SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

UNIT – I - Matrices – SMTA1202

 Subject Name: Matrices,Calculus and Sampling

(Common to Bio groups)

Subject code: SMTA1202

Course Material

UNIT 1 MATRICES
RANK OF A MATRIX

Let A be any matrix of order mxn.The determinants of the sub square matrices of A are
called the minors of A. If all the minors of order (r+1) are zero but there is at least one non
zero minor of order r, then r is called the rank of A and is written as R(A). For an mxn matrix,

 If m is less than n then the maximum rank of the matrix is m

 If m is greater than n then the maximum rank of the matrix is n.

The rank of a matrix would be zero only if the matrix had no non-zero elements. If a matrix
had even one non-zero element, its minimum rank would be one.

Example

 1 2 3
 
1. Find the rank of A =  1 4 2 
 2 6 5
 
A = 1(20-12) -2(5-4) +3(6-8) = 0
Hence R(A) < 3.
1 2
Let the second order minor =2  0
1 4
R(A)=2.

1 1  2  4
 
2 3 1 1
2. Find the Rank of B = 
3 1 3  2
 
6 3  
 0 7 

 1 1  2  4
 
0 5 3 7 
= R2 = R2 – 2R1 , R3= R3 – 3R1, R4= R4 – 6R1
0 4 9 10 
 
 0 9 12 17 
 
  1 1  2  4
 
0 1 3
5
7
5 
=  R2= 1/5R2, R3= R3, R4= R4
0 4 9 10 
 
 0 9 12 17 
 

1 1  2  4
 
0 1 3
5
7
5 
= 
0 0 33 5 22 5 
R3= R3-4R2, R4= R4 -9 R2
 
 0 0 33 22 
 5 5 

 1 1  2  4
 
0 1 3
5
7
5 
=  R4= R4- R3
0 0 33 5 22 5 
 
0 0 
 0 0 

The number of Nonzero Rows is 3.Hence R(B)=3.

2  2 1 
 
3. Find the Rank of the Matrix A =  1 4  1 
 4 6  3
 

 1 4 1
 
=  2  2 1  R1= R2, R2= R1
 4 6  3
 

 1 4  1
 
=  0  10 3  R2 = R2-2 R1 ,R3 = R3 -4 R1
 0  10 1 
 

1 4 1 
 
=  0  10 3  R3 = R3- R2
 0 0  2
 

The number of Nonzero Rows is 3. Hence R(A)=3.

1 0 2 1
 
4. Find the Rank of the Matrix A =  0 2 4 2 
0 2 2 1
 

1 0 2 1
 
= 0 2 4 2 R3 = R3- R2
 0 0  2  1
 
 The number of Nonzero Rows is 3. Hence R(A)=3.

1 0 2
 
0 2 4
5. Find the Rank of the Matrix B = 
0 2 2
 
1 1 
 2

1 0 2
 
A possible minor of least order is  0 2 4  whose determinant is non zero.
 0 2 2
 

Hence it is possible to find a nonzero minor of order 3.

Hence R(B)=3.

CONSISTENCY OF LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATION

A general set of m linear equations and n unknowns,

a11 x1  a12 x2    a1n xn  c1

a21 x1  a22 x2    a2n xn  c2

……………………………………

…………………………………….

am1 x1  am 2 x2  ........  amn xn  cm

can be rewritten in the matrix form as

 a11 a12 . . a1n   x1   c1 

a a 22 . . a 2 n   x 2   c 2 
 21
       
    
      
a m1 am2 . . a mn   x n  c m 

Denoting the matrices by A, X, and C, the system of equation is, AX = C where A is called
the coefficient matrix, C is called the right hand side vector and X is called the solution
vector. Sometimes AX=C systems of equations are written in the augmented form. That is
 a a12 ...... a1n  c1 
 11 
 a21 a22 ...... a2 n  c2 
A : C     
 
   
am1 am 2 ...... amn  c 
m

Rouche’sTheorem

1. A system of equations AX =C is consistent if the rank of A is equal to the rank of the

augmented matrix A : C . If in addition, the rank of the coefficient matrix A is same as the
number of unknowns, then the solution is unique; if the rank of the coefficient matrix A is less
than the number of unknowns, then infinite solutions exist.

2. A system of equations AX=C is inconsistent if the rank of A is not equal to the rank of the
augmented matrix A : C .

[A] [X] = [B]

Consistent System if Inconsistent System if

rank (A) = rank (A.B) rank (A) < rank (A.B)

Unique solution if Infinite solutions if

rank (A) = number of unknowns rank (A) < number of unknowns

Problems

1. Check whether the following system of equations

25x1 +5x2+x3 = 106.8

64x1 +8x2+x3 = 177.2

89x1 +13x2+2x3 = 280 is consistent or inconsistent.

Solution
The augmented matrix is

25 5 1 : 106.8 
A : B  64 8 1 : 177.2 
89 13 2 : 280.0

To find the rank of the augmented matrix consider a square sub matrix of order 3  3 as

 5 1 106.8 
 8 1 177.2  whose determinant is 12. Hence R [ A: B ] is 3.
 
13 2 280.0
 So the rank of the augmented matrix is 3 but the rank of the coefficient matrix [ A] is 2

as the Determinant of A is zero. Hence R[ A: B ]  R [A].Hence the system is

inconsistent.

2. Check the consistency of the system of linear equations and discuss the nature

of the solution?

Solution
The augmented matrix is
1 2 1 2
3 1  2 1 
A : B    
 4  3  1 3
 
2 4 2 4
A: B is reduced by elementary row transformations to an upper triangular matrix
1 2 1 2
0  5  5  5
  R2 = R2-3 R1 , R3 = R3 -4 R1 , R4= R4- 2R1
0  11  5  5
 
0 0 0 0

1 2 1 2
0 1 1 1 
 R2 = R2 / -5
0  11  5  5
 
0 0 0 0

1 2 1 2
0 1 1 1 
 R3 = R3 +11 R1
0 0 6 6
 
0 0 0 0

Here R A: B =R[A] =3.Hence the system is consistent. Also R[A] is equal to the

number of unknowns. Hence the system has an unique solution.

3. Check whether the following system of equations is a consistent system of

equations. Is the solution unique or does it have infinite solutions

Solution
The given system has the augmented matrix given by

1 2  3  4 6 
A : B  1 3 1  2 4 
2 5  2  5 10

A: B is reduced by elementary row transformations to an upper triangular matrix

1 2  3  4 6 
 0 1 4 2  2 R2 = R2- R1 , R3 = R3 -2 R1
0 1 4 3  2

1 2  3  4 6 
 0 1 4 2  2 R3 = R3 – R2
0 0 0 1 0 

A and A: B are each of rank r = 3, the given system is consistent but R[A] is not
equal to the number of unknowns. Hence the system does not has a unique solution.

4. Check whether the following system of equations

3x− 2y + 3z = 8
x +3 y+6z = −3
2 x + 6y+12z = −6
is a consistent system of equations and hence solve them.

Solution
Let the augmented matrix of the system be
3  2 3 8 
[A:B] =
 1 3 6  3
 
2 6 12  6

1 3 6  3

= 3 2 3 8  R1 = R2 R2= R1

2 6 12  6
1 3 6 3 

= 0 11 15  17 R2 = R2 − 3R1 , R3 = R3 − 2R1

0 0 0 0 
R[A:B] = R[A] = 2.Therefore the system is consistent and posses solution but rank is not
equal to the number of unknowns which is 3.Hence the system has infinite solution. From
the upper triangular matrix we have the reduced system of equations given by
x +3 y+6z = −3 ; 11y+15z = -17 .
By assuming a value for y we have one set of values for z and x.For example when y=3,
z =  10 3 and x = 8.Similarly by choosing a value for z the corresponding y and x can be
calculated. Hence the system has infinite number of solutions.

5. Check whether the following system of equations

X+y + z = 6
3 x −2 y+4z = 9
x − y −z = 0
Is a consistent system of equations and hence solve them.

Solution
Let the augmented matrix of the system be
1 1 1 6

[A:B] = 3  2 4 9

 
1  1  1 0
1 1 1 6

= 0 5 1 9
 R2=R2- 3R1 , R3 = R3 – R1
 
0  2  2  6
1 1 1 6 
 
= 0 1  1 5 9 5 R2 = R2/-5
 
0  2  2  6 

1 1 1 6 

= 0 1 1 5 9 5  R3 = R3+2 R2

0 0  12 5  12 5
Hence R[A B] =R[A] =3 which is equal to the number of unknowns. Hence the system is
consistent with unique solution. Now the system of equations takes the form

x+y + z = 6; y-z/5 =9/5;  12 5 z =  12 5 .

Hence z =1. Substituting z = 1 in y-z/5 =9/5 we have y-1/5 = 9/5 or y = 1/5+9/5 = 10/5.

Hence y =2. Substituting the values of y,z in x+y + z = 6 we have x= 3. Hence the system
has the unique solution as x= 3 , y =2 , z =1.

CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION

The equation is called the characteristic equation of the matrix A

Note:

1. Solving , we get n roots for and these roots are called characteristic
roots or eigen values or latent values of the matrix A
2. Corresponding to each value of , the equation AX = has a non-zero solution
vector X
 If be the non-zero vector satisfying AX = , when , is said to be the
latent vector or eigen vector of a matrix A corresponding to

Working rule to find characteristic equation:

For a 3 x 3 matrix:

Method 1:

The characteristic equation is

Method 2:

Its characteristic equation can be written as where S1 = sum

of the main diagonal elements, S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements,
S3 = Determinant of A = A

For a 2 x 2 matrix:

Method 1:

The characteristic equation is

Method 2:

Its characteristic equation can be written as where S1 = sum of the

main diagonal elements, S2 = Determinant of A = A

1. Find the characteristic equation of

Solution: Its characteristic equation is ,

where S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements = 8 + 7 + 3 = 18,

S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements=45

S3 = Determinant of A = A =0

Therefore, the characteristic equation is .

2. Find the characteristic equation of

Solution: Let A =

The characteristic equationl of A is . =3

+ 2 = 5 and = 3(2) – 1(-1) = 7
Therefore, the characteristic equation is =0.

EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS OF A REAL MATRIX

Working rule to find Eigen values and Eigen vectors:

1. Find the characteristic equation

2. Solve the characteristic equation to get characteristic roots. They are called Eigen
values
3. To find the Eigen vectors, solve for different values of

Note:

1. Corresponding to n distinct Eigen values, we get n independent Eigen vectors

2. If 2 or more Eigen values are equal, it may or may not be possible to get linearly
independent Eigen vectors corresponding to the repeated Eigen values
3. If is a solution for an Eigen value , then c is also a solution, where c is an
arbitrary constant. Thus, the Eigen vector corresponding to an Eigen value is not
unique but may be any one of the vectors c
Problems
1. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix

Solution: Let A = which is a non-symmetric matrix

To find the characteristic equation:

The characteristic equation of A is where

= 1(-1) – 1(3) = - 4

Therefore, the characteristic equation is i.e., or

Therefore, the eigen values are 2, -2

To find the eigen vectors:

--------------- (1)

Case 1: If From (1)]

i.e.,
 i.e., ,

i.e., we get only one equation

Therefore

Case 2: If From (1)]

i.e.,

i.e.,

i.e., we get only one equation

Hence,

2.Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

Solution: Let A =

To find the characteristic equation:

Its characteristic equation can be written as where

= 2 (-5)-2 (-6)-7(2) = -10 + 12 – 14 = -12

Therefore, the characteristic equation of A is

3 1 0 -13 12

1 3 -4 0
Therefore, the eigen values are 3, 1, and -4

To find the eigen vectors: Let

Case 1: If

i.e.,

--------- (1)

------- (2)

-------- (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

2 -7 1 2

0 2 2 0

x x x x x x
1  2  3  1  2  3
4  16  4 1  4 1

 1 
 
Therefore, X 1 =   4 
 1
 

Case 2: If ,

i.e.,

-------- (1)
 -------- (2)

-------- (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

2 -7 -1 2

-2 2 2 -2

x x x x x x
1  2  3  1  2 3
 10  12  2 5 6 1

Therefore,

Case 3: If

-------- (1)

-------- (2)

-------- (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

2 -7 6 2

5 2 2 5

Therefore,

3.Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix .

Solution: Let A =

To find the characteristic equation:

Its characteristic equation can be written as where

,

= 0 -1(-1)+ 1(1) = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2

Therefore, the characteristic equation of A is

-1 1 0 -3 -2

1 -1 -2 0

Therefore, the eigen values are 2, -1, and -1

To find the eigen vectors:

Case 1: If

i.e.,

--------- (1)

------------- (2)

------------ (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get
 x1 x2 x3

1 1 -2 1

-2 1 1 -2

Therefore,

Case 2: If ,

i.e.,

---------- (1)

---------------- (2)

------------ (3). All the three equations are one and the same.

Therefore, . Put

Therefore,

Since the given matrix is symmetric and the eigen values are repeated, let . Is

orthogonal to

------------ (1)

-------- (2)

Solving (1) and (2) by method of cross-multiplication, we get,

l m

1 1 1 1

1 -1 0 1
 . Therefore,

Thus, for the repeated eigen value there corresponds two linearly independent
eigen vectors .

4.Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

Solution: Let A =

To find the characteristic equation:

Its characteristic equation can be written as where

,
= 2(-4)+2(-2)+2(2) = - 8 – 4 + 4 = - 8

Therefore, the characteristic equation of A is

2 1 -2 -4 8

1 0 -4 0

Therefore, the eigen values are 2, 2, and -2

A is a non-symmetric matrix with repeated eigen values

To find the eigen vectors:

Case 1: If

i.e.,

--------- (1)

------------- (2)

------------ (3) . Equations (2) and (3) are one and the same.

