Wine Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning

BE G I NNE R C LA S S I F I C AT I O N M A C HI NE LE A RNI NG PYT HO N RE S O URC E S T RUC T URE D D AT A S UPE RVI S E D

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.

Overview

Basics understanding of Wine.

Data description
Impor ting modules
Study dataset
Visualization
Handle null values
Split dataset
Normalization
Applying model
Save model
Endnote

Introduction

” Wine is the most healthful and most hygienic of beverages “

– Louis Pasteur

Yes, if you think deep down then you just notice that we are discussing wine, above quote seems to be
right because all over the world wine was soo popular among people, and 5% of the population doesn’t
know what is wine? sounds good.

We definitely came across the fruit graphs, which is soo sweet on the test but graphs are not just to eat,
they are used to make different types of things. Wine is one of them Wine is an alcoholic drink that is
made up of fermented grapes. If you have come across wine then you will notice that wine has also their
type they are red and white wine this was because of different varieties of graphs.

You are shocked to hear that the worldwide distribution of wine is 31 million tonnes which were huge in
number.
What if you think about the quality of wine, how can you differentiate the wine
according to their quality? The big question arises.

According to experts, the wine is differentiated according to its smell, flavor, and color, but we are not a
wine expert to say that wine is good or bad. What will we do then? Here’s the use of Machine Learning
comes, yes you are thinking to write we are using machine learning to check wine quality. ML have some
techniques that will discuss below:

To the ML model, we first need to have data for that you don’t need to go anywhere just click here for the
wine quality dataset. This dataset was picked up from the Kaggle.

Now, we start our journey towards the prediction of wine quality, as you can see in the data that there is
red and white wine, and some other features. Let’s start :

Description of Dataset

If you download the dataset, you can see that several features will be used to classify the quality of wine,
many of them are chemical, so we need to have a basic understanding of such chemicals.

volatile acidity : Volatile acidity is the gaseous acids present in wine.

fixed acidity : Primary fixed acids found in wine are tartaric, succinic, citric, and malic

residual sugar : Amount of sugar left after fermentation.

citric acid : It is weak organic acid, found in citrus fruits naturally.

chlorides : Amount of salt present in wine.

free sulfur dioxide : So2 is used for prevention of wine by oxidation and microbial spoilage.

total sulfur dioxide

pH : In wine pH is used for checking acidity

density

sulphates : Added sulfites preserve freshness and protect wine from oxidation, and bacteria.

alcohol : Percent of alcohol present in wine.

Rather than chemical features, you can see that there is one feature named Type it contains the types of
wine we here discuss on red and white wine, the percent of red wine is greater than white.

For the next step we have to import some important library :

Importing modules

Let’s import,

# import pandas import pandas as pd # import numpy import numpy as np # import seaborn import seaborn as sb #

import matplotlib import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Let’s we take brief about these libraries, pandas are used for data analysis NumPy is for n-dimensional
array seaborn and matplotlib both have similar functionalities which are used for visualization.

The next step is to read the wine quality dataset and see their information:

Study dataset

For the next step, we have to check what technical information contained in the data,

# creating Dataframe object df = pd.read_csv(R'D://xdatasets/winequalityN.csv') print(df.head())

print(df.info()) print(df.describe())

output:-

As we see in the above image, there is vital information on features and with this information, we will
process our next work.

Visualization

We know that the “image speaks everything” here the visualization came into the work, we use
visualization for explaining the data. In other words, we can say that it is a graphic representation of data
that is used to find useful information.

df.hist(bins=25,figsize=(10,10)) # display histogram plt.show()

output:-

The above image reveals that how that data is easily distributed on features.

Now, we plot the bar graph in which we check what value of alcohol can able to make changes in quality.

plt.figure(figsize=[10,6]) # plot bar graph plt.bar(df['quality'],df['alcohol'],color='red') # label x-axis

plt.xlabel('quality') #label y-axis plt.ylabel('alcohol')

output:-
When we performing any machine learning operations then we have to study the data features deep, there
are many ways by which we can differentiate each of the features easily. Now, we will perform a correlation
on the data to see how many features are there they correlated to each other.

