 Each bag of candies contain 6 Easter
room of 5.40 m and 4.50 m to the
eggs and 11 chocolate fish. There are 1
186 Easter eggs. scale .
75
How many chocolate fish are there ?
At a constant speed v, the distance

traveled d is proportional to the time
t of the journey.
25 In the figure below, the lengths OA ,
d d .
OB and AB are directly proportional d=v×t v= t=
t v
to the lengths OC , OD and CD .
Calculate OD and AB.
28 Majed :«I have just covered 120 km
in 1 h 15 min ».
O 5cm A 2cm C Walid : «I needed 1 h 45 min to cover
175 km».
Hadi : «I did 133 km in 1 h 24 min ».
4c
m Mazen : «I needed 40 min to cover
cm
64 km ».
4.9
Who is the fastest driver ?

B
212
PROPORTIONS
29 The surface of the earth is 33 Two cyclists started from the same
511 966 000 km2 . The oceans have a place at 8:30 a.m.
surface of 362 030 000 km2 . The average speed of the first is
What percentage does the surface of 35 km/h, and the second is equal to
the earth represent to the oceans’ 4
of that of the first.
surface ? 5
a) Calculate the average speed of the
30 A person has a monthly budget of
second.
900 795 L.L. He spends 12% for a
b) The first arrives to his destination
rent.
at 11h 06 min.
a) What is the amount of the rent ? At what distance from this point is the
b) This month, this person spent second found ?
135 119.25L.L. on leisure. c) Calculate the distance traveled by
What percentage of monthly budget the first.
does this sum represent ? d) At what time does the second
arrive ?
31 The output of a tap is 150 liters in 34 My mother sent two carpets to be

12 minutes. cleaned. One is rectangular; with
a) How much time is needed to fill a dimensions 1.8 m and 2.4 m . The
tube of 600 liters ? other is circular, with diameter 2.1 m.
b) Can a tank of 1800 liters be filled a) Calculate the area of each carpet
in 2 h 30 min ? (round the area of the circular carpet
to dm2).
32 An airplane leaves London at b) The price of cleaning is
10 h 15 min and lands in Rome at proportional to the area of the carpet.
12 h 27 min. Mother paid 145000 L.L.
a) What is the duration of the flight ? How much should she pay for the
other carpet ?
b) On a Europe map, of scale
1
, the distance separating
35 000 000
Rome from London is 41 mm.
35 The population of a city was 25 283
What is the original distance from
inhabitants on 1 - 1 - 96 and 25 445
London to Rome ?
inhabitants on 1 - 1 - 97.
c) Calculate the average speed of the
What is the percentage of the increase
plane (assuming that it followed this
of this population ?
line at a constant speed).
213
PROPORTIONS
Test
1 Calculate the fourth proportional of the numbers 9.1 ; 6.5 and 2.8. (2 points)
2 Write all the proportions that you can form with the numbers
9.1 ; 6.5 ; 2.8 and 2. (3 points)
3 The numbers : a – 2 , b + 3 and 4 are directly proportional to the numbers : 1.5 ; 3

and 2.
Calculate a and b. (4 points)
4 What proportion do you obtain if you add 1 to both sides of the proportion
a c
= ? (2 points)
b d
Permute the means of the proportion. What proportion do you obtain ? (1 point)
5 Use the triple rule to solve the following.

a) The length of a sweater is proportional to the number of rows of sweaters.
If the length of 20 rows is equal to 6 cm, how many rows should we have for a length
of 36 cm ? (2 points)
b) For 24 pancakes, we need 500g of flour. How much flour is needed for 72 pancakes ?
(2 points)
6 a) The track of an airport measures 2.8 km. What is, in cm, the length of this track on
1
a map of scale ? (2 points)
50 000
b) Calculate the original distance in km between two villages when their distance on a
1
map whose scale is is equal to 3.5 cm. (2 points)
200 000
214
22
TRANSLATIONS
1
Objectives
• Defining the movement of a figure by sliding it according
to a given direction.
• Defining a translation as being the sliding in a given
direction, in a given sense and at a given distance.
• Tracing the image of a figure knowing the image of one
of its points.
• Preserving the distances, the angles, the collinearity and
the parallelism by a translation.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Direction
2 - Sense
3 - Translation
4 - Properties of a translation
TEST
215
Course
1 DIRECTION
B
A
When two straight lines are parallel, we say that they have the D
same direction.
(AB) and (CD) are parallel therefore they have the same C
direction. Every straight line parallel to them, for example
(d ), indicates this direction . (d)
2 SENSE
A direction being indicated by the given straight line (AB), there are two senses to travel in this
direction: either from A to B, or from B to A.
In the adjacent figure, the straight lines (AB) and (CD) have B
the same direction. A
On (AB), the sense is that going from A to B.
On (CD), the sense is that going from C to D. These two C
senses are opposite. D
3 TRANSLATION
Activity
A
A′
C
B′
In the figure above :
B′ is the image of B obtained by sliding in the direction of (AA′), the sense going from A to A′ and
of length equal to AA′.
216
1º) Place the point C ′ the image of C by this sliding.
2º) Is (CC ′) parallel to [BB′] ? Justify .
3º) Do [AB] and [A′B′] have the same length ? Is it the same for [AC] and [A′C′] ? For [BC] and
[B′C ′] ?
4º) Are the two triangles ABC and A′B′C ′ congruent ?