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

-1 1 2 -1

3 1 1 3

Therefore,

Case 2: If ,

i.e.,

---------- (1)

---------------- (2)

------------ (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

-2 2 0 -2

-1 1 1 -1
Therefore,

We get one eigen vector corresponding to the repeated root

5.Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

Solution: Let A = which is a symmetric matrix

To find the characteristic equation:

Its characteristic equation can be written as where

= 1(4)-1(-2)+3(-14) = 4 + 2-42 = - 36

Therefore, the characteristic equation of A is 3  72  0  36 = 0

1 -9 18 0

Therefore, the eigen values are -2, 3, and 6

To find the eigen vectors:

Case 1: If
i.e.,

--------- (1)

------------- (2)

------------ (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

1 3 3 1

7 1 1 7

1
x x x x x x
1  2 3  1  2 3 .  
Therefore, X1 = 0
 20 0 20 1 0 1  1
 

Case 2: If ,

i.e.,

---------- (1)

---------------- (2)

3 ------------ (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

1 3 -2 1

2 1 1 2

x x x x x x
1  2 3  1  2 3
5 5 5 1 1 1

Therefore,
Case 3: If ,

i.e.,

---------- (1)

---------------- (2)

3 ------------ (3)

Considering equations (1) and (2) and using method of cross-multiplication, we get,

x1 x2 x3

1 3 -5 1

-1 1 1 -1

Therefore,

PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:

Property 1:

(i) The sum of the eigen values of a matrix is the sum of the elements of the
principal diagonal (or) The sum of the eigen values of a matrix is equal to the
trace of the matrix
(ii) Product of the eigen values is equal to the determinant of the matrix

Property 2:

A square matrix A and its transpose have the same eigen values (or) A square
matrix A and its transpose have the same characteristic values

Property 4:

If is an eigen value of a matrix A, then , is the eigen value of

Property 5:

If is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix, then is also its eigen value

Property 6:

If are the eigen values of a matrix A, then has the eigen values
(m being a positive integer)
Property 7:

The eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real numbers

Property 8:

The eigen vectors corresponding to distinct eigen values of a real symmetric matrix
are orthogonal

Property 9:

Similar matrices have same eigen values

Property 10:

If a real symmetric matrix of order 2 has equal eigen values, then the matrix is a
scalar matrix

Property 11:

The eigen vector X of a matrix A is not unique.

Property 12:

If be distinct eigen values of a n x n matrix, then the corresponding eigen

vectors form a linearly independent set

Property 13:

If two or more eigen values are equal, it may or may not be possible to get linearly
independent eigen vectors corresponding to the equal roots

Property 14:

Two eigen vectors are called orthogonal vectors if

Property 15:

Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different eigen values are

orthogonal

Property 16:

If A and B are n x n matrices and B is a non-singular matrix then A and have

same eigen values

Problems:

1. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix

Solution: Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = -3.

Product of the eigen values = │A│ = -1 (1 – 1) -1(-1 – 1) + 1(1- (-1)) = 2 + 2 = 4

2. Two of the eigen values of are 2 and 8. Find the third eigen value
 Solution: We know that sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements

= 6+3+3 = 12

Given

Therefore, = 12

Therefore, the third eigen value = 2

3. If 3 and 15 are the two eigen values of A = , find │A│, without

expanding the determinant

Solution: Given

We know that sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements

4. If 2, 2, 3 are the eigen values of A = , find the eigen values of

Solution: By the property “A square matrix A and its transpose have the same eigen
values”, the eigen values of

5. Two of the eigen values of A = are 3 and 6. Find the eigen values of

Solution: Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 3 +5+3 = 11

Given 3,6 are two eigen values of A. Let the third eigen value be k.

Then, 3 + 6 + k = 11 .Therefore, the eigen values of A are 3, 6, 2

By the property “If the eigen values of A are , then the eigen values of

are ”, the eigen values of are

CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM

Statement: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation

Uses of Cayley-Hamilton theorem:

(1) To calculate the positive integral powers of A

 (2) To calculate the inverse of a square matrix A

Problems:

1. Show that the matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation

Solution:Let A = . The characteristic equation of A is where

The characteristic equation is

To prove

Therefore, the given matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

1 1 
2. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =   and hence find its
1 0 
inverse.

Solution: The characteristic polynomial of A is p(λ) = λ 2 − λ − 1.

 2 1
A 2   
 1 1

 2 1 1 1   1 0  0 0
A 2 − A – I =   -   -   =  
 1 1 1 0   0 1  0 0

A 2 − A – I = 0,

Multiplying by A -1 we get A – I – A -1 = 0,

A-1 = A−I

0 1 
A-1 =  
 1 1

1 1 4 
 
3. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =  3 2  1 and hence find
 2 1  1
 
is inverse.

Solution: The characteristic polynomial of A is p(λ) = λ 3 −2 λ2 −5 λ + 6.

 6 1 1   11  3 22 
  3  
A   7 0 11 , A   29 4 17 
2

3 1 8   16 3 5 
  

To verify A 3 – 2A 2 – 5A + 6 I = 0 -------------- ( 1 )

A 3 – 2A 2 – 5A + 6 I =

 11  3 22   6 1 1   1  1 4   1 0 0 
       
 29 4 17   2 7 0 11  5 3 2  1  6 0 1 0 
 16 3 5   3  1 8   2 1  1  0 0 1 
       

 0 0 0
 
=  0 0 0
 0 0 0
 

Multiply equation ( 1 ) by A -1

We get A 2 – 2A – 5 I + 6 A -1 = 0

6 A -1 = 5 I + 2 A – A2

 1 0 0  1 1 4   6 1 1 
     
6 A1  5 0 1 0   2 3 2  1   7 0 11
 0 0 1   2 1  1  3  1 8 
     
 1 3 7 
 
   1 9  13 
1 3  5 

 1 3 7 
11

A    1 9  13 
6
1 3  5 

  3 1  3
 
4. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =  20 3 10  and hence
 2 2 4 
 
find its inverse and A 4.
Solution: The characteristic polynomial of A is p(λ) = λ 3 − 4λ 2 − 3λ + 18 = 0.

 23 6 7   65 27 19 
  3  
A   20
2
9 10  , A   140 27 70 
  38  12  10    146  54  46 
   

To verify A 3 – 4A 2 – 3A + 18 I = 0 -------------- (1)

 A 3 – 4A 2 – 3A + 18 I =
 65 27 19   23 6 7    3 1  3 1 0 0
       
 140 27 70   4 20 9 10   3 20 3 10   18 0 1 0 
  146  54  46    38  12  10   2  2 4  0 0 1
       

 0 0 0
 
=  0 0 0
 0 0 0
 

Multiply equation (1) by A -1

We get A 2 – 4A – 3 I + 18 A -1 = 0

18 A -1 = 3 I + 4 A – A2

 1 0 0    3 1  3   23 6 7 
 1
    
18 A  3 0 1 0   4 20 3 10    20 9 10 
 0 0 1   2  2 4    38  12  10 
     
  32  2  19 
 
  60 6 30 
 46 29 
 4
  32  2  19 
1
1

A   60 6 30 
18 
 46 4 29 

Multiply equation (1) by A

We get A 4 – 4A3 – 3 A2 + 18 A = 0

A 4 = 4A3 + 3 A2 - 18 A

 65 27 19   23 6 7    3 1  3
     
A  4 140
4
27 70   3 20 9 10   18 20 3 10 
  146  54  46    38  12  10   2 2 4 
     
 383 108 151 
 
  260 81 130 
  734  216  286 
 

5. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find when A =

Solution: The characteristic equation of A is where

 Therefore, the characteristic equation is

To prove that: ------------- (1)

To find :

------------- (2)

Multiply by A on both sides,

Therefore,

Hence,

To find

Multiplying (1) by
 Questions

Course code: SMTA 1202

Course Name: MATRICES, CALCULUS and SAMPLING

Unit I - Matrices

Part A
1. Define Rank of a matrix CO1(L1)
 2 3
2. Find the rank of the matrix   CO1(L1)
1 6
3. What do you mean by consistent and inconsistent system of equations? CO1(L1)
Give examples.

4. Find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ if the equations 2x-3y = 5 and ax+by = -10 CO1(L1)
have many solutions.

5. Recall Cayley Hamilton theorem. CO1(L1)

5 4
6. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix  1 2  CO1( L1)
 
 −1 1 1 
 
7. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix  1 −1 1  CO1(L1)
 1 1 −1
 
1 2 3 
8. Find the eigen values of A-1 and A 3, if A= 0 2 − 7  CO1(L1)
0 0 3 

3 1 4
0 3 6
9. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of 0 5
 CO1(L1)
 0
10. Find the third eigen value, if The product of two eigen values
 6 −2 2 
 
of the matrix  − 2 3 −1 is 16. CO1(L1)
 2 −1 3 
 
8 −6 2
11. Find the sum of the eigen values of 2A if A = �−6 7 −4� CO1(L1).
2 −4 3
12. Find the third eigen value, if two eigen values of the matrix CO1(L1).

2 2 1
A= �1 3 1� are 1, 1.
1 2 2
 Part B

 1 −1 1  x   4 
    
1. Show that the system of equations  2 1 − 3  y  =  0  has unique solutions
 1 1 1  z   2 
    
and hence solve this system. CO1(L2).

2. Identify all the values of µ for which rank of the matrix

 µ −1 0 0 
 
 0 µ −1 0 
A=
0 0 µ −1 is equal to 3. CO1(L3)
 
 − 6 11 − 6 1 

3. Test for consistency of the following system of equations CO1(L4).
and solve if consistent 2x-5y+2z = -3, -x-3y+3z = -1, x+y-z = 0

4. Test for consistency of the following system of equations CO1(L4).

and solve if consistent: 5x+3y+7z = 4, 3x+26y+2z = 9, 7x+2y+10z = 5

5. Test for consistency of the following system of equations CO1(L4).

and solve if consistent x1+2x2+2x3-x4 =3, x1+2x2+3x3+x4 = 1, 3x1+6x2+8x3+x4= 5

6. Solve the following equations if it is consistent. CO1(L3)

x + 2 y − 3 z = −3
2 x + 5 y + 10 z = 25
3 x − 4 y + 5 z = 29
7. Determine the value of ‘k’ for which the equations kx-2y + z =1, CO1(L5)
x-2ky + z = -2 and x-2y + kz = 1 have i)no solution ii)one solution
iii) many solutions.

8. Determine the values of a and b for which the equations x+y+2z =3, CO1(L5)
2x-y+3z =4 and 5x-y+az =b have i) no solution ii) unique solution
iii) many solutions.

9. Determine the values of ‘µ’for which the equations 3x+y- µ z =0, CO1(L5)
4x-2y-3z = 0 and 2µx+4y+ µz = 0 possess a non-trivial solution.
For these values of µ, also find the solution.

10. Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following matrices CO1(L5)
1 0 0
�0 1 1�
0 1 1

11. Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following matrices CO1(L5)
 1 1 3
�1 5 1�
3 1 1

12. Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following matrices CO1(L5)
2 −2 2
�1 1 1�
1 3 −1

13. Determine the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following matrices CO1(L5)
2 1 0
�0 2 1�
0 0 2
1 0 3 
 
14. Show that the matrix A =  2 1 −1 satisfies its own characteristic CO3(L2)
 
 1 −1 1 
equation and hence Find A-1.

15. Examine Cayley – Hamilton theorem for the matrices given below and CO3(L4)
hence find A-1 and A4
1 2 2
�2 1 2�
2 2 1

16. Examine Cayley – Hamilton theorem for the matrices given below and CO3(L4)
hence find A-1 and A4

1 3 7
�4 2 3�
1 2 1

17. Examine Cayley – Hamilton theorem for the matrices given below and CO3(L4)
hence find A-1 and A4
7 2 2
�−6 −1 2 �
6 2 −1

18. Examine Cayley – Hamilton theorem for the matrices given below and CO3(L4)
hence find A-1 and A4
1 2 3
�2 −1 4 �
3 1 −1
 SUBJECT NAME: MATRICES,CALCULUS and SAMPLING

(COMMON TO BIO GROUPS)

SUBJECT CODE: SMTA1202

COURSE MATERIAL

UNIT-II DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

____________________________________________________________________________

Definition 1. Differentiation
The rate at which a function changes with respect to the independent variable is called the
derivative of the function.
(i.e) If y= f(x) be a function, where x and y are real variables which are independent and
dy
dependent variables respectively, then the derivative of y with respect to x is dx.
Definition 2. Derivative of addition or subtraction of functions
d[f(x) ± g(x)] d[f(x)] d[g(x)]
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions of x, then = ±
dx dx dx

Definition 3. Product rule

d[uv] d[u] d[v]
If y = uv, where u and v are functions of x, then dx
=v dx
+ u dx

Definition 4. Quotient rule

du dv
u d u v −u
dx dx
If 𝑦 = , where u and v are functions of x,
v
then dx [v] = v2
Important Derivatives Formulae
1.
d
c   0 where ‘c’ is any constant.
dx

2.
d n
dx
 
x  nx n1 .

3.
d
log e x   1 .
dx x

4.
d x
dx
 
a  a x log a

5.
d x
dx
 
e  ex .

6.
d
sin x   cos x .
dx

7.
d
cos x    sin x .
dx

8.
d
tan x   sec 2 x .
dx
 9.
d
cot x    cos ec 2 x .
dx

10.
d
sec x   sec x tan x .
dx

11.
d
cos ecx    cos ecx cot x .
dx

12.
d

sin 1 x 
1
 .
dx 1 x2
1
13.
d

cos 1 x   .
dx 1 x2

14.
d
dx

tan 1 x 
1

1 x2
.

1
15.
d
dx

cot 1 x  
1 x2
.

