Mcgrawhill Functions 11 Unit 5 PDF Free

CHAPTER
Trigonometric 5
Functions
Ig^\dcdbZig^XgVi^dhXVcWZjhZYidZmiZcYi]Z
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By the end of this chapter, you will
describe key properties of periodic functions arising sketch graphs of y = af [k(x — d)] + c by applying one
from real-world applications, given a numerical or or more transformations to the graphs of f (x) = sin x
graphical representation and f (x) = cos x, and state the domain and range of
predict, by extrapolating, the future behaviour of a the transformed functions
relationship modelled using a numeric or graphical represent a sinusoidal function with an equation,
representation of a periodic function given its graph or its properties
make connections between the sine ratio and the collect data that can be modelled as a sinusoidal
sine function and between the cosine ratio and the function from primary sources or from secondary
cosine function by graphing the relationship between sources, and graph the data
angles from 0° to 360° and the corresponding sine identify sinusoidal functions, including those that
ratios or cosine ratios, with or without technology, arise from real-world applications involving periodic
defining this relationship as the function f (x) = sin x phenomena, given various representations, and
or f (x) = cos x, and explaining why the relationship is explain any restrictions that the context places on
a function the domain and range
sketch the graphs of f (x) = sin x and f (x) = cos x for determine, through investigation, how sinusoidal
angle measures expressed in degrees, and determine functions can be used to model periodic phenomena
and describe key properties that do not involve angles
determine, through investigation using technology, predict the effects on a mathematical model of an
and describe the roles of the parameters a, k, d, and c application involving sinusoidal functions when the
in functions of the form y = af [k(x — d)] + c in terms conditions in the application are varied
of transformations of the graphs of f (x) = sin x
pose and solve problems based on applications
and f (x) = cos x with angles expressed in degrees
involving a sinusoidal function by using a given
determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, domain, graph or a graph generated with technology from its
and range of sinusoidal functions whose equations equation
are given in the form f (x) = a sin [k(x — d)] + c or
f (x) = a cos [k(x — d)] + c
281
Prerequisite Skills
Refer to the Prerequisite Skills Appendix on Shift Functions
pages 496 to 516 for examples of the topics and
5. a) <gVe]i]Z[daadl^c\[jcXi^dchdci]Z
further practice.
hVbZhZid[VmZh#
Use the Cosine Law i)yx'

ii)yx'(
1. 6X^gXaZd[gVY^jh*Xb]VhVed^cidcîh
X^gXjb[ZgZcXZZkZgn(%# iii)yx''
y b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]Z
hZXdcYVcYi]^gY[jcXi^dchlî]gZheZXi
4 idi]Z[^ghi#
2
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30°
—4 —2 0 2 4 x i)yx '
—2 ii)yx('
iii)yx''
—4
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]Z
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ed^cih#GdjcYndjgVchlZgiddcZ *jcîhidi]ZaZ[iVcY(jcîhYdlc#
YZX^bVaeaVXZ# LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]ZigVch[dgbZY
b) ;^cYi]ZY^hiVcXZWZilZZcilded^cih [jcXi^dc#
hZeVgViZYWn+%# b) I]ZeVgVWdaVyx'^higVchaViZY
c) L]Vi^hi]ZY^hiVcXZWZilZZcilded^cih )jcîhidi]Zg^\]iVcY,jcîhje#LgîZ
hZeVgViZYWn&-%4 i]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]ZigVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dc#
8. I]ZeVgVWdaVyx'^higVchaViZY
Find Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles ]dgôdciVaanVcYkZgi^XVaanhdi]Viîh
2. JhZVjcîX^gXaZidYZiZgb^cZi]ZZmVXih^cZ kZgiZmeVhhZhi]gdj\]'!'#9ZhXg^WZi]Z
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a) (%VcY+%
Stretch Functions
b) &'%!&*%!'&%!')%!(%%!VcY((%
c) )*!&(*!''*!VcY(&*
hVbZhZid[VmZh#
d) %!.%!&-%!VcY',%
i)yx'
Determine the Domain and Range of a Function ii)y'x'

iii)yTx'
&
3. 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcf xx'#LgîZi]Z '
YdbV^cVcYgVc\Zjh^c\hZicdiVi^dc# b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]Z
4. LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[V[jcXi^dclî] hZXdcYVcYi]^gY[jcXi^dchlî]gZheZXi
YdbV^cpx2!*x*rVcYgVc\Z idi]Z[^ghi#
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282 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

10. a) <gVe]i]Z[daadl^c\[jcXi^dchdci]Z 14. a) 9ZiZgb^cZ y
6
hVbZhZid[VmZh# Vc
'
i)yx( ZfjVi^dc 4
i ii
' [dgZVX]
ii)y'x( 2
d[i]Z
iii)yTx('
&
' [jcXi^dch
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]Z h]dlc#
hZXdcYVcYi]^gY[jcXi^dchlî]gZheZXi b) JhZV
idi]Z[^ghi# gZ[aZXi^dc
'
11. I]ZeVgVWdaVyx ^hhigZiX]ZYkZgi^XVaan idYZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcd[
hdi]ViîeVhhZhi]gdj\]i]Zed^ci'!&+# [jcXi^dc^^lî]gZheZXiid[jcXi^dc^#
L]Vi^hi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]ZhigZiX]ZY
eVgVWdaV4KZg^[nndjgVchlZg# Combine Transformations
'
12. I]ZeVgVWdaVyx) ^hhigZiX]ZY 15. a) I]Z\gVe]d[yx'^higVchaViZY)jcîh
]dgôdciVaanhdi]ViîeVhhZhi]gdj\]i]Z idi]ZaZ[i!higZiX]ZY]dgôdciVaanWnV
ed^ci'!(+#L]Vi^hi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]Z [VXidgd['!VcYi]ZcigVchaViZY&jcîje#
higZiX]ZYeVgVWdaV4KZg^[nndjgVchlZg# LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]ZigVch[dgbZY
[jcXi^dc#
Reflect Functions b) <gVe]i]Zdg^\^cVaVcYigVch[dgbZY
13. a) <gVe]i]Z[daadl^c\[jcXi^dchdci]Z [jcXi^dchdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#
hVbZhZid[VmZh# 16. 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchVeea^ZYid
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b) JhZVgZ[aZXi^dcidYZhXg^WZi]Z
Solve Equations Involving Rational Expressions
igVch[dgbVi^dcd[i]ZhZXdcY[jcXi^dc
17. HdakZT
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k
18. HdakZT T
(+% &#
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Chapter Problem
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lVkZhXVcWZgZegZhZciZYjh^c\ig^\dcdbZig^X[jcXi^dch#I]ZhZ
gZegZhZciVi^dchXVcWZjhZY[dgY^kZghZejgedhZh!hjX]Vhkd^XZ
gZXd\cî^dc!VhlZaaVhi]ZYZh^\cd[XdcXZgi]VaahVcY
cd^hZ"XVcXZaa^c\]ZVYe]dcZh#
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ig^\dcdbZig^X[jcXi^dchVcY]dligVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]Z[jcXi^dch
V[[ZXii]ZX]VgVXiZg^hi^Xhd[hdjcYh!^cXajY^c\adjYcZhh!eîX]!
VcYfjVaîn#NdjlâaaZVgc]dlig^\dcdbZig^X[jcXi^dchVgZjhZY^cbjh^Xhnci]Zh^h!
[gdbi]ZhdjcYhd[ndjg[VkdjgîZWVcYidhdjcYigVX`h[dgbdi^dce^XijgZh#
Prerequisite Skills • MHR 283

5.1
Modelling Periodic Behaviour

L]ViYdi]ZhdjcYhd[ndjg[VkdjgîZWVcY!i]Z^Ya^c\d[VXVgZc\^cZ!
i]Ze]VhZhd[i]Zbddc!VcYndjg]ZVgiWZViVaa]VkZ^cXdbbdc46aaVgZ
ZmVbeaZhd[egdXZhhZhi]VigZeZVi^cVgZ\jaVgeViiZgc#Ndjg]ZVgi!l]Zc
ndjVgZVigZhi![daadlhi]ZhVbZXnXaZZVX]i^bZîWZVih#6XVgZc\^cZ
]Vhbdk^c\eVgihi]VigZeZVii]ZhVbZbdi^dchdkZgVcYdkZg#>ci]Z
ajcVgXnXaZ!i]Zbddc\gdlh[gdbVi^cnha^kZg!idVWZVji^[ja[jaabddc!
VcYi]ZclVcZhjciâîY^hVeeZVgh!dcanidgZVeeZVgVii]ZWZ\^cc^c\
d[i]ZcZmiXnXaZ#Ndjg[VkdjgîZWVcYeaVnh^chigjbZcihi]ViXgZViZ
gZeZiî^kZegZhhjgZeViiZgch^ci]ZV^gi]VindjgZVgh^ciZgegZiVhbjh^X#
EZg^dY^XeViiZgchXVcWZbdYZaaZYWnig^\dcdbZig^X[jcXi^dch#
Tools Investigate
• grid paper
• protractor How can you model periodic behaviour mathematically?
• ruler 6ci^fjZXVgdjhZah[ZVijg^c\^cig^XViZan
• compasses
eV^ciZY]dghZhVcYdi]ZgVc^bVahVgZhiâa
or
edejaVgViigVXi^dch#HZkZgVaidlch^cDciVg^d
• graphing calculator
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30°
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30°
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V]dghZdci]ZXVgdjhZa»hdjiZgZY\Z#=dl
YdZhi]ZY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZ
X]Vc\ZVhi]ZXVgdjhZaXdbeaZiZhV[jaaijgc4 Suzanne John
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i]ZX^gXaZidgZegZhZci?d]c#BVg`Ved^cidci]ZX^gXjb[ZgZcXZid
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i]Vii]ZY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYi]ZZY\Zd[i]ZXVgdjhZaXVcWZ
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YZiZgb^cZi]ZY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZjh^c\Veegdeg^ViZ
ig^\dcdbZig^Xiddah#I]ZY^V\gVbâajhigViZhi]Z[^ghii]gZZY^hiVcXZh
idbZVhjgZ#GZXdgYndjggZhjaih^cViVWaZlî]Vc\aZ^ci]Z[^ghi
XdajbcVcYY^hiVcXZ!^cbZigZh!^ci]ZhZXdcYXdajbc#

