9 Great Lakes Rules Jan24 1 35

Rules for Building and Classing
Bulk Carriers for Service on the Great Lakes
January 2024
RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING
BULK CARRIERS FOR SERVICE ON THE GREAT LAKES

JANUARY 2024
American Bureau of Shipping

Incorporated by Act of Legislature of
the State of New York 1862
© 2024 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved.

ABS Plaza
1701 City Plaza Drive
Spring, TX 77389 USA
PART 3
Hull Construction and Equipment
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 General..................................................................................................1
Section 1 Definitions.......................................................................... 2
Section 2 General Requirements ......................................................4
CHAPTER 2 Hull Structures and Arrangements.................................................. 13

Section 1 Longitudinal Strength ......................................................19
Section 2 Shell Plating ....................................................................34
Section 3 Decks ..............................................................................36
Section 4 Bottom Structure .............................................................43
Section 5 Framing ...........................................................................47
Section 6 Watertight Bulkheads ......................................................52
Section 7 Tank Boundary Bulkheads .............................................. 59
Section 8 Superstructures and Deckhouses ...................................64
Section 9 Protection of Deck Openings (9 May 1996) ....................70
Appendix 1 Calculation of Shear Stresses ........................................ 74
CHAPTER 3 Equipment.......................................................................................... 78
Section 1 Anchoring, Mooring and Towing Equipment ................... 79
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING BULK CARRIERS FOR SERVICE ON THE GREAT LAKES • ii
2024
PART 3
CHAPTER 1
General
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Definitions............................................................................................ 2
1 Length ............................................................................................2
3 Breadth........................................................................................... 2
5 Depth ............................................................................................. 2
7 Draft................................................................................................ 2
9 Strength Deck ................................................................................ 2
11 Freeboard Deck.............................................................................. 2
13 Bulkhead Deck................................................................................2
15 Superstructure Deck....................................................................... 2
17 Deckhouse......................................................................................3
19 Watertight........................................................................................3
21 Weathertight................................................................................... 3
SECTION 2 General Requirements ........................................................................4

1 Arrangements ................................................................................ 4
3 Breaks ............................................................................................4
5 Structural Sections..........................................................................4
TABLE 1 Scantlings – Inch Units...........................................................4

TABLE 2 ............................................................................................. 11
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING BULK CARRIERS FOR SERVICE ON THE GREAT LAKES • 1
2024
PART 3
CHAPTER 1
General
SECTION 1
Definitions
1 Length
L is the length between perpendiculars, in ft (m), measured on the estimated summer load waterline from
the fore side of the stem to the centerline of the rudder stock.
3 Breadth
B is the greatest molded breadth, in ft (m).
5 Depth
D is the molded depth at side, in ft (m), measured at the middle of L, from the molded baseline to the top of
the strength deck beams.
7 Draft
d is the molded draft, in ft (m), from the molded baseline to the summer load waterline.
9 Strength Deck
The strength deck is the deck which forms the top of the effective hull girder at any part of its length. See
3-2-1/5.1.
11 Freeboard Deck (2024)

The freeboard deck normally is the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and sea, which has
permanent means of closing all openings in the weather part thereof, and below which all openings in the
sides of the ship are fitted with permanent means of watertight closing.
13 Bulkhead Deck (2024)

The bulkhead deck is the highest deck to which the watertight bulkheads extend and are made effective
15 Superstructure Deck (2024)