16.
d

sec 1 x  
1
.
dx x 1 x2
1
17.
d

cos ec 1 x  
dx x 1 x2
Problems
I. Ordinary Differentiation Problems
𝟏
1. Differentiate 𝐱 + 𝐱
1
Solution Let 𝑦 = x + x
1
dy d(x + ) d(x) d(x−1 ) 1
x
Then dx = dx
= dx
+ dx
=1 − x2

2. Differentiate 𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 − 𝐞𝐱 + 𝟓

Solution:
Let y = 3tan x + 2 cos x − ex + 5
dy d(3tan x+2 cos x−ex +5) d(tan x) d(cos x) d(ex ) d(5)
Then = =3 +2 − +
dx dx dx dx dx dx
2 x
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 x − 2 sin x − e

3. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐞𝟐𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝐱

dy d(e2x cos3x) d(e2x ) d(cos3x)
Solution: dx
= dx
= cos3x dx + e2x dx
= 2cos3x e2x − 3e2x sin3x
4. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 𝐱 𝟐
dy d(esinx x2 )
Solution: dx = dx
 d(esinx ) d(x2 )
= x2 dx
+ esinx dx
= x 2 esinx (cosx) + 2xesinx
5. Differentiate y = 𝐱 𝟑 𝐞−𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱
dy d( x3 e−x tanx)
Solution: dx = dx
d( x3 ) d( e−x ) d(tanx)
= e−x tanx dx + x 3 tanx dx + x 3 e−x dx
2 −x 3 −x 3 −x 2
= 3x e tanx − x e tanx + x e sec x
𝐞𝐱
6. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱
ex
dy d( ) cosx ex −ex (−sinx)
cosx
Solution: dx
= dx
= cos2 x
cosx ex +ex (sinx)
= cos2 x
𝐚𝐱+𝐛
7. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐜𝐱+𝐝
dy (cx+d)a−(ax+b)c
Solution:dx = (cx+d)2
(by quotient rule)
𝐱 𝟐 +𝟐𝐱+𝟑
8. Differentiate
√𝐱
1 −1 1
dy √x (2x+2)−(x2 +2x+3) x ⁄2 2√x (x+1)−(x2 +2x+3)
2 2√x
Solution: dx
= 2 = 2
(√x) (√x)
2√x ×2√x (x+1)−(x2 +2x+3) 4x(x+1)−(x2 +2x+3)
= 2 = 3
2√x (√x) 2x ⁄2
4x2 +4x−x2 −2x−3 3x2 +2x−3
= 3 = 3
2x ⁄2 2x ⁄2
9. Differentiate 𝐲 = (𝟑𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟑
Solution: Given y = (3x 2 − 1)3
Differentiating w.r.to x, we get
dy
⇒ = 3(3x 2 − 1)2 6x
dx
= 3(9x 4 − 6x 2 + 1) = 27x 4 − 18x 2 + 3
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱
10. Differentiate: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱)
1+sinx
Solution: Let y = log (1−sinx)
⇒ 𝑦 = log(1 + sinx) − log(1 − sinx)
Differentiate y w.r.to x, we get
dy 1 1
dx
= 1+sinx cosx − 1−sinx (−cosx)

(1−sinx)cosx+cosx(1+sinx)
= (1+sinx)(1−sinx)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

= 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

II. Differentiation Problems on Logarithmic Functions

1. Differentiate 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱
Solution: Let y = x sinx
Taking log on both sides, we get logy = sinx logx
 Now differentiating with respect to x
1 dy 1
⇒ y dx
= logx(cosx) + sinx x (Using product rule)
dy 1
⇒ dx = y (logx( cosx) + sinx x)
dy y(xcosx logx+sinx)
⇒ dx = x
𝑑𝑦 sinx xcosx logx+sinx
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = x ( x
)
𝐝𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱
2. If 𝐱 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱−𝐲, prove that 𝐝𝐱 = (𝟏+𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱)𝟐
y x−y
Solution: Given x = e
Taking log on both sides, we get logx y = logex−y
⇒ ylogx = (x − y)log e e
⇒ ylogx = (x − y)………(1)
1 dy dy
⇒ x y + logx dx = 1 − dx
dy dy y
⇒ logx + =1−
dx dx x
dy x−y
⇒ dx
(logx + 1) = x
dy x−y
⇒ dx = x(1+logx)
dy ylogx
⇒ dx = x(1+logx)….(2)
Again from (1) y + ylogx = x
y 1
⇒ y(1 + logx) = x, x = 1+logx
dy logx
⇒ =
dx (1+logx)2
…∞ 𝐝𝐲
𝐱𝐱
3. If y = 𝐱 , then find
𝐝𝐱
Solution:
x…∞
Given y = x x = xy
Taking log on both sides
logy = ylogx
Differentiating w. r. to x we get
1 dy 1 dy
⇒ y dx = y x + logx dx
1 dy y
⇒( − logx) =
y dx x
1−ylogx dy y
⇒( y
) dx =x
dy y y y2
⇒ = ( ) =
dx x 1−ylogx x(1−ylogx)

𝐱 𝟐 +𝟏
4. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐱 𝟐 −𝟏)
Solution:
y = log(x 2 + 1) − log(x 2 − 1)
dy 1 1
⇒ = 2x − 2 2x
dx x2 +1 x −1
dy 1 1
⇒dx = 2x (x2 +1 − x2 −1)
 dy x2 −1−(x2 +1) x2 −1−x2 −1) −2) −4x
⇒dx = 2x ((x2 +1)(x2 −1)) = 2x ( x4 −1
) = 2x (x4 −1) = x4 −1
𝟐
5. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐞𝟑𝐱 +𝟐𝐱+𝟑
dy 2
Solution: dx = e3x +2x+3 (6x + 2)

III. Differentiation of Implicit functions

If two variables x and y are connected by the relation f(x, y) = 0 and none of the variable is
directly expressed in terms of the other, then the relation is called an implicit function.

Problems
𝒅𝒚
1. Find 𝒅𝒙 , if 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚
Solution:
Differentiating w.r.to x, we get
dy dy
⇒ 3x 2 + 3y 2 dx = 3a [x dx + y]
dy dy
⇒ 3y 2 dx − 3ax dx = 3ay − 3x 2
dy
⇒ (3y 2 − 3ax) = 3ay − 3x 2
dx
dy (3ay−3x2 ) 3(ay−x2 ) (ay−x2 )
⇒ = = =
dx 3y2 −3ax 3(y2 −ax) (y2 −ax)
𝐝𝐲
2. Find 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
, 𝐢𝐟
𝐝𝐱
Solution:
Given x 2 + y 2 = 16
⇒ y 2 = 16 − x 2
⇒ y = √16 − x 2
dy 1 −1⁄
⇒ dx = 2 (16 − x 2 ) 2 × (−2x)
dy x x
⇒ dx = − = −y
√16−x2
𝒅𝒚
3. Find 𝒅𝒙, if 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 , 𝐲 = 𝟐𝐚𝐭
Solution: Given x = at 2 , y = 2at
dx dy
dt
= 2at, dt = 2a
dy dy dx 2a 1
Now = / = =
dx dt dt 2at t
𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝟑
4. Find , if 𝐲 + 𝐱 − 𝐱𝐲 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐱
Solution:
Given y 2 + x 3 − xy + cosy = 0
dy d dy
⇒ 2y dx + 3x 2 − dx (xy) − siny dx = 0
dy dy
⇒ (2y − siny) dx + 3x 2 − (x dx + y × 1) = 0
dy
⇒ (2y − siny − x) dx + 3x 2 − y = 0
dy
⇒ (2y − siny − x) = y − 3x 2
dx
dy y−3x2
⇒ =
dx 2y−siny−x
 IV.Successive Differentiation
The process of differentiating a given function again and again is called as successive
differentiation and the results of such differentiation are called successive derivatives.
Notations:
dy d 2 y d 3 y th
dny
i) , , ,....... n order derivative: n
dx dx 2 dx 3 dx
ii) f ′(x) , f ′′(x) , f ′′′(x),…..., nth order derivative: f n
x 
iii) Dy,D2y,D3y……., nth order derivative: Dny
iv) y′ , y′′ , y′′′ ,……, nth order derivative: y(n)
v) y1,y2,y3,……..,nth order derivative: yn

Problems
d2y dy
1. If y=sin(sinx), prove that 2
+ tan x + y cos 2 x  0
dx dx
Solution:
Given y=sin(sinx)…………………(1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to x we get,
dy
= cos(sinx).cosx………………..(2)
dx
Differentiating (2) with respect to x we get,
d2y
=cos(sinx)(-sinx)+cosx(-sin(sinx).cosx) [Product Rule]
dx 2
d2y
= -sinxcos(sinx) – cos2xsin(sinx)……………..(3)
dx 2
Therefore,
d2y dy
2
+ tan x + y cos 2 x  -sinxcos(sinx) – cos2xsin(sinx) +(tanx) cos(sinx).cosx +y cos2x
dx dx
= - sinxcos(sinx) – y cos2x + sinxcos(sinx) + y cos2x

=0
d2y
2.If x = a(cost + tsint), y = a(sint – tcost), find
dx 2
Solution:
 a sin t  t cos t  sin t   at cos t.
dx
dt
 acos t  t sin t  cos t   at sin t.
dy
dt
dy
dy dt at sin t
   tan t.
dx dx at cos t
dt
d y d  dy  d  dy  dt
2
sec 2 t 1
       .
dx 2
dx  dx  dt  dx  dx at cos t at cos 3 t
 d2y h 2  ab
3. If ax  2hxy  by  1 then prove that 
2 2

dx 2 hx  by 3
Solution:
Given ax  2hxy  by  1 …………………………(1)
2 2

Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x,we get,

 dy  dy
2ax  2h x  y   2by  0
 dx  dx
dy  ax  hy 
Then ,  …………………………(2)
dx hx  by 
Differentiating (2) with respect to x again,we get,

hx  by  a  h dy   ax  hy h  b dy 

 dx   dx 
2
d y

dx 2 hx  by 2
h 2
 ab y   dy 2

h  ab x  h 2

 dy 
 ab  y  x 
 dx   dx 
hx  by 2 hx  by 2

h 2 
 ab  y  x
ax  hy  
   
hx  by   h 2  ab ax 2  by 2  2hxy


hx  by 2 hx  by 3
d2y h 2  ab
Thus,  (from(1))
dx 2 hx  by 3
nth derivative of some standard functions:

S.No Y=f(x) dny

yn  n
 Dn y
dx
1. e mx m n e mx
2. ax  b m mm  1m  2.........m  n  1a n ax  b 
mn

3. 1  1n n!a n
ax  b ax  b n1
4. log ax  b  1n1 n  1!a n
ax  b n
5. sin ax  b  n 
a n sin   ax  b 
 2 
6. cosax  b  n 
a n cos  ax  b 
 2 
 3
4. Find yn, where y 
( x  1)( 2 x  1)
Solution:
Resolving into partial fractions,
2 1
y 
2x 1 x  1
2 1 2 n n!  1 n!
n n
 yn  
2 x  1n1 x  1n1
5. Find the nth derivative of log(9x2-1).
Solution:
Let y  log( 9 x  1)  log 3x  13x  1
2

 log 3x  1  log 3x  1

dn dn
Then y n  log 3x  1  n log 3x  1
dx n dx

 yn 
 1n1 n  1!3n   1n1 n  1!3n
3x  1n 3x  1n
7 x 5
6. Find yn, where y  e
Solution:
7 x 5
Let y  e
d n 7 x 5

d n 5 7x
    
n
5 d
Then y n  n e  n e e e n
e7x
dx dx dx
 yn  e 7 e
5 n 7x

Leibnitz formula for the nth derivative of a product

If u and v are functions of x,then
D n uv   u n v  nc1u n1v1  nc2u n2 v2  ........  ncr u nr vr  .......  uvn
Problems
2
7. Find the nth differential coefficient of x log x
Solution:
Take u=logx , v = x2
d n1 d n2
dn 2
x 
log x 
dn

log x x 2
 nc log x  d 2
x  nc   log x  d2 2
 
x
dx n1 dx n2
1 2
dx n dx n dx dx 2
( since all the other terms are zero)


 1n1 n  1! x 2  n 1n2 n  2!2 x   nn  1 1n3 n  3!2
x n x n1 2 x 
n2
 2 1 n  3!
n2

x n2
1 1
8. If y = x2ex, show that y n  n(n  1) y 2  n(n  2) y1  (n  1)( n  2) y where yn stands for
2 2
dny
dx n

Solution:
Take u =ex ,v = x2
d n1 x d n2
yn  
dn 2 x
x e  
dn x 2
e x   
nc e   d 2
 
x  nc2 n 2 e x 
d2 2
x 
dx n1
1
dx n dx n dx dx dx 2
( since all the other terms are zero)
 y n  e x x 2  2nxe x  nn  1e x

Now,
y1  x 2 e x  2 xex , y2  x 2 e x  4 xex  2e x

 nn  1 y 2  nn  2 y1  n  1n  2 y 

1 1 
nn  1 x 2 e x  4 xex  2e x 
2 2 2


 nn  2 x 2 e x  2 xex   n  1n  2x 2 e x
2
 nn  1 n  1n  2  xex 2nn  1  2nn  2  nn  1e x
 x 2e x   nn  2  
 2 2
=yn on simplification.
V. Partial Differentiation
Consider z = f(x, y), here z is a function of two independent variables x and y. z can be
differentiated with respect to x or y but when we are differentiating z with respect to x (or y ) we
must keep the variable y (or x ) as a constant.

Notations:
Let z=f(x,y)
First order partial derivatives of f(x, y) with respect to x and y.
∂f ∂f
= fx , = fy
∂x ∂y
Second order partial derivatives of f(x, y) with respect to x and y
∂2 f ∂2 f
= fxx , = fyy
∂x2 ∂y2
Second order mixed partial derivatives of f(x, y)
∂2 f ∂2 f
= fxy, = fyx
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Problems:
𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮
1. If u = 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐲 𝟑 + 𝟑𝐱𝐲, find 𝛛𝐱
, 𝛛𝐲
Solution: Given If u = x 3 + y + 3xy 3
∂u ∂u
∂x
= 3x 2 + 3y , ∂y = 3y 2 + 3x
𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝟑
2. If u = log (𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐳 𝟑 − 𝟑𝐱𝐲𝐳), show that 𝛛𝐱
+ 𝛛𝐲 + 𝛛𝐳
= (𝐱 +𝐲 +𝐳)
 Solution: u = log (x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz)
∂u 1
∂x
= x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz 3x 2 − 3yz ,
∂u 1
∂y
= x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz 3y 2 − 3xz,
∂u 1
∂z
= x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz 3z 2 − 3xy
∂u ∂u ∂u 3x2 +3y2 +3z2 −3yz−3xz−3xy
Now ∂x + ∂y + ∂z = x3 + y3 + z3 −3xyz
3(x2 + y2 + z2 −xy−yz−zx ) 3
= (x+y+z)(x2 + y2 + z2 −xy−yz−zx ) = x+y+z
𝟐 𝟐
3. 𝐈𝐟 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 + 𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱, then find its all first and 2nd order partial derivatives.
Solution: Given f(x, y) = x 2 sin y + y 2 cos x
fx = 2x sin y − y 2 sin x; fy = x 2 cos y + 2y cos x.
fxx = 2 sin y − y 2 cos x; fyy = −x 2 sin y + 2 cos x;
fxy = 2x cos y − 2y sin x; fyx = 2x cos y − 2y sin x.
𝐲
4. If 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝟏𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬.
y 1 –y y logx
Solution: fx = + logx ( )= (1 − logx), fy = ,
x x x2 x2 x
y 1 2y y y
fxx = (− x ) − (1 − log x) = x3 (−1 − 2 (1 − log x )) = (log x −3);
x2 x3 x3
1 1 1 1 1
fyy = 0, fyx = (1 − log x); fxy = x x – x2 log x = x2 (1 − log x).
x2
𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮
5. Find , ,
𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐳
for 𝐮 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛𝐲 + 𝐜𝐳)
Solution:
∂u
∂x
= a cos(ax + by + cz)
∂u
= b cos(ax + by + cz)
∂x
∂u
∂x
= c cos(ax + by + cz)

VI. Euler’s Theorem for Homogeneous Functions

A homogenous function of degree n of the variables x, y, z is a function in which each term has
degree n. For example, the function f (x, y, z) = Ax3 + By3 + Cz3 + Dxy2 + Exz2 + Fyz2 + Gyx2 +
Hzx2 + Izy2 + Jxyz, is a homogeneous function of x, y, z, in which all terms are of degree three.
Note:
A function f(x ,y) of two independent variables x and y is said to be homogeneous in x and y of
degree n if f(tx, ty) = t n f(x, y)for any positive quantity t.