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4. JhZi]ZkVajZh^cndjgiVWaZidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[Y^hiVcXZkZghjh
Vc\aZd[gZkdaji^dc#GZXdgYY^hiVcXZVadc\i]ZkZgi^XVaVm^hVcYi]Z
Vc\aZd[gZkdaji^dc[gdb%id,'%Vadc\i]Z]dgôdciVaVm^h#
5. Reflect8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]idndjgegZY^XiZY\gVe]#=dlVgZi]Z
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i]ZidiVaVc\aZd[gZkdaji^dci]ViHjoVccZbdkZhi]gdj\]^c[^kZ
gZkdaji^dch#
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gZkdaji^dci]ViHjoVccZbdkZhi]gdj\]4
7. a) JhZi]Z\gVe]idZhi^bViZildVc\aZhYjg^c\i]Z[^ghigZkdaji^dc
l]Zci]ZY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZ^h-b#AdXViZi]ZhZ
Vc\aZhdcndjgY^V\gVbd[i]ZXVgdjhZa#
b) >ci]Zi]^gYgZkdaji^dc!egZY^Xii]ZVc\aZhl]Zci]ZY^hiVcXZ
WZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZ^h-b#
8. =dlbVcncyclesVgZh]dlc^ci]Z\gVe]4 cycle
• one complete repetition
9. I]Zperiodd[VeViiZgc^hbZVhjgZY^cjcîhVeegdeg^ViZidi]Z of a pattern
egdWaZb#L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dYd[i]^heViiZgc4
period
10. Reflect=dlYdZhVperiodic functionY^[[Zg[gdbVa^cZVg[jcXi^dc • the horizontal length of
dgVfjVYgVi^X[jcXi^dc4 one cycle on a graph
11. L]Vi^hi]Zb^c^bjbY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZYjg^c\i]Z periodic function

[^ghigZkdaji^dc4L]Vi^hi]ZbVm^bjbY^hiVcXZ4 • a function that has a
pattern of y-values
12. L]Vi^hi]Zamplituded[i]^h[jcXi^dc4 that repeats at regular
intervals
13. ReflectHjeedhZi]ViHjoVccZ^hdcV]dghZi]Vi^h'b[gdbi]Z amplitude
XZcigZd[i]ZXVgdjhZa#EgZY^Xi]dli]Z\gVe]lâaX]Vc\Z[gdbi]Z
• half the distance
dcZi]VindjYgZl^chiZe)#H`ZiX]ndjgegZY^Xi^dcd[i]Z\gVe] between the maximum
d[Y^hiVcXZkZghjhVc\aZd[gZkdaji^dc[dgildgZkdaji^dchd[i]Z and minimum values of
XVgdjhZa# a periodic function
5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour • MHR 285

Example 1
Classify Functions
a) :mVb^cZZVX]\gVe]#9ZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgi]Z[jcXi^dc^heZg^dY^X#>[î
^h!YZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY#
i) ii)
y y
4 4
2 2
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
—2 —2
—4 —4
b) :mVb^cZi]Z\gVe]#9ZiZgb^cZ y
4
l]Zi]Zgi]Z[jcXi^dc^heZg^dY^X#>[î
^h!YZiZgb^cZi]ZVbeaîjYZ# 2
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
—2
—4
Solution
a) i)6eZg^dY^X[jcXi^dc]VhVeViiZgc y
4
d[y"kVajZhi]VigZeZVihVigZ\jaVg One Period One Period
^ciZgkVah#I]ZeZg^dY^hi]ZaZc\i] 2
d[i]Z^ciZgkVa#>ci]^hZmVbeaZ!
i]ZeViiZgcd[y"kVajZh^cdcZ —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
hZXi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]gZeZVih^c —2
i]ZcZmihZXi^dc#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z
—4
[jcXi^dc^heZg^dY^X#
I
dYZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY!hZaZXiV
XdckZc^ZcihiVgi^c\ed^ciVcYcdiZi]Zx"XddgY^cViZ#>ci]^hXVhZ!
X]ddhZ+!%#BdkZidi]Zg^\]i!VcYZhi^bViZi]Zx"XddgY^cViZ
l]ZgZi]ZcZmiXnXaZWZ\^ch#I]^hVeeZVghidWZVii]Zdg^\^c#
HjWigVXii]Zildx"XddgY^cViZh#I]ZeZg^dY^h%+!dg
+jcîh#
ii)>ci]^hZmVbeaZ!i]ZeViiZgcd[ y
4
y"kVajZh^cdcZhZXi^dcd[i]Z
\gVe]YdZhcdigZeZVi^ci]ZcZmi 2
hZXi^dc#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
cdieZg^dY^X# —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
—2
—4

b) I]Z[jcXi^dcâajhigViZY y
4
^ci]Z\gVe]^heZg^dY^X Maximum
WZXVjhZi]ZgZ^hVgZeZVi^c\ 2 Amplitude
eViiZgcd[y"kVajZhdcV
gZ\jaVgWVh^h#6eZg^dY^X —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
[jcXi^dcjhjVaan]VhV Minimum
—2
bVm^bjbkVajZVcYV
—4
b^c^bjbkVajZZkZgn
XnXaZ#I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h
]Va[i]ZY^[[ZgZcXZWZilZZci]ZbVm^bjbVcYb^c^bjbkVajZh#>c
i]Z\gVe]h]dlc!i]ZbVm^bjb^h(VcYi]Zb^c^bjb^h&#
I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZVbeaîjYZ^hTT
(&
'

!dg'jcîh#
Example 2
Predicting With Periodic Functions
8dch^YZgi]ZeZg^dY^X[jcXi^dch]dlc# y
4
a) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
2
b) 9ZiZgb^cZf 'VcYf*#
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6x
c) EgZY^Xif-!f&%!VcYf&)#
—2
d) L]Vi^hi]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
—4
e) 9ZiZgb^cZ[djgx"kVajZhhjX]i]Vi
fx'#
Solution
a) HZaZXiVXdckZc^ZcihiVgi^c\ed^ci!hjX]Vh,!%#BdkZidi]Zg^\]i
jciâi]ZeViiZgcWZ\^chidgZeZVi#I]^hdXXjghVi&!%#I]ZeZg^dY^h
ZfjVaidi]Z]dgôdciVaaZc\i]d[i]^hXnXaZ!XVaXjaViZYWnhjWigVXi^c\
i]Zx"XddgY^cViZh#I]jh!i]ZeZg^dY^h&,!dg+jcîh#
b) GZVYkVajZh[gdbi]Z\gVe]/f'&VcYf*%#
c) f-f'+f&%f&%++f&)f&)++ From part a), the period

f' f' f' of the function is 6. The
value of the function at x
& & &
is the same as the value
d) I]ZbVm^bjbkVajZ^h(#I]Zb^c^bjbkVajZ^h'#I]ZVbeaîjYZ at x plus or minus any
multiple of 6.
^hTT
('
'

!dg'#*jcîh#
e) ;gdbi]Z\gVe]!i]ZkVajZd[f%^h'#9ZiZgb^cZdi]Zgx"kVajZh
WnVYY^c\i]ZeZg^dYiddghjWigVXi^c\i]ZeZg^dY[gdbx%#Ild
edhh^WaZVchlZghVgZx+!x &'!VcYx &-!dgx +!x &'!
VcYx&-#

Example 3
Natural Gas Consumption in Ontario
I]Z\gVe]h]dlhgZh^YZci^Va Residential Natural Gas Consumption
cVijgVa\VhXdchjbei^dc^c
Thousands of Cubic Metres

DciVg^deZgbdci]!WZ\^cc^c\^c 1 600 000
?VcjVgn'%%&#9ViVVgZdWiV^cZY 1 400 000
1 200 000
[gdbHiVi^hi^Xh8VcVYVi]gdj\] 1 000 000
îhdca^cZ:"HI6I^ciZgVXi^kZ 800 000
idda# 600 000
400 000
a) :meaV^cl]ni]Z\gVe]]Vh 200 000
i]^hh]VeZ# 0 12 24 36 48 60
Month Starting January 2001
b) 9di]ZYViVVeeZVgidWZ
eZg^dY^X4?jhi^[nndjg
VchlZg#
c) 6hhjbZi]Vii]ZXdchjbei^dcd[cVijgVa\Vh^cDciVg^dXVcWZ
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hZXi^dc#IgVYZeViiZgchlî]VXaVhhbViZ# Jan. 1 9:09
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l]Zi]Zgi]ZeViiZgc^heZg^dY^X#>[ndj Mar. 1 11:14
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Jun. 1 15:04
18. Chapter ProblemGVcYnXdccZXih]^h Jul. 1 15:14
hnci]ZhôZgidVcdhXâadhXdeZVcYeaVnh Aug. 1 14:28
V7`Zni]Vi]Z`cdlhegdYjXZhVhdjcY Sep. 1 13:10
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—2

5.2
The Sine Function and

the Cosine Function
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Tools Investigate A
• calculator
• grid paper How can you use a table and grid paper with the sine ratio to construct
a function?
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sin x
Rounded to
x Exact Value One Decimal Place
0° 0 0.0
30°
T1 0.5
2
! ! !
! ! !
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maximum
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period
domain
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increase
intervals of
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5.2 The Sine Function and the Cosine Function • MHR 295
Investigate B
Tools How can you use technology with the sine ratio to construct a
• TI-83 Plus or TI-84 Plus function?
graphing calculator
Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator
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Method 2: Use a TI-Nspire™ CAS Graphing Calculator Tools
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Investigate C
How can you use the cosine ratio to construct a function?
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Properties y = sin x y = cos x

sketch of graph y y
1 1
x x
0° 90° 180° 270° 360° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
—1 —1
maximum value 1 1
minimum value —1 —1
amplitude 1 1
domain {x 2} {x 2}
range {y 2, —1 y 1} {y 2, —1 y 1}
x-intercepts 0°, 180°, and 360° over one cycle 90° and 270° over one cycle
y-intercept 0 1
intervals of {x 2, 0° x 90°, 270° x 360°} {x 2, 180° x 360°}
increase (over
one cycle)
intervals of {x 2, 90° x 270°} {x 2, 0° x 180°}

decrease (over
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10. Math Contest;dg%θ(+%!dkZg
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l]Vi^ciZgkVah^hh^cθXdhθ4
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d) H]dli]ViyXhXx^hV[jcXi^dc#
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Career Connection
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Use Technology
Dynamically Unwrap the Unit Circle