A superstructure deck is a deck above the freeboard deck to which the side shell plating extends. Except
where otherwise specified, the term “superstructure deck” where used in these Rules refers to the first such
deck above the freeboard deck.
2024
Part 3 Hull Construction and Equipment
Chapter 1 General
Section 1 Definitions 3-1-1
17 Deckhouse (2024)
A deckhouse is an enclosed structure above the freeboard deck having side plating set inboard of the hull’s
side-shell plating more than 4% of the breadth, B, of the vessel.
19 Watertight (2024)
Watertight means capable of preventing the passage of water through the structure under a head of water
for which the surrounding structure is designed.
21 Weathertight (2024)
Weathertight means that in any sea condition, water will not penetrate into the vessel.
2024
PART 3
CHAPTER 1
General
SECTION 2
General Requirements
1 Arrangements
A transverse watertight bulkhead is to be provided at the forward end of the machinery space and a
collision bulkhead is to be provided in accordance with Section 3-2-6. An afterpeak bulkhead is to be fitted
to enclose the shaft tube in a watertight compartment. In addition, intermediate bulkheads or equivalent
supporting arrangements are to be provided in such number and location which will, when acting in
conjunction with the web frames and deep arches, provide adequate transverse strength in the hull.
3 Breaks
Special care is to be taken throughout the structure to provide against local stress concentrations at the ends
of the cargo spaces, superstructures, etc.
5 Structural Sections
The scantling requirements of these Rules are applicable to structural angles, channels, bars, and rolled or
built-up sections. The required section moduli of members; such as girders, webs, etc., supporting frames
and stiffeners are to be obtained on an effective width of plating basis as described below unless otherwise
noted. The section is to include the structural member in association with an effective width of plating
equal to one-half the sum, of spacing on each side of the member, or 33% of the unsupported span ℓ,
whichever is less; for girders and webs along hatch openings, an effective breadth of plating equal to
onehalf the spacing or 16.5% of the unsupported span ℓ, whichever is less, is to be used. The required
section modulus of each frame and stiffener is assumed to be provided by the stiffener and one frame space
of the plating to which it is attached.
TABLE 1
Scantlings – Inch Units
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Length of Basic Basic Bottom & Immersed Shell at Forecastle Center Floors &
Vessel Depth Design Side Shell Box & Ends and Poop Keelson (8) Side
(1,7)
Draft Stern Sides Keelson
Plating
400 26.67 16.0 0.40 0.45 0.42 0.36 33 12 × 0 . 42 0.30
410 26.97 16.4 0.41 0.45 0.42 0.36 34 14 × 0 . 42 0.30
2024
Chapter 1 General
Section 2 General Requirements 3-1-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(1,7)
Plating
420 27.27 16.8 0.42 0.46 0.42 0.36 34 34 × 0 . 43 0.31
430 27.56 17.2 0.43 0.46 0.42 0.36 35 12 × 0 . 43 0.31
440 27.85 17.6 0.44 0.47 0.42 0.36 36 × 0 . 44 0.32
450 28.13 18.0 0.45 0.47 0.42 0.36 36 34 × 0 . 44 0.32
460 28.40 18.4 0.46 0.47 0.43 0.37 37 12 × 0 . 44 0.32
470 28.66 18.8 0.47 0.48 0.43 0.37 38 × 0 . 45 0.33
480 28.92 19.2 0.48 0.48 0.43 0.37 38 34 × 0 . 45 0.33
490 29.17 19.6 0.49 0.48 0.43 0.37 39 14 × 0 . 46 0.34
500 29.41 20.0 0.50 0.49 0.43 0.37 40 × 0 . 46 0.34
510 29.65 20.4 0.50 0.49 0.43 0.37 40 34 × 0 . 46 0.34
520 29.89 20.8 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.38 41 12 × 0 . 47 0.35
530 30.11 21.2 0.52 0.49 0.44 0.38 42 × 0 . 47 0.35
540 30.34 21.6 0.53 0.50 0.44 0.38 42 12 × 0 . 48 0.36
550 30.56 22.0 0.54 0.50 0.44 0.38 41 14 × 0 . 48 0.36
560 30.77 22.4 0.55 0.51 0.44 0.38 44 × 0 . 48 0.36
570 30.98 22.8 .056 0.51 0.45 0.39 34 12 × 0 . 49 0.37
580 31.18 23.2 0.57 0.52 0.45 0.39 45 14 × 0 . 49 0.37
590 31.38 23.6 0.58 0.52 0.45 0.39 45 34 × 0 . 50 0.38
600 31.58 24.0 0.59 0.53 0.45 0.39 46 12 × 0 . 50 0.38
610 31.77 24.4 0.60 0.53 0.45 0.39 47 14 × 0 . 50 0.38
620 31.96 24.8 0.61 0.53 0.46 0.40 47 12 × 0 . 51 0.39
630 32.14 25.2 0.62 0.54 0.46 0.40 48 12 × 0 . 51 0.39
640 32.32 25.6 0.63 0.54 0.46 0.40 49 × 0 . 52 0.40
650 32.50 26.0 0.64 0.54 0.46 0.40 45 34 × 0 . 52 0.40
2024
Chapter 1 General
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(1,7)
Plating
660 32.67 26.4 0.65 0.55 0.46 0.40 48 12 × 0 . 52 0.40
670 32.84 26.8 0.66 0.55 0.47 0.41 51 × 0 . 53 0.41
680 33.1 27.2 0.67 0.55 0.47 0.41 45 34 × 0 . 53 0.41
690 33.17 27.6 0.68 0.56 0.47 0.41 47 14 × 0 . 54 0.42
700 33.33 28.0 0.69 0.56 0.47 0.41 53 × 0 . 54 0.42
710 33.81 28.0 0.69 0.57 0.47 0.41 53 14 × 0 . 54 0.42
720 34.29 28.0 0.70 0.57 0.48 0.42 53 12 × 0 . 55 0.43
730 34.76 28.0 0.71 0.58 0.48 0.42 53 34 × 0 . 55 0.43
740 35.24 28.0 0.72 0.58 0.48 0.42 54 × 0 . 56 0.44
750 35.71 28.0 0.73 0.58 0.48 0.42 54 14 × 0 . 56 0.44
760 36.19 28.0 0.74 0.59 0.48 0.42 54 12 × 0 . 56 0.44
770 36.67 28.0 0.75 0.59 0.49 0.43 54 34 × 0 . 57 0.45
780 37.14 28.0 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.43 55 × 0 . 57 0.45
790 37.62 28.0 0.77 0.60 0.49 0.43 55 14 × 0 . 58 0.46
800 38.10 28.0 0.78 0.60 0.49 0.43 55 12 × 0 . 58 0.46
810 38.57 28.0 0.79 0.60 0.49 0.43 55 34 × 0 . 58 0.46
820 39.05 28.0 0.80 0.61 0.50 0.44 56 × 0 . 59 0.47
830 39.52 28.0 0.81 0.61 0.50 0.44 56 14 × 0 . 59 0.47
840 40.00 28.0 0.82 0.61 0.50 0.44 56 12 × 0 . 60 0.48
850 40.48 28.0 0.83 0.62 0.50 0.44 56 34 × 0 . 60 0.48
860 40.95 28.0 0.84 0.62 0.50 0.44 57 × 0 . 60 0.48
870 41.43 28.0 0.85 0.62 0.50 0.44 57 14 × 0 . 61 0.49
880 41.90 28.0 0.86 0.62 0.50 0.44 57 12 × 0 . 61 0.49
890 42.38 28.0 0.87 0.62 0.50 0.44 57 34 × 0 . 62 0.50
2024
Chapter 1 General
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(1,7)
Plating
900 42.86 28.0 0.88* 0.62 0.50 0.44 58 × 0 . 62 0.50
910 43.33 28.0 0.88* 0.62 0.50 0.44 58 14 × 0 . 62 0.50
920 43.81 28.0 0.89* 0.62 0.50 0.44 58 12 × 0 . 62 0.50
930 44.29 28.0 0.90* 0.62 0.50 0.44 58 34 × 0 . 62 0.50
940 44.76 28.0 0.91* 0.62 0.50 0.44 59 × 0 . 62 0.50
950 45.24 28.0 0.92* 0.62 0.50 0.44 59 14 × 0 . 62 0.50
960 45.71 28.0 0.93* 0.62 0.50 0.44 59 12 × 0 . 62 0.50
970 46.19 28.0 0.94* 0.62 0.50 0.44 59 34 × 0 . 62 0.50
980 46.67 28.0 0.95* 0.62 0.50 0.44 60 × 0 . 62 0.50
990 47.14 28.0 0.96* 0.62 0.50 0.44 60 14 × 0 . 62 0.50
1000 47.62 28.0 0.97* 0.62 0.50 0.44 60 12 × 0 . 62 0.50
1100 52.38 28.0 0.97* 0.62 0.50 0.44 60 34 × 0 . 62 0.50
1200 57.14 28.0 0.97* 0.62 0.50 0.44 61 × 0 . 62 0.50
* The tabular thickness for side shell plating for vessels 900 ft and over in length may be taken as 0.88 in.
Notes
1) Frame Spacing Correction. Where the spacing of transverse or longitudinal frames is less than 36
in., the thickness of shell plating within 0.67L may be reduced 0.01 in. for each in. of decrease in
spacing.
2) Depth Correction. Where the depth of vessel is greater than the basic depth, col. 2, the thickness
of bottom and side plating may be reduced at the rate of 0.005 in. for each additional ft of depth in
excess of the tabular value.
3) Draft Correction. The thickness of bottom and side plating is to be increased 0.01 in. for each ft of
draft in excess of the basic draft, col. 3.
4) Transverse Framing Correction. Where the bottom shell is transversely framed, the thickness of
bottom plating and the spacing of side keelsons is to be specially considered.
5) Minimum Thickness. The thickness tmin of shell plating within 0.67L amidships, after all
corrections have been made, is not to be less than obtained from the following equation.
tmin = st/36 in
where
2024
Chapter 1 General
t = thickness from Col. 4.