List the equal angles of these two triangles.
Definition
The figure F′ is obtained by sliding the figure F : A′

• in the direction of the straight line (AA′), F′
C′ B′
• in the sense of A to A′,
A
• of length equal to AA′.
F ′, obtained by the sliding of F, is called F
C B
the image of F by this translation, or F′
is the transformation of F by this translation.
The points A′, B′, and C′ are respectively the images of the points A, B and C by this translation
or the transformation of A, B and C by this translation
Properties
1º) By a translation, the image of a straight line is a straight line parallel to it.
We say that the translation preserves the parallelism.
2º) By a translation, the images of three collinear points are collinear.

We say that the translation preserves collinearity.
3º) By a translation, the image of a segment is a segment having the same length.
We say that the translation preserves the lengths.
4º) By a translation, the image of an angle is an angle having the same measure.
We say that the translation preserves the angles.
217
TRANSLATIONS

1 Answer by true or false. B
A
1º) a) The straight lines (AB) and (CD) have
the same direction.
C D
b) The sense from A to B is the same as
that from C to D.
B
2º) a) The straight lines (AB) and (CD) have
the same direction. A
b) The sense from A to B is the opposite D
from that of C to D. C
2 C and D are the images of A and B by a same translation. Indicate the correct figure.
D
B A A B
B
A
A B
D
D C C (4) D
(1) C (2) (3)
C
3 Among the following figures, which one corresponds to a translation.

A B
C
B
A A B C D
C′ A′ B′
A′ B’
(1)
A′ B′
C′ D′
(2) (3)
218
TRANSLATIONS
4 ABCD is a rectangle. Recopy and complete the following table.
The translation which moves which moves which moves

A to B B to C … to A
The point D C
The image D B
5 ABCD is a rectangle of dimensions 5cm and 3cm and of center O. Construct the image
of ABCD by the following translations :
a) t1 which moves A to B ; b) t2 which moves A to C ; c) t3 which moves B to O.
6 ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2cm. Construct the image of ABC by the following
translations :
a) t1 which moves A to B b) t2 which moves C to A c) t3 which moves B to C.
Compare the four triangles.
7 Answer by true or false :

1º) The translation does not preserve lengths.
2º) The transformation of any triangle is an equilateral triangle.
3º) The image of a triangle by a translation is a triangle congruent to it.
4º) The transformation of a right angle is a right angle.
5º) The images by a translation of two parallel segments are not parallel.
6º) A′ is the image of A by a translation. A′ (d′)
It is the only translation which transforms (d) into (d′).
(d)
A
E
7º) If EF = GH , the translation which transforms E into G,
transforms F into H. G F
B
8º) The translation which transforms A into B, H
transforms C into D. A
C
D
219
TRANSLATIONS
For seeking
8 1º) Reproduce on a paper the adjacent
square.
2º) A′ being the image of A by a translation, B A′

A
construct the images B′, C′ and D′ of B,
C and D by this translation.
3º) What is the nature of quadrilateral C D
A′B′C′D′ ?
9 (C) and (C′) are two circles of respective centers O and O′ having equal radii. Let t be
the translation which maps O to O′.
(C) (C′)
•
A
O O′
•
• D′
B
1º) Construct the images of A and B by this translation. Where are these points found ?
2º) D′ is a point of (C′). Construct the point D where its image by the translation t is D′.
Where is D found ?
3º) What is then the image of circle (C) by this translation?
4º) A parallel to (OO′) cuts (C) and (C′) respectively at E, F, G and H.
What are the points that correspond by the same translation?
220
TRANSLATIONS
10 Observe the figure below.
B C
A′ B′ C′
1º) We construct the image of triangle ABC by the translation which moves A to B.
Which triangle do we obtain ?
2º) We also construct the image of triangle ABC by the translation which moves A to C.
What triangle do we obtain ?
3º) Why do we have (AB) // (CB′) and AB = CB′ ?
4º) Without justification, name the image of triangle BA′B′ by the translation which
moves B to C.
11 ABC is any triangle. From a point E of [AB], we draw the parallel to [BC] which cuts
[AC] at F.
1º) Construct the image K of B by the translation which moves E to F.
2º) Determine the point J of [BC] where the image by this translation is C.
3º) Show that EF = BK = JC
4º) If I is the midpoint of [BC], show that I is also the midpoint of [KJ].
221
TRANSLATIONS
Test
1 In the adjacent figure, the four triangles are congruent.