Tools 9gVlV\gVe]d[i]ZjcîX^gXaZVcYeadiVed^ciVi&!%#GZXVaai]Vii]Z
• graphing calculator XddgY^cViZhd[Ved^cidci]ZjcîX^gXaZXVcWZZmegZhhZYVh
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1. EgZhh MODE #HZii]Z[djgi]a^cZideVgVbZig^X
bdYZPARVcYi]Zh^mi]a^cZidh^bjaiVcZdjh
bdYZSIMUL#
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id#:ciZgi]ZZmegZhh^dcXdhI[dgX1TVcYh^cI[dgY1T#
3. Reflect8dbeVgZi]ZhZZmegZhh^dchidi]ZXddgY^cViZhd[Ved^cidc
i]ZjcîX^gXaZ#
4. Eadii]ZjcîX^gXaZVcYi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcdc
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l^cYdli]ViXVcVXXdbbdYViZWdi]\gVe]h#
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6. EgZhh GRAPH #LViX]]dli]ZjcîX^gXaZVcY Te c h n o l o g y Tip

i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcVgZYgVlc^chiZelî]ZVX]
If you want to watch
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the graphs be drawn
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Y^heaVni]Zbdci]ZhVbZhXgZZc#;dgi]Zjcî press QUIT and then
X^gXaZ!ZVX]bVg`dci]Zx"Vm^hgZegZhZcih press GRAPH . The
&jcî#;dgi]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dc!ZVX]bVg`dci]Z graphing calculator
x"Vm^hgZegZhZcih+%# remembers the last
graph that you asked
7. ReflectI]Z^chigjXi^dchY^gZXindjiddeZgViZi]Z\gVe]^c\ for, and will just
XVaXjaVidg^cVbdYZi]Vi^hegdWVWancZlidndj#GZk^ZlZVX] display it, provided
that you have not
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made any changes
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8. BdY^[nhiZeh&id+ideadii]ZjcîX^gXaZVadc\lî]i]ZXdh^cZ ways to get around
XjgkZ#L]ViX]Vc\ZhYdndjcZZYidbV`Z4:meaV^cl]ni]ZhZ this feature. One is
X]Vc\ZhVgZcZXZhhVgn# to select PlotsOn
from the STATPLOT
menu and then select
PlotsOff. When you
Extend
press GRAPH , the unit
9. HjeedhZi]VindjlVciideadii]ZjcîX^gXaZVadc\lî]i]ZiVc\Zci!
circle and sine function
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a) :meaV^cl]^X]d[hiZeh&id+cZZYidWZX]Vc\ZYVcYl]^X]Yd
cdi#
b) BV`Zi]ZX]Vc\Zhi]Vindj^YZci^[^ZY^ceVgiV#I]Zc!eadii]Z
[djg\gVe]h#
Use Technology: Dynamically Unwrap the Unit Circle • MHR 303

5.3
Investigate
Transformations of Sine
and Cosine Functions
BVcngZVa"ldgaYegdXZhhZhXVcWZbdYZaaZYlî]h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dch#=dlZkZg!i]ZWVh^Xh^cZ
[jcXi^dcjhjVaangZfj^gZhdcZdgbdgZigVch[dgbVi^dchid[îi]ZeVgVbZiZghd[i]ZegdXZhh#DcZ
ZmVbeaZ^hi]Zedhî^dcd[i]ZhjcVWdkZi]Z]dgôdccdgi]d[i]Z6gXi^X8^gXaZ^chjbbZg#7ZXVjhZ
i]ZhjcYdZhcdihZiYjg^c\i]^hi^bZ!i]ZgZ^hcdcZ\Vi^kZkVajZ[dgîhedhî^dcgZaVi^kZidi]Z
]dgôdc#6hVgZhjai!i]ZWVh^Xh^cZ[jcXi^dcbjhiWZVY_jhiZYhdi]Vii]ZgVc\Z]VhcdcZ\Vi^kZ
kVajZh#
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i]ZbVhbdYZah[dggZVa"ldgaYVeea^XVi^dchaViZg^ci]ZX]VeiZg#
Tools Investigate
How can you investigate transformations of sine and cosine functions
Optional using technology?
• graphing software
A: Graph y = a sin x
1. a) JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgdg\gVe]^c\hd[ilVgZid\gVe]yh^cx
VcYy'h^cxdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh![gdbx%idx(+%#
b) =dlVgZi]Z\gVe]hh^bâVg4=dlVgZi]ZnY^[[ZgZci4
2. a) 6YYi]Z\gVe]d[y(h^cxidi]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh#
b) L]Vi^hi]ZZ[[ZXid[bjaiêan^c\i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcWnVXdchiVci
[VXidg4
Te c h n o l o g y Tip 3. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]hd[y'h^cxVcYy(h^cx#EgZY^Xii]Zh]VeZ
Another way to d[i]Z\gVe]d[yT &h^cx#?jhi^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#

'
compare two graphs
is to toggle them on
T
&
b) <gVe]y h^cxVcYXdbeVgZi]Z\gVe]idi]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx#
'
and off. In the Y=
editor, move the cursor
LVhndjgegZY^Xi^dcXdggZXi4
over the equal sign T&
4. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]d[y h^cx#EgZY^Xii]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]d[
and press ENTER . '
When the equal sign is yh^cx#?jhi^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
highlighted, the graph
is displayed. When b) <gVe]yh^cxVcYXdbeVgZi]Z\gVe]idi]Z\gVe]d[
the equal sign is not yh^cx#LVhndjgegZY^Xi^dcXdggZXi4
highlighted, the graph c) EgZY^Xii]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]d[y'h^cx#KZg^[nndjg
is not displayed.
egZY^Xi^dcWn\gVe]^c\#

5. Reflect8dch^YZgi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcd[i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dci]VigZhjaih
[gdbbjaiêan^c\i]Z[jcXi^dcWnV[VXidga/yah^cx#9ZhXg^WZi]Z
igVch[dgbVi^dcjcYZgi]Z[daadl^c\XdcYî^dch#
a) a& b) % a &
c) a & d) & a %
B: Graph y = sin kx
1. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dchyh^cxVcYyh^c'xdci]ZhVbZhZid[
VmZh[gdbx%idx(+%#
c) =dlVgZi]ZeZg^dYhgZaViZY4
2. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]d[yh^c'x#EgZY^Xii]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z\gVe]d[
yh^c(x#
b) <gVe]yh^c(xidkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
3. a) =^YZi]Z\gVe]d[yh^c(x#EgZY^Xii]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z\gVe]d[
yh^cT
&x#
'
b) <gVe]yh^cTxidkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#NdjbVncZZYid
&
'
VY_jhindjgl^cYdlidVXXdbbdYViZdcZ[jaaXnXaZd[yh^cT &x.
'
[gdbbjaiêan^c\i]ZkVg^VWaZxWnV[VXidgk/yh^ckx#
a) =dl^hi]ZeZg^dYd[yh^ckxgZaViZYidi]ZeZg^dYd[yh^cx4
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dci]VidXXjghl]Zck&VcYl]Zc
% k &#
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dci]VidXXjghl]Zck &VcYl]Zc
& k %#<gVe]idX]ZX`ndjgXdc_ZXijgZh#
C: Graph y = sin (x – d)
1 a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dchyh^cxVcYyh^cx(%dci]ZhVbZ
hZid[VmZh[gdbx%idx(+%#
2. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx+%lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[n
ndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx+%idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
3. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx(%lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[n
ndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx(%idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
[gdbhjWigVXi^c\VeVgVbZiZgd[gdbi]ZkVg^VWaZx/yh^cxd#
9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcjcYZgi]Z[daadl^c\XdcYî^dch#
a) d3% b)d1%
5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and Cosine Functions • MHR 305

D: Graph y = sin x + c
1. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dchyh^cxVcYyh^cx&dci]ZhVbZhZi
d[VmZh[gdbx%idx(+%#
2. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx&lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[nndjg
egZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx&idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
3. a) EgZY^Xil]Vii]Z\gVe]d[yh^cx(lâaaddà^`Z#?jhi^[nndjg
egZY^Xi^dc#
b) <gVe]yh^cx(idkZg^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#NdjbVncZZYid
VY_jhindjgl^cYdlkVg^VWaZhidY^heaVni]Z\gVe]egdeZgan#
[gdbVYY^c\VeVgVbZiZgcidi]Z[jcXi^dc/yh^cxc#9ZhXg^WZ
i]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcjcYZgi]Z[daadl^c\XdcYî^dch#
a) c% b) c %
5. ReflectGZk^ZlndjggZ[aZXi^dch[gdbeVgih6!7!8!VcY9#8denVcY
XdbeaZiZViVWaZh^bâVgidi]ZdcZh]dlcidhjbbVgôZi]ZZ[[ZXi
i]Vii]ZkVajZd[ZVX]d[i]ZhZ[VXidgh]Vhdci]Z[dgbd[i]Z\gVe]#
I]Z[^ghia^cZd[i]ZiVWaZ^h[âaZY^c[dgndj#
Factor Value Effect

a>1 amplitude is greater than 1
0<a<1
a
—1 < a < 0
a < —1
k>1
0<k<1
k
—1 < k < 0
k < —1
d>0
d
d<0
c>0
c
c<0
Example 1
Functions of the Form y = a sin kx
8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcy(h^c)x#
a) L]Vi^hi]ZVbeaîjYZ4
b) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dY4
c) =dlbVcnXnXaZhlâadXXjgWZilZZcx%VcYx(+%4
d) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc[gdbx%idx(+%#