Euler’s theorem:
1). If f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n, then
∂f ∂f
x ∂x + y ∂y = nf

2). If f(x, y, z) is a homogeneous function of degree n, then

∂f ∂f ∂f
x ∂x + y ∂y + z ∂z = nf

Result: If z is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n and z=f(u) then

∂u ∂u f(u)
(i). x ∂x + y ∂y = n f′(u)

Problems on Euler’s theorem

1. Verify Euler’s theorem when 𝐮 = 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐳 𝟑 + 𝟑𝐱𝐲𝐳
Solution:
Given u = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz
Now tu = (tx)3 + (ty)3 + (tz)3 + 3txtytz
= t 3 (x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz) = t 3 u
Therefore u is a homogeneous function of degree 3.
∂u
∂x
= 3x 2 + 3yz
∂u
∂y
= 3y 2 + 3xz
∂u
∂z
= 3z 2 + 3xy
∂f ∂f ∂f
Therefore x +y + z = x(3x 2 + 3yz) + y(3y 2 + 3xz) + z(3z 2 + 3xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3x 3 + 3y 3 + 3z 3 + 9xyz
= 3(x 3 + x 3 + 3xy) = 3u
Hence Euler’s theorem is verified.
𝐲 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮
2. If 𝐮 = 𝐱𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝐱), then prove that 𝐱 𝛛𝐱 + 𝐲 𝛛𝐲 = 𝐧𝐮
Solution:
y
Given u = xlog (x)
u is a homogeneous function of degree 1.
∂u ∂u
Therefore by Euler’s theorem x ∂x + y ∂y = 1 × u = u
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱−𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟
3. If (𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐱𝐲 + 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐
, then prove that 𝐱 𝛛𝐱 + 𝐲 𝛛𝐲 + 𝟐𝐟 = 𝟎

Solution:
1 1 logx−logy
f(x, y) = 2 + + 2 2
x xy x +y
1 1 logtx−logty
Now f(tx, ty) = (tx)2 + txty + (tx)2 +(ty)2
tx
1 1 log
= + + 2 2 ty 2
t2 x2 2
t xy t (x +y )

1 1 1 logx−logy
= t2 (x2 + xy + x2 +y2
)

1 1 logx−logy
= t −2 ( 2 + + 2 2 )
x xy x +y
Therefore f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree -2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
By Euler’s theorem , 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + y 𝜕𝑦 = −2𝑓
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
⇒𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + y 𝜕𝑦 + 2𝑓 = 0
𝐱 𝟑 +𝐲 𝟑 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮
4. If u = t𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝐱−𝐲
), show that 𝐱 𝛛𝐱
+ 𝐲 𝛛𝐲
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐮
x3 +y3
Solution: Given u = tan−1 ( x−y
)
x3 +y3
⇒ tanu = ( x−y
)
x3 +y3
Let z = tanu = ( x−y )
And z is a homogeneous function of order 2.
 ∂u ∂u f(u)
We know that x ∂x + y ∂y = n f′(u)
Here f(u) = tanu
⇒ f ′ (u) = sec 2 u
Therefore by the result,
∂u ∂u tanu sinu
x ∂x + y ∂y = 2 sec2 u = 2 cosu × cos2 u
= 2sinu × cosu = sin2u
(Or)
∂z ∂z
By Euler’s theorem, x + y = nz
∂x ∂y
2 ∂u 2 ∂u
⇒ xsec u + ysec u = 2z
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
⇒ xsec 2 u + ysec 2 u = 2tanu
∂x ∂y
1 ∂u 1 ∂u sinu
⇒ x cos2 u ∂x + y cos2 u ∂y = 2 cosu
1 ∂u 1 ∂u sinu
⇒ x cosu ∂x + y cosu ∂y = 2 1
∂u ∂u
⇒ x ∂x + y ∂y = 2sinu cosu = sin 2u.

All the best

 Questions
Unit II - Differential Calculus
Part A
dy
1. Find given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2x CO1(L1)
dx
2. Find the nth derivative of e2x CO1(L1)
dy 3 2
3. Find given y = 3x CO1(L1)
dx
dy 3 − 2x
4. Find given y = CO1(L1)
dx 3 + 2x
dy
5. Find given y = (1 – 5x)6 CO1(L1)
dx
6. Find y1 given x2 – y2 – x =1 CO1(L1)
7. Recall Euler’s theorem on homogenous functions. CO1(L1)
8. Examine Euler’s theorem for the function ϕ ( x, y, z ) = axy + byz + czx CO1(L4)
9. find y1.,if y = x x CO4(L1)
x -x
10. Find y2, if y = e + e CO1(L1)

Part – B
dy y=e tan x
1. Find , given CO4(L1)
dx

2. Find y2 given y = 1 CO1(L1)

ax + b

dy y x
3. Determine if (cos x) = (sin y ) CO4(L4)
dx
4. Show that y2 – 2ay1 + (a2 + b2) y = 0, If y = eax sin bx, CO4(L2)

5. Determine the nth derivative of sin(ax+b) CO4(L4)

dy cos x
6. Show that = If y = sin x + sin x + sinx + ....∞ CO4(L2)
dx y − 1
d2y
(
7. (a). Show that 1 + x
dx 2
2 dy
)
+ x = 0. if y = log x + 1 + x 2
dx
( ) CO4(L2)

(b) Show that dy = log x . if xy = ex-y CO4(L2)

dx (1 + log x )2
dy
8. Find ,if 1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a( x − y ) If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 CO4(L2)
dx
 ∂u ∂u
9. Apply Euler’s theorem and show that x +y = − cot u , CO4(L4)
∂x ∂y
 x3 + y3 
−1
given u = cos  2 
2 
x +y 
 2 2
10. If u = log  x + y  then prove that u xx + u yy = 0 . CO4(L2)

∂u ∂u  x2 + y2 
x + y =1 u = log  
11. Show that ∂x ∂y If  x+ y  CO4(L2)
,  
𝑦𝑦
12. Examine Euler’s theorem for the function 𝑦𝑦 = tan−1 �𝑥𝑥 � CO4(L2)
2
13. Show that x y2 + xy1 + y = 0 if y = a cos log x ( ) CO4(L2)
2
( 2
)
14. Show that x y 2 − 2 xy1 + x + 2 y = 0 if y= asinx CO4(L2)

(
2
) ( 2
) ( )
15. Show that 1 − x y 2 − xy1 = 0 and 1 − x y n + 2 − 2n + 1 xy n +1 − n y n = 0
2
CO4(L2)
−1
if y = sin x
 SUBJECT NAME: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

(COMMON TO BIO GROUPS)

SUBJECT CODE: SMT1106

COURSE MATERIAL
UNIT-III INTEGRAL CALCULUS
________________________________________________________________________
Standard results

x n1
1.  x dx 
n
c n  1
n 1

1
2. x dx  log x  c

 e dx  e c
x x
3.

4.  sin x dx   cos x  c
5.  cos x dx  sin x  c

6.  tan x dx  log sec x  c

7.  cot x dx  log sin xc

8.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c

9.  cos ec x cot x dx   cos ec x  c

 sec x dx  tan x  c
2
10.

 cos ec x dx   cot x  c
2
11.

1
12.  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c

1
13.  1 x 2
dx  sin 1 x  c

1
14. x x 1 2
dx  sec 1 x  c
Problems
3
 1
1. Evaluate   x  x  dx
Solution:
3
 1  3 1 3
  x  x  dx    x  x 3  3x  x  dx

 x  x 3  3x  3x 1 dx 
3
=

 x dx   x dx  3 x dx  3 x 1 dx
3 3
=

x 4 x 2 3x 2
=    3 log x  c
4 2 2

x4 1 3x 2
=  2   3 log x  c
4 2x 2
1
2. Find  sin 2
x cos 2 x
dx

Solution:

1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx =  sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
=  sin 2 x cos 2 x dx   sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
 sec x dx   cos ec 2 x dx
2
=

= tan x  cot x  c

1
3. Evaluate 1  cos x
dx

Solution:

1 1 1  cos x
1  cos x
dx = 1  cos x

1  cos x
dx

1  cos x
=  1  cos x
2
dx =  cos ec 2 x dx   cos ec x cot x dx

=  cot x  cos ec x  c
Standard results

ax  bn1  c
 ax  b dx  if n  1
n
i.
a n  1

log ax  b   c
1 1
ii.  ax  b dx 
a

e axb
 e dx 
ax b
iii. c
a
 cosax  b 
iv.  sin ax  b  dx  a
c

sin ax  b 
v.  cosax  b dx  a
c

log secax  b 
vi.  tan ax  b  dx  a
c

log sin ax  b 

vii.  cot ax  b  dx  a
c

secax  b 
viii.  secax  b  tan ax  b  dx 
a
c

 cos ecax  b 
ix.  cos ecax  b  cot ax  b  dx 
a
c

tan ax  b 
 sec ax  b dx  c
2
x.
a
 cot ax  b 
 cos ec ax  b  dx  c
2
xi.
a

1 1 a x
xii. a 2
x 2
dx 
2a
log 
ax
c

1 1 xa
xiii. x 2
a 2
dx 
2a
log  c
xa

1 1  x
xiv. a 2
x 2
dx  tan 1    c
a a

1  x
xv.  a x2 2
dx  sin 1    c
a
 xvi.  x a
2
1
2

dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c 
xvii.  x a
2
1
2

dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c 
x 2 a2  x
xviii.  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  sin 1    c
2 a

xix.  a 2  x 2 dx 
x 2
2
a  x2 
a2
2
log x  a 2  x 2  c 
xx.  x 2  a 2 dx 
x 2
2
x  a2 
a2
2
log x  x 2  a 2  c 
Problems:
1. Evaluate

sin x

i. sin 3 x cos 2 x dx ii.  sin x  a 
dx

Solution:

i. We have  sin
3
x cos 2 x dx   sin 2 x cos 2 xsin x  dx

 1  cos x  cos x sin x  dx

2 2
=

Put t  cos x so that dt   sin x dx

 sin x cos 2 x sin x  dx    1  t  t

2 2 2
Therefore, dt

 t3 t5 
=   t 
 t 4 dt       c
2

3 5
1 1
=  cos 3 x  cos 5 x  c
3 5
ii. Put x  a  t. Then dx  dt. Therefore

sin x sin t  a 
 sin x  a 
dx   sin t
dt

sin t cos a  cos t sin a

=  sin t
dt
 
= cos a dt  sin a cot t dt 
= cos at  (sin a ) (log sin t )  c
= cos ax  a  (sin a)log sin x  a  c
= x cos a  a cos a  sin a[log sin x  a]  c

dx  x cos a  sin a log[sin x  a ]  c1

sin x

sin x  a 

where c1  a cos a  c is another arbitrary constant.

x 3 dx
2 . Evaluate  x 2
1 
3

Solution:
Put x 2  1  t
Then, 2 x dx  dt

t  1 dt
x 3 dx 2  1  1  1  dt
 x 2
1 3
  t 3
2   t2 t3 

1 1 1 
  2c
2  t 2t 

1  1 1 
  2  c

2  x  1 2 x 2  1 2  
sec 2 log x 
3. Evaluate  x
dx

Solution:

1
Put t  log x,  dt  dx
x

sec 2 log x 
  x
dx   sec 2 t dt

 tan t  c  tan log x   c

 lx  m
Integration of rational function of the type
ax  bx  c
2

2x  3
1. Evaluate  x  5x  7
2
dx
Solution:
Let 2 x  3  A2 x  5  B
Equating the Coefficients of x,
2  2 A  A 1

Equating the constant term,

3 = 5A + B
 B  35  2
2x  3
I  2 dx
x  5x  7
12 x  5  2
 2 dx
x  5x  7
2x  5 dx
 2 dx  2  2
x  5x  7 x  5x  7

Put x 2  5 x  7  t
2 x  5dx  dt
dt dx
I    2 2
t  5 3
x   
 2 4

 5
x 
tan 1  2c
2
 log t  2
3  3 
 
 2 
 2x  5 

 log x 2  5 x  7   4
tan 1    c
3  3 

5x  1
2. Evaluate  x  2 x  35
2
dx

Solution:
Let 5x+1 = A (2x-2) + B
 Equating the coefficient of x,

5
5  2A  A 
2
Equating the Constant Terms, 1 = - 2A + B
Therefore, B = 6

5x  1
I  
x  2 x  35
2

5
2 x  2  6
  22
x  2 x  35
5
  2
2 x  2 dx  6 dx
2 x  2 x  35  x  12  36
 x 1 6 

5

log x 2  2 x  35  6
1

log  c
2 2 . 6  x 1 6 
1  x7
5

 log x 2  2 x  35  log 
2

2  x 5
c

lx  m
Integration of irrational function of the type
ax 2  bx  c
2x  2
1. Evaluate  x 2  4x  7
dx

Solution:
Let 2x + 2 = A (2x + 4) + B

Equating the coefficient of x, 2A = 2  A  1

Equating the constant terms, 2 = 4 A + B  B  2

(2 x  4  2) 2x  4 2
I  x 2  4x  7
dx =  x 2  4x  7
dx -  x 2  4x  7
dx

= 2 x 2  4 x  7  2 log ( ( x  2)  ( x  2) 2  3 )  c
 1 x
2. Evaluate  1 x
dx

Solution:

1 x 1 x 1 x
 1 x
dx =  1 x 2
dx =  1 x 2
dx -  1 x2
dx

= sin-1 x + 1 x2  c

1
Integration of the function of the type
(ax  b) lx 2  mx  n

1
1. Find  (1  x) 1 x 2
dx

Solution:

1 1 dx dt
Put t ,x+1= , log ( 1+ x) = - log t , 
1 x t 1 x t

1  dt / t

(1  x) 1  x 2
dx =  2
1 
1    1
t 

 dt dt
  
1 2 2t 2  2t  1
t 1 2
1
t t
1 dt 1 dt

2
 1

2
 2
t2 t   1 1
2 t   
 2 4

1  1   1
2
1
 log  t     t      c
log 2t  1  2t  12  1  c
1
2  2   2 4 
  2  

1
where t 
1 x
 1
2. Evaluate  x x  6 x  109
2
dx

Solution:

1 1
Put t  or x 
x t
1
 dx  2 dt
t

dt

t2
I  1 1 6
  109
t t2 t
 dt
  109 t 2  6t  1
1 dt

109
 6t 1
t2  
109 109

1 dt

109
 2
 3  1 9
t    
 109  109 109
2

1 dt

109
 2
 3  10 2
t   ( )
 109  109
1  3  6t 1 
 log  t   t 
2
 c
109  109  109 109 
1
where, t 
x
a sin x  b cos x
Integrals of the type  c sin x  d cos x dx

