Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

(2050475) Analog and Digital

Communications Laboratory
Manual

III B.TECH -I SEMESTER (ECE)

R20 (MLRS )REGULATION
 INDEX

S. No CONTENTS Page No
1 CERTIFICATE i
2 PREFACE ii
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
4 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS iv
5 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS v
6 INSTITUTE VISION AND MISSION vi

7 DEPARTMENT VISION MISSION, PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES vii

8 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES vii

9 COURSE STRUCTURE, OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES x
10 CO-PO MAPPING xi
11 EXPERIMENTS xii

12 Amplitude modulation: Generation and Detection 1-14

13 Double Side Band Modulation: Generation and Detection 15-21

14 Single Modulation (Phase Shift Method): Generation and Detection 22-31

15 Frequency modulation: Generation and Detection 32-42

16 Study of spectrum analyzer using AM/FM signals. 43-52

17 Design & Implementation of pre-emphasis & de-emphasis filters 53-61

Time division multiplexing & de-multiplexing of any two band limited

18 62-66
signals
19 Verification of sampling theorem 67-70
20 Pulse amplitude modulation: Generation and detection 71-80

21 Pulse code modulation: Generation and detection 81-86

22 Differential pulse code modulation: Generation and detection 87-91

23 Delta modulation: Generation and detection 92-96

24 Amplitude shift keying: Generation and detection 97-100

25 Frequency shift keying: Generation and detection 101-105

26 Phase shift keying: Generation and detection 106-110

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this manual is a bonafide record of practical work in the Analog and
Digital Communications lab in Fifth Semester of III -year B. Tech Sem I (ECE) Programme
during the academic year 2023-2024. This book is prepared by Dr. Ashok Nayak (Associate
Professor), Mr. E. Sreenivasulu (Assistant Professor), Mrs. Nagajyothi (Assistant Professor),
Mrs. Pallavi (Assistant Professor), Mrs. Sandhya (Assistant Professor), Mrs. Saritha
(Assistant Professor), Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering.

LAB I/C Head of the Department

i
 PREFACE

It is one of the core areas of ECE and constitutes the largest applications in use today.
Communication has entered into every part of today’s world. This laboratory is intended to
make students understand the use of different Analog and Digital Communications
Engineering Lab is designed to help students understand the basic principles
of communication techniques as well as giving them the insight on design, simulation and
hardware implementation of circuits. The main aim is to provide hands‐on experience to the
students so that they are able to put theoretical concepts to practice. The content of this course
consists of two parts, ‘simulation’ and ‘hardwired’. Computer simulation is stressed upon as
it is a key analysis tool of engineering design. “SCILAB” and MATLAB software is used
for simulation of communication experiments Students will carry out design experiments as
a part of the experiments list provided in this lab manual. Students will be given a specific
design problem, which after completion they will verify using the simulation software or
hardwired implementation.

By,

Dr. Ashok Nayak

Mr. E. Sreenivasulu

Mrs. Naga Jyothi

Mrs. Pallavi

Mrs. Sandhya

Mrs. Saritha

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was really a good experience, working with Analog and Digital Communications
Laboratory. First, we would like to thank Dr. N. Srinivas, Assoc. Professor, HOD of Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of technology &
Management for his concern and giving the technical support in preparing the document.

We are deeply indebted and gratefully acknowledge the constant support and valuable
patronage of Dr. Ravi Prasad, Dean, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of technology & Management
for giving us this wonderful opportunity for preparing the Analog and Digital Communications
Laboratory manual.

We express our hearty thanks to Dr. K Venkateswara Reddy, Principal, Marri Laxman
Reddy Institute of technology & Management, for timely corrections and scholarly guidance.

At last, but not the least I would like to thanks the entire ECE Department faculty those who had
inspired and helped us to achieve our goal.

By,

Dr. Ashok Nayak

Mr. E. Sreenivasulu

Mrs. Naga Jyothi

Mrs. Pallavi

Mrs. Sandhya

Mrs. Saritha

iii
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the timetable schedule.

2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment
scheduled for the day.

3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the
observation book is necessary.

4. Students should bring a notebook of about 100 pages and should enter the readings/observations
into the notebook while performing the experiment.

5. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment.

6. Performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member
in-charge.

7.. Not more than one student is permitted to perform the experiment on a setup.

8. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and
should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.

9. Any damage of the equipment or burnout of components will be viewed seriously by putting
penalty.

10. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.

11. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to
Laboratory.

12. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the student’s should be maintained neatly and to be
returned after the experiment.

iv
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. No horseplay or running is allowed in the labs.

2. No bare feet or open sandals are permitted.

3. Before energizing any equipment, check whether anyone is in a position to be injured by

your actions.

4. Read the appropriate equipment instruction manual sections or consult with your

instructor.

5. Before applying power or connecting unfamiliar equipment or instruments into any

circuits.

6. Position all equipment on benches in a safe and stable manner.

7. Do not make circuit connections by hand while circuits are energized. This is especially.

8. Dangerous with high voltage and current circuits.

v
 INSTITUTION VISION AND MISSION

VISION

To establish as an ideal academic institution in the service of the nation, the world and the humanity
by graduating talented engineers to be ethically strong, globally competent by conducting high
quality research, developing breakthrough technologies, and disseminating and preserving
technical knowledge.

MISSION

To fulfill the promised vision through the following strategic characteristics and aspirations:
A. Contemporary and rigorous educational experiences that develop the engineers and
managers;

B. An atmosphere that facilitates personal commitment to the educational success of students

in an environment that values diversity and community;

C. Prudent and accountable resource management;

D. Undergraduate programs that integrate global awareness, communication skills and team
building;

E. Leadership and service to meet society’s needs;

F. Education and research partnerships with colleges, universities, and industries to graduate
education and training that prepares students for interdisciplinary engineering research
and advanced problem-solving abilities;

G. Highly successful alumni who contribute to the profession in the global society.

vi
 DEPARTMENT VISION, MISSION, PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL
OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Vision and Mission

Our Vision

Imparting quality technical education through research, innovation and team work for a lasting
technology development in the area of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Our Mission

To develop a strong center of excellence for education and research with excellent infrastructure
and well qualified faculties to instill in them a passion for knowledge.