Solution
8dbeVgZy(h^c)xidyah^ckx#
a) a(0i]Zy"kVajZhd[i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcVgZbjaiêa^ZYWnV[VXidgd[
(#I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h(jcîh#
b) k)0idYZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY!Y^k^YZ(+%Wnk/ T
(+%
.%#
)
I]ZeZg^dY^h.%#
c) H^cXZi]ZeZg^dY^h.%VcYk)![djgXnXaZhlâadXXjgWZilZZc
%VcY(+%#
d)
y
3
0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x
—3
Example 2
Functions of the Form y = a sin (x — d) + c
8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcyh^cx)*'#
b) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dY4
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]Ze]VhZh]^[i!dg]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dc# Con n ec t i on s
d) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i!dgkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc# In a sinusoidal function,

a horizontal translation
e) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc[gdbx%idx,'%# is also known as a
phase shift. A vertical
translation is also
Solution known as a vertical
shift.
8dbeVgZyh^cx)*'idyah^cxdc#
a) a&0i]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h&#
b) k&0i]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h(+%#
c) d)*0i]Ze]VhZh]^[i^h)*idi]Zg^\]i#
d) c'0i]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h'jcîhje#
e)
y
4
0° 180° 360° 540° 720° x

—2

Example 3
Functions of the Form y = a sin [k(x — d)] + c
8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcy'h^cP(x(%R&#
b) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dY4
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]Ze]VhZh]^[i#
d) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i#
e) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc[gdbx%idx(+%#
Solution
8dbeVgZy'h^cP(x(%R&idyah^cPkxdRc#
a) a'0i]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h'#
b) k(0i]ZeZg^dYd[i]Z[jcXi^dc^h T
(+%
&'%#
(
The value of d is negative. c) d(%0i]Ze]VhZh]^[i^h(%idi]ZaZ[i#
This indicates a horizontal
translation to the left. d) c&0i]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h&jcîYdlc#
e)
y
2
0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x

—2
Key Concepts
I]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dcbVnWZigVch[dgbZYWn^cigdYjX^c\
[VXidgha!k!d!VcYc/yah^cPkxdRc
¶aYZiZgb^cZhi]ZVbeaîjYZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc#I]ZVbeaîjYZ^hqaq#
¶kYZiZgb^cZhi]ZeZg^dY!p!d[i]Z[jcXi^dcVXXdgY^c\idi]ZgZaVi^dcpT(+%
#
qkq
¶dYZiZgb^cZhi]Z]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dc!dge]VhZh]^[i!d[i]Z[jcXi^dc#>[d^hedhî^kZ!
i]Zh]^[i^hidi]Zg^\]i#>[d^hcZ\Vi^kZ!i]Zh]^[i^hidi]ZaZ[i#
¶cYZiZgb^cZhi]ZkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc!dgkZgi^XVah]^[i!d[i]Z[jcXi^dc#>[c^hedhî^kZ!i]Z
h]^[i^hje#>[c^hcZ\Vi^kZ!i]Zh]^[i^hYdlc#
I]ZXdh^cZ[jcXi^dcbVnWZigVch[dgbZY^ci]ZhVbZlVn/yaXdhPkxdRc.Ndj
lâaldgì]gdj\]ZmVbeaZh^ckdak^c\i]ZXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc^ci]ZZmZgX^hZh#

C1 8dch^YZgi]Z\gVe]d[y*h^c'xc#L]VikVajZhd[cVgZgZfj^gZYhdi]Vii]Z\gVe]]Vh
dcanedhî^kZy"kVajZh4:meaV^c]dlndj[djcYndjgVchlZg#
C2 8dbeVgZi]Z[daadl^c\\gVe]h#:meaV^c]dlV]dgôdciVagZ[aZXi^dcXVcWZjhZYidigVch[dgb
\gVe]V^cid\gVe]W#
a) b)
y y
2 2
—180° 0° 180° x —360° —180° 0° 180° 360° x

—2 —2
C3 8dch^YZgi]Z\gVe]hd[yh^cxVcYyXdhx#9ZiZgb^cZildlVnh^cl]^X]i]Z\gVe]d[i]Z
Xdh^cZ[jcXi^dcXVcWZZmegZhhZYVhV]dgôdciVaigVchaVi^dcd[i]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dc#
A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 3, refer to For help with Questions 4 to 8, refer to
Example 1. Examples 2 and 3.
1. H`ZiX]dcZXnXaZ[dgZVX][jcXi^dc#>cXajYZ 4. LgîZildZfjVi^dch!dcZ^ci]Z[dgb
VcVeegdeg^ViZhXVaZdcZVX]Vm^h#HiViZ yah^ckxVcYdcZ^ci]Z[dgb
i]ZkZgi^XVahigZiX]VcYVbeaîjYZd[i]Z yaXdhPkx dR!idbViX]ZVX]\gVe]#
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b) yT h^cx
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c) y*h^cx
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2. H`ZiX]dcZXnXaZ[dgZVX][jcXi^dc#>cXajYZ
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b) yT Xdhx
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c) y'Xdhx
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3. 9ZiZgb^cZi]Z]dgôdciVahigZiX]VcYi]Z 3
eZg^dYd[ZVX][jcXi^dc#
a) y'h^c*x b) y(h^c x T'
( 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x
c) n-h^cTx T T
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y h^c x
+ ' ' —3
e) y)Xdhx f) y'Xdh-x
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g) y Xdh&'x T*
h) y Xdh x T(
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5. LgîZildZfjVi^dch!dcZ^ci]Z[dgb 9. a) HiViZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[iVcYi]Z
yaXdhkxVcYdcZ^ci]Z[dgb VbeaîjYZd[ZVX]h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
yah^cPkx dR!idbViX]ZVX]\gVe]# i)yXdhx,%
a) ii)y(Xdhx &
y
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b) H`ZiX]ildXnXaZhd[i]Z\gVe]d[ZVX]
0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x [jcXi^dc#>cXajYZVcVeegdeg^ViZhXVaZ
—2 dcZVX]Vm^h#
—4
B Connect and Apply
b) 10. I]ZkZgi^XVa
y Reasoning and Proving
2 edhî^dc!y!^c
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XZci^bZigZh!d[V
0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x ed^cidci]Zg^b Problem Solving
—2 d[i]Zl]ZZad[V Connecting Reflecting
hiVi^dcVgnZmZgX^hZ Communicating
6. 9ZiZgb^cZi]Ze]VhZh]^[iVcYi]ZkZgi^XVa W^XnXaZV[iZgi^bZ!t!
h]^[ilî]gZheZXiidyh^cx[dgZVX] ^chZXdcYh!XVcWZbdYZaaZYWni]Z
[jcXi^dc# ZfjVi^dcy)%h^c,'%t*%#
a) yh^cx*%( a) L]Vi^hi]ZadlZhikZgi^XVaedhî^dci]Vi
b) y'h^cx)*& i]Zed^cigZVX]Zh4
c) y*h^cx'*) b) L]Vi^hi]Z]^\]ZhikZgi^XVaedhî^dc
i]Vii]Zed^cigZVX]Zh4
d) y(h^cP'x+%R'
c) L]Vi^hi]ZeZg^dYd[gdiVi^dcd[i]Z
7. 9ZiZgb^cZi]Ze]VhZh]^[iVcYi]ZkZgi^XVa l]ZZa!^chZXdcYh4
h]^[ilî]gZheZXiidyXdhx[dgZVX] d) HjeedhZi]Vii]ZeZg^dYd[i]ZgdiVi^dc
[jcXi^dc# d[i]Zl]ZZaigêaZh#=dlYdZhi]Z
a) yXdhx(% ZfjVi^dcX]Vc\Z4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
b) y)Xdhx('+
11. a) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZVbeaîjYZ!i]ZeZg^dY!
c) y.Xdhx&'%*
i]Ze]VhZh]^[i!VcYi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[
d) y&'XdhP*x&*%R, ZVX][jcXi^dc#
8. a) HiViZi]Ze]VhZh]^[iVcYi]ZkZgi^XVa i)y*h^cP)x+%R'
h]^[id[ZVX]h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc# ii)y'XdhP'x&*%R*
iii)yT h^c Tx+% &
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ii)y'h^cx( iv)y%#-XdhP(#+x)%R%#)
iii)yh^cx)*' b) Use Technology<gVe]ZVX][jcXi^dc
iv)y(h^cx&'%' jh^c\iZX]cdad\n#8dbeVgZi]Z\gVe]id
b) H`ZiX]ildXnXaZhd[i]Z\gVe]d[ZVX] i]ZX]VgVXiZg^hi^XhndjZmeZXiZY#
[jcXi^dc#>cXajYZVcVeegdeg^ViZhXVaZ
dcZVX]Vm^h#