Correlation:-

For checking correlation we use a statistical method that finds the bonding and relationship between two
features.

# ploting heatmap plt.figure(figsize=[19,10],facecolor='blue') sb.heatmap(df.corr(),annot=True)

output:-
Now, we have to find those features that are fully correlated to each other by this we reduce the number of
features from the data.

If you think that why we have to discard those correlated, because relationship among them is equal they
equally impact on model accuracy so, we delete one of them.

for a in range(len(df.corr().columns)): for b in range(a): if abs(df.corr().iloc[a,b]) >0.7: name =

df.corr().columns[a] print(name)

Here we write a python program with that we find those features whose correlation number is high, as you
see in the program we set the correlation number greater than 0.7 it means if any feature has a correlation
value above 0.7 then it was considered as a fully correlated feature, at last, we find the feature total sulfur
dioxide which satisfy the condition.

So, we drop that feature

new_df=df.drop('total sulfur dioxide',axis=1)

Handle null values

In the dataset, there is so much notice data present, which will affect the accuracy of our ML model. In
machine learning, there are many ways to handle null or missing values. Now, we will use them to handle
our unorganized data.

new_df.isnull().sum()
We see that there are not many null values are present in our data so we simply fill them with the help of
the fillna() function.

new_df.update(new_df.fillna(new_df.mean()))

with this, we handle only numerical variables value because, we fill mean() and mean value is not for
categorical variables, so for categorical variables:-

# catogerical vars next_df = pd.get_dummies(new_df,drop_first=True) # display new dataframe next_df

You were able to see that the get_dummies() function which is used for handling categorical columns, in
this dataset ‘Type’ feature contains two types Red and White, where Red consider as 0 and white considers
as 1.

df_dummies[''best quality''] = [ 1 if x>=7 else 0 for x in df.quality] print(df_dummies)

Splitting dataset
Now we perform a split operation on our dataset:

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test =

train_test_split(x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state=40)

Normalization

We do normalization on numerical data because our data is unbalanced it means the difference between
the variable values is high so we convert them into 1 and 0.

#importing module from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler # creating normalization object norm =
MinMaxScaler() # fit data norm_fit = norm.fit(x_train) new_xtrain = norm_fit.transform(x_train) new_xtest =
norm_fit.transform(x_test) # display values print(new_xtrain)

Applying Model

This is the last step where we apply any suitable model which will give more accuracy, here we will use
RandomForestClassifier because it was the only ML model that gives the 88% accuracy which was
considered as the best accuracy.

RandomForestClassifier:-

# importing modules from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier from sklearn.metrics import

classification_report #creating RandomForestClassifier constructor rnd = RandomForestClassifier() # fit data

fit_rnd = rnd.fit(new_xtrain,y_train) # predicting score rnd_score = rnd.score(new_xtest,y_test) print('score
of model is : ',rnd_score) # display error rate print('calculating the error') # calculating mean squared

error rnd_MSE = mean_squared_error(y_test,y_predict) # calculating root mean squared error rnd_RMSE =

np.sqrt(MSE) # display MSE print('mean squared error is : ',rnd_MSE) # display RMSE print('root mean squared
error is : ',rnd_RMSE) print(classification_report(x_predict,y_test))

Now, we are at the end of our article, we can differentiate the predicted values and actual value.
x_predict = list(rnd.predict(x_test)) predicted_df = {'predicted_values': x_predict, 'original_values':

y_test} #creating new dataframe pd.DataFrame(predicted_df).head(20)

Saving Model

At last, we save our machine learning model:

import pickle file = 'wine_quality' #save file save = pickle.dump(rnd,open(file,'wb'))

So, at this step, our machine learning prediction is over.

End Notes

This is one of the interesting articles that I have written because it was on today’s current top technology
machine learning, but I was used basic language to explain this article so, you can’t get difficulty on
understanding.

If you have any question regarding this article then your will feel free to ask in the comment section below.

Thank you.

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