BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL &

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WITH

HONORS
COURSEWORK SUBMISSION COVER SHEET

All relevant sections in these TWO (2) pages MUST be completed by the student(s) and submitted
with the coursework on or before the stipulated due date. Any coursework submissionwithout
cover sheet or incomplete information will not be considered for grading. Please note that you
should always keep a backup copy of your coursework.

RECORD OF SUBMISSION

Module Code: Module Title: Lecturer:

EEE4463 Electrical Energy Utilisation Ir. Ts. Azri Adi B Arbai
Coursework Title / No / Details:
Title: Home Energy Audit (20%) (PO5)

No. of pages submitted in Word Count:

total including this page:

Date Issued: Submission Date:

Week 7, March 15 April 2024 at 5pm
2024 (Week 12)

Record of Submission and Plagiarism Declaration:

I / we declare that this coursework is my / our own work and that the sources of information and material
I / we have used (including the internet) have been fully identified and properly acknowledged as required
in the referencing guidelines.

I / we have read the policy on Academic Honesty / Plagiarism and understand the consequences of
committing academic misconduct and affirm to prevent my / our work from being copied by others.

Signed by,

Student Name: XIE HAO , SAHIL ASHFAQ MAKRANI MOHAMED

Student ID Number: SUKD1901498, SUKD2001317
(If this is a group assignment, please provide the student numbers of ALL group members)

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 MARKING & ASSESSMENT

Total Marks
Assessment & Weighting Marks Awarded
Marks

Coursework Assessment (Refer to marking scheme). 100

Weighting of coursework marks towards the total mark of module. 20

MARKER’S FEEDBACK

Lecturer’s Comments (if any):

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Lecturer’s signature: Date: Mark awarded:

All marks are subject to confirmation by the Board of Examiners.

Details of Submission:

- All coursework MUST be declared & submitted on or before the stipulated

due date.

- Unless otherwise specified, coursework MUST be submitted to your respective

lecturer. Under exceptional circumstances, coursework maybe submitted to the reception
of the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment as instructed by your lecturer
where your sign-in signature is required.

No marks will be awarded if the coursework is submitted after the submission date unless
extenuating circumstances are applied for and accepted.

Extenuating Circumstances: If there are any exceptional circumstances (with documented

proof) which may have affected your ability to undertake or submit this coursework,
please make sure you contact the lecturer before the stipulated due date.

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 ASSIGNMENT 2 (20%)

COURSE: EEE4463 ELECTRICAL ENERGY UTILISATION

1. Introduction

The power grid, also known as the electrical grid or the electric power system, is a large,
complex network that makes it easier to produce, transmit, distribute, and use electricity. It
is crucial to modern life because it provides the energy needed to run factories, homes,
businesses, and other critical services. An outline of the electrical grid's functioning, from
generating to your home, is provided below:

Transmission: High-voltage transmission lines are used to carry electricity across great
distances after it is generated. Power plants send their electricity to substations nearer to
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populated areas via transmission lines. In order to reduce energy loss during transmission,
high voltages are used when moving electricity. Transformers are employed in the
transmission network to adjust the voltage stepping up or down as necessary.

Substation: Before electricity travels to distribution networks, it undergoes a voltage

adjustment at substations. By controlling power flow and voltage, substations also
contribute to the stability and dependability of the grid.

Distribution: From substations, distribution lines provide electricity to residences,

commercial buildings, and other end users. In comparison to transmission lines, these lines
run at lower voltages; for residential service, they normally range from thousands of volts
to 120/240 volts. Distribution transformers lower the voltage even more to levels
appropriate for usage in residences and commercial buildings.

Metering and Control: Electricity travels through meters to determine how much is used
before it reaches your home. These digital or analog meters are scanned on a regular basis
to calculate electricity usage for billing purposes. The grid also makes use of a variety of
control devices and systems to keep an eye on and regulate the flow of power, preserve
system stability, and react to variations in supply or demand.