12. I]Zi]Zdgnd[W^dg]ni]bhhZZ`hidZmeaV^c VhdjcYlVkZXVcWZbdYZaaZYVh
l]neZdeaZ]VkZ¸\ddY¹YVnhVcY¸WVY¹ y+)h^cktViVY^hiVcXZd[&b[gdbîh
YVnh#6XXdgY^c\idi]Zi]Zdgn!i]gZZ hdjgXZ#6iVY^hiVcXZd['b!
eZg^dY^X[jcXi^dchWZ\^cViW^gi]VcYhiVn aT
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lî]ndji]gdj\]djindjga^[Z#I]Ze]nh^XVa ''
XnXaZ]VhVeZg^dYd['(YVnh!i]ZZbdi^dcVa &+
XnXaZ]VhVeZg^dYd['-YVnh!VcYi]Z I]ZbdYZaa^c\ZfjVi^dcWZXdbZh
^ciZaaZXijVaXnXaZ]VhVeZg^dYd[((YVnh# y&+h^ckt#
6hVeZghdcbdkZhi]gdj\]a^[Z!i]ZXnXaZh a) LgîZi]ZbdYZaa^c\ZfjVi^dcViV
adhZe]VhZlî]ZVX]di]Zg!WjigZijgccdl Y^hiVcXZd[)b[gdbi]ZhdjgXZ#
VcYi]Zcidi]ZhVbZe]VhZ!hjX]i]ViVaa
b) LgîZi]ZbdYZaa^c\ZfjVi^dcViV
i]gZZbVm^bjbkVajZhXd^cX^YZ#L]ZcZkZg
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YVndXXjgh# c) =dl[Vg[gdbi]ZhdjgXZYdZhi]Z
bdYZaa^c\ZfjVi^dcWZXdbZ
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14. I]Z\gVe]d[ Reasoning and Proving
yh^cx^h Representing Selecting Tools
igVch[dgbZYhdi]Vi
Problem Solving
î]VhVcVbeaîjYZ
d[)VcYx"^ciZgXZeih Connecting Reflecting
i]ViXd^cX^YZlî] Communicating
a) 6hhjb^c\VcVbeaîjYZd[&!bdYZa
i]Zb^c^bjb
ZVX]W^dg]ni]b·e]nh^XVa!Zbdi^dcVa!
kVajZh#I]ZeZg^dY^h(+%VcYi]Ze]VhZ
VcY^ciZaaZXijVa·lî]Vh^cZ[jcXi^dc
h]^[i^h%#
i]ViWZ\^chViW^gi]#
a) LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[i]ZigVch[dgbZY
b) JhZ\g^YeVeZgdgiZX]cdad\nideadiVaa
[jcXi^dc#
i]gZZ[jcXi^dchdci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh
[dgi]Z[^ghi&*%YVnhd[a^[Z# b) L]Vie]VhZh]^[i^hcZZYZY[dgi]Z
igVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dc[gdbeVgiVid
c) >YZci^[n\ddYYVnhl]ZcilddgbdgZ
]VkZVy"^ciZgXZeid['49gVlV\gVe]id
W^dg]ni]bhgZVX]VbVm^bjbdgXadhZ
h]dli]VindjgVchlZg^hXdggZXi#
idVbVm^bjb#
c) 8Vci]ZgZfj^gZYy"^ciZgXZei^ceVgiW
d) >YZci^[nWVYYVnhl]ZcilddgbdgZ
WZVX]^ZkZYWnVaiZg^c\i]ZeZg^dYgVi]Zg
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i]Vci]Ze]VhZh]^[i4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
idVb^c^bjb#
15. a) LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[VigVch[dgbZY
13. Chapter ProblemI]Z]jbVcZVg
h^cZ[jcXi^dci]Vi^cXajYZhViaZVhi
^ciZgegZihi]ZVbeaîjYZd[VhdjcYlVkZ
i]gZZigVch[dgbVi^dch#<ZcZgViZV
VhadjYcZhh#I]jh!VhdjcYlVkZbdYZaaZY
b^c^bjbcjbWZgd[XajZhVWdjii]Z
Wny'h^ckt^hadjYZgi]VcVhdjcY
igVch[dgbVi^dc#:chjgZi]Vii]ZXajZhXVc
lVkZbdYZaaZYWnyh^ckt#7ZXVjhZi]Z
WZjhZYidYZiZgb^cZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc#
]jbVcZVgYdZhcdideZgViZdcVa^cZVg
hXVaZ!i]ZeZgXZ^kZYadjYcZhhgVi^d^h b) IgVYZXajZhlî]VXaVhhbViZ#9ZiZgb^cZ
cdiVXijVaan'/&#L]ZcVc^chigjbZci^h i]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchgZfj^gZYidbViX]
eaVnZY!i]ZhdjcYlVkZhegZVYhdji^cV i]ZXajZh#>[bdgZi]VcdcZVchlZg^h
he]Zg^XVaeViiZgc#I]ZVbeaîjYZYZXgZVhZh edhh^WaZ!ZmeaV^cl]n#
Vhi]ZhfjVgZd[i]ZY^hiVcXZ#HjeedhZi]Vi c) IgVYZZfjVi^dchVcYY^hXjhhVcn
dWhZgkVi^dchdgXdcXZgch#

16. a) LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dcd[VigVch[dgbZY d) HjeedhZi]Vii]Z\gVe]^hXdci^cjZY
Xdh^cZ[jcXi^dci]Vi^cXajYZhVi idx,'%#=dlbVcned^cihd[
aZVhii]gZZigVch[dgbVi^dch#9dcdi ^ciZghZXi^dcYdndjZmeZXi^ci]Z
jhZi]ZhVbZi]gZZigVch[dgbVi^dch cZlhZXi^dcd[i]Z\gVe]4?jhi^[nndjg
ndjjhZY^cfjZhi^dc&*#<ZcZgViZV i]^c`^c\#
b^c^bjbcjbWZgd[XajZhVWdjii]Z e) :miZcYi]Z\gVe]VcYX]ZX`ndjg
igVch[dgbVi^dc# egZY^Xi^dc^ceVgiY#LVhndjg
b) IgVYZXajZhlî]VXaVhhbViZ#9ZiZgb^cZ egZY^Xi^dcXdggZXi4>[cdi!ZmeaV^cl]n
i]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchgZfj^gZYidbViX] cdi#
i]ZXajZh#>[bdgZi]VcdcZVchlZg^h f) HjeedhZi]Vii]ZhZXdcY[jcXi^dc]VYV
edhh^WaZ!ZmeaV^cl]n# eZg^dYd[dcZ"i]^gYi]Z[^ghi#=dlYdZh
c) IgVYZZfjVi^dchVcYY^hXjhhVcn ndjgVchlZgideVgiVX]Vc\Z4
dWhZgkVi^dchdgXdcXZgch#
19. 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcyiVcx VcYîh
Achievement Check igVch[dgbVi^dcyaiVcPkxdRc#
JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgid^ckZhi^\ViZi]Z
17. a) 9ZiZgb^cZZVX]d[i]Z[daadl^c\[dgi]Z Z[[ZXihd[a!k!d!VcYcdci]Z\gVe]d[
[jcXi^dcy+XdhP*x)*R(# yiVcx#LgîZVWg^Z[gZedgid[ndjg
?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg# [^cY^c\h#
i)i]ZVbeaîjYZ
20. Math ContestI]Zhjbd[Z^\]i
ii)i]ZeZg^dY XdchZXji^kZedhî^kZ^ciZ\Zgh^h)%)#
iii)i]Ze]VhZh]^[i L]Vi^hi]Zhjbd[i]ZaZVhiVcY\gZViZhi
iv)i]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[i]Z[jcXi^dc cjbWZgh^ci]^hhZfjZcXZ4 TTTT
b) H`ZiX]i]Z[jcXi^dc^ceVgiVdc\g^Y A *%#* B 'q &%&
eVeZglî]djijh^c\ViVWaZd[kVajZh# C &%& D '*#'*
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21. Math ContestIldX^gXaZhVgZiVc\Zciid
ZVX]di]Zg#6a^cZhZ\bZciYgVlc[gdb
C Extend
i]ZXZcigZ!9!d[i]ZaVg\ZgX^gXaZ^hiVc\Zci
18. 6h^cZ[jcXi^dc]Vh]Va[i]ZeZg^dYd[ idi]ZhbVaaZgX^gXaZVi6#6cdi]Zga^cZ
yh^cx#6aadi]ZgeVgVbZiZghd[i]Zild hZ\bZciYgVlc[gdbi]ZXZcigZ!7!d[i]Z
[jcXi^dchVgZi]ZhVbZ# hbVaaZgX^gXaZ^hiVc\Zciidi]ZaVg\ZgX^gXaZ
a) EgZY^Xii]ZcjbWZgd[ed^cihd[ Vi8#EgdkZi]Vi69^hadc\Zgi]Vc78#
^ciZghZXi^dc^[i]Zild[jcXi^dchVgZ
\gVe]ZY[gdbx%idx(+%#?jhi^[n A
ndjgegZY^Xi^dc#
B
b) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZcjbWZgd[ed^cihd[
D
^ciZghZXi^dc^[i]Zild[jcXi^dchVgZ
\gVe]ZY[gdbx%idx(+%#LVh
ndjgegZY^Xi^dcXdggZXi4>[cdi!ZmeaV^c C
l]n#
c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZXddgY^cViZhd[i]Z[^ghi
ed^ciidi]Zg^\]id[i]Zdg^\^cl]ZgZi]Z
\gVe]hd[i]Zild[jcXi^dch^ciZghZXi#

5.4
Graphing and Modelling With

y = a sin [k(x — d)] + c and
y = a cos [k(x — d)] + c
>cdgYZgidbdYZaVgZVa"ldgaYhîjVi^dcjh^c\Vh^cZdgVXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc!ndjbjhiVcVanhZi]Z
hîjVi^dcVcYi]ZcigVch[dgbi]ZVbeaîjYZ!eZg^dY!kZgi^XVah]^[i!VcYe]VhZh]^[iVXXdgY^c\an#;dg
ZmVbeaZ!i^YZh^ci]ZdXZVcXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\Vh^cZ[jcXi^dclî]VeZg^dYd[VWdji&']#
>ci]^hhZXi^dc!ndjlâaaZVgc]dlidjhZV\gVe]dgVa^hid[egdeZgi^Zhd[i]ZYZh^gZY[jcXi^dcid
lgîZVXdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dc#
Example 1
Determine the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Function From an
Equation
6cZc\^cZZgjhZhi]Z[jcXi^dcy(XdhP'x*R)idbdYZai]Z
kZgi^XVaedhî^dc!y!^cbZigZh!d[VgdY^cVbVX]^cZxhZXdcYhV[iZgi]Z
bVX]^cZ^hhiVgiZY#
a) L]ViVgZi]ZVbeaîjYZ!eZg^dY!e]VhZh]^[i!VcYkZgi^XVah]^[id[i]Z
edhî^dc[jcXi^dc4
b) L]ViVgZi]ZadlZhiVcY]^\]ZhikZgi^XVaedhî^dchi]Vii]ZgdY
gZVX]Zh4
c) Use TechnologyJhZiZX]cdad\nid\gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#8]ZX`ndjg
VchlZgh^ceVgiWjh^c\i]Z\gVe]#
d) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[i]Zdg^\^cVaXdh^cZ[jcXi^dcVcYi]Z
igVch[dgbZY[jcXi^dc#
Solution
a) 8dbeVg^c\i]Z\^kZcZfjVi^dcy(XdhP'x*R)idi]Z\ZcZgVa
ZfjVi^dcyaXdhPkxdRc\^kZha(!k'!d*!VcY
c)#
H^cXZa(!i]ZVbeaîjYZ^h(b#
5.4 Graphing and Modelling With y = a sin [k(x — d)] + c and y = a cos [k(x — d)] + c • MHR 313
9ZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY#
T T
(+% (+%