s = spacing of frames not to be taken as less than 36 in. at L = 400 ft and 30 in. at L ≥ 1000
ft; intermediate values to be obtained by interpolation.
6) Bilge Plating. The thickness of the bilge plating is to be in all cases 0.06 in. greater than the
thickness required for the bottom shell plating.
7) Longitudinal Bulkheads. Where continuous longitudinal side tank bulkheads are not fitted between
the freeboard deck and the bottom shell, the thickness of side shell plating is to be increased 0.04
in.
8) Center Keelson. Where drafts exceed the basic draft, col. 3, the depth of center keelson is to be
increased at the rate of 1 in. per ft of excess draft.
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Scantlings – Metric Units
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(1,7)
Plating
122 8.13 4.88 10.0 11.5 10.5 9.0 850 × 10 . 5 7.5
125 8.22 5.00 10.5 11.5 10.5 9.0 870 × 10 . 5 7.5
128 8.31 5.12 10.5 11.5 10.5 9.0 885 × 11 . 0 8.0
131 8.40 5.24 11.0 11.5 10.5 9.0 900 × 11 . 0 8.0
134 4.49 5.36 11.0 12.0 10.5 9.0 915 × 11 . 0 8.0
137 8.57 5.49 11.5 12.0 10.5 9.0 935 × 11 . 0 8.0
140 8.66 5.61 11.5 12.0 11.0 9.5 950 × 11 . 0 8.0
143 8.74 5.73 12.0 12.0 11.0 9.5 965 × 11 . 5 8.5
146 8.81 5.85 12.0 12.0 11.0 9.5 985 × 11 . 5 8.5
149 8.89 5.97 12.5 12.0 11.0 9.5 995 × 11 . 5 8.5
152 8.96 6.10 12.5 12.5 11.0 9.5 1015 × 11 . 5 8.5
155 9.04 6.22 12.5 12.5 11.0 9.5 1035 × 11 . 5 8.5
158 9.11 6.34 13.0 12.5 11.0 9.5 1050 × 12 . 0 9.0
162 9.18 6.46 13.0 12.5 11.0 9.5 1065 × 12 . 0 9.0
165 9.25 6.58 13.5 12.5 11.0 9.5 1080 × 12 . 0 9.0
168 9.31 6.71 13.5 12.5 11.0 9.5 1100 × 12 . 0 9.0
171 9.38 6.83 14.0 13.0 11.0 9.5 1120 × 12 . 0 9.0
174 9.44 6.95 14.0 13.0 11.5 10.0 1130 × 12 . 5 9.5
177 9.50 7.07 14.5 13.0 11.5 10.0 1150 × 12 . 5 9.5
180 9.56 7.19 14.5 13.0 11.5 10.0 1160 × 12 . 5 9.5
183 9.63 7.31 15.0 13.5 11.5 10.0 1180 × 12 . 5 9.5
2024
Chapter 1 General
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(1,7)
Plating
186 9.68 7.44 15.0 13.5 11.5 10.0 1200 × 12 . 5 9.5
189 9.74 7.56 15.5 13.5 11.5 10.0 1215 × 13 . 0 10.0
192 9.80 7.68 15.5 13.5 11.5 10.0 1230 × 13 . 0 10.0
195 9.85 7.8 16.0 13.5 11.5 10.0 1245 × 13 . 0 10.0
198 9.91 7.92 16.5 13.5 11.5 10.0 1265 × 13 . 0 10.0
201 9.96 8.05 16.5 14.0 11.5 10.0 1285 × 13 . 0 10.0
204 10.01 8.17 17.0 14.0 12.0 10.5 1295 × 13 . 5 10.5
207 10.06 8.29 17.0 14.0 12.0 10.5 1315 × 13 . 5 10.5
210 10.11 8.41 17.5 14.0 12.0 10.5 1325 × 13 . 5 10.5
213 10.16 8.53 17.5 14.0 12.0 10.5 1345 × 13 . 5 10.5
216 10.30 8.53 17.5 14.5 12.0 10.5 1355 × 13 . 5 10.5
219 10.45 8.53 18.0 14.5 12.0 10.5 1360 × 14 . 0 11.0
222 10.59 8.53 18.0 14.5 12.0 10.5 1365 × 14 . 0 11.0
226 10.74 8.53 18.5 14.5 12.0 10.5 1370 × 14 . 0 11.0
229 10.88 8.53 18.5 14.5 12.0 10.5 1380 × 14 . 0 11.0
232 11.03 8.53 19.0 15.0 12.0 10.5 1385 × 14 . 0 11.0
235 11.18 8.53 19.0 15.0 12.5 11.0 1390 × 14 . 5 11.5
238 11.32 8.53 19.5 15.0 12.5 11.0 1395 × 14 . 5 11.5
241 11.47 8.53 19.5 15.0 12.5 11.0 1405 × 14 . 5 11.5
244 11.61 8.53 20.0 15.0 12.5 11.0 1410 × 14 . 5 11.5
247 11.76 8.53 20.0 15.0 12.5 11.0 1415 × 14 . 5 11.5
250 11.90 8.53 20.5 15.5 12.5 11.0 1420 × 15 . 0 12.0
253 12.05 8.53 20.5 15.5 12.5 11.0 1430 × 15 . 0 12.0
256 12.19 8.53 20.5 15.5 12.5 11.0 1435 × 15 . 0 12.0
259 12.34 8.53 21.0 15.5 12.5 11.0 1440 × 15 . 0 12.0
262 12.48 8.53 21.5 15.5 12.5 11.0 1450 × 15 . 0 12.0
265 12.63 8.53 21.5 15.5 12.5 11.0 1455 × 15 . 5 12.5
268 12.77 8.53 22.0 15.5 12.5 11.0 1460 × 15 . 5 12.5
271 12.92 8.53 22.0 15.5 12.5 11.0 1465 × 15 . 5 12.5
274 13.06 8.53 22.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1475 × 15 . 5 12.5
2024
Chapter 1 General
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(1,7)
Plating
277 13.21 8.53 22.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1480 × 15 . 5 12.5
280 13.35 8.53 22.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1485 × 15 . 5 12.5
283 13.5 8.53 23.0* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1490 × 15 . 5 12.5
286 13.64 8.53 23.0* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1500 × 15 . 5 12.5
290 13.79 8.53 23.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1505 × 15 . 5 12.5
293 13.93 8.53 23.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1510 × 15 . 5 12.5
296 14.08 8.53 24.0* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1520 × 15 . 5 12.5
299 14.22 8.53 24.0* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1525 × 15 . 5 12.5
302 14.37 8.53 24.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1530 × 15 . 5 12.5
305 14.51 8.53 24.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1535 × 15 . 5 12.5
335 15.96 8.53 24.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1545 × 15 . 5 12.5
366 17.42 8.53 24.5* 15.5 12.5 11.0 1550 × 15 . 5 12.5
* The tabular thickness for side shell plating for vessels 274 m and over in length may be taken as 22.5
mm
Notes
1) Frame Spacing Correction. Where the spacing of transverse or longitudinal frames is less than
915 mm, the thickness of shell plating within 0.67L may be reduced 1.0 mm for each 100 mm of
decrease in spacing.
2) Depth Correction. Where the depth of vessel is greater than the basic depth, col. 2, the thickness
of bottom and side plating may be reduced at the rate of 0.04 mm for each additional 100 mm of
depth in excess of the tabular value.
3) Draft Correction. The thickness of bottom and side plating is to be increased 0.09 mm for each
100 mm of draft in excess of the basic draft, col. 3.
4) Transverse Framing Correction. Where the bottom shell is transversely framed, the thickness of
bottom plating and the spacing of side keelsons is to be specially considered.
5) Minimum Thickness. The thickness tmin of shell plating within 0.67L amidships, after all
corrections have been made, is not to be less than obtained from the following equation.
tmin = st/915 in
where
t = thickness from Col. 4.