To achieve the Mission the department will:

M1: Establish a unique learning environment to enable the students to face the challenges of the
Electronics and Communication Engineering field.
M2: Promote the establishment of center of excellence in niche technology areas to nurture the
spirit of innovation and creativity among faculty and students.
M3: Provide ethical and value-based education by promoting activities addressing the societal
needs.
M4: Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems of current times
and also provide a framework for promoting collaborative and multidisciplinary activities.

vii
 PEO's & PO's

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO 1: Have successful careers in Industry.

PEO 2: Show excellence in higher studies/ Research.

Program Outcomes (PO)

PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and engg. specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze engineering problems
to arrive at substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural, and
engineering sciences.
PO 3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components, processes to meet the specifications with consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
PO 6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

viii
PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively with the engineering community and with
society at large. Be able to comprehend and write effective reports documentation. Make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO 11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team. Manage projects in multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO 1: Analyze and design analog & digital circuits or systems for a given specification and
function.
PSO 2: Implement functional blocks of hardware-software co-designs for signal processing and
communication applications.

ix
COURSE STRUCTURE

Level Credits Periods/Week Prerequisites

Entire subject of
Analog and Digital
UG 1.5 3 Communications.

Evaluation Scheme:

MID (Internal Lab) Semester Test 15 marks

Day to day evaluation 15 marks

End Semester Lab external Examination 70marks

The end semester examination shall be conducted with an external examiner and internal
examiner.

The external examiner shall be appointed by the principal / Chief Controller of examinations

Course Objectives:

 Implement various analog & digital modulation techniques in communications

 Study of various spectrums of analog modulation systems using spectrum analyzer
 Understand the importance of automatic gain control and Phase locked loop
 Explore receiver characteristics in analog & digital communications
 Observe the performance of typical telecommunication system in presence of noise

Course Outcomes:

At the end of the laboratory work, students will be able to

 To Analyze different modulation & demodulation techniques used in communication

system and implement the same using Hardware
 To Design pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits used in frequency modulation
 To Understand the concept of PLL, Digital phase detector and synchronous detector
and implement the same using Hardware
 To Distinguish between NBFM and WBFM signals using Hardware
 To Apply ASK, FSK, PSK, PCM, DPCM modulation scheme on a digital signal,
modulate the message signal with carrier signal

x
 Course Outcomes (COs)
At the end of the laboratory work, students will be able to

CO1: To Analyze different modulation & demodulation techniques used in

communication system and implement the same using Hardware

CO2: To Design pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits used in frequency modulation

CO3: To Understand the concept of PLL, Digital phase detector and synchronous
detector and implement the same using Hardware

CO4: To Distinguish between NBFM and WBFM signals using Hardware

CO5: To Apply ASK, FSK, PSK, PCM, DPCM modulation scheme on a digital signal,
modulate the message signal with carrier signal

Course Outcomes (CO’s)–Program Outcomes (PO’s)Mapping

CO’sPo’s PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 3 3 - - 3 - - - - - - -

CO2 3 3 - - 3 - - - - - - -

CO3 3 3 - - 3 - - - - - - -

CO4 3 3 - - 3 - - - - - - -

CO5 3 3 - - 3 - - - - - - -

 Simple-1 Moderate-2 High-3

xi
xii
AMPLITUDE MODULATION: GENERATION EXPT. NO: 1
AND DETECTION DATE:

1. AIM:
To study the amplitude modulation and demodulation for different modulation index.

2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:

1. Audio signal generator.
2. Carrier signal generator.
3. Amplitude Modulator Trainer Kit.
4. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (30 MHz).
5. CRO Probes.
6. Connecting wires.

3. THEORY:
Modulation is defined as process in which changing the characteristics usually
amplitude, frequency and phase of high frequency wave (Carrier wave) by using
instantaneous values of the low frequency signal (modulating signal).

Need for modulation:

1. Antenna height and operating frequencies are related each other. So antenna heights
are comparable to the quarter wavelengths. For usual audio frequencies antenna
heights are unthinkable and impracticable.
2. Audio frequencies are directly transmitted when there is a possibility of mixing with
the other frequencies in near by station.
3. If high frequency signals are directly transmitted there is no varying parameter
compared to the audio frequency Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in
which changing the amplitude of the Carrier wave by using the instantaneous voltages
of the modulating signal. In this carrier signal frequency remains constant.

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4. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

MODULATOR:

Modulating
Signal
Generator
Modulator CRO
Carrier
Signal
Generator

DEMODULATOR:

MODULATED DEMODULATOR CRO

INPUT

5. MODEL WAVEFORMS:

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6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply through mains card.

2. Observe the modulating signal on CRO and set the modulating voltage to 2 V and
frequency to 1.56 KHz.
3. Observe the carrier signal on CRO and set the carrier voltage to 2.6 V and frequency to
166.66 KHz.
4. Connect the carrier and modulating signal’s to modulator and also connects the output
of modulator to CRO and note down the waveforms.
a. Find out the maximum and minimum voltages from CRO and from these
values Calculate modulation index by using the above formula.
5. Repeating the above procedure for different modulation index and draw the
waveforms.
6. Connect the amplitude modulated signal to the demodulator
7. Connect the CRO across the out put terminals of the demodulator
8. Observe the waveforms the modulating signal for different modulation indices.

7. PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
2. Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
3. Before switch ON the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
4. Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
5. After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
6. Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.

8. OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude of modulating signal_____________
2. Frequency of modulating signal______________
3. Amplitude of carrier signal_________________
4. Frequency of carrier signal_________________
5. Amplitude of demodulating signal___________
6. Frequency of demodulating signal___________

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 USING DECRETE COMPONENTS

AIM:
To Generate Amplitude Modulated Wave using Components

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 1 No(s)
2 Resistors (47k, 22k, 1.8k, 1.2k, 10k, 100k) 6 No(s)

3 Capacitors (0.01µf, 0.1µf,22µf) 3 No(s)

4 Function generator (0-1MHz) 1 No(s)
5 CRO 1 No(s)

6 Regulated power supply (0-30V) 1 No(s)

7 Breadboard and connecting wires --

THEORY:

MODULATION: Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a

carrier signal is varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred
to as the modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the modulation
signal. Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the carrier
wave is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The envelope of the
modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two
requirements are satisfied.

1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater than the highest frequency components fm
of the message signal m (t) i.e. fc >> fm.
2. The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than
unity. The carrier wave becomes over modulated.

DEMODULATION: The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating

Signal from modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector
circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 4

of an AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and
phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope. An increased time constant
RC results in a marginal output follows the modulation envelope. A further increase in time
constant the discharge curve become horizontal if the rate of modulation envelope during
negative half cycle of the modulation voltage is faster than the rate of voltage RC combination
,the output fails to follow the modulation resulting distorted output is called as diagonal clipping
: this will occur even high modulation index. The depth of modulation at the detector output
greater than unity and circuit impedance is less than circuit load (Rl > Zm) results in clipping of
negative peaks of modulating signal. It is called “negative clipping”.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Modulator:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 5

Demodulator:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit.
2. Modulating signal and the carrier signal are applied as the input and the corresponding
time period and amplitude are noted.
3. Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 6

Results:

Thus, Amplitude modulated wave is obtained using discrete components.

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Thus, amplitude demodulation wave is generated using discrete components.

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 SOFTWARE PROGRAM
AIM:
To generate Amplitude Modulation using SCILAB/MATLAB Software for different modulation
indices.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Computer
2. SCILAB/MATLAB SOFTWARE

PROGRAM:
fs=8000;
fm=20;
fc=500;
Am=1;
Ac=1;
t=[0:.1*fs]/fs;
m=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s1=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,3,1:3);
plot(t,m);
title('Modulating or Message signal(fm=20Hz)');
subplot(4,3,4:6);
plot(t,c);
title('Carrier signal(fc=500Hz)');
subplot(4,3,7);
plot(t,s1);
title('Under Modulated signal(ka.Am=0.5)');
Am=2;
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s2=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,3,8);
plot(t,s2);
title('Exact Modulated signal(ka.Am=1)');
Am=5;
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s3=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,3,9);
plot(t,s3);
title('Over Modulated signal(ka.Am=2.5)');
r1= s1.*c;

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 9

[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr1= filter(b,a,r1);
subplot(4,3,10);
plot(t,mr1);
r2= s2.*c;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr2= filter(b,a,r2);
subplot(4,3,11);
plot(t,mr2);
r3= s3.*c;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr3= filter(b,a,r3);
subplot(4,3,12);
plot(t,mr3);

Simulated Wave forms for AM

INFERENCE:
Amplitude modulated wave is observed for different modulation indices

EXERCISE:
1) Generate an AM wave with message signal 2cos(πt) and carrier -4Sin(1000πt) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.3.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 10

 2) Generate an AM wave with message signal 2cos(πt) and carrier -4Sin(1000πt +10) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.5
3) Generate an AM wave with message signal 2cos(πt+5) and carrier -4Sin(1000πt) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.75
4) Generate an AM wave with message signal 2cos(πt+5) and carrier -4Sin(1000πt+10) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.5
5) Generate an AM wave with message signal 5Sin(10πt+10) and carrier 10Sin(10000πt)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.25
6) Generate an AM wave using in-built functions in MATLAB for under modulation.
7) Generate an AM wave using in-built functions in MATLAB for perfect modulation.
8) Generate an AM wave using in-built functions in MATLAB for over modulation.
9) Generate an AM wave with message signal 2cos(πt+5) and carrier 4Sin(1000πt+10) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.56
10) Generate an AM wave with message signal 5Sin(10πt+10) and carrier 10Sin(10000πt)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.45
11) Generate an AM wave with message signal 4cos(2πt) and carrier 4Sin(1000πt) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.3.
12) Generate an AM wave with message signal 2cos(5πt) and carrier -4Sin(2000πt +10) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.5
13) Generate an AM wave with message signal 4cos(4πt+5) and carrier 4Sin(5000πt) with
amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.75
14) Generate an AM wave with message signal 2cos(6πt+5) and carrier 4Sin(1000πt+10)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 1
15) Generate an AM wave with message signal 5Sin(20πt+10) and carrier 10Sin(20000πt)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.2
16) Generate an AM wave using in-built functions in MATLAB for under modulation.
17) Generate an AM wave with message signal 20cos(10πt+5) and carrier -4Sin(2000πt+10)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.7
18) Generate an AM wave with message signal 50Sin(100πt+10) and carrier
100Sin(20000πt) with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.6
19) Generate an AM wave with message signal 20cos(20πt+10) and carrier -4Sin(2000πt+10)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.7
20) Generate an AM wave with message signal 50Sin(100πt+20) and carrier
100Sin(20000πt) with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.6
21) Generate an AM wave using in-built functions in MATLAB for over modulation.
22) Generate an AM wave with message signal 50cos(10πt+20) and carrier -12Sin(500πt+10)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.5
23) Generate an AM wave with message signal 100Sin(100πt+10) and carrier
50Sin(30000πt) with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.8
24) Generate an AM wave with message signal 10cos(20πt+10) and carrier -
40Sin(2000πt+10) with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.9
25) Generate an AM wave with message signal 5Sin(100πt+20) and carrier 10Sin(10000πt)
with amplitude sensitivity Ka= 0.3

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 11

9. CONCLUSION:

For various modulation indices the amplitude modulation and de-modulation is verified.

10. VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

1) What is modulation?
2) Define modulation index?
3) What is the condition for over modulation?
4) In modulation what parameters of the high frequency signal are varied?
5) What are the basic types of modulation techniques?
6) Define Amplitude Modulation index?
7) Define percentage Modulation?
8) Define DSB-FC.
9) What is the need for modulation index?
10) What is the need for modulation?
11) what are the units of amplitude sensitivity
12) What is the percentage of carrier in AM?
13) What is communication?
14) What is communication system?
15) What is the purpose of communication?
16) Define SSB.
17) Why communication is concerned with electronic equipment?
18) What are the basic components of communication system?
19) Draw the block diagram of electronic communication system?
20) What do you mean by noise?
21) Define DSB- SC.
22) What are the different types of CS according to their communication media?
23) What are the typical channels used in wire/line communication?
24) What are the typical channels used in wireless communication?
25) What is the functionality of a transmitter and receiver?
26) What are baseband signals and what are its frequency ranges?
27) What is baseband transmission?
28) Define VSB.

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 29) What do you mean by bandwidth and how it is measured?
30) What is the need for modulation (or) limitation of baseband signals?
31) How modulation is achieved?
32) What are the different types of modulations?
33) What is multiplexing?
34) What are the advantages over modulation techniques?
35) Define AM?
36) Appraise bandwidth of a signal.
37) In modulation what parameters of the high frequency signal are varied?
38) What are the basic types of modulation techniques?
39) Define Amplitude Modulation index?
40) Define percentage Modulation?
41) What are the reasons for doing modulation?
42) what are the units of amplitude sensitivity
43) What is the percentage of carrier in AM?
44) Define spectrum of signal.
45) Plot the AM spectrum.
46) Plot the DSB-FC spectrum.
47) Plot the DSB-FC spectrum.
48) Plot the DSB-SC spectrum.
49) Plot the SSB-FC spectrum.
50) Plot the SSB-SC spectrum.
51) Plot the VSB spectrum.
11. APPLICATIONS
1. AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio. It remains in use
today in many forms of communication; for example it is used in portable two way
radios, VHF aircraft radio, Citizen's Band Radio and in computer modems. "AM" is often
used to refer to medium wave AM radio broadcasting.
2. In olden days all radio stations followed only amplitude modulation to propagate the
signals. Presently still some of the radio stations follow the same and mostly have
switched over to frequency modulation. Especially in TV transmission the picture signal
is propagated only by amplitude modulation. The amplitude of a carrier wave is
modulated by a data signal and transmitted, for example by radio wave. At the receiving

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 13

 end it is possible to demodulate the signal if the original carrier wave is known and
retrieve the data signal.
3. Amplitude modulation is one way to carry information on a carrier, such as a radio
signal. Another way is FM (Frequency Modulation). While FM offers greater clarity for
audio, and the higher frequencies that FM use offer a wider bandwidth, allowing for more
information to be transmitted, one application where FM and digital are not suitable are
Aviation communication, which to this day still use AM analogue. This is because
weaker signals can be heard over stronger, closer ones with AM, allowing for emergency
transmissions to have more chance of being heard over other traffic. Also, AM uses a
narrower bandwidth than FM, allowing more users in a smaller space. This is important
for the lower frequencies of Radio, where space is at a premium
4. Broadcast transmissions: AM is still widely used for broadcasting on the long, medium
and short wave bands. It is simple to demodulate and this means that radio receivers
capable of demodulating amplitude modulation are cheap and simple to manufacture.
Nevertheless many people are moving to high quality forms of transmission like
frequency modulation, FM or digital transmissions.
5. Air band radio: VHF transmissions for many airborne applications still use AM. . It is
used for ground to air radio communications as well as two way radio links for ground
staff as well.
6. Single sideband: Amplitude modulation in the form of single sideband is still used for
HF radio links. Using a lower bandwidth and providing more effective use of the
transmitted power this form of modulation is still used for many point to point HF links.
7. Quadrature amplitude modulation: AM is widely used for the transmission of data in
everything from short range wireless links such as Wi-Fi to cellular telecommunications
and much more. Effectively it is formed by having two carriers 90° out of phase.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 14

 EXPT. NO: 2
DOUBLE SIDE BAND MODULATION: GENERATION AND
DETECTION DATE:

1. AIM:
1.1 To study the DSB – SC Modulation using balance modulator.

2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:

2. 1. Audio signal generator
2. 2. Carrier generator
2. 3. Balanced modulator Trainer Kit
2. 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
2.5. Connecting wires
3. THEORY:
Balance modulator is used for generation of double side band suppress carrier
signal. The output of balanced modulator is equal to the product of applied input signals.
In order to generate this it uses the non-linear characteristics of semi conductor device.
Since the carrier does not convey any information, transmitting the carrier along with side
band is only wasting of transmission power; therefore carrier is suppressed before
transmission. By doing suppression 67% of transmission power can be saved. The
method of transmission of modulated wave without carrier is DSBSC signal.
Balance modulator is also used in generation of SSB signals. The modulated
signal undergoes a phase reversal whenever the base band signal crosses zero. Unlike
AM, The envelope of DSBSC id different from base band signal. The ring modulator is
another circuit for generating the DSBSC signal.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 15

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

MODULATOR:

AF O / P AF I/P
AMP
BALANCED
MODULATOR DSB-SC

O/P
AMP
AMP RF O/P RF I/P

5. MODEL WAVEFORMS:

Modulating Signal t

Carrier Signal t

Balance Modulator
Output t
t

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 16

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply through mains card.
2. As the circuitry is already wired, you just have to trace the circuit according to the
circuit diagram.
3. Connect 5 KHz sinusoidal signal to both the carrier and modulation inputs.
4. Observe the output on CRO and adjust the null potentiometer until the output is 10
KHz sinusoidal wave. Note that this is very sensitive adjustment because you are
making the biasing at both inputs exactly the same to get the multiplying effect of the
device.
5. Apply a 100 KHz, 0.1v – peak sinusoidal wave to the carrier input and a 5 KHz
sinusoidal wave with 0.1v peak to the modulation input.
6. Adjust carrier null potentiometer to obtain a DSBSC wave as output Vary the
amplitude frequency of the message signals at different levels.
7. Observe the variation in side bands and suppression of carrier.
8. Record the exact frequency levels of side bands suppressed carrier from CRO.

7. PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
2. Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
3. Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the
teacher.
4. Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
5. After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
6. Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.
8. Observations:
1. Amplitude of modulating signal -------------------------------
2. Frequency of modulating signal--------------------------------
3. Amplitude of carrier signal -------------------------------------
4. Frequency of carrier signal -------------------------------------
5. 8.5 Frequency of Balanced detector output signal---------------

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 17

 SOFTWARE PROGRAM

AIM:

To generate DSBSC wave Modulation using SCILAB/MATLAB Software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Computer

2. SCILAB/MATLAB software

PROGRAM:

t =0:0.000001:.001;
Vm= 1;
Vc= 1;
fm = 2000;
fc= 50000;
m_t = Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,m_t);
c_t = Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,c_t);
subplot(4,1,3);
s_t = m_t.*c_t;
hold on;
plot(t,s_t);
plot(t,m_t,'r:');
plot(t,-m_t,'r:');
hold off;
r = s_t.*c_t;
[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr= filter(b,a,r);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,mr);

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 18

Simulated Wave forms

INFERENCE:
DSB-SC modulated wave is observed using MATLAB software.
EXERCISE:
1) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 3Sin(2π5t) and carrier 6Sin(200πt).
2) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 3Cos(2π50t +10) and carrier 2Sin(1000πt)
3) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 3Sin(100πt) and carrier 6Sin(20000πt)
4) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 3Sin(10πt+5) and carrier 6Sin(1000πt+10)`
5) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 5[cos(150t)+cos(50t)]
6) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 5[cos(1050t)+cos(950t)]
7) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 5Sin(2π5t) and carrier 10Sin(200πt).
8) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 5Cos(2π50t +10) and carrier 10Sin(1000πt)
9) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 4[cos(150t)+cos(50t)]
10) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 4[cos(1050t)+cos(950t)]
11) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 5Sin(2π5t) and carrier 7Sin(200πt).
12) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 10Cos(2π60t +20) and carrier 20Sin(2000πt)
13) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 30Sin(500πt) and carrier 60Sin(30000πt)
14) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 5Sin(100πt+10) and carrier 6Sin(5000πt+20)`
15) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 10[cos(550t)+cos(650t)]
16) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 50[cos(1200t)+cos(800t)]
17) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 50Sin(2π50t) and carrier 10Sin(2000πt).
18) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 5Cos(6π50t +20) and carrier 10Sin(1000πt)
19) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 4[cos(250t)+cos(150t)]
20) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 4[cos(1100t)+cos(900t)]
21) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 15Sin(2π50t) and carrier 20Sin(100πt).
22) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 50Cos(2π25t +15) and carrier 10Sin(500πt)
23) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 15[cos(200t)+cos(100t)]

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 19

 24) Demodulate the DSBSC wave 4[cos(2050t)+cos(1000t)]
25) Generate DSBSC wave with message as 50Sin(2π5t) and carrier 17Sin(100πt).

9. CONCLUSION:
The output waveform of balanced modulator is observed and plotted.
10. VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the significance of the balanced modulator?
2. What is the disadvantage of DSB-FC?
3. What is the percentage of power saving in DSB-SC over DSB-FC?
4. What is the bandwidth required for the transmission of DSB-SC signals?
5. Which detector is used for detecting the DSB-SC signals?
6. Why there is a phase reversal in DSB-SC wave?
7. Define DSB-SC over AM.
8. Write the power relation equation for DSB-SC?
9. What are the applications of DSB-SC?
10. Write the equation for DSB-SC in Time & Frequency domain?
11. What are the different types of modulations?
12. Define AM, DSB-FC, DSB- SC, SSB, VSB?
13. Give the expression for m(t) & c(t) and s(t) for amplitude modulation?
14. Give the expression for modulation index (µ)?
15. Give the expression for sidebands power P SB , P LSB and P USB ?
16. What is DSB-SC system?
17. What are the drawbacks in DSB-FC/AM?
18. What are the applications of DSB-SC?
19. How much bandwidth is required to transmit AM wave as well as DSB-SB wave?
20. How much power is required to transmit AM wave as well as DSB-SC wave?
21. Give the expression for DSB-SC wave?
22. Draw the spectrum of DSB-SC?
23. What is a balanced modulator (or) product modulator?
24. Give the S(f) expression for DSB-SC?
25. What is the principle used in Balanced modulator for the generation of DSB-sc wave?
26. Draw the block diagram of coherent detector?
27. How can we demodulate the DSB wave using coherent detection?
28. What are the drawbacks in DSB-SC system?
29. Coherent detection is also referred as?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 20

 30. What are the methods used for the suppression of carrier wave from the AM wave?
31. What is the percentage of power saving in DSB-SC over DSB-FC?
32. What is the bandwidth required for the transmission of DSB-SC signals?
33. Which detector is used for detecting the DSB-SC signals?
34. Why there is a phase reversal in DSB-SC wave?
35. Define DSB-SC over AM.
36. Write the power relation equation for DSB-SC?
37. What are the applications of DSB-SC?
38. Write the equation for DSB-SC in Time & Frequency domain?
39. What are the different types of modulations?
40. Define AM, DSB-FC, DSB- SC, SSB, VSB?
41. Give the expression for m(t) & c(t) and s(t) for amplitude modulation?
42. Give the expression for modulation index (µ)?
43. Give the expression for sidebands power P SB , P LSB and P USB ?
44. What is DSB-SC system?
45. What are the drawbacks in DSB-FC/AM?
46. What are the applications of DSB-SC?
47. How much bandwidth is required to transmit AM wave as well as DSB-SB wave?
48. How much power is required to transmit AM wave as well as DSB-SC wave?
49. Give the expression for DSB-SC wave?
50. Draw the spectrum of DSB-SC?
11. APPLICATIONS:
1. DSB-SC transmission is a special case of double-sideband reduced carrier transmission. It is
used for radio data systems.
2. Analogue TV systems: to transmit color information.
3. For transmitting stereo information in FM sound broadcast at VHF.
4. One important application of DSB is the transmission of color information in a TV signal.
CB radio and TV broadcasting.
5. Air traffic control radios - Garage door opens keyless remotes.
6. DSB-SC is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting
information via a radio carrier wave.
7. DSB-SC used in stereo transmission of FM radio. - Two way radio communications.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 21

