5 marks,

No.1 Different types of Portland cement

Type I Normal
Type IA Normal, air entraining
Type II Moderate resistance to sulfate attack
Type IIA Moderate sulfate resistance, air entraining
Type III High early strength
Type IIIA High early strength, air entraining
Type IV Low heat of hydration
Type V High resistance to sulfate attack

No.2 Making and placing concrete

The quality of cured concrete is measured by any of several criteria, depending on its end
use. For structural column, beams, and slabs, compressive strength and stiffness are
important. For paving and floor slabs, flatness, surface smoothness, and abrasion
resistance are also important. For pavings and exterior concrete walls, a high degree of
weather resistance is required. Watertightness is important in concrete tanks, dams, and
walls. Regardless of the criterion to which one is working, however, the rules for making
high-quality concrete are much the same: Use clean, sound ingredients; mix them in the
correct proportions; handle the wet concrete properly to avoid segregating its ingredients;
and cure the concrete carefully under controlled conditions.

No. 3 Low-Slope Roofs

A low-slope roof is usually defined as one whose slope is less than 2:12, or 17 percent. A
low-slope roof is a highly interactive assembly made up if multiple components. The roof
deck is the structural surface that supports the roof. Thermal insulation is installed to slow
the passage of heat into and out of the building. An air barrier restricts the leakage of air
through the roof assembly, and a vapor retarder is essential in colder climates or when
enclosing humid spaces to prevent moisture vapor from condensing within it. The roof
membrane is the impervious sheet of material that keeps water out of the building.
Drainage components, such as roof drains, gutters, and downspouts, remove the water
that runs off the membrane. Around the membrane’s edges and wherever it is penetrated
by pipes, vents, expansion joints, electrical conduits, or roof hatches, special flashings and
details must be designed and installed to prevent water penetration.
No. 4 The design objectives for a large-light glazing system
The design objectives for a large-light glazing system are:
1. To support the weight of the glass in such a way that the glass is not subjected to
intense or abnormal stress patterns
2. To support the glass against wind pressure and suction
3. To isolate the glass from the effects of structural deflections in the frame of the
building and in the smaller framework of mullions that supports the glass
4. To allow for expansion and contraction of both glass and frame without damage to
either
5. To avoid contact of the glass with the frame of the window or with any other
material that could abrade or stress the glass
No.5 Types of Doors
Doors fall into two general categories, exterior and interior. Weather resistance is usually
the most important functional fa tor in choosing exterior doors, whereas resistance to the
passage of sound or fire and smoke are frequently important criteria in the selection of
interior doors.
There are numerous types of exterior doors: solid entrance doors, entrance doors contain
glass, store front doors that are mostly or entirely made of glass, storm doors, screen
doors, and vehicular doors for residential garage and industrial use, revolving doors, and
cellar doors, to name just a few. Interior doors come in dozens of additional types. To
simplify our discussion, we will focus on swinging doors for both residential and
commercial use.

No. 6 Loadbearing Wall

Util the late of 19th century, nearly all large buildings were built with loadbearing exterior
walls. These walls supported a substantial portion of the floor and roof loads of the
building, as well as separating the indoor environment from the outdoors. In
noncombustible buildings, these walls had several inherent limitations. They were poor
thermal insulators, and they were heavy requiring large foundations and limiting their
height to a few stories.
The loadbearing wall has been brought up to date with higher strength masonry and
concrete: components such as thermal insulating materials, cavities, flashing, air barriers,
and vapor retarder have been added to make the wall more resistance to the passage of
water, air, and heat: and the addition of steel reinforcing has allowed the wall to become
thinner, lighter, and better able to resist wind and seismic loads. Loadbearing masonry and
concrete exterior walls are often attractive and economical for low- and medium-rise
buildings.