k '
&-%
I]ZeZg^dY^h&-%h#
H^cXZd*!i]Ze]VhZh]^[i^h*hidi]Zg^\]i#
H^cXZc)!i]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h)bjelVgY#
b) I]ZaZVhikVajZd[i]ZWVh^XXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc^h&#H^cXZi]Z
VbeaîjYZ^h(!i]^hhigZiX]ZhYdlcid(#I]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[
)bjelVgYejh]Zhi]^hid&#Hd!i]ZadlZhikZgi^XVaedhî^dc^h&b#
I]Z\gZViZhikVajZd[i]ZWVh^XXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc^h&#H^cXZi]Z
VbeaîjYZ^h(!i]^hhigZiX]Zhjeid(#I]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[)jelVgY
ejh]Zhi]^hid,#I]Z]^\]ZhikZgi^XVaedhî^dc^h,b#
c) Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator

I]Z\gVe]^hh]dlc#EgZhh 2nd P86A8R#JhZ4:maximumid
YZiZgb^cZi]ZbVm^bjbkVajZVcY3:minimumidYZiZgb^cZi]Z
b^c^bjbkVajZ#

Method 2: Use a TI-NspireTM CAS Graphing Calculator

GZ[Zgidi]Z^chigjXi^dch[dg\gVe]^c\
^cHZXi^dc*#'#<gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#Eadi
Ved^cidci]Z[jcXi^dc#<gVWi]Zed^ci
VcYYgV\îidlVgYi]ZbVm^bjb#L]Zc
ndjgZVX]i]ZbVm^bjb!i]ZldgY
¸bVm^bjb¹lâaVeeZVg!Vadc\lî]i]Z
XddgY^cViZh#
H^bâVgan!ndjXVcYgV\i]Zed^ciidlVgY
i]Zb^c^bjb#L]Zcndj]VkZgZVX]ZY
i]Zb^c^bjb!i]ZldgY¸b^c^bjb¹
lâaVeeZVg!Vadc\lî]i]ZXddgY^cViZh#
d) ;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcyXdhx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2r#
I]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!&y&r#
;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcy(XdhP'x*R)!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2r#
I]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!&y,r#

Example 2
Sketch a Graph
a) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]VibjhiWZVeea^ZYidi]Z\gVe]d[
fxh^cxiddWiV^ci]Z\gVe]d[gx)h^c(x&#6eeani]ZhZ
igVch[dgbVi^dchidh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[gx#
b) HiViZi]ZYdbV^cVcYgVc\Zd[fxVcYgx#
c) BdY^[ni]ZZfjVi^dc[dggxid^cXajYZVe]VhZh]^[id[(%idi]Z
g^\]i#8Vaai]^h[jcXi^dchx#6eeani]Ze]VhZh]^[iidi]Z\gVe]d[
gxVcYigVch[dgbîidhx#
Solution
a) HiVgilî]i]Z\gVe]d[ y iv iii
fxh^cx!XjgkZ^# 4
ii
6eeani]ZVbeaîjYZd[)id\Zi
XjgkZ^^# 2
6eeani]ZkZgi^XVah]^[id[& i
0 90° 180° 270° 360° x
jcîjelVgYid\ZiXjgkZ^^^#
NdjbVn^cXajYZV]dgôdciVa —2
gZ[ZgZcXZa^cZViy&id]Zae —4
ndj#
6eeani]Z]dgôdciVaXdbegZhh^dcWnV[VXidgd[(id\ZiXjgkZ^k#
b) ;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcfxh^cx!i]ZYdbV^c^hpx2r#I]ZgVc\Z^h
py2!&y&r#;dgi]Z[jcXi^dcgx)h^c(x&!i]ZYdbV^c
^hpx2r#I]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!(y*r#
c) I]ZZfjVi^dclî]Ve]VhZh]^[i y g(x)
d[(%idi]Zg^\]i^h 4 h(x)
hx)h^cP(x(%R&#
I]Z\gVe]hd[gxVcYhxVgZ 2
h]dlc#
0 90° 180° 270° 360° x
—2
L]Zc\gVe]^c\VigVch[dgbZYh^cZdgXdh^cZ[jcXi^dc![daadli]ZhZhiZeh/
1. H`ZiX]i]ZWVh^X[jcXi^dc#
2. 6eeani]ZkZgi^XVahigZiX]dgXdbegZhh^dcidVX]^ZkZi]ZYZh^gZY
VbeaîjYZ#
3. 6eeani]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i#JhZV]dgôdciVagZ[ZgZcXZa^cZid]Zaendj#
4. 6eeani]Z]dgôdciVahigZiX]dgXdbegZhh^dcidVX]^ZkZi]ZYZh^gZY
eZg^dY#
5. 6eeani]Ze]VhZh]^[i#
Example 3
Represent a Sinusoidal Function Given Its Properties
a) 6h^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc]VhVcVbeaîjYZd[(jcîh!VeZg^dYd[&-%!
VcYVbVm^bjbVi%!*#GZegZhZcii]Z[jcXi^dclî]VcZfjVi^dc^c
ildY^[[ZgZcilVnh#
b) JhZ\g^YeVeZgdgV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgidkZg^[ni]Vindjgild
bdYZahgZegZhZcii]ZhVbZ\gVe]#
Solution
a) Method 1: Use a Cosine Function
I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h(!hda(#
I]ZeZg^dY^h&-%#
T
(+%
&-%

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Con n ec t i on s
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gZegZhZcihi]Z\gVe]#8]ZX`ndjg Robert Moog invented the electronic synthesizer in
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before this time, Moog was the first to control the
electronic sounds using a piano-style keyboard. This
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Tools Investigate
• motion sensor How can you collect data on the motion of a pendulum and use the
• pendulum data to construct a sinusoidal model?
1. HZijeVeZcYjajb#JhZVaVg\ZdW_ZXiVhi]ZWdWViaZVhii]ZhôZd[V
Te c h n o l o g y Tip WVh`ZiWVaahdîXVcWZYZiZXiZYWni]Zbdi^dchZchdg#JhZVhig^c\dg
These instructions gdeZadc\Zcdj\]id\^kZi]ZeZcYjajbVeZg^dYd[bdgZi]Vc&h#
assume the use of a
CBRTM motion sensor 2. a) 8dccZXii]Z87GIBbdi^dchZchdgidi]Z\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgjh^c\
with a TI-83 Plus or i]ZXVWaZegdk^YZY#
TI-84 Plus graphing
calculator. If you b) EgZhh APPS VcYhZaZXi2:CBL/CBR#CdiZi]Vii]ZVeea^XVi^dcdc
are using different ndjgXVaXjaVidgbVn]VkZVY^[[ZgZcicjbWZg#
technology, refer to
c) 6ii]ZCBL/CBRhXgZZc!egZhh ENTER #HZaZXi3:RangerVcYegZhh
the manual.
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VY^[[ZgZcicjbWZg#
d) HZaZXi1:SETUP/SAMPLE[gdbi]ZbV^cbZcj#BdkZi]ZXjghdg
Te c h n o l o g y Tip jeidSTART NOW#EgZhh ENTER #
The motion sensor
3. HiVgii]ZeZcYjajbhl^c\^c\#Ed^cii]Zbdi^dchZchdgVii]ZWdWd[
cannot measure
distances less than
i]ZeZcYjajbhjX]i]Vii]ZWdWhl^c\hY^gZXianidlVgYVcYVlVn
about 0.5 m. Ensure [gdbi]ZhZchdg#EgZhh ENTER VcYXdaaZXiYViV[dg&*h#6ii]ZZcYd[
that your pendulum is i]ZXdaaZXi^dci^bZ!V\gVe]d[Y^hiVcXZkZghjhi^bZ^hh]dlc#
never closer than this.
The maximum distance 4. Reflect>cheZXii]Z\gVe]#9dZhîVeeZVgh^cjhd^YVa46gZi]ZgZVcn
that it can measure is he^`Zhdgdi]ZghjYYZc_jbehi]Vi^cY^XViZVb^hVa^\cbZcid[i]Z
about 4 m, but your eZcYjajbVcYbdi^dchZchdgYjg^c\i]ZYViVXdaaZXi^dcegdXZhh4>[
pendulum may be too
hd!VY_jhindjge]nh^XVahZije#EgZhh ENTER VcYhZaZXi
small a target to return
a usable signal from REPEAT SAMPLE#8dci^cjZgZ[^c^c\ndjgZmeZg^bZciVaVggVc\ZbZci
this distance. jciândj]VkZVhbddi]\gVe]#

5. a) EgZhh ENTER VcYhZaZXiSHOW PLOT#8dc[^gbi]Vii]Z\gVe]^hV
hbddi][jcXi^dci]ViVeeZVghh^cjhd^YVa#
b) EgZhh ENTER VcYhZaZXiQUIT#I]Zi^bZYViVlâaWZhidgZY^ca^hi
L1VcYi]ZY^hiVcXZYViVlâaWZhidgZY^ca^hiL2#
6. a) EgZhh GRAPH VcYi]Zc TRACE #JhZi]ZXjghdg