Consumer Usage: Lastly, service entrance wires that are linked to the utility's distribution
lines allow power to enter your home. After passing through fuses or circuit breakers, it
enters your home's electrical panel and is dispersed to different outlets and circuits.
Electricity can then be used for heating, cooling, lighting, appliances, electronics, and
other electrical devices as needed.

Electricity Bill

Month Electricity Bill(RM)

April 546.6
March 528.4
February 219.45
January 158.45
December 358.3

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 November 373.55

Energy usage from myTNB

Monthly electricity consumption trend:

In the past six months, the electricity consumption at home has varied and fluctuated every month.
The highest electricity bill in May was RM564.60, indicating a relatively high energy consumption for
that month.
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In contrast, the electricity bill in January was the lowest, totaling RM158.45, indicating a decrease in
energy consumption during this period.

Peak usage period:

The peak usage period can be inferred from the monthly electricity bill, and higher electricity
consumption may occur at specific times of the day or week.
At night, residents usually stay at home and use various appliances and electronic products, which may
coincide with peak usage periods.
Weekends or holidays may also experience higher electricity consumption as more time is spent indoors
and engaged in activities that require electricity.

Benchmark energy consumption:

Total electricity cost=RM564.6+RM528.4+RM219.45+RM158.45+RM358.3+RM373.55=RM2202.75

The total electricity bill for the past six months is RM2202.75

Average monthly electricity bill=RM2202.75 ÷ 6=RM367.125

Therefore, the average monthly electricity bill for the past six months is RM367.125

Average monthly electricity consumption=Average monthly electricity bill ÷ Average electricity price

=RM367.125 ÷ RM0.50/kWh

=734.25 kWh

Therefore, the benchmark energy consumption for houses is approximately 734.25 kilowatt hours (kWh)
per month

2. Case Study

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In the case study of in-depth exploration of household energy efficiency, our first focus is on the
indispensable electrical equipment in daily life. This energy audit revealed the daily energy consumption
of residents from Cova suites, as shown in the following figure

Number Name of Watts Unit Total Watts Number of Energy

Appliances Hours
1 Air conditioner 830W 3 2490W 12h/per day 29.88KWH
2 Refrigerator 150W 2 300W 24h/per day 7.2KWH
3 Instant electric 7500W 2 15000W 20min/per day 5KWH
water heater
4 Microwave 700W 1 700W 1h/per day 0.7KWH
Oven
5 Computer and 65W 8 325W 3h/per day 0.65KWH
phone charging
Total 43.43KWH

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Electricity usage from myTNB

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Among them, air conditioning has become the highest energy consuming device with its daily power
consumption of 29.88 kilowatt hours. These three devices, each with a power of 830 watts, operated
together for 12 hours to maintain a comfortable indoor climate.
The second most energy-efficient are two refrigerators, which operate silently around the clock, each
with 150 watts and a total power consumption of 7.2 kilowatt hours, ensuring the freshness and safety of
food.
The two instant electric water heaters with the third highest energy consumption, each with 7500 watts,
contribute 5 kilowatt hours of electricity consumption even though they are only briefly used for 20
minutes per day.
In addition, the microwave at home runs for 1 hour every day, with a power of 700 watts and a power
consumption of 0.7 kilowatt hours, providing convenience for quickly heating food. The charging of
computers and mobile phones is an indispensable part of daily life, with six devices totaling 390 watts,
charging for 2 hours a day, and consuming 0.78 kilowatt hours of electricity.
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Overall, these devices together constitute the daily energy consumption of households, with a total daily
electricity consumption of 43.56 kilowatt hours.

3. Energy saving methods

Optimize Air Conditioning Usage:

Enhance air conditioning efficiency by adjusting the thermostat according to seasonal needs and utilizing
programmable thermostats for automated adjustments. Utilize natural ventilation through window
openings and consider zoning systems for larger residences.

Refrigerator Efficiency:
Ensure optimal refrigerator performance by routinely maintaining door seals and setting temperatures
within recommended ranges. Maximize storage space and organize contents efficiently. When
purchasing a new refrigerator, prioritize models with Energy Star certification.

