Chapter Four

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.0 Introduction
This chapter describes data collection, presentation, analysis of results obtained from the
laboratory, and discussion of results. The result describes the information step by step on
experiments which were physical tests. The result of compressive strength and water absorption
test were recorded based on prepared paving blocks sample. The findings of the studies were
interesting, leading to a declaration that the materials can be used in construction industry.
4.1 Tests on paving blocks

The following tests were carried out at CE laboratory to test plastic paving blocks.
4.2.1 Compression Strength test.

Compressive strength is usually considered as one of the most properties of paver blocks and
major indicator of general quality control. In this test, the paving block specimen is placed in the
compression strength testing machine. After that the machine was switched on and starts to exert
gradually force to the brick paver. The ultimate pressure at which brick crushed was recorded,
and the strength was recorded through the equation below:
maximum applied load

Compressive strength=
cross sectionalsample area
Specimen Plastic/sand Ultimate Average Crack

(%) compressive compressive development
load(N) strength(N/mm2)
A 90:10 68400 3.42 Several

cracking
B 80:20 82000 4.1 Moderate

surface cracking
C 70:30 110000 5.5 Minor cracking
D 60:40 138800 6.94 No cracking
Table 1: Compressive strength of plastic paving blocks

Compressive stregth of plastic/sand paving
blocks
8
Compressive stregth (N/mm2)

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
90/10 80/20 70/30 60/40
Mixing ratio of plastic/sand(%)
Figure 1: compressive stregth of plastic/sand paving blocks
Discussion of the results.
Its evident from the graph figure 15 that, as increase the amount of sand the improvement of
compressive strength of paving mix increase countinous. But the aim of mixing at different
proportion is to find the optimum proportion which gives the desired results of using maximum
percentage of plastic with minimum percentage of sand. And due to the results above the
plastic /sand ratio of (60:40)% were opted since there is no cracking development on a
specimen and its compressive strength is higher compred with other ratio. According to BS 3921
, Clause 9 the prepared sample should be ten .so the sample was prepared and recorded as
follow:
Result of compressive strength test of plastics-sand (60:40) paving blocks was recorded as
follow:
Specimen Ultimate Compressive load Compressive

(N) strength(N/mm2)
1 138800 6.94
2 140400 7.02
3 144400 6.81
4 128000 7.1
5 118200 6.79
6 136600 6.83
7 134200 6.71
8 142200 7.11
9 138200 6.99
10 148000 7.40
Table 2:Compressive stregth of 60:40 percentage of plastic/ sand paving blocks
From the table above, the average compressive strength of plastic paving block
(60:40 of plastic:sand percentage) is 7.01N/mm2
4.2.2. Absorption test

Absorption test is one of the major indicator to determine the durability of paving blocks.In this
test at first the bricks are weighed in total dry conditions. Then they will be allowed to be dipped
in fresh water for about 24 hours in a container. The bricks are taken out of the water after 24
hours and are wiped with a cloth. The wet brick is weighed using a weighing machine. And the
water absorption was recorded through the following equation:
wetted mass ( M 2 )−dry mass (M 1)

Water absorption %= ×100 %
dry mass (M 1)
Mixing ratio in % W1 in gram W2 in gram Water absorption in

%
100:0 2133 2150 0.82
90:10 2205 2228 1.07
70:30 2421 2447 1.14
60:40 2448 2476 1.17
Table 3:Water absorption for plastic paving blocks
Water absorption for plastic sand paving blocks.

1.4
1.2
Water absorption in (%)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
100/0 90/10 80/20 60/40
Mixing ratio(plastic:sand in %)
Figure 2:Water absorption test for plastic -sand paving blocks
Discussion of results
Results of water absorption test on the various mix ratio for the paving are illustrated in figure
16. These results show that increase the amount of plastic cause a drop in the water absorption
property of the paving blocks. However, using an excess proportion of plastic will reduce the
compressive strength value of paving blocks, so the percentage of water absorption value will
continue to decrease along with adding plastic waste to the paving block mixture

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CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 Tests on paving blocks

4.2.1 Compression Strength test.

maximum applied load

Specimen Plastic/sand Ultimate Average Crack

A 90:10 68400 3.42 Several

B 80:20 82000 4.1 Moderate

C 70:30 110000 5.5 Minor cracking

D 60:40 138800 6.94 No cracking

Table 1: Compressive strength of plastic paving blocks

Compressive stregth (N/mm2)

Figure 1: compressive stregth of plastic/sand paving blocks

Discussion of the results.

Specimen Ultimate Compressive load Compressive

Table 2:Compressive stregth of 60:40 percentage of plastic/ sand paving blocks

4.2.2. Absorption test

wetted mass ( M 2 )−dry mass (M 1)

Mixing ratio in % W1 in gram W2 in gram Water absorption in

90:10 2205 2228 1.07

70:30 2421 2447 1.14

60:40 2448 2476 1.17

Table 3:Water absorption for plastic paving blocks

Water absorption for plastic sand paving blocks.

Figure 2:Water absorption test for plastic -sand paving blocks

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