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b^c^bjbd[ndjg\gVe]#9ZiZgb^cZi]Z
VbeaîjYZ!a#
b) 6YYi]ZVbeaîjYZidi]Zb^c^bjbidYZiZgb^cZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i! Con n ec t i on s
c#JhZi]ZY=ZYîdgideadiV]dgôdciVagZ[ZgZcXZa^cZjh^c\i]^h
For help in determining
kVajZ#6aiZgcVi^kZan!ndjXVcjhZi]ZDRAWbZcjVcYhZaZXi an equation given a
3:Horizontal# graph, refer to
Example 4 in Section 5.4.
c) GZijgcidi]Z\gVe]#JhZi]ZgZ[ZgZcXZa^cZid]ZaendjigVXZi]Z
hiVgid[i]Z[^ghih^cZlVkZidi]Zg^\]id[i]ZkZgi^XVaVm^h#GZVYi]Z
e]VhZh]^[i!d#
d) 8dci^cjZidi]ZZcYd[i]Z[^ghiXnXaZ#JhZi]ZhiVgiVcYZcYid
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kVajZd[k#
7. a) JhZi]ZkVajZhd[a!c!d!VcYkidlgîZi]ZZfjVi^dcidbdYZai]Z
bdi^dcd[i]ZeZcYjajb#
b) :ciZgi]^hZfjVi^dcjh^c\i]ZY=ZYîdg#Eadii]ZXjgkZVcYkZg^[n
i]ViîXadhZanbViX]Zhi]Z\gVe]YgVlcWni]ZGVc\Zghd[ilVgZ#>[
i]ZgZVgZbV_dgY^hXgZeVcX^Zh!X]ZX`ndjgXVaXjaVi^dch#
8. ReflectHiVgii]ZeZcYjajbhl^c\^c\VcYZhi^bViZi]ZVbeaîjYZ
VcYeZg^dY#GZk^Zli]ZVbeaîjYZVcYeZg^dYd[i]ZeZcYjajbi]Vi
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kVajZh#
9. a) EgZY^Xii]ZZ[[ZXii]ViZVX]d[i]Z[daadl^c\lâa]VkZdcndjg
\gVe]#8dch^YZgZVX]dcZhZeVgViZan#
i)i]ZaZc\i]d[i]ZeZcYjajb^hh]dgiZcZY
ii)i]ZVbeaîjYZ^h^cXgZVhZY
b) 8]ZX`ndjgegZY^Xi^dch^ceVgiVjh^c\i]ZeZcYjajbVcYi]Z
bdi^dchZchdg#
5.5 Data Collecting and Modelling • MHR 323

Example 1
Retrieve Data from Statistics Canada
Jh^c\YViV[gdbHiVi^hi^Xh8VcVYV!YZiZgb^cZ^[i]ZgZ^hVeZg^dYd[i^bZ
dkZgl]^X]X]Vc\Zh^ci]ZedejaVi^dcd[8VcVY^VchV\ZY'%id')XVcWZ
bdYZaaZYjh^c\Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
Solution
K^hîlll#hiViXVc#\X#XV$ZYj$ZYj%*T%%&-X"Zc\#]ib#
HZaZXiSinusoidal#
HZaZXitable 051-0001#
JcYZgGeography!hZaZXiCanada#
JcYZgSex!hZaZXiBoth sexes#
JcYZgAge group!hZaZXi20 to 24 years#
HZii]ZgZ[ZgZcXZeZg^dYidfrom 1976 to 2005#
HZaZXiRetrieve as individual Time Series#>[ndjeaVcidVcVanhZi]ZYViV
lî]VhegZVYh]ZZidgdi]Zghd[ilVgZ!hZaZXii]ZYdlcadVYVWaZ[âZ[dgbVi
VhCSV (comma-separated values)!lî]Time as rows#
Di]Zgl^hZ!ndjXVchZaZXii]ZhXgZZcdjiejiVhVc=IBAiVWaZ!lî]Time
as rows#HZaZXiRetrieve Now#I]ZiVWaZ^hh]dlc#
Population of Canada, Aged 20 to 24 Years, Both Sexes, By Year

Year Population Year Population Year Population
1976 2 253 367 1986 2 446 250 1996 2 002 036
1977 2 300 910 1987 2 363 227 1997 2 008 307
1978 2 339 362 1988 2 257 415 1998 2 014 301
1979 2 375 197 1989 2 185 706 1999 2 039 468
1980 2 424 484 1990 2 124 363 2000 2 069 868
1981 2 477 137 1991 2 088 165 2001 2 110 324
1982 2 494 358 1992 2 070 089 2002 2 150 370
1983 2 507 401 1993 2 047 334 2003 2 190 876
1984 2 514 313 1994 2 025 846 2004 2 224 652
1985 2 498 510 1995 2 009 474 2005 2 243 341
HdjgXZ/HiVi^hi^Xh8VcVYV
Population Aged 20 to 24 in Canada,
<gVe]i]ZYViV# 1976 to 2005
I]ZedejaVi^dcd[eZdeaZ^c 3 000 000

Population
8VcVYVV\ZY'%id')[gdb 2 500 000

2 000 000
&.,+id'%%*VeeZVghid 1 500 000
[daadlVh^cjhd^YVabdYZa# 1 000 000
500 000
0 10 20 30
Year Relative to 1976

Example 2
Make Predictions
I]ZgZaVi^dch]êWZilZZci]Z]Z^\]iVWdkZi]Z\gdjcYd[VeZghdcg^Y^c\
V;Zgg^hl]ZZaVcYi^bZXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
a) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXidci]^h[jcXi^dc^[i]ZeaVi[dgb[gdbl]^X]i]Z
eZghdcZciZghi]Zg^YZ^hgV^hZYWn&b#
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXidci]^h[jcXi^dc^[i]Z;Zgg^hl]ZZaijgchil^XZVh
[Vhi#
Solution
a) 7ZXVjhZi]ZeaVi[dgb^hcdiVi
i]ZadlZhied^cid[i]Zl]ZZa!V
e]VhZh]^[i^h^cigdYjXZY#I]Z
g^YZgYdZhcdigZVX]i]ZadlZhi
Direction
ed^cijciâi]Zl]ZZaijgch of
i]gdj\]i]Ze]VhZh]^[i# Rotation
>[i]ZeaVi[dgbjhZYidZciZg
i]Zg^YZ^hgV^hZYWn&b!i]Z
e]VhZh]^[i^cXgZVhZhVcYî Phase
Shift
iV`Zhadc\Zg[dgi]Zg^YZgid Platform
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g^YZ#I]Z\gVe]lâah]^[iidi]Zg^\]i#
b) >[i]Zl]ZZaijgchil^XZVh[Vhi!i]ZeZg^dYlâaWZ]Va[Vhadc\#
I]Z\gVe]lâaWZXdbegZhhZY]dgôdciVaanWnV[VXidgd[T
&#
'
Example 3
Use a Sinusoidal Model to Determine Values
I]Z]Z^\]i!h!^cbZigZh!VWdkZi]Z\gdjcYd[Vg^YZgdcV;Zgg^hl]ZZa
V[iZgthZXdcYhXVcWZbdYZaaZYWni]Zh^cZ[jcXi^dc
ht&%h^cP(t(%R&'#
a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcjh^c\\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\n#
b) 9ZiZgb^cZZVX]d[i]Z[daadl^c\#
i)i]ZbVm^bjbVcYb^c^bjb]Z^\]ihd[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcY
ii)i]Z]Z^\]id[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcYV[iZg(%h
iii)i]Zi^bZgZfj^gZY[dgi]Z;Zgg^hl]ZZaidXdbeaZiZdcZgZkdaji^dc

Solution
a)
b) I]ZkVajZhXVcWZYZiZgb^cZYZî]ZgWnXVaXjaVi^dcdgWnjh^c\
iZX]cdad\n#
Method 1: Use the Equation

i)I]ZVbeaîjYZ^h&%bVcYi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i^h&'b#I]ZgZ[dgZ!
i]ZbVm^bjb]Z^\]id[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcY^h
&%b&'b!dg''b#I]Zb^c^bjb]Z^\]i^h&%b&'b!dg
'b#
ii)IdYZiZgb^cZi]Z]Z^\]id[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcYV[iZg(%h!
hjWhiîjiZ(%[dgt^ci]ZZfjVi^dc#
ht&%h^cP(t(%R&'
&%h^cP((%(%R&'
&%h^c%&'
%&'
&'
I]Z]Z^\]id[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z\gdjcYV[iZg(%h^h&'b#
iii)I]ZkVajZd[k^h(#
T
(+%T
(+%

k (
k&'%
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I
XdbeaZiZdcZgZkdaji^dc^h&'%h#
Method 2: Use the Graph

Te c h n o l o g y Tip
If you are using a i)EgZhh 2nd P86A8R#JhZi]Zmaximum
TI-NspireTM CAS deZgVi^dc[gdbi]ZCALCULATEbZcj#
graphing calculator,
refer to the ]ZbVm^bjb]Z^\]id[i]Zg^YZgVWdkZi]Z
I
instructions on \gdjcY^h''b#
page 33 to determine
the maximum and
minimum values and
the period.