No. 7 Durability and Maintenance

Expected levels of wear and tear must be considered carefully in selecting finishes for a
building. Highly durable finishes generally cost more than shorter-lived ones and are not
always required. In a courthouse, a transportation terminal, a recreation building, or a
retail store, traffic is intense, and long-wearing materials are essential. In a private office
or an apartment, more economical finishes are usually adequate. Water resistance is an
important attribute of finish materials in kitchens, bathrooms, locker and shower rooms,
entrance lobbies, and some industrial buildings. In hospitals, medical offices, kitchens, and
laboratories, finish surfaces must not trap dirt and must be easily and disinfected.
Maintenance procedures and costs should be considered in selecting finishes for any
building: How often will each surface be cleaned, with what type of equipment, and how
much will this procedure add to the cost of owning the building? How long will each surface
last, and what will it cost to replace it?
No.8 Shaft Wall
A shaft wall is used to enclose a multistory opening through a building such as an elevator
shaft or a shaft for ductwork, conduits, pipes. In the International Building Code, a shaft
wall connecting four or more floors must have a fire resistance rating of 2 hours or, if
connecting fewer floors, a rating of 1 hour. Walls for elevator shaft must be able to
withstand the air pressure and suction loads placed on them by the movements of the
elevator cars within the shaft, and should be designed to prevent the noise of the elevator
machinery from reaching other areas of the building.

20 Marks
No.1 Type of Windows
Fixed Windows are the least expensive and the least likely to leak air or eater because they
have no operable components.
Single-hung and double-hung windows have one or two moving sashes, which are the
frames in which the glass id mounted. The sashes slide up and down in tracks that are part
of the window frame. In older windows, the sashes were held in position by cords and
counterweight, but today’s double-hung window usually rely on a system of springs to
counter balance the weight of the sashes.
A sliding window is essentially a single-hung window on its side, and shares with single-
hung and double-hung windows the advantage that tracks in the frame hold the sashes
securely along two opposite sides. This inherently stable construction allows single-hung,
double-hung, and sliding windows to be designed in an almost unlimited range of sizes and
proportions. It also allows the sashes to be more lightly built than those in projected
windows, a category that includes principally casement windows, awning window, hopper
windows, inswinging windows, and pivot windows. All projected windows have sashes that
rotate outward or inward from their frames and therefore must have enough structural
stiffness to resist wind loads while being supported only at two corners. With the
exception of the rare triple-hung window, no window with sashes that slide can be opened
to more than half of its total area. By contrast, many projected windows can be opened to
virtually their full area.
Casement windows assist in catching passing breezing and inducing ventilation through
the building. They are generally narrow in width but can be joined to one another and to
sashes of glass to fill wider opening
Awning windows can be broad but are not usually very tall. They have the advantages of
protecting an open window from water during a rainstorm and of lending themselves to a
building-block approach to the design of window walls.
Hopper windows are more common in commercial buildings than in residential ones. Like
awning windows, they will admit little or no rainwater if left open during a rainstorm (since
they are inswinging).
Tilt/turn widows are a type of projected window with clever but concealed hardware that
allows each window to be operated either as an inswinging side hinged window or a
hopper.
A projected window is usually provided with pliable synthetic rubber weather stripping
that seals by compression around all edges of the sash when it is closed.
Single-hung, double-hung, and sliding windows generally must rely on brush type weather
stripping because it does not exert as much friction against a sliding sash as rubber does.
Brush type materials do not seal as tightly as compression weather stripping, and they are
also subject to more wear than rubber weather stripping over the life of the window.
As a result, projected windows are generally somewhat more resistant to air leakage than
windows that slide in their frames.
Glazed units for installation in roofs are specially constructed and flashed for
watertightness. Skylights may be either fixed or operable (venting).
The term roof window is also sometimes applied to any venting skylight; at other times, it
is applied only to operable window like units that include some kind of inward rotation
capability to make outside glass surfaces accessible from the inside for easier cleaning.

No. 2 Admixtures

Ingredients other than cement and other cementitious materials, aggregates, and water,

broadly referred to as admixtures, are often added to concrete to alter its properties in

various ways:

• Air-entraining admixtures increase the workability of the wet concrete, reduce

freeze-thaw damage, and, when used in larger amounts, create very lightweight

nonstructural concretes with thermal insulating properties.

• Water-reducing admixtures allow a reduction in the amount of mixing water while

retaining the same workability, which results in a higher-strength.

• High-range water-reducing admixtures, also known as superplasticizers, are organic

compounds that transform a stiff concrete mix into one that flows freely into the

forms. They are used either to facilitate placement of concrete under difficult

circumstances or to reduce the water content of a concrete mix in order to increase

its strength.

• Accelerating admixtures cause concrete to cure more rapidly, and retarding

admixtures slow its curing t allow more time for working with the wet concrete.
 • Workability agents improve the plasticity of wet concrete to make it easier to place

in forms and finish. They include pozzolans and air-entraining admixtures, along

with certain by ashes and organic compounds.

