DMK20042:

Chapter 1
Introduction to
Organic Chemistry

1
LLO
 Define an organic compound.
 List the elements that are found in organic compounds C, H,.O, N, P, S
and halogens.
 Suggest examples of organic compounds used in food science, medicine,
engineering, biotechnology and agriculture.
 Identify the different kinds of chemical bonds commonly found in
molecules of carbon compounds.
 Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated organic compounds.
 Elaborate on the characteristics of the members of a homologous series.
 Recognize the functional group and homologous series of a given carbon
compound.
 Draw structural formulae in the form of expanded structures based on
molecular formulae of simple carbon compounds.
 Identify carbon atoms in a molecule according to classification as
primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary carbon.
 Organic Chemistry

Why is it important?
>90% of compounds are organic

What is an organic compound

 is a compound made from carbon atoms.
 has one or more C atoms.
 has many H atoms.
 may also contain O, S, N, and halogens.
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 Organic Compounds

Typical organic compounds

 have covalent bonds.

 have low melting points.
 have low boiling points.
 are flammable. oil (organic) and water (inorganic)

 are soluble in nonpolar solvents.

 are not soluble in water.
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A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical
bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These
electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the
stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when
they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding
Organic Molecules
In organic molecules,
 valence electrons are shared.
 covalent bonds form between carbon atoms.
 C-C bonds are very strong, can form long chains.
H H H H
•• ••
HCCH H C C H
•• ••
H H H H

ethane, CH3─CH3

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Writing Formulas for Alkanes
In organic compounds
 carbon has 4 valence electrons and hydrogen has 1.
•
•C• H•
•

 to achieve an octet, C forms four bonds.

H H

HCH H C H


H H CH4 , methane

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 Saturated & unsaturated
 Saturated element: single bonds and are
saturated with hydrogen.
-Example : alkane
 Unsaturated element: have one or more
double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
-Example : alkene(double bonds) and alkyne
( triple bonds)
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes contain a double
bond between adjacent
carbon atoms.
(Double bond: 4 electrons)

Alkynes contain a triple

bond. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

(Triple bond: 6 electrons)

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 Learning Check

Identify each characteristic as most typical of compounds

that are 1) inorganic 2) organic.

A. has a high melting point 1

B. is not soluble in water 2
C. has a formula CH3─CH2─CH3 2
D. has a formula MgCl2 1
E. burns easily in air 2
F. has covalent bonds
2 (some 1)

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Functional Groups
Functional groups are
 a characteristic feature of organic molecules that
behave in a predictable, similar way.
 composed of an atom or group of atoms.
 groups that replace a hydrogen atom in the
corresponding alkane.
 a way to classify families of organic compounds.

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 Nomenclature
Homologous General Name Functional
Series Formula group

Alkanes C nH 2n+2 -ane C –H

Alkenes CnH2n -ene C=C

Haloalkanes R-halogen chloro -, bromo- –Cl or –Br

etc
Alcohols CnH2n+1 OH -ol –OH

Aldehyde -al O
–C
H

Ketones -one C=O

Carboxylic C nH 2nCO 2H -oic O
Acids –C
OH
Esters -oate O
–C
O–C
Learning Check
Classify each of the following as: alcohol, ether,
aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine or amide.
1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH alcohol

2) HC = CH─CH3 alkene

3) CH3─CH2─NH2 amine

O O
║ ║
4) CH3─C─OH 5) CH3─C─O─CH3
carboxylic acid ester

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Structural Formulas

Alkanes are written with structural formulas that are

 expanded all the individual bonds are drawn.
 condensed to show each carbon atom and hydrogen atoms attached
to that carbon.

Expanded (Lewis) Condensed

H H

H C-C H CH3CH3 , ethane

H H

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Expanded and Condensed Structures

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 Learning Check

A. Write the condensed formula for:

H H H H H

CH3─CH2─CH2─CH2─CH3
H C C C C C H

H H H H H
B. What is its molecular formula?
C5H12
(Gives total # of each atom, does not indicate how they are arranged)
C. What is its name?
pentane 16
 Alkanes

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson

Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

•Compounds containing only C and H

•All bonds are single bonds (2 electrons are shared)

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Names of Alkanes
The names of alkanes
 are determined by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry) system.
 end in - ane.
 with 1-4 carbons in a chain use prefixes as follows.

Name # Carbons Structural Formula

Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 CH3CH3
Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3

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 Names of Alkanes
Alkanes with 5-10 carbon atoms in a chain use Greek prefixes.
Name # Carbons Structural Formula

Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Hexane 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane 7 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane 8 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane 9 CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane 10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

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Number of Carbons Name
1 methane
2 ethane
3 propane
4 butane
5 pentane
6 hexane
7 heptane
8 octane
9 nonane
10 decane
11 undecane
12 dodecane
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 Some Properties of Alkanes

Alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms are

 methane, ethane, propane, and
butane.
 gases at room temperature.
 used as heating fuels.

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 Some Properties of Alkanes
Alkanes with 5-8 carbon atoms are
 liquids at room temperature.
 pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane.
 very volatile.
 used to make gasoline.

Alkanes with 9-17 carbon atoms

 are liquids at room temperature
 have higher boiling points.
 are found in kerosene, diesel, and jet fuels.
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 Some Properties of Alkanes
Alkanes with 18 or more carbon atoms
 have high molar masses.
 are waxy solids at room temperature.
 used in waxy coatings of fruits and
vegetables.

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 Combustion
In combustion reactions,
 alkanes react with oxygen.
 CO2, H2O and energy are produced.
Alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat

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 Learning Check

Write a balanced equation for the

complete combustion of propane.

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 Solution
Unbalanced equation
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
First: Balance C
C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + H2O
Then: Balance H
C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
Last: Balance O
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O (Balanced)
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 Classification of Carbon
Classification of carbon is
 determined by the number of alkyl groups attached to the
carbon .
 primary (1°), secondary (2°),tertiary(3°) and quarternary(4°)

Primary (1º) Secondary (2º) Tertiary(3º)

H CH3 CH3
| | |
CH3—C*—H CH3—C*—H CH3—C*—H
| | |
H H CH3

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Quaternary(4°)
CH3
|
CH3—C*—CH3
|
CH3
1. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds which contain the
element carbon. ( T/F )
2. Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains the elements of
carbon and oxygen only. ( T/F )
3. Hydrocarbon are divided into three groups namely alkane, alkene
and alkyne. ( T/F )
4. Alkyne has a double covalent bond. ( T/F )
5. Alkene has a single bond. . ( T/F )
6. Alkane which is contained only single covalent bond is called
unsaturated hydrocarbon. . ( T/F )
7. General formula for alkyl group is CnH2n+1 ( T/F )
8. Carbon can be classified as primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary carbon. ( T/F )
9. Hydrogen can be classified as primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary hydrogen. ( T/F )
10. A functional group is an atom or groups atom in the carbon chain
which determines the chemical properties of the whole molecule.
( T/F )