1º) Answer by true or false.
A D
a) Consider the translation which moves A to B.
• F is the image of C. (1 point)
C
• E is the image of D. (1 point)
B E
• [FG] is the image of [BC]. (1 point)
b) Consider the translation from A to D.
• E is the image of B. (1 point)
F G
• [FG] is the image of [CE]. (1 point)
• [AG] is the image of [DE]. (1 point)
2º) Name the triangles obtained from triangle ABC by two translations which should be
defined (2 points)
I
2 Observe the following figure representing
the letter A.
Copy and construct the image of this figure
by the translation which moves I to L. J K
(5 points)
L M
3 EFGH is the image of ABCD by the translation which moves C to G.
P C
D • G
H
A B
E
•
L′ F
a) Find the image P′ of P by this translation. Justify. (2 points)
b) Let L′ be a point of [EF]. Construct point L where L′ is its image by this translation.
Justify. (2 points)
c) Justify why CG = DH = AE = BF . (3 points)
222
23
FIXED POINTS AND
VARIABLE POINTS
CONSTRUCTIONS
1
Objectives
• Differentiate between a fixed point and a variable point .
• The Locus of a point is a fixed curve (line, circle or other)

on which varies a point verifying certain properties .
• Using the Locii in construction .
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Definitions
2 - Remarkable lines
3 - Constructions
TEST
223
Course
1 DEFINITION
• A point whose position does not change is called a fixed point, or else it is called a variable point.
• A line (straight line or curve) whose position does not change is called fixed or else it is said to
be variable.
• A segment which has a given length is called a segment of constant length.
2 REMARKABLE LINES
1º) Straight lines parallel to a given fixed straight line

E
Activity
2cm
H (d)
K
2cm
A
Let (d) be a fixed straight line. A and E are two points on opposite sides of (d) and at a distance of
2 cm from (d), i.e the segments [AH] and [EK] perpendicular to (d) have the same length 2 cm.
1º) Place two points B and C on the side of A with respect to (d) and at 2 cm from (d). Are the
points A, B and C collinear ? If yes, how is this straight line with respect to (d)?
2º) a) Draw the straight line (D) passing through E and parallel to (d).
b) Choose any two points F and G on (D).
c) What is the distance from F to (d)? from G to (d)?
Result M
(D1)
L L
K
(d)
H
L L
(D2)
N
A variable point M lying at a constant distance l from a given fixed straight line (d)
describes two straight lines (D1) and (D2) parallel to (d) and lying at a distance l from
the given straight line.
224
2º) Circle
Activity
O and A are two fixed points such that OA = 3 cm. A

1º) Place the points B, C and D such that :
OB = OC = OD = 3 cm. 3cm
2º) Draw the circle (C) of center O and of radius 3 cm. O
Are the points A, B, C and D on (C)?
3º) P and Q are any two points of circle (C).

Determine the lengths OP and OQ.
Result
M
r
A variable point M lying at a constant distance r
from a fixed point O, describes a circle of center O
O and radius r .
3º) Perpendicular bisector of a segment