• Shrinkage-reducing admixtures reduce drying shrinkage and the cracking that

results.

• Corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce rusting of reinforcing steek in structures that

are exposed to road deicing salts or other corrosion-causing chemicals.

• Freeze protection admixtures allow concrete to cure satisfactorily a temperature as

low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit (7C).

• Extended set-control admixtures may be to delay the curing reaction in concrete for

any period up to several days. They include two components: The stabilizer

component, added at the time of initial mixing, defers the onset of curing

indefinitely; the activator component, added when desired, reinitiates the curing

process.

• Coloring agents are dyes and pigments used to alter and control the color of

concrete for building components whose appearance is important.

10 Marks
No.1
Plaster
Plaster is a generic term that refers to any of a number of cementlike substances that are
applied to a surface in paste form and then harden into a solid material.
Plastering
Plaster can be applied either by machine or by hand. Machine application is essentially a
spraying process. Hand application is done with two very simple tools: a hawk in one hand
and to hold a small quantity if plaster ready for use and a trowel in the other hand to lift
the plaster from the hawk, apply it to the surface, and smooth it into place. Plaster is
transferred from the hawk to the trowel with a quick, practiced motion of both hands, and
the trowel is moved up the wall or across the ceiling to spread the plaster, much as one
uses a table knife to spread soft butter. After a surface is covered with plaster, it is leveled
by drawing a straightedge called a darby across it, after which the trowel is used again to
smooth the surface.
Portland Cement Plasters
Portland cement-lime plaster, also known as stucco, is similar to masonry mortar. It is used
where the plaster is likely to be subjected to moisture, as on exterior wall surfaces or in
commercial kitchens, industrial plants, and shower rooms. Because freshly mixed stucco is
not as buttery and smooth as qypsum and lime plasters, it is not as easy to apply and finish.
It shrinks slightly during cursing, so it should be installed with frequent control joints to
regulate cracking.

No.2
Type of finishing Ceiling
• Exposed Structural and Mechanical Components
• Tightly Attached Ceilings
• Suspended Ceilings
• Interstitial Ceilings
Function of finishing ceilings
It helps control he diffusion of light and sound about the room. It may play a role in
preventing the passage of sound vertically between the rooms above and below, and
horizontally between rooms on either side of a partition.
Types of Finish Flooring
• Hard Flooring Materials
• Wood and Bamboo Flooring
• Resilient Flooring
• Carpet
Function of Finish flooring
Floors affect the acoustics of a room, contributing to a noisy quality or a hushed quality,
depending on whether a hard or soft flooring material is used.
Dark flooring materials absorb most of the light incident upon them and contribute to the
creation of a darker room, whereas light materials reflect most incident light and help
create a brighter room.
Floors are its primary wearing surfaces, subject to water, grit, dust, and the abrasive and
penetrating action of feet and furniture. They require more cleaning and maintenance
effort than any other component of a building. They must be designed to deal with
problem of skid resistance, sanitation, noise reduction between floors of building, and
even electrical conductivity in occupancies.
Floors must be selected with an eye to combustibility, fire resistance rating, and the
structural loads that they will place on the frame of the building.

No.3
The factors in primary function of the exterior wall are,
1. Keeping Water Out
2. Preventing Air Leakage
3. Controlling Light
4. Controlling the Radiation of Heat
5. Controlling the Conduction of Heat
6. Controlling Sound
Preventing Air Leakage
The exterior wall of a building must prevent the unintended passage of air between
indoors and outdoors. At a gross scale, this is necessary to regulate air velocities within the
buildings. Smaller air leaks are harmful because they waste conditioned (heated or cooled)
air, carry water through the wall, allow water vapor to condense inside the wall, and allow
noise to penetrate the building from outside. Building code requirements for airtightness
of building enclosures are growing more stringent. Sealants, gaskets, weather strips, and
air barrier membranes of various types are all used to prevent air leakage through the
exterior wall.
Controlling Sound
The exterior wall serves to isolate the inside of a building from noises outside and vice-
versa. Noise isolation is best achieved by walls that are airtight, massive, and resilient. The
required degree of noise isolation varies from one building to another, depending on the
noise levels and noise tolerances of the inside and outside environments. The exterior wall
for a hospital near a major airport requires a high level of noise isolation. The exterior wall
for a commercial office in a suburban office park need not perform to as high a standard.