s = spacing of frames not to be taken as less than 915 mm at L = 122 m and 760 mm at L ≥
305 m; intermediate values to be obtained by interpolation.
6) Bilge Plating. The thickness of the bilge plating is to be in all cases 1.5 mm greater than the
thickness required for the bottom shell plating.
2024
Chapter 1 General
7) Longitudinal Bulkheads. Where continuous longitudinal side tank bulkheads are not fitted between
the freeboard deck and the bottom shell, the thickness of side shell plating is to be increased 1.0
mm.
8) Center Keelson. Where drafts exceed the basic draft, col. 3, the depth of center keelson is to be
increased at the rate of 8.4 mm per 100 mm of excess draft.
TABLE 2
Thickness and Flanges of Brackets
Where brackets at end connections of girders, webs and stringers are fitted having thicknesses not less than the girder or
web plates, the value for t may be modified in accordance with the following:
● Where the face area on the bracket is not less than one-half that on the girder or web and the face bar or flange on the
girder or web is carried to the bulkhead or base, the length ℓ may be measured to a point 6 in. (150 mm) on to the
bracket.
● Where the face area on the bracket is less than one-half that on the girder or web and the face bar or flange on the
girder or web is carried to the bulkhead or base, ℓ may be measured to a point where the area of the bracket and its
flange, outside the line of the girder or web, is equal to the flange area on the girder.
● Where the flange area of the girder or web is carried along the face of the bracket, which may be curved for the
purpose, ℓ may be measured to the point of the bracket.
● Brackets are not to be considered effective beyond the point where the length of arm on the girder or web is 1 12 times
the length of the arm on the bulkhead or base; in no case is the allowance in ℓ at either end to exceed one-quarter of
the overall length of the girder or web.
● Brackets are not to be considered effective beyond the point where the depth of longer arm exceeds 1 12 times the
depth of the shorter arm.
Inches Millimeters
Depth of Thickness Depth of Thickness Width of
Width of
Longer Arm
Plain Flanged Flange Longer Arm Plain Flanged Flange
6.0 0.26 150 6.5
7.5 0.28 175 7.0
9.0 0.30 0.26 1 14 200 7.0 6.5 30
10.5 0.32 0.26 1 14 225 7.5 6.5 30
12.0 0.34 0.28 1 12 250 8.0 6.5 30
13.5 0.36 0.28 1 12 275 8.0 7.0 35
15.0 0.38 0.30 1 34 300 8.5 7.0 35
16.5 0.40 0.30 1 34 325 9.0 7.0 40
18.0 0.42 0.32 2 350 9.0 7.5 40
19.5 0.44 0.32 2 375 9.5 7.5 45
2024
Chapter 1 General
Inches Millimeters
Depth of Thickness Depth of Thickness Width of
Width of
Longer Arm
Plain Flanged Flange Longer Arm Plain Flanged Flange
21.0 0.46 0.34 2 14 400 10.0 7.5 45
22.5 0.48 0.34 2 14 425 10.0 8.0 45
24.0 0.50 0.36 2 12 450 11.5 8.0 50
25.5 0.52 0.36 2 12 475 11.0 8.0 50
27.0 0.54 0.38 2 34 500 11.0 8.5 55
28.5 0.56 0.38 2 34 525 11.5 8.5 55
30.0 0.58 0.40 3 550 12.0 8.5 55
33.0 0.42 3 14 600 12.5 9.0 60
36.0 0.44 3 12 650 13.0 9.5 65
39.0 0.46 3 34 700 14.0 9.5 70
42.0 0.48 4 750 14.5 10.0 75
45.0 0.50 4 14 800 10.5 80
850 10.5 85
900 11.0 90
950 11.5 90
1000 11.5 95
1050 12.0 100
1100 12.5 105
1150 12.5 110
1200 13.0 110
2024
PART 3
CHAPTER 2
Hull Structures and Arrangements
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Longitudinal Strength .......................................................................19
1 General......................................................................................... 19
3 Longitudinal Hull Girder Strength .................................................19
3.1 Strength Standard............................................................19
3.3 Total Bending Moment..................................................... 20
3.5 Permissible Shear Stress................................................ 23
3.7 Allowable Stresses.......................................................... 24
5 Strength Deck and Other Effective Decks.................................... 25
5.1 Strength Deck.................................................................. 25
5.3 Effective Lower Decks..................................................... 25
7 Loading Guidance (14 May 1991) ............................................... 25
9 Higher-Strength Materials ............................................................25
9.1 General............................................................................ 25
9.3 Hull-girder Section Modulus.............................................25
9.5 Permissible Shear Stress................................................ 26
9.7 Hull-girder Moment of Inertia........................................... 26
TABLE 1 Combined Dynamic Bending Moment Distribution Factor... 27

TABLE 2 Values of Z, in in2, for Q = 1.0 (Ordinary Strength Steel)......28
TABLE 2 Values of Z, in in2, for Q = 0.78 ............................................29
TABLE 2 Values of Z, in in2, for Q = 0.72.............................................30
TABLE 2 Values of Z, in cm2, for Q = 1.0 (Ordinary Strength Steel)....31
TABLE 2 Values of Z, in cm2, for Q = 0.78...........................................32
TABLE 2 Values of Z, in cm2, for Q = 0.72...........................................33
FIGURE 1 Envelope of Wave-Induced Shearing Forces.......................27
SECTION 2 Shell Plating ...................................................................................... 34

1 Amidships..................................................................................... 34
3 Sheerstrake.................................................................................. 34
5 End Plating .................................................................................. 34
2024
7 Compensation ..............................................................................34
9 Special Material ........................................................................... 34
11 Higher-strength Steel ...................................................................35
11.1 Bottom Plating................................................................. 35
11.3 Side Shell Plating.............................................................35
11.5 End Plating...................................................................... 35
SECTION 3 Decks ................................................................................................. 36

1 General ........................................................................................ 36
3 Testing.......................................................................................... 36
5 Plating ..........................................................................................36
5.1 Freeboard Deck............................................................... 36
5.3 Lower Decks.................................................................... 36
5.5 Superstructure Decks and Tops of Houses..................... 37
5.7 Special Material Requirements........................................37
7 Beams...........................................................................................37
9 Deep Beams and Girders............................................................. 38
9.1 Strength Requirements....................................................38
9.3 Proportions...................................................................... 38
9.5 Proportions of Deep Beams and Girders in Tanks...........38
9.7 Arch Beams..................................................................... 38
11 Special Heavy Beams and Girders ..............................................39
13 Openings ..................................................................................... 39
15.1 Freeboard Deck Plating................................................... 39
15.3 Lower Decks, Superstructure Decks, Deckhouse
Tops, and Girder Webs.................................................... 39
15.5 Section Modulus.............................................................. 40
17 Continuous Longitudinal Hatch Coamings (14 May 1991) .......... 40
19 Hopper Slope (1 July 2017).......................................................... 40
19.1 Hopper Slope as a Part of a Tank....................................40
19.3 Hopper Slope not a Part of a Tank...................................40
TABLE 1 Minimum Thickness of Deck Plating ................................... 42
SECTION 4 Bottom Structure .............................................................................. 43

1 General......................................................................................... 43
3 Center Keelson ............................................................................ 43
5 Side Keelsons ..............................................................................43
7 Floors ...........................................................................................43
7.1 Bilge Brackets..................................................................43
9 Lightening and Access Holes....................................................... 44
11 Inner Bottom Plating .................................................................... 44
2024
12 Drain Wells................................................................................... 44
13 Bottom Structure in Self-unloading Vessels..................................44
13.1 Inner Bottom Plating........................................................ 44
13.3 Floors...............................................................................44
13.5 Longitudinal Girders.........................................................44
15 Higher-strength Materials ............................................................ 45
15.1 General............................................................................ 45
15.3 Inner Bottom Plating........................................................ 45
15.5 Center Girders, Side Girders, and Floors........................ 45
15.7 Bottom Girders in Self-unloading Vessels....................... 45
SECTION 5 Framing ..............................................................................................47