SINGLE MODULATION (PHASE SHIFT METHOD): EXPT. NO: 3
GENERATION AND DETECTION
DATE:

1. AIM:
To study the SSB modulation and demodulation process.

2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:

1. A.F generator
2. R.F generator
3. Balanced modulator-1
4. Balance modulator-2
5. Summer and sub-tractor
6. Synchronous detector
7. CRO
3. THEORY:
AM & DSB-SC both modulation techniques require bandwidth twice of the
modulating signal bandwidth. Since, two side bands having the same information. It is
possible to recover the base band signal from any one of the side band, so only one side
band is enough to give information without any loss of course the carrier is suppressed.
Such transmission system is called single side band transmission system. SSB requires
transmission bandwidth is equal to modulating signal bandwidth.
The reduced bandwidth also improves the SNR ratio and allows more no
of channels in a given frequency. These advantage of SSB results in wide spread of SSB
for aircrafts, transonic radio telephones, and mature radio communication systems.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 22

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

MODULATOR:
RF(00) RF I/P
AMP
BALANCED DSB-SC
AMP MODULATOR
RF (900) AF I/P (A)
RF GENERATOR

(A) SSB
SUBSTRACTOR
(LSB)
(B)

AF(00) RF I/P
FREQ AMP BALANCED
MODULATOR
AF(900) AF I/P DSB-SC
AF GENERATOR (B)

(A)
SUMMER SSB
(B) (USB)

DEMODULATOR:

SSB I/P AF O/P

SYNCHRONOUS
DETECTOR

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 23

5. MODEL WAVEFORMS
RF 00
t

RF 900
t

AF 00
t

AF 900
t

Balanced Modulator o/p - 1

Amp

Balanced Modulator o/p - 2

Amp

SSB (LSB)

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 24

3.1 BLOCK DIGRAM DISCRIPTION:

1. AF generator: It generates a low frequency (5KHZ) signal using Op-Amp based we

in-bridge oscillator. TL-084 is a FET input general purpose Op-Amp integrated
circuit.
2. RF generator: Collipit’s oscillator-using FET is used here to generate RF signal (100
KHZ frequency) to use as carrier signal. Adjustment for amplitude and frequency are
provided.
3. Balanced Modulator: It has been developed using MC 1496 monolithic IC balanced
modulator and demodulator. This can be up to 200 KGZ. This modulator is used to
generate a DSB – SC signal. A null adjust is provided to suppress the carry.
4. Synchronous Detector: The base band signal can be uniquely recovered from the
DSB-SC signal by multiplying with a locally generated sine carrier and then to a low
pass filtering the product. The frequency and phase of local oscillator output signal
must be equal to carrier signal. This type of coherent demodulation is called
Synchronous detection. For demodulation also MC 1496 is used.

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply through mains card.

2. As the circuitry is already wired, you just have to trace the circuit according to the circuit
diagram.
3. Observe the output of the RF generator using CRO. Available two outputs of RF
generator, one is 90 phase shift with other output of RF generator. The o/p frequency is
set to 1000 KHZ and 0.1Vpp.
4. Similarly there are two o/p’s available for AF generator also. One is direct output another
one is 90 phase shift with direct output. Switch is provided to select 2k/4k/6kHz. AGC
potentiometer is also provided for gain adjustment set the amplitude to 10Vpp.
5. Connect 0’ phase shift RF generator output and 90 phase shift AF generator o/p are to a
balanced modulator and reaming two o/p’s are connected to other balanced modulator.
6. Observe the both balanced modulator outputs simultaneously on the CRO and adjust the
balance control until you get the DSBSC wave on CRO. To get the SSB (LSB) signal
connect balance modulator outputs to subs tractor and note down the frequency of SSB
wave and compare this with theoretical value.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 25

 SSB (LSB) = RF frequency - AF Frequency
= 100KHZ - 2 KHZ
= 98KHZ
7. To get the SSB (USB) signal connect balanced modulator outputs to summer and note
down the frequency of SSB wave and compare this with theoretical value
SSB (USB) = RF frequency - AF Frequency
= 100KHZ + 2 KHZ
= 102KHZ.
8. Connect the SSB signal from summer or subs tractor to SSB signal input of synchronous
detector and RF signal to the RF input of the synchronous detector.
9. Observe the detector output, which is replica of modulating signal (AF signal).
10. Repeat all the steps for different frequencies of AF signals.

7. PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
2. Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
3. Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the
teacher.
4. Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
5. After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
6. Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.

8. OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude of AF Gr 00 phase signal = ………………………. V.
2. Frequency of AF Gr 00 phase signal = ………………………. HZ.
3. Amplitude of AF Gr900 phase signal = ………………………. V.
4. Frequency of AF Gr900 phase signal = ………………………. HZ.
5. Amplitude of RF Gr 00 phase signal = ………………………. V.
6. Frequency of RF Gr 00 phase signal = ………………………. HZ.
7. Amplitude of RF Gr 900 phase signal = ………………………. V.
8. Frequency of RF Gr 900 phase signal = ………………………. HZ.
9. Amplitude of SSB (USB) signal = …………………………v.
10. Frequency of SSB (USB) signal = ………………………. HZ.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 26