M
Activity
[AB] is a segment having a length of 5 cm, and I is its
midpoint.
From A and B as centers we draw two arcs of radius 3 cm
which intersect at M. A
. B
I
1º) Measure MA and MB and complete:
MA … MB
2º) From A and B as centers, draw from the other side of M with respect to [AB] two arcs of radius
4 cm that intersect at N.
Complete : NA … NB
3º) Are M, N and I collinear ? If yes, verify that the straight line (MN) is perpendicular at I to [AB].
4º) Choose any point of (MN). Measure PA and PB then complete : PA … PB .
225
(D)
Result
M
A variable point M equidistant from the extremities of a
given segment moves on the perpendicular bisector of this
segment .
A I B
Remark :
Circle passing through three non-collinear points. (d1)
Construct a circle (C) passing through three A
non-collinear points A, B and C .
The center O of circle (C) verifies
OA = OB = OC.
B
Since OAOA= =
Comme OB,OB, thenalors
O isO onestthesurper-
la
pendicular (d1) 1of segment [AB].
médiatrice (d2)
Comme
Since OA = OAOC,=then
OC,O isalors
on theOperpendicular
est sur la 0 (d3)
médiatrice
bisector (d2) 2of [AC].
O
Hence,
est donc
O is the
le point
pointd’intersection
of intersectiondeof (d1 1)and
et
(d2). 2
La médiatrice
The perpendicular bisector (d3) 3de
of [BC]
[BC]doitshould
passer par pass
O C
car
through
OB =OOC,since OB = OC,
Le
Thecentre
centerO of
O circle
of circle
(C) passant
(C) passing
par lesthrough
trois points
the non
threealignés
non- A, B and C
est
collinear
le point
points
d’intersection
A, B and deC is
deux
the des
point
médiatrices
of intersection
des segments
of two [AB], [AC]
perpendicular
and [BC]. (C) s’appelle
bisectors le
ofcircle
the segments
circonscrit [AB],
au triangle
[AC] andABC.[BC].
(C) is called the circumscribed circle about triangle ABC.
4º) Bisector of an angle
Activity
O

xOy is an angle of measure 60°.
A and B are two points of [Ox) and [Oy) respectively A B
such that OA = OB = 2 cm. From A and B as centers we
draw two arcs of radius 3 cm which intersect at M. H K
MH and MK are the distances from M to [Ox) and to

[Oy). M
x y
226
1º) Measure MH and MK and complete MH ... MK .

2º) Join O to M and measure each of the angles HOM and KOM .

Complete : HOM … KOM
3º) From A and B as centers, draw two arcs of radius 4 cm which intersect at N.
a) Is N a point of the straight line (OM)?
b) NE and NF are the distances from N to [Ox) and [Oy).
Measure NE and NF and then complete : NE … NF
4º) P is any point of the straight line (OM). PI and PJ are the distances from P to [Ox) and to [Oy).
Compare these two distances.
Result O
A variable point M equidistant from the two sides of an B

A
angle moves on the bisector of this angle
M
y
x
Remark :
A
Inscribed circle in a triangle
Consider a triangle ABC.

The bisectors of angles BAC and ABC intersect at O.

O being on the bisector of BAC, is equidistant from [AB] J
K
and [AC], therefore OK = OJ.

O being on the bisector of ABC , is equidistant from [BA]
and [BC], therefore OI = OJ. O
Hence OK = OJ = OI and O is thus, the center of the circle
of radius OK = OI = OJ.
C I B
This circle is called inscribed circle of triangle ABC.

Since OI = OJ, then O is on the bisector of angle ACB .
The center O of the circle inscribed in triangle ABC is the point of intersection of the two bisectors
of the angles of this triangle.
227
3 CONSTRUCTIONS
EXAMPLE 1
Let [AB] be a segment of length 5 cm. Locate a point P

which is 4 cm from A and 3 cm from B. P
• P being 4 cm from A, is on the circle of center A and
radius 4 cm. m
3c
4c
m
• P being 3 cm from B, is on the
circle of center B and radius 3 cm. A B
5cm p′
We draw arcs of centers A and B and radii 4 cm and 3 cm
respectively. The point of intersection of the two arcs is the point P :
PA = 4 cm and PB = 3 cm.
Remark :
There exists a second point P′ such that P′A = 4 cm and P′B = 3 cm, lying on the other side of [AB]
and which is the second point of intersection of the two circles.
EXAMPLE 2
Let [AB] be a segment of length 6 cm. Locate a (D)

point P equidistant from A and B and which is
at a distance of 4 cm from the straight line (AB). P
D’
• P being equidistant from A and B, is on the
perpendicular bisector (D) of [AB].
• P being at a distance of 4 cm from the straight A B

line (AB), is on a parallel line (D′) to (AB),
lying at 4 cm from (AB).
The point of intersection of (D) and (D′) is the D′′

P′
required point P .
Remark :
There exists a second point P′ which is the point of intersection of (D) and the parallel (D′′) to (AB)
lying on the other side of (AB) and at 4 cm from (AB).
228
FIXED POINTS AND VARIABLE POINTS - CONSTRUCTIONS