2 sin x  3 cos x
1. Evaluate  4 sin x  5 cos x dx
Solution:
2 sin x + 3 cosx = A ( 4 sin x + 5 cos x) + B( 4 cos x – 5 sin x)
 23 2
Equating the coefficients of sin x and cos x, we get A= , B =
41 41

23 2
(4 sin x  5 cos x)  ( 4 cos x  5 sin x)
41 41
I=  4 sin x  5 cos x
dx

23 2 4 cos x  5 sin x 23 2
=
41  dx + 
41 4 sin x  5 cos x
dx =
41
x +
41
log ( 4 sin x + 5 cos x) + c.

dx
2. Evaluate  1  tan x
Solution:

dx cos x
I =  1  tan x =  cos x  sin x
dx

Cos x = A( cos x + sin x) + B(-sin x + cos x)

1 1
A = ,B=
2 2

1 1
( cos x  sin x)  ( cos x  sin x)
I = 2 2 dx
sin x  cos x

1 1 1 1
=
2  dx +
2
log (sin x + cos x) + c =
2
x +
2
log (sin x + cos x) + c

INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

S.No. Form of the Rational Function Form of the partial fraction

1. px  q A B
,a  b 
x  a  x  b  xa xb

2. px  q A

B
 x  a 2 x  a  x  a 2

3. px 2  qx  r A B C
 
x  a  x  b  x  c  xa xb xc

px 2  qx  r
4. 
x  a  x 2  bx  c
,where
 A
 2
Bx  C
x  a x  bx  c
x 2  bx  c cannot be factorized further.
Problems:

dx
1. Find  ( x  1) ( x  2)
Solution:
The Integrand is a proper rational function. So we write,

1 A B
 
( x  1)( x  2) x 1 x2

1 = A(x+2) + B(x+1)
Equating the coefficient of x-term and the constant term, we get
A+ B = 0 and 2A+B = 1
Solving we get A = 1 and B = -1

1 1 1
 
( x  1)( x  2) x 1 x2

dx dx dx
 ( x  1) ( x  2) =  (x  1)   (x  2)
= log( x+1) - log ( x+2) + c

 x 1 
= log   + c
 x2

x2  1
2: Find  x 2  5x  6dx
Solution:
Here the integrand is not a proper rational function. So we divide x2 +1 by x2 - 5x + 6

x2  1 5x  5
= 1+ 2
x  5x  6
2
x  5x  6

5x  5 A B
Now = 
x  5x  6
2
x2 x3

5x – 5 = A (x-3) + B ( x-2 )
Equating the coefficient of x-term and the constant term, we get
A + B = 5 and 3A + 2B = 5 solving we get A = -5 and B = 10
 x2  1 5 10
= 1 - 
x  5x  6
2
x2 x3

x2  1 5 10
 x 2  5 x  6dx =  dx   x  2 dx   x  3 dx
= x - 5 log (x-2) + 10 log (x-3) + c.

3x  2
3. Find  ( x  1)2
( x  3)
dx

Solution:

3x  2 A B C
=  
( x  1) ( x  3)
2
x 1 ( x  1) 2
( x  3)

3x – 2 = A ( x+1)(x+3) + B( x+3) + C(x+1)2

Equating the coefficient of x2 , x-term and the constant term, we get
A +C = 0 , 4A + B +2C =3, 3A + 3B + C = -2. Solving these equations we get

11 5  11
A = ,B = and C =
4 2 4
3x  2 11 5 11
=  
( x  1) ( x  3)
2
4( x  1) 2( x  1) 2
4( x  3)

log x  1   log x  3  c
11 5 11
=
4 2x  1 4

11  x  1  5
= log   c .
4  x  3  2 x  1

INTEGRATION BY PARTS:

 u dv  u v   v du
1. Find  xcos x dx
Solution:
Let u =x, dv =cosx dx

Then integration by parts gives,

  xcos x dx = x sin x   sin x dx
 x sin x  cos x  c

2. Find  log x dx

Solution:
Let u = logx , dv = dx

1

Then, log x dx = (log x ) x   x
x dx

= x(log x )  x  c
3. Find  x e x dx
Solution:
Let u = x , dv = exdx

 x e x dx = xe x   1e x dx = xex  e x  c

x sin 1 x
4. Find  1 x2
dx

Solution:
Let u =sin-1x , dv = x/√(1-x2)dx

For finding v,

Put t =1 – x 2 then dt = -2x dx

 dt
Then v =  2 t
=  t   1 x2


x sin 1 x
1 x 2

dx = sin 1 x  1  x 2   
1
1 x 2
 
1  x 2 dx

=  1  x 2 sin 1 x  x  c

BERNOULLI’S FORMULA

 u dv  u v  u ' v1  u '' v 2  ...

Problems

1. Solve  x 2 e x dx

Solution:

 x 2 e x dx = x 2 e x - 2x ( e x ) + 2 e x + C

2. Solve  x sin ax dx

Solution:

  cos ax    sin ax 
 x sin ax dx = x 
 a

  a
2 C


 (a x  b x  c) cos x dx
2
3. Solve

Solution:

 (a x  b x  c) cos x dx = (a x 2  b x  c) ( sin x) + ( 2 a x + b) ( -cos x) + 2a ( -sin x ) +c

2

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS:
b a
1.  a
f ( x)dx   
b
f ( x) dx

a a
2. 0
f ( x)dx  0
f (a  x) dx

a a
3. a
f ( x)dx  2 
0
f ( x) dx if f ( x) is even

 0 if f ( x) is odd
b c b
4.  a
f ( x)dx  a
f ( x) dx  c
f ( x) dx , a < c < b

2a a
5.  0
f ( x)dx  2 
0
f ( x) dx if f (2a  x)  f ( x)

 0 if f ( 2a  x )   f ( x )

 2
6.  f ( sin x) dx  2  f (sin x) dx
0 0
Problems:

2
sin x
1.Solve 
0 sin x  cos x
dx

Solution:

2
sin x
I dx (1)
0 sin x  cos x

  
sin   x 
2
 2 
  dx
   
sin   x   cos  x 
0

2  2 

2
cos x
 dx (2)
0 sin x   cos x

2
sin x  cos x 
(1)+(2)  2I   dx =
0 sin x  cos x 2


Hence I= .
4

2
2. Solve  log sin x dx
0

Solution:

2
I=  log sin x dx
0


2
=  log cos x dx ( by property 2)
0


2
2I =  ( log sin x  log cos x ) dx
0

   
2
2 2
 sin 2 x  2
= 
0
log (sin x cos x) dx =
0

 log  2  dx = log sin 2 x dx 
0
 log 2 dx
0
  
 dy   1 
=  log sin y   
 2  2
log 2 =
2  log sin y dy 
2
log 2
0 0


2 2

=
2  log sin y dy 
2
log 2
0

 
2I = I - log 2  I =  log 2 .
2 2

2
3. Solve  log ( tan x  cot x) dx
0

Solution:
 
2 2  sin x cos x 
 log ( tan x  cot x) dx =  log  cos x   dx
sin x 
0 0 
   
2  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2  1  2 2
=  log   dx =  log 
  dx = -  log sin x dx -  log cos x dx
0  sin x . cos x  0  sin x . cos x 0 0

 
= log 2 + log 2 =  log 2 .
2 2

4
4. Solve  log (1  tan x) dx
0

Solution:
 
4 4
  
I=  log (1  tan x) dx =  log 1  tan  4  x   dx
0 0  
  
4 1 tan x  4  2  4
=  log 1   dx =
1 tan x   log  1  tan x  dx =  log 2  log ( 1  tan x) dx
0  0   0


4
=  log 2 dx - I
0


2I = log 2 ,
4


I = log 2
8
 Questions

Unit III - Integral Calculus

Part A
1. List any two properties of definite integrals. CO2(L1)

2. Evaluate ∫ sin 2 3 xdx CO2(L5)

sin(log x)
3. Evaluate ∫ dx CO5(L5)
x
4. Evaluate ∫ logx dx CO5(L5)
dx
5. Evaluate ∫ CO5(L5)
a − x2
2

∫ e x dx
x
6. Evaluate CO5(L5)

Evaluate ∫ tan x dx
2
7. CO5(L5)

8. Evaluate ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx CO5(L5)
b a
9. Show that ∫
a
f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
b
CO2(L2)

π 5
2
sin x 2
10. Evaluate ∫ 5 5
dx CO2(L5)
0
sin x + cos x
2 2

1
dx
11. Evaluate ∫1+ x
0
CO2(L5)

2
12. Evaluate dx CO2(L5)
∫4+ x
0
2

∫ x 2 (1 − x ) dx.
9
13. Evaluate CO2(L5)
0

Part B
3x
1. Evaluate ∫ 1 + 2x 4
dx CO5(L5)
∞
2. Evaluate ∫ xe − x dx
2
CO2(L5)
0

dx
3. Evaluate ∫ CO5(L5)
4 + 5 cos x
3 x + 5 dx
4. Evaluate ∫ 2 CO5(L5)
x + 4x + 7
 x + 2 dx
∫e ∫ x2 + 4x − 5
3x
5. Evaluate i) sin 4x dx CO5(L5)
ii)
6. Evaluate ∫
(2 sin x + cos x ) dx CO5(L5)
3 sin x + cos x

7. Evaluate ∫
(2 sin x + cos x ) dx
CO5(L5)
3 sin x + cos x
π
4
π
8. Show that ∫ log(1 + tan x)dx =
8
log 2. CO2(L2)
0

x
9. Evaluate ∫ ( x − 2)( x + 3) dx CO5(L5)

∞
10. Evaluate 4 -x CO2(L5)
∫ x e dx
0
5 − x dx
11. .Evaluate ∫ CO5(L5)
2− x
x + 4 dx
12. .Evaluate ∫ CO5(L5)
6x − 7 − x 2

3x + 1
13. Evaluate ∫ ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 3) dx CO5(L5)

π
2
14. Evaluate ∫ log sin xdx CO2(L5)
0
a 2 − x 2 dx.
15. Evaluate ∫ CO5(L5)
x4
a

16. Show that ∫

0
x+
dx
=
a2 − x2 4
π
CO2(L5)

π
6

17. Evaluate ∫ 3cos xdx

+ 4 sin x CO2(L5)
0
 SUBJECT NAME: MATRICES, CALCULUS and SAMPLING

(COMMON TO BIO GROUPS)

SUBJECT CODE: SMTA1202

COURSE MATERIAL

UNIT- IV VECTOR CALCULUS

________________________________________________________________________

Definitions

Scalars

The quantities which have only magnitude and are not related to any direction in space are
called scalars. Examples of scalars are (i) mass of a particle (ii) pressure in the atmosphere (iii)
temperature of a heated body (iv) speed of a train.

Vectors

The quantities which have both magnitude and direction are called vectors.

Examples of vectors are (i) the gravitational force on a particle in space (ii) the velocity at any
point in a moving fluid.

Scalar point function

If to each point p(x,y,z) of a region R in space there corresponds a unique scalar f(p) then f is
called a scalar point function.

Example

The temperature distribution in a heated body, density of a body and potential due to a gravity.

Vector point function

 
If to each point p(x,y,z) of a region R in space there corresponds a unique vector f ( p ) then f is
called a vector point function.

Example

The velocity of a moving fluid, gravitational force.

Scalar and vector fields

When a point function is defined at every point of space or a portion of space, then we say that
a field is defined. The field is termed as a scalar field or vector field as the point function is a
scalar point function or a vector point function respectively.
Vector Differential Operator ( )

The vector differential operator Del, denoted by  is defined as

     
i  j k
x y z

Gradient of a scalar point function

Let  ( x, y, z ) be a scalar point function defined in a region R of space. Then the vector point
     
function given by   (i j  k )
x y z

     
i j k is defined as the gradient of  and denoted by
x y z

grad 

Directional Derivative (D.D)

The directional derivative of a scalar point function  at point (x,y,z) in the direction of a vector

 a
a is given by D.D =  .  (or) D.D =  . â
a

The unit normal vector


The unit vector normal to the surface  ( x, y, z ) = c is given by n̂ 


Angle between two surfaces

1 . 2
Angle between the surfaces 1 ( x, y, z)  c1 and 2 ( x, y, z)  c2 is given by cos  
1  2

Problems

1) Find  if  ( x, y, z )  xy  y 2 z at the point (1,1,1)

Solution:

     
  (i j  k )
x y z
      
  ( i  j  k )( xy  y 2 z )
x y z

     
i ( xy  y 2 z )  j ( xy  y 2 z )  k ( xy  y 2 z )
x y z
  
 yi  ( x  2 yz ) j  y 2 k
  
   yi  ( x  2 yz ) j  y 2 k .
  