 11. Amplitude of SSB (LSB) signal = …………………………v.
12. Frequency of SSB (LSB) signal = ………………………. HZ.

SOFTWARE PROGRAM
AIM:
To generate SSBSC wave Modulation using SCILAB/MATLAB Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Computer
2. SCILAB/MATLAB
PROGRAM:
s=8000;
fm=20;
fc=50;
Am=1;
Ac=1;
t=[0:.1*fs]/fs;
subplot(4,2,1);
m1=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
plot(t,m1);
title('Message Signal');
m2=Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(4,2,2)
c1=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
plot(t,c1)
title('Carrier Signal');
c2=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,2,3)
Susb=0.5*m1.*c1-0.5*m2.*c2;
plot(t,Susb);
title('SSB-SC Signal with USB');
subplot(4,2,4);
Slsb=0.5*m1.*c1+0.5*m2.*c2;
plot(t,Slsb);
title('SSB-SC Signal with LSB');
r = Susb.*c1;
[b a] = butter(1,0.0001);
mr= filter(b,a,r);
subplot(4,2,5);
plot(t,mr);

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 27

Simulated Wave forms

INFERENCE:
The SSBSC wave has been generated by using a MATLAB Software.

EXERCISE:
1) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 450 Hz
2) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 550 Hz
3) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 950 Hz
4) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 1050 Hz
5) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 150 Hz
6) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 250 Hz.
7) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 110 Hz
8) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 650 Hz
9) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 850 Hz
10) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 1150 Hz
11) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 650 Hz
12) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 750 Hz
13) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 850 Hz
14) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 1100 Hz
15) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 1200 Hz
16) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 400 Hz.
17) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 100 Hz

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 28

 18) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 600 Hz
19) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 800 Hz
20) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 1350 Hz
21) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 1000 Hz
22) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 675 Hz
23) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 855Hz
24) Generate a SSB-SC signal with USB 1110 Hz
25) Generate a SSB-SC signal with LSB 710 Hz

9. CONCLUSION:
The output waveforms of SSB modulation and de-modulation are observed and plotted.
10. VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the use of SSB modulation over DSB-SC modulation?
2. What is the amount of power saving in SSB over DSB-SC?
3. What is the bandwidth of SSB?
4. What is the application of SSB?
5. What are the advantages of SSB over conventional AM and DSB-SC?
6. Write the equation for SSB-SC in Time domain?
7. Define SSB-SC over AM.
8. Write the power relation equation for SSB-SC?
9. What are the Generation and Detection methods of SSB-SC?
10. Write the equation for SSB-SC in Frequency domain?
11. Give the advantages of SSB?
12. What are applications of SSB?
13. What type of methods used for the generation of SSB?
14. Write the time-domain expression for SSB (S U (t)(or)S L (t))?
15. Define Hilbert transform?
16. Give the expression for the envelope of SSB wave?
17. What is VSB modulation?
18. Write applications of VSB modulation?
19. Draw the spectrum of VSB modulation?
20. What is the bandwidth of VSB modulation?
21. Give expression for angle modulation?
22. What is the relation between instantaneous frequency (f i (t)) and phase angle
θ(t) of angle modulation.
23. Draw the spectrum of SSB waves for USB and LSB?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 29

 24. Give the advantages of SSB?
25. What are applications of SSB?
26. What type of methods used for the generation of SSB?
27. Write the time-domain expression for SSB (S U (t)(or)S L (t))?
28. What are applications of SSB?
29. What is the principle used in Balanced modulator for the generation of DSB-sc
wave?
30. How can we demodulate the DSB wave using coherent detection?
31. What is the application of SSB?
32. What are the advantages of SSB over conventional AM and DSB-SC?
33. Write the equation for SSB-SC in Time domain?
34. Define SSB-SC over AM.
35. Write the power relation equation for SSB-SC?
36. What are the Generation and Detection methods of SSB-SC?
37. Write the equation for SSB-SC in Frequency domain?
38. Give the advantages of SSB?
39. What are applications of SSB?
40. What type of methods used for the generation of SSB?
41. Write the time-domain expression for SSB (S U (t)(or)S L (t))?
42. Define Hilbert transform?
43. Give the expression for the envelope of SSB wave?
44. What is VSB modulation?
45. Write applications of VSB modulation?
46. Draw the spectrum of VSB modulation?
47. What is the bandwidth of VSB modulation?
48. Give expression for angle modulation?
49. What is the relation between instantaneous frequency (f i (t)) and phase angle
θ(t) of angle modulation.
50. Draw the spectrum of SSB waves for USB and LSB?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 30

11. APPLICATIONS:
1. In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband
suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a refinement of amplitude modulation which
uses transmitter power and bandwidth more efficiently.
2. SIGLE SIDEBAND MODULATION is used in telephone communication.
3. SSB-SC is used in Frequency Division Multiplexing and Point To Point
COMMUNICATION.
4. Analogue TV systems: to transmit color information.
5. For transmitting stereo information in FM sound broadcast at VHF.
6. One important application of DSB is the transmission of color information in a TV
signal. -CB radio - TV broadcasting.
7. Air traffic control radios - Garage door opens keyless remotes - DSB-SC is a technique
used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a
radio carrier wave. - DSB-SC used in stereo transmission of FM radio. - Two way radio
communications.
8. Television broadcasting…Such as VSB signal. OOhy4 using MATLAB software.

9. Television broadcasting…Such as VSB signal.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 31

FREQUENCY MODULATION: GENERATION AND EXPT. NO: 4
DETECTION
DATE:

1. AIM:
To study the frequency modulation and demodulation for different modulation index.

2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:

2. 1. Audio signal generator
2. 2. Carrier generator
2. 3. Frequency modulator Trainer Kit
2. 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (30 MHz).
2.5. Connecting wires

3. THEORY:
FM Modulation is a non-linear modulation technique. In FM the frequency of
carrier is varied in accordance with amplitude of modulating signal (AF signal). But
amplitude is maintained constant. Since the variation in phase angular term it is comes
under angle modulation scheme, the most important feature of FM modulation is that it
can be provide better discrimination against noise and interference than AM. The
disadvantage of FM is it requires more transmission bandwidth than AM and we transmit
the FM signals to longer distances.