1 ABCD is a fixed rectangle, I and J are the midpoints of [AD] and [BC] respectively.
(D) is a variable straight line perpendicular to [AB]. (D) cuts [AB], [IJ] and [DC] at M,
H and N respectively.
1º) What are the fixed points of the figure ? The variable points ?
2º) On which fixed line does point H move ?
2 (D1) and (D2) are two fixed parallel straight lines at a distance of 4 cm from each other.
A variable straight line (d) perpendicular to (D1) cuts respectively (D1) and (D2) at I
and J.
On which fixed line does the midpoint O of [IJ] move ?
3 RAT is a triangle such that A and T are fixed. The height from R cuts the straight line (AT)
at O with RO = 5 cm. Find the fixed line on which point R is moving.
4 What is the fixed line described by the extremity of a clock’s minute hand of diameter
2.8 cm ?
5 A being a fixed point, what is the fixed line described by the centers O of circles of radii
3 cm and passing through A?
6 ABC is an isosceles triangle of vertex A such that AB = AC = 4 cm. If A and B are fixed
and C is variable, find the fixed line described by point C.
7 LOI is a triangle such that O and I are fixed. The median drawn from L cuts [OI] at M.
Find the line on which the variable point L moves if LO = LM.
229

8 xAy is an angle which measures 80° and has a fixed vertex A . Determine and construct
the line described by the point O that is equidistant from [Ax) and [Ay) .
9 Choose the correct answer.

1º) I being a point of the 2º) J being a point of the bisector of
perpendicular bisector of [MN], then :
the angle xOy , then :
IM < IN I
x
JA = JB A
M N
IM = IN
JA < JB O
J
IM > IN
B
JA > JB x
3º) By observing the figure below, representing a circle of center I, we can write :
E A
B
I
F
IA = IE IA > IF IB < IE B > IF
230

(C) is the circle of center O and of fixed diameter [AB]. A variable straight line (D) cuts
the circle at E and F and [AB] at I.
(C)
F
I
A B
O
E
(D)
1º) A and B are variable points. 2º) The points E and F are fixed.
3º) The point I is variable. 4º) OA is constant.
5º) OI is constant. 6º) EF is variable
7º) OE is constant. 8º) I describes the diameter [AB].
9º) E moves on the straight line (D). 10º) F describes the circle (C ).
11º) Every point of circle (C) is equidistant from A and B.

12º) Every point of circle (C) is equidistant from the sides of angle EIB.
13º) O is on the perpendicular bisector of [AB].
For seeking
11 Two straight lines (AB) and (CD) intersect at I.
a) On which fixed line are lying the points that are at 3 cm from (AB)?
b) On which fixed line are lying the points that are at 4 cm from (CD)?
c) Deduce how many points lie at the same time at 3 cm from (AB) and at 4 cm from
(CD)?
231
12 (xy) and (uv) are two parallel straight lines at a distance of 6 cm from each other.
a) On which fixed line are found the points equidistant from (xy) and (uv) ?
b) P is a point lying at 1 cm from (xy) and between the parallels (xy) and (uv).
Construct the points lying at 2 cm from P and equidistant from (xy) and (uv).
13 [AB] is a segment of length 6 cm. Construct two points C and D lying at 4 cm from A
and at 5 cm from B respectively.
14 Construct a point I lying on (xy) and equidistant from the sides [Ou) and [Ov) of angle

uOv .
O v
232
15 In the adjacent figure, (xy) and (zt) are parallel, cut by (uv) at A and B respectively.
1º) Draw the bisectors [At) and [By) of angles

y
yAB and tBA respectively. Let I be the point of t
intersection of the two bisectors.
u A
v
2º) Show that I is equidistant from the three B
straight lines (xy), (uv) and (zt) .

x
z
16 Construct point I lying on (xy) and

x
equidistant from A and B.
y
A B
17 a) Construct triangle ABC such that AB = 6 cm, AC = 5 cm and BC = 4 cm. How many
solutions are there ?
b) Can we construct triangle ABC such that AB = 6cm , AC = 2 cm and BC = 3 cm?
18 Let H be a variable point on the semi-straight line [Ox). On the perpendicular at H to
[Ox) we take two points M1 and M2 such that HM1 = HO = HM2.

a) Calculate each of the angles M1OH and M2OH .
b) Find and construct the fixed line described by the points M1 and M2 when H varies
on [Ox).
233
Test
1 Complete the following table : (M is a variable point of the plane). (5 points)
Property of M Fixed line described by M
M is equidistant from
two fixed points A and B.
M is on the bisector [Ou) of

angle xOy .
M is on the circle of fixed center
O and radius r.
M is at a constant distance
d from a fixed straight line (D).
M is equidistant from two parallel
straight lines (D1) and (D2).
2 a) Draw a segment [AB] of length 8 cm.

b) From a point O as center, not belonging to (AB), draw a circle, with a convenient
radius, which cuts (AB) at C and D.

c) The bisector [Ou] of COD cuts (AB) at E. Verify that E is the midpoint of [CD] and
that (OE) is perpendicular to (AB). (4 points)
3 a) Construct triangle ABC such that AB = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and CA = 8 cm.