At (1,1,1),   i (1)  j (1  (2)(1)(1))  k (1)
2

  
= i  j k

2) Find  if  ( x, y, z )  x 2 y  2 xz 2  8 at the point (1,0,1)

Solution:

     
  ( i  j  k )
x y z

     
  ( i  j  k )( x 2 y  2 xz 2  8)
x y z
  2   2  
i ( x y  2 xz 2  8)  j ( x y  2 xz 2  8)  k ( x 2 y  2 xz 2  8)
x y z
  
 (2 xy  2 z )i  ( x ) j  4 xzk
2 2

  2 
At (1,0,1),   i (2(1)(0)  2(1 ))  j (1 )  k 4(1)(1)
2

  
= 2 i  j  4k

3) Find the unit normal vector to the surface  ( x, y, z )  x 2 yz 3

at the point (1,1,1)

Solution:

     
  ( i  j  k )
x y z

        2 3   2 3  
  ( i  j  k )( x 2 yz 3 )  i ( x yz )  j ( x yz )  k ( x 2 yz 3 )
x y z x y z
   
 2 xyz 3 i  x 2 z 3 j  3 x 2 yz 2 k
  2 3  2
At(1,1,1),   i 2(1)(1)(1)  j (1 )(1 )  k 3(1 )(1)(1 )
2

  
= 2 i  j  3k

  2 2  12  32

= 14


Unit normal to the surface is n̂ 

  
2i  j  3k
nˆ 
14

4) Find the unit normal vector to the surface  ( x, y, z )  x 2  y 2  z

at the point (1,-1,-2)

Solution:

     
  ( i  j  k )
x y z

     
  ( i  j  k )( x 2  y 2  z )
x y z
  2    
i ( x  y 2  z)  j ( x 2  y 2  z)  k ( x 2  y 2  z)
x y z
  
 2 xi  2 yj  k
  
At (1,-1,-2),   i 2(1)  j 2(1)  k
  
= 2i  2 j  k

  2 2   2   1  3
2 2


Unit normal to the surface is n̂ 

  
2i  2 j  k
nˆ 
3
5) Find the angle between the surfaces xyz and x 3 yz at the point (1,1,-2)

Solution:

Given the surface 1 ( x, y, z)  xyz

     
1  (i  j  k )1
x y z

     
1  (i  j  k )( xyz)
x y z

     
i ( xyz)  j ( xyz)  k ( xyz)
x y z
  
 yzi  xzj  xyk
     
At(1,1,-2), 1  i (1)( 2)  j (1)( 2)  (1)(1)k  2i  2 j  k

1   22   22  12

=3

Given the surface  2 ( x, y, z )  x 3 yz

     
 2  (i  j  k ) 2
x y z

     
 2  (i  j  k )( x 3 yz )
x y z

  3    
i ( x yz )  j ( x 3 yz )  k ( x 3 yz )
x y z
  
 3 x 2 yzi  x 3 zj  x 3 yk

     
At (1,1,-2),  2  i 3(1 )(1)( 2)  j (1 )( 2)  (1 )(1)k  6i  2 j  k
2 3 3

 2   62   22  12  41

1 . 2
Angle between the surfaces is given by cos  
1  2
     
(2i  2 j  k ).( 6i  2 j  k )

3 41
 12  4  1 17
 
3 41 3 41
 17 
   cos 1  
 3 41 

6) Find the angle between the normal to the surface xy - z2 at the point (1,4,-2) and

(1,2,3)

Solution:

     
  ( i  j  k )
x y z

           
  ( i  j  k )( xy  z 2 )  i ( xy  z 2 )  j ( xy  z 2 )  k ( xy  z 2 )
x y z x y z
  
 yi  xj  2 zk
  
At (1,4,-2),  1 i (4)  j (1)  2(2)k
  
= 4i  j  4k

  4 2  12  4 2

= 33
  
At (1,2,3),  2 i (2)  j (1)  2(3)k
  
= 2i  j  6k

  2 2  12   6
2

= 41

1 . 2
Angle between the surfaces is given by cos  
1  2
     
(4i  j  4k ).( 2i  j  6k )

33 41
 8  1  24  15
 
33 41 33 41
  15 
   cos 1  
 33 41 

7) Find the directional derivative of  ( x, y, z )  xy 2  yz 3 at the point (2,-1,1) in the

  
direction of i  2 j  2k

Solution:

     
  ( i  j  k )
x y z

           
  ( i  j  k )( xy 2  yz 3 )  i ( xy 2  yz 3 )  j ( xy 2  yz 3 )  k ( xy 2  yz 3 )
x y z x y z
  
 y 2 i  (2 xy  z 3 ) j  3 yz 2 k
 2  
At (2,-1,1),   i (1 )  j (2(2)( 1)  1 )  3(1)(1 )k
3 2

  
= i  3 j  3k
  
To find the directional derivative of  in the direction of the vector i  2 j  2k
find the unit vector along the direction

    
a  i  2 j  2k  a  12  2 2  2 2  3

 a

Directional derivative of in the direction a at the point (2,-1,1) =  . 
a
  
   (i  2 j  2 k )
= (i  3 j  3k ).
3

1  6  6  11
= 
3 3 units.

8) Find the directional derivative of  ( x, y, z )  xyz  yz 2 at the point (1,1,1) in the

  
direction of i  j  k

Solution:

     
  ( i  j  k )
x y z
            
  ( i  j  k )( xyz  yz 2 )  i ( xyz  yz 2 )  j ( xyz  yz 2 )  k ( xyz  yz 2 )
x y z x y z
  
 yzi  ( xz  z ) j  ( xy  2 yz )k
2

  
At (1,1,1),   i (1)(1)  j ((1)(1)  1 )  ((1)(1)  2(1)(1)) k
2

  
= i  2 j  3k
  
To find the directional derivative of  in the direction of the vector i  j  k
find the unit vector along the direction

    
a  i  j  k  a  12  12  12  3

 a
Directional derivative of  in the direction a at the point (1,1,1) =  . 
a
  
   (i  j  k )
= (i  2 j  3k ).
3

1 2  3 6
= 
3 3 units.

Divergence of a differentiable vector point function F
 
The divergence of a differentiable vector point function F is denoted by div F and is defined by

        
div F =   F  (i j  k )F
x y z

            
= (i  j  k )  ( F1i  F2 j  F3 k ) F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k
x y z

F1 F2 F3

=  
x y z

Curl of a vector point function

 
The curl of a differentiable vector point function F is denoted by curl F and is defined by
         
Curl F =   F  (i  j  k ) F
x y z
   
If F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k , then

  
i j k
   
Curl F =
x y z
F1 F2 F3

Vector Identities
 
Let  be a scalar point function and U and V be vector point functions. Then
 
(1)   (U  V )    U    V
 
(2)   (U  V )    U    V
  
(3)   (U )    U    U
  
(4)   (U )    U    U
     
(5)   (U  V )  V  (  U )  U  (  V )
         
(6)   (U  V )  (  V )U  (  U )V  U (V  )  V (U  )
         
(7) (U  V )  (  V )U  (  U )V  U  (  V )  (  U )  V

Solenoidal and Irrotational vectors

 
A vector point function is solenoidal if div F = 0 and it is irrotational if curl F = 0.

Note:

If F is irrotational, then there exists a scalar function called Scalar Potential  such that

F = 

Problems
     
1) Find div r and curl r if r  xi  yj  zk

Solution:

        
div r =   r  (i j  k )r
x y z
         
= (i j  k )  ( xi  yj  zk )
x y z

x y z
=    3.
x y z
  
i j k
   
Curl r =
x y z
x y z
  
= i (0  0)  j (0  0)  k (0  0)  0 .
   
2) Find the divergence and curl of the vector V  xyzi  3xy j  ( xz  y z )k at the point
2 2 2

(1,-1,1)

Solution:
   
Given V  xyzi  3xy j  ( xz  y z )k
2 2 2

        
div V =   V  (i  j  k ) V
x y z

        
j  k )  ( xyzi  3xy j  ( xz  y z )k )
2 2 2
= (i
x y z

( xyz) (3xy 2 ) ( xz 2  y 2 z )
=  
x y z

= yz+6xy+2xz-y2

At (1,-1,1),   V  (1).1  6(1)( 1)  2(1)(1)  (1)
2

= -1-6+2-1 = -6.

        
Curl V =   V  (i  j  k ) V
x y z
  
i j k
  
=
x y z
xyz 3xy 2 xz  y 2 z
2
         
= i( ( xz 2  y 2 z )  (3xy 2 ))  j ( ( xz 2  y 2 z )  ( xyz))  k ( (3xy 2 )  ( xyz)) .
y z x z x y
  
= i (2 yz )  j ( z  yx)  k (3 y  xz) .
2 2

   
At (1,-1,1),   V  i (2(1)(1))  j (1  (1)(1))  k ((3(1)  1(1))
2 2

  
= 2 i  2 j  2k
   
3) Find the constants a, b, c so that F  ( x  2 y  ax)i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z )k is
irrotational.

Solution:

Given   F  0

  
i j k
  
 0
x y z
( x  2 y  az ) (bx  3 y  z ) (4 x  cy  2 z )

      
i
 y( ( 4 x  cy  2 z )  (bx  3 y  z ))  j ( (4 x  cy  2 z )  ( x  2 y  az )  
z x z
   0.
   
k ( x (bx  3 y  z )  y ( x  2 y  az ) 
 
  
 i (c  1)  j (4  a)  k (b  2)  0 .

c+1 = 0, 4-a = 0, b-2 = 0

Hence c = -1, a = 4, b = 2.
   
4) Prove that F  (2 x  yz )i  (4 y  zx ) j  (6 z  xy)k is both solenoidal

and irrotational.

Solution:

       
  F  (i  j  k ) V
x y z
         
= (i j  k )  (( 2 x  yz )i  (4 y  zx ) j  (6 z  xy)k )
x y z

 (2 x  yz )  (4 y  zx )  (6 z  xy)
=  
x y z

= 2+4-6 = 0 for all points (x,y,z)


 F is solenoidal vector.
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
2 x  yz 4 y  zx  (6 z  xy)

      
i
 y( (  ( 6 z  xy))  ( 4 y  zx ))  j ( ((6 z  xy))  (2 x  yz )  
z x z
 
   
k ( x (4 y  zx )  y (2 x  yz ) 
 
  
 i ( x  x)  j ( y  y )  k ( z  z )  0 for all points (x,y,z)

 F is irrotational vector.
   
5) Prove that F  ( y  z  3 yz  2 x)i  (3xz  2 xy) j  (3 xy  2 xz  2 z )k is both
2 2

solenoidal and irrotational and find its scalar potential.

Solution:

       
  F  (i  j  k )F
x y z

        
j  k )  (( y  z  3 yz  2 x)i  (3xz  2 xy) j  (3xy  2 xz  2 z )k )
2 2
= (i
x y z

( y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x) (3xz  2 xy)  (3xy  2 xz  2 z )

=  
x y z

= -2+2x-2x+2 = 0 for all points (x,y,z)


 F is solenoidal vector.
   
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
( y  z  3 yz  2 x) (3xz  2 xy) (3xy  2 xz  2 z )
2 2

      2 
i ( y (3xy  2 xz  2 z )  z (3xz  2 xy))  j ( x (3xy  2 xz  2 z )  z ( y  z  3 yz  2 x)  
2

 
   2 
k ( x (3xz  2 xy)  y ( y  z  3 yz  2 x)
2

 
  
 i (3x  3x)  j (3 y  2 z  2 z  3 y )  k (3z  2 y  2 y  3z )  0 for all points (x,y,z)

 F is irrotational vector.
 
Since F is irrotational, F = 

        
 ( y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x)i  (3xz  2 xy) j  (3xy  2 xz  2 z )k  i  j k
x y z
  
Equating the coefficients of i , j , k , we get


 y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x …………………………………………………………..…..…(1)
x


 3 xz  2 xy ……………………………………………………………………..……...(2)
y


 3 xy  2 xz  2 z …………………………………………………………………..……(3)
z
Integrating (1) with respect to ‘x’ treating ‘y’ and ‘z’ as constants, we get

x2 ……………………………………………………(4)
  xy  xz  3xyz  2
2 2
 f ( y, z )
2

Integrating (2) with respect to ‘y’ treating ‘x’ and ‘z’ as constants, we get

xy2 ………………………………………………………….………(5)
  3xyz  2  f ( x, z )
2
Integrating (3) with respect to ‘z’ treating ‘x’ and ‘y’ as constants, we get

z2 z2 …………………………………………………………..(6)
  3xyz  2 x  2  f ( x, y )
2 2

Hence from equations (4), (5), (6), we get

  3xyz  xy2  xz 2  x 2  z 2  c
   
6) Prove that F  3x y i  (2 x y  cos z ) j  y sin zk
2 2 3
is irrotational and find its scalar
potential.

Solution:
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
3x 2 y 2 2 x y  cos z 
3
y sin z

      2 2 
i ( y ( y sin z )  z (2 x y  cos z ))  j ( x ( y sin z )  z (3 x y )) 
3

 
   
k ( x (2 x y  cos z )  y (3 x y ))
3 2 2

 
  
 i ( sin z  ( sin z ))  j (0  0)  k (6 x 2 y  6 x 2 y )  0 for all points (x,y,z)

 F is irrotational vector.
 
Since F is irrotational, F = 

        
3x 2 y 2 i  (2 x 3 y  cos z ) j  y sin zk  i  j k
x y z
  
Equating the coefficients of i , j , k , we get


 3 x 2 y 2 …………………………………………………………..…..…(1)
x


 2 x 3 y  cos z ……………………………………………………………………..……...(2)
y
 …………………………………………………………………..……(3)
  y sin z
z
Integrating (1) with respect to ‘x’ treating ‘y’ and ‘z’ as constants, we get

x3 y 2 ……………………………………………………(4)
 3  f ( y, z )
3

Integrating (2) with respect to ‘y’ treating ‘x’ and ‘z’ as constants, we get

x3 y 2 ………………………………………………………….………(5)
 2  y cos z  f ( x, z )
2

Integrating (3) with respect to ‘z’ treating ‘x’ and ‘y’ as constants, we get

  y cos z  f ( x, y ) …………………………………………………………..(6)

Hence from equations (4), (5), (6), we get

  x 3 y 2  y cos z  c
 Questions

Unit IV - Vector Calculus

Part-A
1. Find the directional derivative of x2 + 2xy at (1, –1, 3) in the direction CO2(L1)
of x axis

2. Find ∇ φ if φ = x3 y2 z4. CO2(L1)

2 2 2
3. Show that ∇ u = 0 if u = x – y CO2(L2)

4. �⃗ at (2,-1,1)
Find div 𝐹𝐹⃗ , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑘𝑘 CO2(L1)

5. Define gradient of a vector. CO2(L1)

6. �⃗
Find curl 𝐹𝐹⃗ , If 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝚥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑘𝑘 CO2(L1)
     
7. Show that curl 𝐹𝐹⃗ = �0⃗, if ∇.(u × v ) = v.(∇ × u ) − u .(∇ × v) = z i +x j +y k, CO2(L2)

8. Show Curl (gradφ) = �0⃗. CO2(L2)

∧ ∧ ∧
9. Find the value of ‘a’ so that the vector F = ( x + 3 y ) i + (ay − 3z ) j + ( x = 3z ) k
is solenoidal CO2(L2)
     
10. Show that ∇.(u × v ) = v.(∇ × u ) − u .(∇ × v) CO2(L2)

Part-B

1. Find the maximum directional derivative of 𝐹𝐹 = 2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 𝑦𝑦 2 + 5 𝑧𝑧 2 CO2(L2)

at (1,1,-4).
2. Find the angle between two surfaces Z = x3 + y3 – 3 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 CO2(L2)
at (2, -1, 2).

3. Show that the vector 𝐹𝐹⃗ = (3x 2 + 2y 2 + 1)�⃗𝚤𝚤 + (4xy – 3𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2 – 3)𝚥𝚥⃗ CO2(L2)
�⃗ is irrotational and find its scalar potential.
+ (2 − 𝑦𝑦 3 ) 𝑘𝑘

4. Find the constant c so that���⃗𝐹𝐹 is irrotational CO2(L2)

�⃗
Given𝐹𝐹⃗ = (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑧𝑧 )𝚤𝚤⃗ + (𝑐𝑐 − 2)𝑥𝑥 2 𝚥𝚥⃗ + (1 − 𝑐𝑐)𝑥𝑥𝑧𝑧 2 𝑘𝑘
3

5. �⃗
Show that ∇2 r n = n(n + 1)r n−2 where 𝑟𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑥𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝑦𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 CO2(L2)
2 2
6. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x − y + z = 2 at (1,1,2) CO2,L2)

7. Find (a) ∇. 𝐹𝐹⃗ (b) ∇. (∇. 𝐹𝐹⃗ ) (c) ∇ × (∇. 𝐹𝐹⃗ ) (d) (∇ × 𝐹𝐹⃗ ) (e) ∇. (∇ × 𝐹𝐹⃗ ) CO2(L2)
 (f) ∇ × �∇ × 𝐹𝐹⃗ � at the point (1,1,1), if 𝐹𝐹⃗ = (x2 – y2 + 2xz)ı⃗ + (xz – xy + yz)𝚥𝚥⃗ +
�⃗
(𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 )𝑘𝑘
𝑟𝑟⃗
8. �⃗ and r = |r⃗ |,
show that 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑟𝑟 3� = 0, if 𝑟𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑥𝚤𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝑦𝚥𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 CO2(L2)

9. Find the constants a,b,c so that CO2(L1)

   
f = (x + 2 y + az )i + (bx − 3 y − z ) j + (4 x + cy + 2 z )k is irrotational.