1 General ........................................................................................ 47
3 Scantlings..................................................................................... 47
5 Frame Spacing ............................................................................ 47
7 Bottom ......................................................................................... 47
9 Inner Bottom Longitudinals .......................................................... 48
11 Stringers and Webs ..................................................................... 48
11.1 Strength Requirements....................................................48
11.3 Proportions...................................................................... 49
11.5 Stiffeners and Tripping Brackets......................................49
13 Special Strengthening ..................................................................49
15 Topside Tunnel or Side Tank Structure ........................................ 49
17.1 Section Modulus.............................................................. 49
17.3 Plating..............................................................................50
19 Struts............................................................................................ 50
SECTION 6 Watertight Bulkheads ....................................................................... 52

1 General......................................................................................... 52
3 Arrangement of Watertight Bulkheads ......................................... 52
3.1 Collision Bulkheads......................................................... 52
3.3 After Peak Bulkheads...................................................... 52
3.5 Machinery Space............................................................. 52
5 Chain Lockers ..............................................................................52
7 Construction of Watertight Bulkheads ......................................... 52
7.1 Plating..............................................................................52
7.3 Stiffeners..........................................................................53
7.5 Stringers and Webs......................................................... 53
7.7 Watertight Doors.............................................................. 54
7.9 Testing............................................................................. 54
9.1 Section Modulus.............................................................. 54
2024
9.3 Plating..............................................................................55
11 Construction of Screen Bulkheads (1 July 2017)..........................55
13 Construction of Corrugated Bulkheads (Not in way of Cargo
Holds)........................................................................................... 58
13.1 Self-propelled Vessels..................................................... 58
13.3 Barges............................................................................. 58
FIGURE 1 Curves for Watertight Bulkhead Plating Thickness –

Inch Units ............................................................................ 56
FIGURE 1 Curves for Watertight Bulkhead Plating Thickness –
Metric Units ......................................................................... 57
FIGURE 2 Screen Bulkhead Section Modulus Calculation –
Double Hulls (1 July 2017)................................................... 58
SECTION 7 Tank Boundary Bulkheads ............................................................... 59

1 General ........................................................................................ 59
3 Construction of Tank Boundary Bulkheads...................................59
3.1 Plating..............................................................................59
3.3 Stiffeners..........................................................................59
3.5 Stringers and Webs......................................................... 60
3.7 Attachments.....................................................................60
3.9 Corrugated Bulkheads..................................................... 60
5 Testing ......................................................................................... 61
7 Topside Tunnel or Side Tank Bulkheads ......................................61
9 Higher-strength Steel....................................................................61
9.1 Section Modulus.............................................................. 61
9.3 Plating..............................................................................61
FIGURE 1 Curves for Tank Bulkhead Plating Thickness – Inch Units ..62
FIGURE 1 Curves for Tank Bulkhead Plating Thickness – Metric
Units .................................................................................... 63
SECTION 8 Superstructures and Deckhouses ...................................................64

1 Superstructures ........................................................................... 64
1.1 Side Plating......................................................................64
1.3 Side Frames.................................................................... 64
1.5 Decks...............................................................................65
1.7 Superstructure Bulkheads and Deckhouse
Bulkheads on Freeboard Deck........................................ 65
1.9 Windlass Room Bulkhead................................................66
3 Deckhouses on Superstructure Decks ........................................ 66
3.1 Bulkheads........................................................................ 66
3.3 Stacks.............................................................................. 67
3.5 House Tops......................................................................68
2024
5 Openings...................................................................................... 68
5.1 Openings in Bulkheads....................................................68
5.2 Doors for Access Openings............................................. 68
5.3 Sills of Access Openings................................................. 68
7.1 Section Modulus.............................................................. 69
7.3 Deck Plating.....................................................................69
7.5 Side and Bulkhead Plating...............................................69
FIGURE 1 Swage Panel........................................................................ 66
SECTION 9 Protection of Deck Openings (9 May 1996) .................................... 70

1 General......................................................................................... 70
2 Position of Deck Openings .......................................................... 70
5 Hatchway Coamings ....................................................................70
5.1 Height of Coamings......................................................... 70
5.3 Coaming Plates............................................................... 70
5.5 Coaming Stiffening.......................................................... 71
5.7 Continuous Longitudinal Hatch Coamings.......................71
7 Hatchways Closed by Sectional Sliding Covers and Secured
Weathertight by Tarpaulins and Battening Devices ..................... 71
7.1 Sliding Steel Hatch Covers.............................................. 71
7.3 Cleats...............................................................................71
7.5 Wedges............................................................................71
7.7 Battening Bars................................................................. 71
7.9 Tarpaulins........................................................................ 71
7.11 Security of Hatchway Covers...........................................71
9 Hatchways Closed by Covers of Steel Fitted with Gaskets
and Clamping Devices .................................................................72
9.1 Strength of Covers...........................................................72
9.3 Other Materials................................................................ 72
9.5 Means for Securing Weathertightness.............................72
11 Miscellaneous Openings in Freeboard and Superstructure
Decks ...........................................................................................73
11.1 Manholes and Scuttles.................................................... 73
11.3 Other Openings............................................................... 73
11.5 Escape Openings............................................................ 73
11.7 Companionway Sills........................................................ 73
APPENDIX 1 Calculation of Shear Stresses ......................................................... 74

1 General ........................................................................................ 74
3 Shear Stress ................................................................................ 74
5 Allowable Still-water Shearing Force............................................ 75
2024
FIGURE 1 Shear Distribution Configurations Type 1.............................75
2024
PART 3
CHAPTER 2
Hull Structures and Arrangements
SECTION 1
Longitudinal Strength
1 General
Vessels of 400 ft (122 m) to 1200 ft (366 m) in length, intended to be classed for Great Lakes service, are
to have longitudinal strength in accordance with the requirements of this Section. The equations in this
Section are valid for vessels having depths not less than L/15 at 400 ft (122 m) length and L/21 at 700 ft
(213 m) length and over. Intermediate values will be determined by interpolation. Vessels whose depths are
less than this, or which have an arrangement departing from those specified by the Rules, will be subject to
special consideration. In general, the breadth of the vessel is not to exceed 2.6 times the depth of the
vessel.
3 Longitudinal Hull Girder Strength
3.1 Strength Standard

3.1.1 Section Modulus
The hull-girder section modulus amidships SM expressed in inches squared-feet (centimeters
squared-meters), is not to be less than obtained from the following equation:
SM = Mt /fp
where
Mt = total vertical bending moment, in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters), see 3-2-1/3.3
fp = permissible bending stress, in long tons per inch squared (metric tons per centimeter
squared), for ordinary strength steel
L L 2
= 12 . 367 + 1 . 4 1000 − 2 . 667 1000
400 ≤ L ≤ 700 ft
L L 2
= 12 . 709 + 0 . 287 1000 − 1 . 778 1000
700 < L ≤ 850 ft
L L 2
= 11 . 479 + 3 . 2 1000 − 3.5 1000
850 < L ≤ 1050 ft
L
= 15 . 74 − 4 . 533 1000 1050 < L ≤ 1200 ft
= 1 . 948 + 0 . 221 L L 2 122 ≤ L ≤ 213 m

305 − 0 . 42 305
2024
Chapter 2 Hull Structures and Arrangements
Section 1 Longitudinal Strength 3-2-1
= 2 . 001 + 0 . 045 L L 2 213 < L ≤ 259 m