(2 points)
b) Find and construct the point O equidistant from the three sides [AB], [AC] and [BC]
of triangle ABC. (2 points)
4 Construct triangle ABC such that BC = 6 cm. Locate point A such that AB = 5 cm and
the distance between A and (BC) is 4 cm. How many solutions are there ? (4 points)
5 Let [AB] be a fixed segment of length 6 cm. [Ax) is a variable semi-straight line and C
is the symmetric of B with respect to [Ax). Find and construct the fixed line described
by C when [Ax) varies . (3 points)
234
24
SPACE GEOMETRY
1
Objectives
• Constructing a right rectangular prism, a cube and a right
prism by preparing the model of each.
• Drawing a right rectangular prism in perspective.
• Drawing a right prism in perspective.
• Calculating the lateral area and the total area of a cube,
a right prism.
• Calculate the volume of a cube, a right rectangular prism
and a right prism.
CHAPTER PLAN
COURSE
1 - Preliminary activity : right rectangular prism

2 - Preliminary activity : right prism
3 - Lateral area and total area of a right rectangular prism and
of a prism
4 - Volume of a right rectangular prism and of a right prism
TEST
235
Course
PERSPECTIVE
The figure 1 is a photograph of a chalk box.
The figure 2 is a representation of this box in Figure 1

«perspective».
We do drawings in «perspective» to represent

solids on a paper.
In a perspective :
• two parallel straight lines, in reality, are

represented by two parallel straight lines ;
• two parallel segments of equal length are

represented by two parallel segments of
Figure 2
equal length ;
• an invisible straight line (hidden) is drawn

dotted ;
• the right angles of real objects are not all

represented by right angles ;
• the rectangles are often represented by

parallelograms.
L K
G J
The adjacent figure represents a solid in I

perspective. H
Name the parallel edges. F E

A D
Name the hidden edges.
Name the hidden parallelograms.

B C
Figure 3
236
PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY :
1 RIGHT RECTANGULAR PRISM
Activity
2 cm
E 2 cm D 5 cm A
4 cm 4 cm 4 cm 4 cm 4 cm
5 cm F C 5 cm B
2 cm
Figure 4
5 cm
Copy this model on a paper.

Fold it according to the dotted line and assemble the solid by using adhesive ribbon.
Place the points D, E and F on the obtained solid.
How many rectangles do you need to construct this solid ?
B A
A rectangular parallepiped or a a right rectangular C

prism is a solid which has six rectangular faces.
Figure 5
Each side of a rectangle is called an edge.

B A
The points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H are the vertices.
In a right rectangular prism there are 8 vertices and 12 F
C
edges.
The edges issued from the same vertex are perpendicular. D E
The parallel edges have the same length. Figure 6
The lengths of the three edges issued from the same G H
vertex are called the dimensions.
237
Cube
Activity
L K
N M J I H
A B E F G
C D Figure 7
Figure 7 represents the model of a right prism.

How many squares does it contain ? Name them.
A cube is a right prism where the six faces are squares

(fig 8).
Figure 8
Application
Figure 9 represents a right prism. E H
Name the right angles of vertex A of figure 9.
Which rectangle is congruent to rectangle ADEF? F G
If the edge [AD] measures 3 cm, what is the length of the

edge [HG]?
If the two faces ABGF and ADEF are squares, would figure
9 represent a cube?
D C
Figure 9
A B
238
2 PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY : RIGHT PRISM
Activity
F D
C
B A B
C A Figure 11
F D
D E
B F Figure 10
C A Figure 12
Copy the model of figure 10 on a paper.