  3   2 
  2 
10. Show that F =  6 xy + z i +  3 x − z  j +  3 xz − y k is irrotational CO2(L2)
     

vector and find the Scalar potential function φ such that F = ∇ φ .
 SUBJECT NAME: MATRICES, CALCULUS and SAMPLING

(COMMON TO BIO GROUPS)

SUBJECT CODE: SMTA 1202

COURSE MATERIAL

UNIT- V THEORY OF SAMPLING AND TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

________________________________________________________________________

Population: The group of individuals, under study is called population.

Sample: A finite subset of statistical individuals in a population is called Sample.
Sample size: The number of individuals in a sample is called the Sample size.
Parameters and Statistics: The statistical constants of the population are referred as
Parameters and the statistical constants of the Sample are referred to as Statistics.
Standard Error: The standard deviation of sampling distribution of a statistic is known as
its standard error and is denoted by (S.E)
Test of Significance: It enables us to decide on the basis of the sample results if the
deviation between the observed sample statistic and the hypothetical parameter value is
significant or the deviation between two sample statistics is significant.
Null Hypothesis: A definite statement about the population parameter which is usually a
hypothesis of no-difference and is denoted by Ho.
Alternative Hypothesis: Any hypothesis which is complementary to the null hypothesis is
called an Alternative Hypothesis and is denoted by H1.
if µ = µ0 is the null hypothesis H0 then, the alternate hypothesis H1 could be µ > µ0 (Right
tail) or µ < µ0 (Left tail) or µ  µ0 (Two tail test)
Errors in Sampling: Type I and Type II errors.
Type I error: Rejection of H0, when it is true.
Type II error: Acceptance of H0, when it is false.
Critical region: A region corresponding to a statistic “t” in the sample space S which leads
to the rejection of Ho is called Critical region or Rejection region.
Acceptance Region: Those regions which lead to the acceptance of Ho are called
Acceptance Region.
Level of Significance: The probability α that a random value of the statistic “t” belongs to
the critical region is known as the level of significance.
Types of samples: Small sample and Large sample. A sample is said to be a small sample
if the size is less than or equal to 30 otherwise it is a large sample.
 Large Sample
Z test for mean
Test of significance for single Mean

x 
Z , where x the sample mean, µ is is the population mean, σ is the population

n
standard deviation and n is the sample size.
Test of significance for difference of mean
 
x1  x 2  
Z , where x1 is the first sample mean, x2 is the second sample mean, n1 is the
 s 21 s 22 
  
 n1 n2 
first sample size, n2 is the second sample size, s 21 is the first sample variance and s 22 is the
second sample variance.
Confidence Limits

 
The values of x ± 1.96 are called 95% confidence limits for the mean of the population
n
 
corresponding to the given sample. The values of x ± 2.58 are called 99% confidence
n
limits for the mean of the population corresponding to the given sample.

Z test for proportions

Test of significance for single proportion

pP
Z , where P is the population proportion, Q = 1 – P, p is the sample proportion and n is
PQ
n
the sample size.
Test of significance for difference of proportion

p1  p 2
Z , where p1 is the first sample proportion, p2 is the second sample
1 1 
PQ  
 n1 n 2 
n1 p1  n2 p 2
proportion, n1 is the first sample size, n2 is the second sample size, P 
n1  n2
and Q = 1 – P
 Small Sample
t -Test of significance for single Mean

x 
t , where x the sample mean, µ is is the population mean, s is the sample standard
s
n 1
deviation and n is the sample size.

If the mean and standard deviation are not given, then the following formulae are used to
calculate

x  x  x 
2

x , s 2

n n
Degrees of freedom is n - 1
Confidence Limits

Let x be the sample mean and n be the sample size. Let s be the sample standard deviation.
 s
Then the 95 % level confidence limits are given by x ± t 0.05 . The 99 % level confidence
n 1
 s
limits are given by x ± t 0.01 .
n 1
Test of significance for difference of mean
 
x1  x 2  
Z , where x1 is the first sample mean, x2 is the second sample mean, n1 is the
1 1 
s   
 n1 n 2 
n1 s1  n2 s 2
2 2

first sample size, n2 is the second sample size, s 2  .

n1  n2  2

Degrees of freedom is n1 + n2 - 2
F test
2 2
Greater var iance S1 S2
i.e, F  if S1  S 2 (OR) F  if S 2  S1
2 2 2 2
F= 2 2
Smaller var iance S2 S1

If the sample variances s12 and s22 are given, then the following formula can be used to
calculate S12 and S22 :
n1 s12 n2 s 22
S12  S
, 22

n1  1 n2  1
 If the sample variances s12 and s22 are not given and the set of observations for both
samples are given then the following formula can be used to calculate S12 and S22

 
 x  x   y  y
2 2

S 2
 , S 2
 , where n1 is the first sample size, n2 is the second
n1  1 n2  1
1 2

 
sample size, x is the first sample mean and y is the second sample mean.

 2 test

2  
O  E 2
E
Where O is the observed frequency and E is the expected frequency.

Calculation of expected frequencies in testing independence of attributes

Expected Frequency = (Row total * Column Total) / Grand total

Explanation for the above with two classes is given below

Observed Frequencies

Total
a c a+c
b d b+d
Total a+b c+d a+b+c+d = N

Expected Frequencies

Total
a  c a  b  E(c) = a+c
E(a) =
N a  c c  d 
N
b  d a  b  E(d) = b+d
E(b) =
N c  d b  d 
N
Total a+b c+d a+b+c+d = N

Problems
1. A company manufacturing electric light bulbs claims that the average life of its
bulbs is 1600 hours. The average life and standard deviation of a random sample
of 100 such bulbs were 1570 hours and 120 hours respectively. Test the claim of
the company at 5% level of significance.
 Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0 :   1600 . There is no significant difference between sample mean
and population mean
Alternative Hypothesis H1 :   1600 . There is a significant difference between sample
mean and population mean.

x
The statistic test is Z 

n
1570  1600
Z   2.5
120
100
z  2.5
Calculated value z = 2.5
Tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance for a two tail test is 1.96
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
We cannot accept the claim of the company.

2. The breaking strength of ropes produced by a manufacturer has mean 1800N and
standard deviation 100N. By introducing a new technique in the manufacturing
process it is claimed that the breaking strength has increased. To test this claim a
sample of 50 ropes is tested and it is found that the breaking strength is 1850N.
Can we support the claim at 1% level of significance?

Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0: µ = 1800 N
Alternative Hypothesis H1: µ > 1800 N (one tailed test)

n = 50, x = 1850  =1800  = 100

x
The statistic test is Z 

n
1850  1800
Z  3.54
100
50
Calculated value z = 3.54
Tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance for a one tail test is 2.33
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
The difference is significant and so we support the claim of the manufacturer.

3. Measurements of the weights of a random sample of 200 ball bearings made by a

certain machine during one week showed a mean of 0.824N and a standard
deviation of 0.042N. Find the 95% and 99% confidence limits for the mean weight
of all the ball bearings.
 Solution:
 s
The 95% confidence limits are x ± 1.96
n

n = 200, x = 0.824 s = 0.042
 0.042 
 0.824  1.96
s
x ± 1.96   0.824  0.0058
n  200 
The 95% confidence interval is (0.8182, 0.8298)
 s
The 99% confidence limits are x ± 2.58
n
 0.042 
 0.824  2.58
s
x ± 2.58   0.824  0.0077
n  200 
The 99% confidence interval is (0.8163, 0.8317)

4. In a survey of buying habits, 400 women shoppers are chosen at random in

supermarket A. Their average weekly food expenditure is Rs.250 with standard
deviation Rs.40. For 400 women shoppers chosen at random in supermarket B,
the average weekly food expenditure is Rs.220 with standard deviation is Rs.55.
Test at 1% level of significance whether the average weekly food expenditure of
the populations of shoppers are equal.

Solution:
H0: 1   2
H1: 1   2
n1  400 n2  400 x  250 y  220 s1  40 s2  55
 s2 s2  40 2 55 2
s   1  2     3.4
 n1 n2  400 400

xy 250  220
Z   8.82
 s 1 s2 
2 2 3.4
  
 n1 n2 
Calculated value z = 8.82
Tabulated value of z at 1% level of significance for a two tailed test is 2.56
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
The difference in the weekly food expenditure is significantly different.

5. A random sample of 500 pineapples was taken from a large consignment and 65
were found to be bad. Test whether the proportion of bad ones is not significantly
different from 0.1 at 1% level of significance

Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0: P = 0.1There is no significant difference between sample and
population proportion.
 Alternative Hypothesis H1: P  0.1 There is a significant difference between sample and
population proportion.
pP
The statistic test is Z 
PQ
n
65
p=  0.13
500
P = 0.1 Q= 1 – P = 1 – 0.1= 0.9
0.13  0.1
Z  2.238
(0.1)(0.9)
500
Calculated value z = 2.238
Tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance for a two tail test is 1.96
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
The proportion of bad ones is significantly different from 0.1

6. In a sample of 1000 people, 540 were rice eaters and the rest were wheat eaters.
Can we assume that the proportion of rice eaters is more than 50% at 1% level of
significance.

Solution:
H0: P = 0.5
H1: P > 0.5 (One tailed test)
P = 0.5 Q= 1 – P = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5
540
p=  0.54
1000
pP
The statistic test is Z 
PQ
n
0.54  0.5
Z  2.532
(0.5)(0.5)
1000
Calculated value z = 2.532
Tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance for a one tail test is 2.33
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
The rice eaters are more than 50% of the population.

7. In a random sample of 900 votes, 55% are favored the Democratic candidate for
the post of the President. Test the hypothesis that the Democratic candidate has
more chances of winning the President post.

Solution:
H0: P = 0.5
H1: P > 0.5 (Right tailed test)
 P = 0.5 , Q= 1 – P = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5
55
p=  0.55
100
pP
The statistic test is Z 
PQ
n
0.55  0.5
Z 3
(0.5)(0.5)
900
Calculated value z = 3
Tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance for a one tail test is 2.33
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
The Democratic candidate is having more chances to win the President Post.

8. In a random sample of 1000 persons from town A, 400 are found to be consumers
of wheat. In a sample of 800 from town B, 400 are found to be consumers of
wheat. Do these data reveal a significant difference between town A and town B
so far as the proportion of wheat consumers is concerned?

Solution:
H0: Two towns do not differ much as far as the proportion of wheat consumption. P1 = P2
H1: P1 ≠ P2
p1  p2
The Statistic test is Z 
1 1
PQ  
 n1 n2 
400 400
p1= = 0.4 p2=  0 .5
1000 800
n p  n p 1000(0.4)  800(0.5)
P 1 1 2 2   0.444
n1  n2 1000  800
Q= 1 – P = 1 – 0.444 = 0.556
0.4  0.5 0.1
Z   4.17
 1 1  0.024
(0.444)(0.556)  
 1000 800 
Calculated value z = 4.17
Tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance for a two tail test is 1.96
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
Hence the data reveal a significant difference between town A and town B so far as the
proportion of wheat consumers is concerned.

9. In the past, a machine has produced washers having a thickness of 0.050 inch. To
determine whether the machine is in proper working order, a sample of 10
washers is chosen, for which the mean thickness is 0.053 inch and the standard
 deviation is 0.003 inch. Test the hypothesis that the machine is in proper working
order, using 5% and 1% level of significance.

Solution:
H0: µ = 0.050
H1: µ  0.050 (two tailed test)
n  10 x  0.053 s  0.003   0.050

x   0.053  0.050
The statistic test is t    3.00
s 0.003
n 1 10  1
Calculated value t = 3.00
Degree of freedom = n – 1 =10 – 1 = 9
At 5% LOS:
Tabulated value of t at 5% level of significance with 9 degrees of freedom for a two tailed
test is 2.26
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
The Machine is not in proper working order at 5% level of significance
Tabulated value of t at 1% level of significance with 9 degrees of freedom for a two tailed
test is 3.25
Calculated value < Tabulated value, H0 is accepted.
The Machine is in proper working order at 1% level of significance.

10. The specifications for a certain kind of ribbon call for a mean breaking strength of
180 pounds. If five pieces of the ribbon (randomly selected from the different rolls)
have a mean breaking strength of 169.5 pounds with a standard deviation of 5.7
pounds. Test the null hypothesis   180 pounds against the alternative
hypothesis   180 pounds at the 0.01 level of significance. Assume that the
population distribution is normal.

Solution:
H0:   180
H1:   180 (left tailed test)
n5 x  169.5 s  5.7   180

x   169.5  180
The statistic test is t    3.68
s 5 .7
n 1 5 1
Calculated value t = 3.68
Degree of freedom = n – 1 =5 – 1 = 4
Tabulated value of t at 1% level of significance with 4 degrees of freedom for a one tail
test is 3.747.
Calculated value > Tabulated value, H0 is accepted.
Hence the mean breaking strength can be taken as 180 pounds.
11. Ten individuals are chosen at random from a normal population and their heights
are found to be 63,63,66,67,68,69,70,70,71,71 inches. Test the hypothesis that the
mean height is greater than 66 inches at 5% level of significance

Solution:
H0: µ = 66
H1: µ > 66 (one tailed test)


x
 x  678  67.8
n 10

X 63 63 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 Total
(x- - 4.8 - 4.8 - 1.8 - 0.8 0.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.2
2 23.04 23.04 3.24 0.64 0.04 1.44 4.84 4.84 10.24 10.24 81.6


 x  x 
2
81.6
s 2
   8.16
n 10
s = 2.857

x   67.8  66
The statistic test is t    1.89
s 2.857
n 1 9
Calculated value t = 1.89
Degree of freedom = n – 1 =10 – 1 = 9
Tabulated value of t at 5% level of significance with 9 degrees of freedom for a one tail
test is 1.833
Calculated value >Tabulated value, H0 is rejected. Accepted H1
The Mean is significantly higher than 66 inches.