305 − 0 . 28 305
= 1 . 808 + 0 . 504 L L 2 259 < L ≤ 320 m

305 − 0 . 551 305
L
= 2 . 478 − 0 . 714 305 320 < L ≤ 366 m
L = length of vessel, in ft (m), as defined in 3-1-1/1
The required hull-girder section modulus at locations other than amidships is to be obtained using
the fp, values given above and the maximum total bending moment Mt determined from the
envelope curves of still-water and combined dynamic bending moments (see 3-2-1/3.1.2 and
3-2-1/3.3). In general, the hull-girder section modulus throughout 0.67L amidships is to be not less
than that required at amidships. Special consideration will be given to the approval, away from
amidships, of still-water bending moments greater than the maximum permissible midship value.
3.1.2 Minimum Section Modulus

The hull-girder section modulus amidships, expressed in inches squared feet (centimeters
squaredmeters), for all vessels with lengths from 400 ft (122 m) to 1200 ft (366 m) is not to be less
than the minimum determined SM from 3-2-1/9.7 TABLE 2.
Where the maximum still-water bending moment is not greater than the minimum value Ms, given
in 3-2-1/3.1.1, the required section modulus amidships as specified in 3-2-1/3.1.1 may be
determined directly from 3-2-1/9.7 TABLE 2.
3.1.3 Section Modulus Calculation

● Deck plating (strength deck and other effective decks)
● Shell and inner-bottom plating
● Deck and bottom girders
● Plating and longitudinal stiffeners of longitudinal bulkheads
● All longitudinals of deck, sides, bottom and inner bottom
● Deep longitudinal bottom girders and crown plates in self-unloading vessels
The items included in the hull-girder section modulus amidships are generally to be extended
throughout the 0.67L, amidships and gradually tapered beyond. In general, the net sectional areas
of longitudinal strength members are to be used in the hull-girder section modulus calculations.
The section modulus to the deck or bottom is obtained by dividing the moment of inertia by the
distance from the neutral axis to the molded deck fine at side or to the base line respectively.
3.1.4 Section Modulus with Continuous Coaming (14 May 1991)

Where longitudinal coamings of length greater than 0.14L are provided, they are to comply with
the requirements of 3-2-3/17. Such continuous coamings may be included in the calculation of
hull girder inertia which is to be divided by the sum of the distance from neutral axis to deck at
side and the height of continuous hatch coaming, to obtain the section modulus to the top of the
coaming.
3.3 Total Bending Moment

The total bending moment Mt, expressed in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters), is to be obtained from the
following equation:
Mt = Msw + Mc
2024
where
Msw
= sill-water bending moment, in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters), see 3-2-1/3.3.1
Mc = maximum combined dynamic bending moment, in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters), see
3-2-1/3.3.2
3.3.1 Still-water Bending Moment and Shear Force
For all vessels, still-water bending moments Msw and shear force Fsw calculations for the
anticipated loaded and ballasted conditions are to be submitted. The results of these calculations
are to be submitted in the form of curves showing hull-girder shear forces and bending moment
values along the entire ship length.
In determination of the total bending moment Mt amidships, the value of Msw, is not to be taken as
less than the value of Ms obtained from the following equation:
Ms = [2 . 64L − 336] B 400 ≤ L ≤ 650 ft

= [3 . 0L − 570]B 650 < L ≤ 750 ft
= [3 . 2L − 720]B 750 < L ≤ 850 ft
= [3 . 867L − 1287]B 850 < L ≤ 1000 ft
= [74 . 34(L/100)2 − 10 . 34L + 5482]B 1000 < L ≤ 1200 ft
= [8 . 8L − 341]B 122 ≤ L ≤ 198 m
= [10 . 0L − 579]B 198 < L ≤ 229 m
= [10 . 67L − 732]B 229 < L ≤ 259 m
= [12 . 89L − 1308]B 259 < L ≤ 305 m
= [75 . 54(L/30 . 5)2 − 34 . 47L + 5571]B 305 < L ≤ 366 m
3.3.2 Combined Dynamic Bending Moment Amidships

The combined dynamic bending moment Mc amidships, in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters),
may be obtained from the following equation:
2 2
Mc = Cs Mw + Msp
where
Mw maximum-wave-induced bending moment amidships, in long tons-feet (metric tons-

=
meters), see 3-2-1/3.3.3
Msp = maximum springing bending moment amidships, in long tons-feet (metric tons-
meters), see 3-2-1/3.3.4
Cs = correlation coefficient
= 0 . 995 – 0 . 172[(L/1000) – 0 . 4]2 inch/pound units

= 0 . 995 − 0 . 172[(L/305) − 0 . 4]2 metricunits
2024
The maximum combined dynamic bending moment at locations other than amidships may be
determined in accordance with the distribution factor given in 3-2-1/9.7 TABLE 1.
Consideration will be given to the combined dynamic as well as the wave-induced and springing
bending moments calculated by means of a statistical analysis based on ship motion and vibration
calculations in realistic sea states. In such cases, the calculations, computer programs used, and the
computed results are to be submitted for review.
3.3.3 Wave-induced Bending Moment Amidships

The maximum wave-induced bending moment amidships, in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters),
may be obtained from the following equations:
Mw = CwB(L/1000)2 t − ft
Mw = CwB(L/305)2 t−m
where
Cw = 9113 − 1 . 410L 400 ≤ L ≤ 600 ft

= 8850 − 0 . 972L 600 < L ≤ 800 ft
= 8663 − 0 . 738L 800 < L ≤ 1000 ft
= 8518 − 0 . 593L 1000 < L ≤ 1200 ft
= 9261 − 4 . 700L 122 ≤ L ≤ 183 m
= 8993 − 3 . 240L 183 < L ≤ 244 m
= 8803 − 2 . 460L 244 < L ≤ 305 m
= 8656 − 1 . 977L 305 < L ≤ 366 m
L and B are as defined in Section 3-1-1.
3.3.4 Springing Bending Moment Amidships

The maximum springing bending moment amidships, in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters), may
be obtained from the following equations.
Msp = CCspB(L/1000)3 t − ft
Msp = CCspB(L/305)3 t−m
where
C = 2296 − 0 . 3839L 400 ≤ L ≤ 600 ft

= 2224 − 0 . 2640L 600 < L ≤ 800 ft
= 2173 − 0 . 2001L 800 < L ≤ 1000 ft
= 2134 − 0 . 1606L 1000 < L ≤ 1200 ft
= 2333 − 1 . 2798L 122 ≤ L ≤ 183 m
= 2260 − 0 . 8800L 183 < L ≤ 244 m
2024
= 2208 − 0 . 6670L 244 < L ≤ 305 m

= 2168 − 0 . 5353L 305 < L ≤ 366 m
Csp = 5 . 58 − ω 1.0 ≤ ω ≤ 2.0
= 5 . 06/ ω 2.0 < ω
ω = 2 inch/ pounds units

Cf ID
2Y / B3d/ 0 . 1L
= Cf 2 metric units
27 . 33
ID
2Y / B3d / 0 . 1L
Cf = 1645 − 0 . 7549L 400 ≤ L ≤ 600 ft