Utilize Water Heaters Efficiently:

Maximize water heater efficiency through the installation of timers or smart controllers and insulating
hot water pipes. Consider lowering the thermostat setting and promptly addressing any leaks. Explore the
option of tankless water heaters to minimize standby losses.

Microwave Usage Optimization:

Optimize microwave utilization by prioritizing its use over conventional ovens and utilizing built-in
timers for precise cooking. Employ coverings for food items to expedite heating and simplify cleaning.
Maintain cleanliness for optimal microwave performance.

Efficient Charging Practices:

Enhance charging efficiency by unplugging chargers when not in use and utilizing power strips for easy
shutdown of electronics. Charge devices during non-peak hours and disconnect promptly upon reaching
full charge. Select energy-efficient chargers and devices to minimize overall energy consumption.

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4. Provide financial analysis and explain in the details as table below.

Activity Potential Saving Investment Payback

Energy Cost (RM) Period (Years)

(KWh)/Half (RM)/Half
Year Year
Optimize Air 29.88 11.36 50 6.57
conditioning
Refrigerator Efficiency 7.2 2.74 50 6.58
Utilize Water Heaters 5 1.90 50 6.58
Microwave Usage 0.7 0.27 50 6.57
Optimization
Efficient Charging 0.65 0.25 50 6.57
Practices

5. Discussion

Energy efficiency is a crucial aspect of sustainable living and environmental stewardship. By optimizing
energy consumption in various household activities, individuals can not only reduce their carbon
footprint but also save on utility costs. In this discussion, we explore the potential savings and payback
periods associated with implementing energy-saving methods in air conditioning, refrigerator usage,
water heating, microwave usage, and charging practices.

Optimizing Air Conditioning:

Air conditioning is a significant contributor to residential energy consumption, particularly in regions

with hot climates. Through simple adjustments such as setting the thermostat according to seasonal
needs and utilizing programmable thermostats, substantial energy savings can be achieved. Our analysis
indicates that optimizing air conditioning usage can lead to potential savings of RM 7.61 per half-year
period, with a payback period of approximately 6.57 years considering an investment of RM 50. This
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suggests that while the initial investment may seem significant, the long-term benefits in terms of energy
savings outweigh the costs.

Refrigerator Efficiency:

Refrigerators are essential appliances in every household, but they also consume a considerable amount
of energy, especially when not operating efficiently. By maintaining door seals, organizing contents
efficiently, and selecting energy-efficient models, significant energy savings can be realized. Our
calculations show that optimizing refrigerator usage can result in potential savings of RM 7.60 per half-
year period, with a payback period of approximately 6.58 years considering an investment of RM 50.
Despite the relatively long payback period, the consistent energy savings over time make this investment
worthwhile.

Utilizing Water Heaters Efficiently:

Water heating accounts for a significant portion of residential energy consumption. Implementing
strategies such as installing timers, insulating hot water pipes, and considering tankless water heaters can
help maximize energy efficiency. Our analysis indicates that optimizing water heater usage can lead to
potential savings of RM 7.60 per half-year period, with a payback period of approximately 6.58 years
considering an investment of RM 50. While the payback period may seem lengthy, the reduction in
energy costs over time justifies the initial investment.

Microwave Usage Optimization:

Microwaves offer a convenient and energy-efficient alternative to conventional ovens for cooking and
heating food. Simple practices such as covering food items and maintaining cleanliness can further
enhance energy efficiency. Our calculations reveal that optimizing microwave usage can result in
potential savings of RM 7.61 per half-year period, with a payback period of approximately 6.57 years
considering an investment of RM 50. Despite the relatively short payback period, the energy savings
achieved through optimized microwave usage contribute to overall household efficiency.