Fold it according to the dotted line and assemble the solid by using an adhesive ribbon.
Figure 11 represents this solid.
Figure 12 represents this solid in prespective.
A right prism is a solid which has two congruent bases (ABC and DEF) and rectangular
faces (ABED, BCFE and CFDA).
The edges of a right prism, which are not the sides of the bases, are the heights of the prism. Each
of the lengths AD, BE and CF is the height of the prism of figure 12.
The base of a right prism is a polygon (triangle, quadrilateral,...).
The sides of the faces are the edges of this prism.
239
Application H G
E
Is every right rectangular prism a right prism ? F
Figure 13 represents a cube. D C
Can you consider the square ABCD Figure 13
as a base of a prism of height AE ? A B
If ADHE is the base of the prism, what is then its height ?
Remark :
Every right rectangular prism is a right prism having a rectangle as base.
J I
Application
Figure 14 represents a right prism. E F
Name the bases.
What is the nature of the base ? D C
Name the faces.
What is the height ? Figure 14
A B
LATERAL AND TOTAL AREA OF A RIGHT RECTANGULAR

3 PRISM AND OF A RIGHT PRISM
Here is the model of a right prism of triangular bases. H
Measure in cm the lengths of [BI], [BF], [IF] and [FG].
Calculate in cm2 the sum of the area of the rectangles.
Calculate the product (BI + IF + FB) × IJ. J I
Compare the area of the rectangles G
to the product just found.

A B F
We call lateral area of a right prism the sum of
the areas of the faces.
C E
The lateral AL of a right prism is equal to the product of the
perimeter of the base by the height.
AL = perimeter of the base × height
Figure 15
D
The sum of the lateral area and of the areas of the bases of a right prism is called the
total area of this prism.
At = AL + area of the two bases.
240
Application
1- Calculate the total area of a cube when the edge measures 8cm.
2- Calculate the total area of a right rectangular prism of dimensions 3cm, 4cm and 5cm.
VOLUME OF A RIGHT RECTANGULAR PRISM AND

4 OF A RIGHT PRISM
F H
E
G
7cm
D C
4cm
A 6cm B Figure 16
A cube of edge 1 cm .
The drawing above represents a right rectangular prism of dimensions 4cm, 6cm and 7 cm.
a) How many cubes of 1 cm edge should we have to cover the base ABCD of this rectangular prism
?
b) How many cubes of 1 cm edge can we place along the height [AE]?
c) What is the number of cubes of edge 1 cm that is necessary to fill exactly this prism ? Is it the
number 7 × 6 × 4 ?
The volume of a right rectangular prism is equal to the product
of its three dimensions.
241
Application
Calculate the volume of a right rectangular prism of dimensions 3m,

4m and 5 m. H G
E
5m
The rectangle ABCD is often called the base of the rectangular prism F
D C
and BF the height.
3m
If AB > AD, we call AB = L the length of the base, AD = l the width A 4m B
Figure 17
and BF = h the height.
B = L × l is the area of the base.
V is the volume,
then V = B × h = L × l × h.
The volume V of a right prism is equal to the product of the area B of the base by the
height h.
V=B×h
Application
L N
Figure 18 represents a right prism.
We suppose that the base IJK is a right triangle at

M
I such that
IJ = 3cm and IK = 4cm.
K
Calculate the area B of the base of this prism. Figure 18 I
J
Calculate the volume V of this prism if
IL = 5 cm
242
SPACE GEOMETRY
exercises and problems

1º) A parallepiped is not a right prism.
2º) A right rectangular prism has as many edges as vertices.
3º) A right rectangular prism can have two triangular faces.
4º) A cube is not a right prism.
5º) The total area of a cube is equal to six times the area of a face.
6º) The area of a rectangular prism is always equal to six times the area of each face.
7º) The volume of a cube is equal to the length of the edge cubed.
8º) Every cube is a right prism.
9º) The faces of a right prism are rectangles.
10º) In perspective, a rectangle is always represented by a rectangle.
11º) A right prism of triangular bases can have five faces.
2 Draw in perspective a right rectangular prism of edges [AB], E D

[AE], [AD].
A B
3 A box having the form of a rectangular prism has : a length L = 5 dm, a width l = 3 dm
and a height h = 2.5 dm.
a) Give L, l and h in cm.
b) Calculate the volume of this box in cm3, then in dm3 .
4 The total area of a cube is 54m2. What is the length of its edge ?
5 What is the length of an edge of a cube of volume 27m3 ?
6 The lateral area of a right prism, of height 6cm, is equal to 72 cm2 and its base is an
equilateral triangle. What is the length of the side of the base ?
243
SPACE GEOMETRY
7 L, l, h, A and V are respectively the length, the width, the area of the base and the
volume of a rectangular prism. Complete this table.
L l h A V h
(in cm) (in cm) (in cm) (in cm2) (in cm3)
l
22 14 5 L
90
18 6
15 8 1320
20 260 2080
8 Complete this table.