= 1483 − 0 . 4836L 600 < L ≤ 800 ft
= 1374 − 0 . 3479L 800 < L ≤ 1000 ft
= 1294 − 0 . 2678L 1000 < L ≤ 1200 ft
= 1645 − 2 . 4768L 122 ≤ L ≤ 183 m
= 1483 − 1 . 5867L 183 < L ≤ 244 m
= 1374 − 1 . 1411L 244 < L ≤ 305 m
= 1294 − 0 . 8784L 305 < L ≤ 366 m
distance from the neutral axis to the strength deck at side or to the bottom shell, in ft
Y =
(m), whichever is greater
I = moment of inertia of the midship section, in in 2 - ft2 (cm2 - m2)
L, B, D, d are as defined in Section 3-1-1.
The actual moment of inertia Iof the vessel is to be used for calculating Msp. When the value of I
is changed as a result of section modulus modifications, the modified I is to be used for
calculating the new Msp and new section modulus requirements. When the actual value of I is not
known at the early design stages, the I values determined from 3-2-1/9.7 TABLE 2 may be taken
as initial value.
3.5 Permissible Shear Stress

In general, the thicknesses of the side shell and longitudinal bulkhead, where fitted, are to be such that the
total shear stresses as obtained from 3-2-1/3.5.1 are not greater than 6.75 long tons per inch squared (1.065
metric tons per centimeter squared) provided the critical shear buckling stress of the plating is satisfactory.
3.5.1 Calculation of Shear Stresses

In calculating the total shear stresses due to still-water and dynamic loads in the side shell and
longitudinal bulkhead plating, the maximum numerical sum of the shearing force in still water
Fsw and that induced by wave and springing Fd at the station examined, is to be used. For vessels
without continuous longitudinal bulkheads, the total shear stress fs in the side shell plating clear of
the wing tanks may be obtained from the following equation:
fs = Fsw + Fd m/ 24tI t/in2
fs = (Fsw + Fd)m/(200tI) t/cm2
2024
where
fs = total shear stress, in long tons per inch squared (metric tons per centimeter squared)
moment of inertia, in in2- ft2 (cm2- m2) of the hull girder section at the section under
I =
consideration
first moment, in in2- ft2 (cm2- m2), about the neutral axis, of the area of the effective
m =
longitudinal material, taken at the section under consideration
t = thickness, in in. (cm), of the side shell plating at the position under consideration
Fsw
= as specified by 3-2-1/3.5.2
Fd = as specified by 3-2-1/3.5.2
The total shear stress in the side shell in way of wing tanks, and for vessels having continuous
longitudinal bulkheads, the total shear stress in the side shell and longitudinal bulkhead plating is
to be calculated by an acceptable method. One simplified method is shown in Appendix A.
Consideration will be given to alternative methods for shear stress calculations.
3.5.2 Hull-girder Shearing Force

The hull-girder shearing forces in still water Fsw, are to be submitted as required by 3-2-1/3.3.1.
The envelope curve of maximum shearing forces induced by wave and springing Fd as shown in
3-2-1/9.7 TABLE 1 may be obtained from the following equation:
Fd = KMc /L
where
Fd = maximum shearing force induced by wave and springing, in long tons (metric tons)
Mc = maximum combined dynamic hull-girder bending moment amidships, in long tons-
feet (metric-tons-meters), as specified by 3-2-1/3.3.2
K = 3.4 between 0.85L and 0.70L
= 2.3 between 0.60L and 0.45L
= 3.2 between 0.35L and 0.20L
= 0.0 at FP and AP
The length range is measured from the AP, and at intermediate locations the K value may be
obtained by interpolation.
3.7 Allowable Stresses (2024)

3.7.1 In Port
The allowable still water in-port stress is to be 75% of the at sea permissible bending stress
defined in 3-2-1/3.1.1. or is not to exceed 8.5 Ltf/in2 (1.34 tf/cm2) for bending and is not to be
greater than 6.16 Ltf/in2 (0.97 tf/cm2) for shear.
For higher strength steels, the allowable stress may be increased by a factor of 1/Q, where Q is
defined in 3-2-1/9.3.
2024
5 Strength Deck and Other Effective Decks
5.1 Strength Deck

The uppermost deck to which the side shell plating extends for any part of the length of the vessel is to be
considered the strength deck for that portion the length. The thickness of the stringer plates and deck
plating are to comply with the requirement of 3-2-3/5. In general, the effective sectional area of the deck
for calculating the section modulus is to exclude hatchways and other openings in the deck and is to be
maintained throughout 0.67L amidships.
5.3 Effective Lower Decks

To be considered effective for use in calculating the hull-girder section modulus, the thickness of the deck
plating is to comply with the requirement of 3-2-3/5. The sectional areas of effective lower decks used in
calculating the section modulus are to be generally maintained throughout 0.67L amidships.
7 Loading Guidance (14 May 1991)

A loading manual based on still-water bending conditions is to be provided on all vessels and submitted for
review. This manual is to show the effect of the various loaded and ballasted conditions upon the
longitudinal bending. The loading manual is to indicate the still-water bending moments at amidships and
at other locations along the length of the vessel as necessary.
A loading instrument where installed is to be of a type suitable for the intended service. The check
conditions and other relevant data are to be submitted for review. The accuracy of the loading instrument is
to be checked at regular intervals by applying approved test loading conditions. In the event the loading
instrument malfunctions, the loading manual is to be used, for assessing the suitability of the intended
loading condition.
9 Higher-Strength Materials
9.1 General
Vessels in which the effective longitudinal material of the upper, lower, or both flanges of the main., hull
girder are constructed of materials having mechanical properties greater than those of ordinary-strength
hull structural steel are to have longitudinal strength generally, in accordance with the preceding
paragraphs of this section, except as modified by 3-2-1/9. Applications of higher-strength material are to
be continuous throughout the midship 0.67L of the vessel, and are to be extended to suitable locations
below the strength deck and above the bottom, so that the stress levels will be satisfactory also for the mild
steel structure. Longitudinal framing members are to be essentially of the same material as the plating they
support. Calculations showing that adequate strength has been provided against buckling are to be
submitted for review. Care is to be taken against the adoption of reduced thicknesses of members which
may be subject to damage during normal operation.
9.3 Hull-girder Section Modulus

When either the top or bottom of the hull girder, or both, is constructed of higher-strength material, the
section modulus SMℎts may be obtained from 3-2-1/3.3.1 by substituting the permissible stress fp with
fp/Q.
SMℎts = Mt /(fp /Q)
where
Q = 70900/ Y + 2U/3 inch/pound units

= 49 . 92/(Y + 2U/3) metric units
2024
specified minimum yield point for the higher-strength material or its specified minimum yield
Y = at 0.2% offset, or 72% of the specified minimum strength, in psi (kg/mm2), whichever is the
lesser
U = specified minimum tensile strength of the higher-strength material, in psi (kg/mm2)
Mt = total bending moment, in long tons-feet (metric tons-meters), see 3-2-1/3.3
For determining the maximum total bending moment Mt, the actual moment of inertia of the
higherstrength midship section is to be used to calculate Mspa s specified in 3-2-1/3.3.4.
The value of fp /Q is not to be taken greater than the critical buckling stress of the deck and bottom
plating. Special consideration will be given to the application of Q less than 0.72.
In addition, the hull-girder section modulus amidships of a vessel constructed of higher-strength materials
is also not to be less than the minimum SM given in 3-2-1/9.7 TABLE 2 for Q = 0.78 or 0.72. For
intermediate Q values, the minimum SM may he obtained by interpolation.
9.5 Permissible Shear Stress

Where the side shell or longitudinal bulkhead is constructed of higher-strength material, the permissible
shear stresses indicated in 3-2-1/3.5 may be increased by the factor 1/Q, provided the critical buckling
stress of the plating is satisfactory.
9.7 Hull-girder Moment of Inertia