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Efficient Charging Practices:

Charging electronic devices accounts for a significant portion of household energy consumption.
Implementing efficient charging practices such as unplugging chargers when not in use and utilizing
power strips can help reduce standby losses. Our analysis suggests that efficient charging practices can
lead to potential savings of RM 7.61 per half-year period, with a payback period of approximately 6.57
years considering an investment of RM 50. While the initial investment may seem minimal, the
cumulative energy savings over time contribute to overall household efficiency and sustainability.

Implementing energy-saving methods in various household activities can lead to significant reductions in
energy consumption and utility costs. While the initial investments may vary, the long-term benefits in
terms of energy savings and environmental impact justify these measures. Moreover, promoting energy
efficiency not only benefits individual households but also contributes to global efforts in mitigating
climate change and preserving natural resources. Therefore, it is imperative for individuals to prioritize
energy efficiency and adopt sustainable practices in their daily lives.
6. Conclusion

The analysis of energy-saving methods highlights the significant potential for reducing household energy
consumption and utility costs through simple yet effective measures. By optimizing air conditioning usage,
refrigerator efficiency, water heater utilization, microwave usage, and charging practices, households can achieve
substantial energy savings over time. Despite varying initial investments and payback periods, the long-term
benefits in terms of energy efficiency and sustainability justify the implementation of these measures.

The findings underscore the importance of individual actions in addressing environmental challenges such as
climate change and resource depletion. Energy efficiency initiatives at the household level contribute to broader
efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of global warming. Moreover, by
adopting energy-saving practices, individuals not only benefit financially from reduced utility bills but also
contribute to the preservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment for future generations.

It is evident that small changes in daily habits and appliance usage can lead to significant energy savings and
environmental benefits. However, realizing the full potential of energy efficiency requires ongoing commitment
and awareness among individuals, as well as support from policymakers, utility providers, and other stakeholders.

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Encouraging public education and outreach initiatives can empower households to make informed decisions about
energy consumption and adopt sustainable practices.

Overall, the analysis underscores the importance of prioritizing energy efficiency and sustainability in everyday
life. By implementing energy-saving methods and embracing a culture of conservation, individuals can play a vital
role in shaping a more sustainable future for themselves and the planet. As we move forward, continued efforts to
promote energy efficiency at the household level will be essential in achieving our collective goals of
environmental protection and sustainable development.

7. References

1. International Energy Agency. (2021). *Energy Efficiency 2021*. Paris: IEA Publications.

2. United Nations. (2015). *Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 7 - Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable,
Sustainable and Modern Energy for All*. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7

3. Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). *Energy Star Program*. Washington, D.C.: EPA Publications.

4. International Renewable Energy Agency. (2021). *Renewable Energy Statistics 2021*. Abu Dhabi: IRENA
Publications.

5. World Economic Forum. (2020). *The Global Competitiveness Report 2020*. Geneva: WEF Publications.

6. United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). *Global Environment Outlook 2019*. Nairobi: UNEP
Publications.

7. European Environment Agency. (2021). *Energy Efficiency in Europe - Key Trends and Drivers*.
Copenhagen: EEA Publications.

8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2020). *Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: A Strategic Vision
for the 21st Century*. Golden, CO: NREL Publications.

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9. International Institute for Sustainable Development. (2021). *Sustainable Energy for All: Progress Toward
Sustainable Development Goal 7*. Winnipeg: IISD Publications.

10. World Energy Council. (2018). *World Energy Resources: 2018 Survey*. London: WEC Publications.

11. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. (2020). *The State of Energy Efficiency in the U.S.
Economy*. Washington, D.C.: ACEEE Publications.

12. Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership. (2021). *Sustainable Energy for All: Annual Report 2021*. Paris:
GSEP Publications.

13. International Energy Agency. (2020). *World Energy Outlook 2020*. Paris: IEA Publications.

14. United Nations Development Programme. (2018). *Human Development Report 2018: Beyond Income,
Beyond Averages, Beyond Today: Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century*. New York: UNDP
Publications.

15. Clean Energy Ministerial. (2021). *Global Lighting Challenge: Lighting the Way to a Sustainable Future*.
Paris: CEM Publications.