^bâVgan!jhZi]ZminimumdeZgVi^dc[gdb
H
i]ZCALCULATEbZcjidYZiZgb^cZi]Z
b^c^bjb#
I]Zb^c^bjb]Z^\]i^h'b#
ii)JhZi]ZvaluedeZgVi^dc[gdbi]Z Con n ec t i on s
CALCULATEbZcjidYZiZgb^cZi]Z]Z^\]i A maximum and an
V[iZg(%h# adjacent minimum are
half a cycle apart. To
I]Z]Z^\]iV[iZg(%h^h&'b# obtain the value of
the full period, it is
necessary to multiply
iii)IdYZiZgb^cZi]ZeZg^dY!hjWigVXii]ZXddgY^cViZhd[i]ZVY_VXZci by 2.
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Key Concepts
9ViVXVcWZXdaaZXiZY[gdbe]nh^XVabdYZahjh^c\iddahhjX]VhVbdi^dchZchdg#
9ViVXVcWZYdlcadVYZY[gdbhiVi^hi^XVahdjgXZhhjX]VhHiVi^hi^Xh8VcVYV#
9ViVXVchdbZi^bZhWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
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VcYkZgi^XVah]^[id[Vh^cjhd^YVa[jcXi^dc#
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d[X]Vc\^c\VeVgVbZiZgdci]Z\gVe]d[i]Zdg^\^cVaZfjVi^dc#
I]Z\gVe]dgZfjVi^dcXVcWZjhZYidYZiZgb^cZkVajZh#

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^hYZXgZVhZYid'%#L]ViX]Vc\ZhYdndjZmeZXiidhZZ^ci]Z\gVe]4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#

A Practise

For help with questions 1 and 2, refer to the d
Distance (metres)
Investigate. 3
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Time (seconds)
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bdYZakVa^Y4 XgVc`h]V[iVcYt^hi]Zi^bZ!^chZXdcYh#

Daily Sales Daily Sales
Month ($) Month ($)
1 45 7 355
2 115 8 285
3 195 9 205
4 290 10 105
5 360 11 42
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5.6
Use Sinusoidal
Functions to Model
Periodic Phenomena
Not Involving Angles
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Investigate Tools
How can you use sinusoidal functions to model the tides?
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away from the moon.
This results in two tide
cycles each day. To learn
more about tides, visit
the Functions 11 page
on the McGraw-Hill
Ryerson Web site and
follow the links to
Chapter 5.
5.6 Use Sinusoidal Functions to Model Periodic Phenomena Not Involving Angles • MHR 333
Co nne ct io ns Example 1
The adoption of AC
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Use Technology
Create a Scatter Plot and a Function Using a TI-NspireTM CAS
Graphing Calculator
GZ[Zgid:mVbeaZ'dceV\Z((*# Tools
• TI-Nspire™ CAS
graphing calculator
Angle Above the Horizon (°) 2.4 1.8 2.4 4.2 7.2 11 16 22 27 33 38 42
Angle Above the Horizon (°) 45 46 45 42 38 33 27 22 17 12 7.5 4.3
1. DeZcVcZlYdXjbZci#8gZViZVeV\Z
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4. DeZcVcZlGraphs & GeometryeV\Z#

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Use Technology: Create a Scatter Plot and a Function Using a TI-Nspire™ CAS Graphing Calculator • MHR 343
Chapter 5 Review
5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour, 5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and
pages 284 to 293 Cosine Functions, pages 304 to 312
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y = a sin [k(x — d)] + c and
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y = a cos [k(x — d)] + c, pages 313 to 321
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Month (21st day) Time (EST) 5.6 Use Sinusoidal Functions to Model
1 7:40 Periodic Phenomena Not Involving Angles,
2 7:04 pages 333 to 341
3 6:17 9. I]ZkdajbZd[WaddY^ci]ZaZ[ikZcig^XaZd[
4 5:25 VcVkZgV\Z"hôZY]jbVc]ZVgikVg^Zh[gdbV
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Chapter 5 Review • MHR 345

Chapter 5 Practice Test
For questions 1 to 8, select the best answer. 9. 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dc
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b) <gVe]i]ZbdYZadci]ZhVbZhZid[VmZh
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Chapter 5 Practice Test • MHR 347

Task Modelling a Rotating Object
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• string
• large paper clip
• tape measure
• grid paper
a) 6iiVX]VaVg\ZeVeZgXaêidi]ZZcYd[Vhig^c\#=daY^c\i]ZdeedhîZZcY
d[i]Zhig^c\!aZindjgVgbVcYi]Zhig^c\]Vc\YdlcidlVgYi]Z[addg#
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iVji#BZVhjgZi]ZeZg^dYd[i]ZgdiVi^dc#
c) 9ZiZgb^cZVcZfjVi^dc[dgVh^cZ[jcXi^dci]Vi\^kZhi]Z]Z^\]id[
i]ZeVeZgXaêgZaVi^kZidi]ZVc\aZd[gdiVi^dc!hiVgi^c\[gdbi]ZgZhi
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d) 9ZiZgb^cZVcZfjVi^dc[dgi]Z]Z^\]id[i]ZeVeZgXaêgZaVi^kZidi^bZ!
WZ\^cc^c\[gdbi]ZgZhiedhî^dc#
e) 9ZiZgb^cZVcZfjVi^dc[dgi]ZY^hiVcXZ[gdbi]ZeVeZgXaêidi]ZlVaa
gZaVi^kZidi]ZVc\aZd[gdiVi^dc!hiVgi^c\[gdbi]ZgZhiedhî^dc#
f) 9ZiZgb^cZVcZfjVi^dc[dgi]ZY^hiVcXZ[gdbi]ZeVeZgXaêidi]ZlVaa
gZaVi^kZidi^bZ!WZ\^cc^c\[gdbi]ZgZhiedhî^dc#
g) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[ZVX]gZaVi^dc#
h) 9ZhXg^WZ]dlZVX]ZfjVi^dcldjaYX]Vc\Z^[ndjgZkZghZYi]ZY^gZXi^dc
d[gdiVi^dc#?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#
i) =dlldjaYi]ZZfjVi^dc^ceVgiXX]Vc\Z^[ndjlZgZgZaVi^c\i]Z
gdiVi^dcVaY^hiVcXZigVkZaaZY!^chiZVYd[i]Z]Z^\]i!idi]ZVc\aZd[
gdiVi^dc4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg#

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CHAPTER

By the end of this chapter, you will

Use the Cosine Law  i)yx'

Determine the Domain and Range of a Function  ii)y'x'

282 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

Prerequisite Skills • MHR 283

Modelling Periodic Behaviour

284 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

11. L]Vi^hi]Zb^c^bjbY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZYjg^c\i]Z periodic function

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour • MHR 285

286 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

c) f-f'+f&%f&%++f&)f&)++ From part a), the period

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour • MHR 287

Thousands of Cubic Metres

288 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

Communicate Your Understanding

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour • MHR 289

—4 f&!f*!VcYf, Connecting Reﬂecting

290 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

YdndjZmeZXiid Problem Solving :XjVYdg!^hadXViZY Representing Selecting Tools

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour • MHR 291

292 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

0 100 200 300 x

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour • MHR 293

The Sine Function and

294 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

2. EgZhh MODE VcYZchjgZi]VindjgXVaXjaVidg^h^cDEGREEbdYZ#

5. EgZhh 2nd PI67A:RidVXXZhhi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZh#HXgdaaYdlcVcY

296 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

3. a) EgZhhc#6YYVLists & Spreadsheet

Properties y = sin x y = cos x

intervals of {x  2, 90° x 270°} {x  2, 0° x 180°}

298 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

B Connect and Apply

300 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

Dynamically Unwrap the Unit Circle

302 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

6. EgZhh GRAPH #LViX]]dli]Zjc^iX^gXaZVcY Te c h n o l o g y Tip

Use Technology: Dynamically Unwrap the Unit Circle • MHR 303

Another way to  d[i]Z\gVe]d[yT &h^cx#?jhi^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#

304 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and Cosine Functions • MHR 305

Factor Value Effect

306 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x

d) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i!dgkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc# In a sinusoidal function,

0° 180° 360° 540° 720° x

5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and Cosine Functions • MHR 307

0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x

308 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

—180° 0° 180° x —360° —180° 0° 180° 360° x

5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and Cosine Functions • MHR 309

310 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

5.3 Investigate Transformations of Sine and Cosine Functions • MHR 311

312 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

Graphing and Modelling With

c) Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator

Method 2: Use a TI-NspireTM CAS Graphing Calculator

314 MHR • Functions 11 • Chapter 5

Use the Cosine Law i)yx'

Determine the Domain and Range of a Function ii)y'x'

11. L]Vi^hi]Zb^c^bjbY^hiVcXZWZilZZc?d]cVcYHjoVccZYjg^c\i]Z periodic function

c) f-f'+f&%f&%++f&)f&)++ From part a), the period

—4 f&!f*!VcYf, Connecting Reﬂecting

YdndjZmeZXiid Problem Solving :XjVYdg!^hadXViZY Representing Selecting Tools

2. EgZhh MODE VcYZchjgZi]VindjgXVaXjaVidg^h^cDEGREEbdYZ#

5. EgZhh 2nd PI67A:RidVXXZhhi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZh#HXgdaaYdlcVcY

3. a) EgZhhc#6YYVLists & Spreadsheet

intervals of {x 2, 90° x 270°} {x 2, 0° x 180°}

6. EgZhh GRAPH #LViX]]dli]Zjc^iX^gXaZVcY Te c h n o l o g y Tip

Another way to d[i]Z\gVe]d[yT &h^cx#?jhi^[nndjgegZY^Xi^dc#

d) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZkZgi^XVah]^[i!dgkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dc# In a sinusoidal function,

a) GZegZhZcii]Z[jcXi^dcl^i]VcZfjVi^dc 10. Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg

6. a) EgZhh GRAPH VcYi]Zc TRACE #JhZi]ZXjghdg

I]ZedejaVi^dcd[eZdeaZ^c 3 000 000

8VcVYVV\ZY'%id')[gdb 2 500 000

2. 6bdi^dchZchdg Reasoning and Proving 3. I]Z]Z^\]i!h!^cbZigZh!d[i]Zi^YZ^cV

aZc\i]! !^c Connecting Reﬂecting YZZeWgZVi]^c\WZ Representing Selecting Tools

bZigZh!VXXdgY^c\ Communicating bdYZaaZYjh^c\

17. 7jc\ZZ_jbe^c\ 19. Math Contest6XjWZl^i]h^YZhd[+Xb

21. Math Contest>[i]ZcjbWZg(%%%^h

You can enter rational d) I]ZkdaiV\Z[jcXi^dc^hV&,%h^c'&+%%t#

ldgaY^hVaiZgcVi^c\ Connecting Reﬂecting

1 600 000 d) JhZndjgbdYZaidegZY^Xii]ZcjbWZg

4. DeZcVcZlGraphs & GeometryeV\Z#

3. I]ZkVajZd[f&'^h a) GZegZhZcii]Z[jcXi^dcl^i]VcZfjVi^dc