12. Two independent samples of size 8 and 7 items had the following values

Sample I 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
Sample II 10 12 10 14 9 8 10
Test if the difference between the mean is significant

Solution:
H0: 1   2 There is no significant difference between means
H1: 1   2 There is a significant difference between means


x
 x  94  11.75 y
 y  73  10.43
n 8 n 7
 2 2
x (x- y (y-
9 - 2.75 7.56 10 - 0.43 0.185
11 - 0.75 0.56 12 1.57 2.465
13 1.25 1.56 10 - 0.43 0.185
11 - 0.75 0.56 14 3.47 12.041
15 3.25 10.56 9 - 1.43 2.045
9 - 2.75 7.56 8 - 2.43 5.905
12 0.25 0.06 10 - 0.43 0.185
14 2.25 5.06
94 33.48 73 23.011


 x  x     y  y 
2 2
33.48  23.011
s 2
   4.35
n1  n2  2 872
s = 2.086

xy 11.75  10.43
The statistic test is t    1.22
1 1 1 1
s  2.086 
n1 n2 8 7
Calculated value t = 1.22
Degree of freedom = n1  n2  2 = 8 + 7 – 2 = 13
Tabulated value of t at 5% level of significance with 13 degrees of freedom for a two tail
tets is 2.16
Calculated value  Tabulated value, H0 is accepted
There is no significant difference between means.

13. The IQ of 16 students from one area of a city showed a mean of 107 with the
standard deviation 10, while the IQ of 14 students from another area showed a
mean of 112 with standard deviation 8. Is there a significant difference between
the IQ’s of the two groups at 1% and 5% level of significance?

Solution:
H0: 1   2
H1: 1   2
n1  16 n2 14 s1  10 s2  8 x  107 y  112
n1 s1  n2 s 2 1610  148
2 2 2 2
2496
s2     89.143
n1  n2  2 16  14  2 28
s = 9.44

The statistic test


xy 107  112
t   1.45
1 1  1

1
s    9.44
 n1 n2  16 14
Calculated value t = 1.45
 Degree of freedom = n1  n2  2 = 16 + 14 – 2 = 28
At 5% LOS:
Tabulated value of t at 5% level of significance with 28 degree of freedom for a two tail
test is 2.05
Calculated value  Tabulated value, H0 is accepted
There is no significant difference in the IQ level of the two groups.

At 1% LOS:
Tabulated value of t at 1% level of significance with 28 degree of freedom is 2.76
Calculated value < Tabulated value, H0 is accepted.
There is no significant difference in the IQ level of the two groups.

14. A random sample of 10 parts from machine A has a sample standard deviation of
0.014 and another sample of 15 parts from machine B has a sample standard
deviation of 0.08. Test the hypothesis that the samples are from a population with
same variance.

Solution:
H0:  12   22
H1:  12   22
n1  10 n2 15 s1  0.014 s2  0.08
10  0.014
2 2
ns
S12  1 1
  0.0002
n1  1 10  1
n 2 s 22 15  0.082
S 22    0.006
n2  1 15  1

S 22 0.006
F 2
  30
S1 0.0002

Calculated value F = 30
Tabulated Value of F at 5% level of significant with (14, 9) degrees of freedom is 3.03
Calculated value Tabulated value, H0 is rejected
There is a significant difference in the variances of two populations.

15. Two random samples drawn from two normal populations are

Sample I 20 16 26 27 23 22 18 24 25 19
Sample II 27 33 42 35 32 34 38 28 41 43 30 37

Obtain the estimates of the variances of the population and test whether the two
populations have the same variance.
 Solution:
H0:  12   22
H1:  12   22

x
 x  220  22
n 10

y
 y  420  35
n 12

2 2
x (x- y (y-
20 -2 4 27 -8 64
16 -6 36 33 -2 4
26 4 16 42 7 49
27 5 25 35 0 0
23 1 1 32 -3 9
22 0 0 34 -1 1
18 -4 16 38 3 9
24 2 4 28 -7 49
25 3 9 41 6 36
19 -3 9 43 8 64
30 -5 25
37 2 4
120 314

n1  10 n2  12

 x  x 
2
120
   13.33
2
S1
n1  1 9
y  y
2
314
   28.54
2
S2
n2  1 11

S 22 28.54
F   2.14
S12 13.33
Calculated value F = 2.14
Tabulated Value of F at 5% level of significance with (11, 9) degrees of freedom is 3.1
Calculated value  Tabulated value, H0 is accepted
There is no significant difference between variances.

16. In one sample of 8 observations the sum of squares of deviations of the sample
values from the sample mean was 84.4 and in another sample of 10 observations
it was 102.6. Test whether this difference is significant at 5% level.
 Solution:
H0:  12   22
H1:  12   22

n1  8 n2  10  x  x   84.4 y  y  102.6
2 2

2
S1 
2  x  x  
84.4
 12.057
n1  1 7
y  y
2
102.6
   11.4
2
S2
n2  1 9
S12 12.057
F 2   1.057
S2 11.4
Calculated value F = 1.057
Tabulated Value of F at 5% level of significance with (7, 9) degrees of freedom is 3.29
Calculated value  Tabulated value, H0 is accepted
There is no significant difference between variances.

17. The mean life of a sample of 9 bulbs was observed to be 1309 hrs with standard
deviation 420 hrs. A second sample of 16 bulbs chosen from a different batch
showed a mean life of 1205 hrs with a standard deviation 390 hrs. Test at 5% level
whether both the samples come from the same normal population.

Solution:
Both t-test and F-test has to be done to check whether they have come from the same
population. Fist F-test is done and the followed by t-test.
F-test:
H0:  12   22
H1:  12   22
n1  9 n2 16 s1  420 s2  390 x  1309 y  1205
9  420
2
n1 s12
S12    198450
n1  1 9 1
n2 s 22 16  3902
S  2
  162240
n2  1 16  1
2

S12 198450
F   1.223
S 22 162240

Calculated value F = 1.223

Tabulated Value of F at 5% level of significant with (15, 8) degree of freedom is 3.22
Calculated value  Tabulated value, H0 is accepted .
 t-test:
H0: 1   2
H1: 1   2

n1 s1  n2 s 2 9420  16390
2 2 2 2
4021200
s 
2
   174834.7826
n1  n2  2 9  16  2 23
s = 418.13
The statistic test

xy 1309  1205 104
t    0.596
1 1  1 1

174.22
s    418.13
 n1 n2  9 16
Calculated value t = 0.596
Degree of freedom = n1  n2  2 = 9 + 16 – 2 = 23
Tabulated value of t at 5% level of significance with 23 degree of freedom is 2.069
Calculated value  Tabulated value, H0 is accepted
Since in both F-Test and t-Test we have accepted the null hypothesis, we conclude that
the samples have come from the same normal populations.

18. A dice is tossed 120 times with the following results:

No. turned 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
up
Frequency 30 25 18 10 22 15 120

Test the hypothesis that the dice is unbiased.

Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0: The dice is an unbiased one.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: The dice is biased

O E O–E

30 20 10 100 5.00
25 20 5 25 1.25
18 20 -2 4 0.20
10 20 -10 100 5.00
22 20 2 4 0.20
15 20 -5 25 1.25
12.90

Calculated = = 12.90
Degree of freedom = n – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5
Calculated value of at 5% level of significance with 5 degree of freedom is 11.07
Tabulated value = 11.07
 Tabulated value calculated value, H0 is rejected.
The dice are biased.

19. Genetic theory states that children having one parent of blood type M and other of
blood type N will always be one of the three types M, MN, N and that the ratios of
these types will be 1:2:1. A report states that out of 300 children having one M
parent and one N parent, 30% were found to be of type M, 45% of type MN and
remainder type N. Test the hypothesis using test.

Solution:
H0: There is no significant difference between the theoretical ratio and observed ratio.
H1: There is no significant difference between the theoretical ratio and observed ratio.
If theoretical ratio is true the 300 children should be distributed as follows:
1
Type M   300  75
4
2
Type MN   300  150
4
1
Type N   300  75
4
Observed frequencies:
30
Type M   300  90
100
45
Type MN   300  135
100
25
Type N   300  75
100

Type observed Expected OE

M 90 75 15 225 3

MN 135 150 - 15 225 1.5

N 75 75 0 0 0
Total 4.5

Calculated = = 4.5
Degree of freedom = n – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2
Calculated value of at 5% level of significance with 2 degree of freedom is 5.99
Tabulated value = 5.99
Calculated value < Tabulated value, H0 is accepted
There is no significant difference between the theoretical ratio and observed ratio.
20. A certain drug was administered to 456 males, out of a total 720 in a certain
locality, to test its efficacy against typhoid. To incidence of typhoid is shown
below. Find out the effectiveness of the drug against the disease. (The table value
of for 1 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance is 3.84)

Infection No Infection Total

Administering the drug 144 312 456
Without administering the 192 72 264
drug
Total 336 384 720

Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0: The drug is independent.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: The drug is not independent
The expected frequencies are

456

≈243
≈213
264

≈123 ≈141
336 384 720

O E O–E

144 213 - 69 4761 22.35

192 123 69 4761 38.71
312 243 69 4761 19.59
72 141 - 69 4761 33.77
114.42

Calculated = = 114.42
Degree of freedom = (r – 1) (c – 1)= (2-1)(2-1) = 1
Tabulated value of at 5% level of significance with 1 degree of freedom is 3.841
Tabulated value = 3.841
Calculated value Tabulated value, H0 is rejected.
Therefore, the drug is definitely effective in controlling the typhoid.

21. A brand Manager is concerned that her brand’s share may be unevenly distributed
throughout the country. In a survey in which the country was divided into four
geographical regions, a random sampling of 100 consumers in each region was
surveyed, with the following results:
 Region
NE NW SE SW TOTAL
Purchased the 40 55 45 50 190
brand
Did not purchase 60 45 55 50 210

Using test, find out if the brand is unevenly distributed throughout the country.

Solution:
H0: There is no significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies
H1: There is a significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies

The expected frequencies are :

Region
NE NW SE SW TOTAL
Purchased 190 100 190 100 190  100 190 100 190
 47  48  47  48
the brand 400 400 400 400

Did not 210  100 210  100 210  100 210  100 210
 53  52  53  52
purchase 400 400 400 400

100 100 100 100 400

O E O–E

40 47 -7 49 1.04
55 48 7 49 1.02
45 47 -2 4 0.085
50 48 2 4 0.083
60 53 7 49 0.924
45 52 -7 49 0.942
55 53 2 4 0.075
50 52 -2 4 0.076
4.245

Calculated = = 4.245
Degree of freedom = (r – 1)(c – 1)= (2-1)(4-1) = 3
Tabulated value of at 5% level of significance with 3 degree of freedom is 7.815
Tabulated value = 7.815
Calculated value < Tabulated value, H0 is accepted
There is no significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies.
 Questions

Unit V-Theory Of Sampling And Testing Of Hypothesis

Part - A
1. What is the difference between population and sample? CO2 (L1)

2. Define Type I and Type II errors. CO2(L1 )

3. Define level of significance. CO2 (L1)

4. List any two uses of ψ 2 test. CO2 (L1)

5. Find the formula for chi-square for 2 x 2 contingency table. CO2 (L1)

6. Define Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis. CO2 (L1)

7. Recall the formula for confidence limits for µ for small sample at CO2 (L1 )
5% level of significance.
8. Define critical region. CO 2(L1)
9. Define critical value. CO2 (L1 )

10. List two applications of student’s t- test. CO2 (L1 )

Part-B
1. Test the hypothesis of the following CO4(L4)

The average breaking strength of steel rod is specified to be 18.5

thousand pounds. To test this sample of 14 rods was tested. The mean and SD
obtained were 17.85 and 1.955 respectively. Is the result of the experiment significant?

2. Test the hypothesis of the following CO4(L4)

The mean weakly sales of soap bars in departmental stores were 146.3 bars per store.
After an advertising campaign the mean weekly sales in 22 stores for a typical week
increased to 153.7 and showed a SD of 17.2. Was the advertising campaign successful?

3. Test the hypothesis of the following CO4(L4)

A sample of 26 bulbs gives a mean life of 990 hours with SD of 20 hours. The
manufacturer claims that the mean life of bulbs is 1000 hours. Is the sample not upto
the standard?

4. Test the hypothesis of the following CO4(L4)

A random sample of 10 boys had the following IQ’s

70,120,110,101,88,83,95,98,107,100. Do these data support the assumption of a
 population mean IQ of 100? Find the reasonable range in which most of the mean IQ
values of samples of 10 boys lie?
5. Test the hypothesis of the following CO4(L4)

The heights of 10 males of a given locality are found to be

70,67,62,68,61,68,70,64,64,66 inches. Is it reasonable to believe that the average height
is greater than 64 inches. Test at 5%.
6. Test the hypothesis of the following CO4(L4)

Samples of two types of electric light bulbs were tested for length of life and following
data were obtained.
TYPE I TYPE II
Sample size n1 = 8 Sample size n2 = 7
Sample mean x1 = 1234 hrs Sample mean x2 = 1036 hrs
Sample S.D. s1 = 36 hrs Sample S.D. s2 = 40 hrs

Is the difference in the means sufficient to warrant that type I is superior to type II
regarding length of life.
7. Test whether the samples come from the same normal population CO4(L4)
Below are given the gain in weights (in N) of pigs fed on two diets A and B.

Diet A 25 32 30 34 24 14 32 24 30 31 35 25
Diet B 44 34 22 10 47 31 40 32 35 18 21 35 29 22

8. Test whether the samples come from the same normal population CO4(L4)
The nicotine content in milligrams of two samples of tobacco were
found to be as follows:

Sample A 24 27 26 21 25
Sample B 27 30 28 31 22 36

9. Show that the die is biased from the data CO4(L2)

A die is thrown 264 times with the following results.
No. appeared 1 2 3 4 5 6
on the die
Frequency 40 32 28 58 54 60

10. Use Chi square test for the following information CO4(L )
In a certain sample of 2000 families 1400 families are consumers of tea.
Out of 1800 Hindu families, 1236 families consume tea. State whether there is any
significant difference between consumption of tea among Hindu and Non-Hindu
families.

11. Find the value of Chi-Square and is there any good association between the two
variables from the given following contingency table for hair colour and eye colour.
 Hair colour Fair Brown Black
Eye colour
Grey 20 10 20
Brown 25 15 20
Black 15 5 20

12. Test the claim at 5% level of significance from the following information CO4(L4)

A manufacture claimed that at least 95% of the equipment which he supplied to a

factory conformed to specifications. An examination of a sample of 200 pieces of
equipment revealed that 18 were faulty. In a big city 325 men out of 600 men were
found to be smokers. Does this information support the conclusion that the majority of
men in this city are smokers?