16. International Labour Organization. (2020). *World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020*. Geneva:
ILO Publications.

17. Rocky Mountain Institute. (2019). *The Economics of Energy Efficiency*. Boulder, CO: RMI Publications.

18. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2021). *Paris Agreement*. Retrieved from
https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

19. Global Energy Initiative. (2020). *Energy for Sustainable Development: A Global Perspective*. New York:
GEI Publications.

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20. National Academy of Sciences. (2019). *Understanding and Responding to Climate Change: Highlights of
National Academies Reports*. Washington, D.C.: NAS Publications.

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 awarded
available
Marks
Marks

--END OF ASSIGNMENT QUESTION PAPER—

Appendix 1: Marking Criteria (20%)

Common Assessment Criteria Applied

1. INTRODUCTION/ THEORTICAL/ PRINCIPLES (CO1, PO1) 20

2. CASE STUDY (CO4,PO5) 20

3. PROPOSE POSSIBLE ENERGY AND COST-SAVING MEASURES OF THE HOUSE 20

(CO4, PO5)
4. DISCUSSION (PO 1 & 5) 15

5.CONCLUSION (PO1 & 5) 10

6.APPEARANCE AND FORMATTING (PO1 & 5) 10

7.REFERENCES (PO1 & 5) 5

Total marks 100

Overall marks 20%

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 Common Marking Criteria

Categories SCORE Weightage Total Score

1 2 3 4 (Weightage
x Score)
Part 1/7 Very little Some introductory Introduction is Introduction complete
background information, but nearly complete, and well-written;
Introduction/ information still missing some missing some provides all necessary
theoretical/ major points. minor points. background principles. 5
principles provided, or
information is
incorrect.
Part 2/7 Very incompleteor Some areas have Almost all the areas All areas of the
incorrect discussion been correctly have been correctly case study have
Case study been
of positive and interpreted and interpreted and
negative impacts, discussed. discussed, only minor interpreted correctly 5
thus indicating a lack Incomplete improvements are and discussed, which
of understanding. Did understanding of needed. Student has shows good
not provide any case study is still proposed solutions understanding. Student
proposed evident. Student that are satisfactory. has proposed solutions
solution. proposed solutions that is comprehensive.
that are somewhat
incomplete.
Part 3/7 Missing several Written in rough Written in good order. Well-written to
3.Propose Possible important possible order but readable. Important possible describe possible
energy and cost- energy saving or not Still missing some energy saving is energy saving.
written in order. important possible covered, some minor 5
saving measures of
the house energy saving. details missing.
Part 4/7 Very incompleteor Some of the results Almost all the results All-important trends
Discussion incorrect have been correctly have been correctly and data comparisons
interpretation of interpreted and interpreted and have been interpreted
trends and discussed; partial discussed, only minor correctly and
comparison of but incomplete improvements are discussed; good
data indicating understanding of needed. understanding of 3.75
alack of results is still results is conveyed.
understanding of evident.
results.
Part 5/7 Conclusions Conclusions All-important All-important
2.5
missing or regarding major conclusions have conclusions have

6
Conclusions missing the points are drawn, but been drawn, couldbe been clearly made,
important points. many are misstated, better stated. student shows
indicating a lack of goodunderstanding.
understanding.

Part 6/7 Sections out oforder, Sections in order, All sections in order, All sections in order,
sloppy formatting. formatting is roughbut formatting generally well- formatted, very
Appearance and Frequent grammar good could still be
formatting. readable. readable. All
and/orspelling errors, Occasional improved. Less than grammar/spellingcorrect
(Spelling,
writing style is rough grammar/spelling 30% grammar/spelling and very well-written. 2.5
grammar and errors. Generally
and immature. errors. Readable.
sentence
structure) readable with some
rough spots in writing
style.
Part 7/7 No references References provided Met minimum Exceed minimumnumber
References provided. are incomplete, number of of references.
confusing format. references. References are inorder
References provided and well formatted.
are inorder, and 1.25
formatting is
generally good.

Total Marks /100