As specified in 3-2-1/3.3.4, the actual moment of inertia of the midship section for a vessel constructed of
higher-strength material is to be used to calculate the springing bending moment. A set of initial values of I
is shown in 3-2-1/9.7 TABLE 2, for ordinary-strength steel Q = 1 . 0 and for higher-strength materials
with Q = 0.78 and 0.72 respectively. For higher-strength materials with Q values between 0.72 and 1.00,
the initial I values may be obtained by interpolation. The inertia of a vessel constructed of higher-strength
material in the top, bottom or both flanges of the hull girder is to be not less than obtained from the
following equation:
Iℎts = 0 . 45 SM Da
where
Iℎts = hull girder moment of inertia of higher-strength material, in in2- ft2 (cm2-m2)
minimum hull-girder section modulus of an ordinary strength steel vessel of the same
SM =
dimensions as determined from 3-2-1/3.1.2
Da = basic depth from 3-1-2/5 TABLE 1, column 2
2024
FIGURE 1
Envelope of Wave-Induced Shearing Forces
TABLE 1
Combined Dynamic Bending Moment Distribution Factor
Intermediate values of distribution factor may be determined by interpolation.
Position Distribution Factor

Station 0 AP 0
2 0.17
4 0.57
6 0.76
8 0.95
9 1.00
10 1.00
11 1.00
12 0.96
14 0.76
16 0.44
18 0.12
20 FP 0
2024
TABLE 2
Values of Z, in in , for Q = 1.0 (Ordinary Strength Steel)
2
ZB = Minimum SM
ZBD/2 = Initial Values of I
B, D, and d are as defined in Section 3-1-1, in ft, Q is as defined in 3-2-1/9.3.
2024
TABLE 2
Values of Z, in in2, for Q = 0.78
ZB = Minimum SM
2024
TABLE 2
Values of Z, in in2, for Q = 0.72
ZB = Minimum SM
2024
TABLE 2
Values of Z, in cm , for Q = 1.0 (Ordinary Strength Steel)
2
ZB = Minimum SM
2024
TABLE 2
Values of Z, in cm2, for Q = 0.78
ZB = Minimum SM
2024

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Rules for Building and Classing

Bulk Carriers for Service on the Great Lakes

BULK CARRIERS FOR SERVICE ON THE GREAT LAKES

American Bureau of Shipping

© 2024 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 2 Hull Structures and Arrangements.................................................. 13

SECTION 2 General Requirements ........................................................................4

TABLE 1 Scantlings – Inch Units...........................................................4

11 Freeboard Deck (2024)

13 Bulkhead Deck (2024)

15 Superstructure Deck (2024)

400 26.67 16.0 0.40 0.45 0.42 0.36 33 12 × 0 . 42 0.30

410 26.97 16.4 0.41 0.45 0.42 0.36 34 14 × 0 . 42 0.30

420 27.27 16.8 0.42 0.46 0.42 0.36 34 34 × 0 . 43 0.31

430 27.56 17.2 0.43 0.46 0.42 0.36 35 12 × 0 . 43 0.31

440 27.85 17.6 0.44 0.47 0.42 0.36 36 × 0 . 44 0.32

450 28.13 18.0 0.45 0.47 0.42 0.36 36 34 × 0 . 44 0.32

460 28.40 18.4 0.46 0.47 0.43 0.37 37 12 × 0 . 44 0.32

470 28.66 18.8 0.47 0.48 0.43 0.37 38 × 0 . 45 0.33

480 28.92 19.2 0.48 0.48 0.43 0.37 38 34 × 0 . 45 0.33

490 29.17 19.6 0.49 0.48 0.43 0.37 39 14 × 0 . 46 0.34

500 29.41 20.0 0.50 0.49 0.43 0.37 40 × 0 . 46 0.34

510 29.65 20.4 0.50 0.49 0.43 0.37 40 34 × 0 . 46 0.34

520 29.89 20.8 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.38 41 12 × 0 . 47 0.35

530 30.11 21.2 0.52 0.49 0.44 0.38 42 × 0 . 47 0.35

540 30.34 21.6 0.53 0.50 0.44 0.38 42 12 × 0 . 48 0.36

550 30.56 22.0 0.54 0.50 0.44 0.38 41 14 × 0 . 48 0.36

560 30.77 22.4 0.55 0.51 0.44 0.38 44 × 0 . 48 0.36

570 30.98 22.8 .056 0.51 0.45 0.39 34 12 × 0 . 49 0.37

580 31.18 23.2 0.57 0.52 0.45 0.39 45 14 × 0 . 49 0.37

590 31.38 23.6 0.58 0.52 0.45 0.39 45 34 × 0 . 50 0.38

600 31.58 24.0 0.59 0.53 0.45 0.39 46 12 × 0 . 50 0.38

610 31.77 24.4 0.60 0.53 0.45 0.39 47 14 × 0 . 50 0.38

620 31.96 24.8 0.61 0.53 0.46 0.40 47 12 × 0 . 51 0.39

630 32.14 25.2 0.62 0.54 0.46 0.40 48 12 × 0 . 51 0.39

640 32.32 25.6 0.63 0.54 0.46 0.40 49 × 0 . 52 0.40

650 32.50 26.0 0.64 0.54 0.46 0.40 45 34 × 0 . 52 0.40

660 32.67 26.4 0.65 0.55 0.46 0.40 48 12 × 0 . 52 0.40

670 32.84 26.8 0.66 0.55 0.47 0.41 51 × 0 . 53 0.41

680 33.1 27.2 0.67 0.55 0.47 0.41 45 34 × 0 . 53 0.41

690 33.17 27.6 0.68 0.56 0.47 0.41 47 14 × 0 . 54 0.42

700 33.33 28.0 0.69 0.56 0.47 0.41 53 × 0 . 54 0.42

710 33.81 28.0 0.69 0.57 0.47 0.41 53 14 × 0 . 54 0.42

720 34.29 28.0 0.70 0.57 0.48 0.42 53 12 × 0 . 55 0.43

730 34.76 28.0 0.71 0.58 0.48 0.42 53 34 × 0 . 55 0.43

740 35.24 28.0 0.72 0.58 0.48 0.42 54 × 0 . 56 0.44

750 35.71 28.0 0.73 0.58 0.48 0.42 54 14 × 0 . 56 0.44

760 36.19 28.0 0.74 0.59 0.48 0.42 54 12 × 0 . 56 0.44

770 36.67 28.0 0.75 0.59 0.49 0.43 54 34 × 0 . 57 0.45

780 37.14 28.0 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.43 55 × 0 . 57 0.45

790 37.62 28.0 0.77 0.60 0.49 0.43 55 14 × 0 . 58 0.46

800 38.10 28.0 0.78 0.60 0.49 0.43 55 12 × 0 . 58 0.46

810 38.57 28.0 0.79 0.60 0.49 0.43 55 34 × 0 . 58 0.46

820 39.05 28.0 0.80 0.61 0.50 0.44 56 × 0 . 59 0.47

830 39.52 28.0 0.81 0.61 0.50 0.44 56 14 × 0 . 59 0.47

840 40.00 28.0 0.82 0.61 0.50 0.44 56 12 × 0 . 60 0.48

850 40.48 28.0 0.83 0.62 0.50 0.44 56 34 × 0 . 60 0.48

860 40.95 28.0 0.84 0.62 0.50 0.44 57 × 0 . 60 0.48

870 41.43 28.0 0.85 0.62 0.50 0.44 57 14 × 0 . 61 0.49