A is the area of the base,
V is the volume,
H
b h H A V
(in cm) (in cm) (in cm) (in cm2) (in cm3)
12 h
5 2 8 b
6
a right prism
6 5
4 12
4 10 50
9 Calculate the volume of a rectangular prism whose base is a square and whose height
measures 100 cm and its width is 30 cm less than its height.
10 Calculate the volume of a rectangular prism whose length measures 60 cm and whose
height is equal to one third the length and half the width.
244
SPACE GEOMETRY
For seeking
11 Complete, in perspective, the drawings of the right prisms.
E D C B C
A
A B E D
12 Complete, in perspective, the drawings of right prisms having a triangular base.
C C
A B
D A
B D
13 A camping tent of 2.40m length, 1.30m width and 1.20m height has the form of a
right triangular prism.
Calculate the area of the carpet of the ground of the tent.
Calculate the volume available under the tent.
How many liters of air does this tent contain ? ( 1dm 3 = 1 liter )
14 Calculate the volume of this house.

1.2m
3.5m
6m
15m
245
SPACE GEOMETRY
Test
1 ABCDEFGH represents a right rectangular prism.
a) Calculate the total area of this prism.

H G
(3 points)
b) Use a ruler to measure [BE]. F

E 3cm
(2 points)
D
c) Calculate the area of the base of the C
yellow prism. (2 points)
5cm
d) Calculate the volume of the yellow A
4cm
B
prism. (2 points)
e) Calculate the total area of the yellow

prism. (3 points)
2 A right prism has as base an equilateral triangle ABC such that AB = 5 cm and as face
a square ABDE. Calculate its lateral area. (4 points)
3 A right rectangular prism has as dimensions AB = 5 cm, AD = 2AB and AE = AB + AD.
a) Complete, below, the diagram of this rectangular prism in perspective.
b) Calculate the total area and the volume of this rectangular prism. (2 points)
c) Calculate the volume of the right prism having as base the triangle ABD and as height
[AE]. (2 points)
E
A D
246
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Collection : PUISSANCE

Zouk Mikaël - Haret El Mir - Lebanon

Each chapter is formed of several parts.

The preparatory activities. It is important not to neglect this part. It is short

Exercises and problems. A good number of exercises is proposed and

– For seeking. It consists of exercises demanding a thinking effort.

We will be happy and thankful for any suggestion, criticism or advice.

1. Geometry : the essential to start ..................................... 7

2. Addition and subtraction of integers ........................... 17

3. Multiplication and division of integers ........................ 29

7. Prime numbers ............................................................... 73

8. Writing a natural number as a product of

9. Greatest common divisor and least common

10. Triangles - Remarkable lines in a triangle ................ 95

11. Congruent triangles (1) ............................................. 103

12. Fractions ..................................................................... 111

14. Congruent triangles (2) ............................................. 133

15. Algebraic expressions ................................................ 141

16. Expanding - Factorization ......................................... 153

17. Congruent triangles (3) ............................................. 161

18. Equations .................................................................... 167

19. Parallel lines (1) .......................................................... 179

20. Parallel lines (2) .......................................................... 187

21. Proportions ................................................................. 199

22. Translation .................................................................. 215

23. Fixed points and variable points - Constructions ... 223

24. Space Geometry ......................................................... 235

• Know the definition of a straight line, a semi-straight line

1 - Straight line - Semi-straight line - Segment of a line

EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS

1 STRAIGHT LINE - SEMI-STRAIGHT LINE -

• (d) and (d′) do not intersect. They are parallel. (d)

3 PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR OF A SEGMENT

• M and N belong to (xy) , the perpendicular A B

A′ is the symmetric of A with respect to O if O is the midpoint of [AA′].

The symmetric of [AB] with A B

Exercises and problems

1º) Name the segments.

1º) Show that AC = BD .

3º) (d) is perpendicular to (xy) passing by I and E is a point of (d).

3 On a straight line (xy), place in order the points A, C, B and D with AB = CD .

Using the figure above : 6º) Answer by true or false :

5 Calculate x in each of the following 8 In the figure below, we have

2º) Construct [Oz) knowing that [Ox)

5º) What can be said about angles

13 (xy) and (zt) intersect at O . 14 In the figure below, [Ou) is the

[Ov) is the opposite of [Ou) . Show

19 A is a point in the interior of the acute

1 Show that I , the center of the circle passing B

2 In the adjacent figure, A is a point of (xy) x

1º) Draw (uv) the perpendicular bisector

1º) Show that AE = BF .

2º) Show that EB = AF . (4 points)

• Recognize a decimal number.

EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS

• The number + 3.5 is positive.

2 LOCATION ON A GRADUATED AXIS

Using the axis above of origin O ,

4 COMPARISON OF TWO DECIMAL NUMBERS