*
The quantity Kf represents frequency sensitivity of modulator. Hence Kf Am
represents the total deviation f. The ratio of max frequency deviation to modulating
frequency defines as modulation index, which is given by,
Max frequency deviation
Modulation index = -------------------------------------------
Modulating frequency
If Modulation index is less than one then the modulated wave is called Narrow
Band FM signal. If Modulation index is greater than one then the modulated wave is
called Wide Band FM signal.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 32

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
MODULATOR:

MODULATING

SIGNAL
FREQUENCY
MODULATOR CRO
GENERATOR
CARRIER
SIGNAL
GENERATOR

DEMODULATOR:
FM Demodulator CRO
INPUT

5. MODEL WAVEFORMS:

Modulating
Signal
t

Carrier
Signal

FM
Modulating
Signal

Demodulated
Signal

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 33

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
6.1 Switch on the power supply through mains card.
6.2 Observe the modulating signal in CRO and set the modulating voltage to 1.2 V and
frequency to 10 KHz and note down these values. (Here the carrier is internally
generated signal).

6.3 Connect the modulating signal to modulator also connect the output of
Modulator to CRO and note down the waveforms.

6.4 Find out the maximum and minimum frequency of frequency modulated wave from
CRO and note down these values, from these values calculate modulation index by
using the above formula.
6.5 Connect the frequency-modulated signal to the demodulator.
6.6 Connect the CRO across the output terminals of the demodulator.
6.7 Observe the waveform of the modulating signal for different modulating indices.

8. PRECAUTIONS:
7.1 Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
7.2 Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
7.3 Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the
teacher.
7.4 Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
7.5 After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
7.6 Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.

8. Observations:
8.1 Amplitude of modulating signal_____________
8.2 Frequency of modulating signal______________
8.3 Amplitude of carrier signal_________________
8.4 Frequency of carrier signal_________________
8.5 Frequency deviation _________________
8.6 Amplitude of demodulating signal___________
8.7 Frequency of demodulating signal___________

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 34

 USING DECRETE COMPONENTS

AIM:
To observe and plot FM modulated wave with Am = 5Vp-p.

COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:

Component name Quantity

IC 555 timer - 01
Resistors 1.5K 02
10K 01
Capacitors 0.1uF 01
10uF 01
Diode 1N4007 01
Function generator 01
Cathode ray oscilloscope (30 MHz) 01
CRO probes 03
Regulated power supply 01
Connecting wires --

THEORY:

FM Modulation is a non-linear modulation technique. In FM the frequency of carrier is

varied in accordance with amplitude of modulating signal (AF signal). But amplitude is
maintained constant. Since the variation in phase angular term it is comes under angle
modulation scheme, the most important feature of FM modulation is that it can be provide better
discrimination against noise and interference than AM. The disadvantage of FM is it requires
more transmission bandwidth than AM and we transmit the FM signals to longer distances. The
quantity Kf represents frequency sensitivity of modulator. Hence Kf * Am represents the total
deviation f . The ratio of max frequency deviation to modulating frequency defines as
modulation index, which is given by

Max frequency deviation

Modulation index = ------------------------------------------

Modulating frequency

If modulation index is less than one then the modulated wave is called Narrow Band FM signal.
If Modulation index is greater than one then the modulated wave is called Wide Band FM signal.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 35

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 36

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
❖ Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
❖ Generate the modulating signal from the function generator with an amplitude of 5 VP-P,
with a frequency of 10KHz & Observe the modulating signal in CRO and apply it to pin5
of IC 555 Timer as message signal.
❖ Observe the modulated waveform in CRO at pin3 of IC 555 Timer.
❖ Find out the maximum and minimum frequency of frequency modulated wave from
CRO and note down these values, from these values calculate modulation index by using
the above formula.

PRECAUTIONS:
❖ Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
❖ Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
❖ Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
❖ After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
❖ Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.

Results:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 37

 SOFTWARE PROGRAM
AIM:
To generate FM wave Modulation using SCILAB/MATLAB Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Computer
2. SCILAB/MATLAB

PROGRAM:
%The frequency modulation(FM)waveform in time and frequency domain.
%fm=35HZ,fc=500HZ,Am=1V,Ac=1V,B=10
fs=10000;
Ac=1;
Am=1;
fm=35;
fc=500;
B=10;
t=(0:.1*fs)/fs;
wc=2*pi*fc;
wm=2*pi*fm;
m_t=Am*cos(wm*t);
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(t,m_t);
title('Modulating or Message signal(fm=35Hz)');
c_t=Ac*cos(wc*t);
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,c_t);
title('Carrier signal(fm=500Hz)');
s_t=Ac*cos((wc*t)+B*sin(wm*t));
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t,s_t);
title('Modulated signal');

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 38

d=demod(s_t,fc,fs,'fm');
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t,d);
title('demodulated signal');
Simulated Wave forms

INFERENCE:
The FM wave has been generated by using a MATLAB Software.

EXERCISE:
1) Generate an FM signal with Δf=20Khz
2) Generate a FM signal when message input is a square wave and carrier is a sinusoidal
waveform.
3) Generate a FM signal when message input is a sinusoidal wave and carrier is a square
waveform.
4) Generate an FM signal with Δf=10Khz
5) Generate an FM signal with Δf=100Khz
6) Generate an FM signal with Δf=50Khz
7) Generate an FM signal with Δf=300Khz
8) Generate an FM signal with Δf=90Khz
9) Generate an FM signal with Δf=400Khz
10) Generate an FM signal with Δf=700KhZ

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 39

 11) Generate an FM signal with Δf=30Khz
12) Generate a FM signal when message input is a sinusoidal wave and carrier is a triangular
waveform.
13) Generate a FM signal when message input is a triangular wave and carrier is a square
waveform.
14) Generate an FM signal with Δf=40Khz
15) Generate an FM signal with Δf=200Khz
16) Generate an FM signal with Δf=150Khz
17) Generate an FM signal with Δf=250Khz
18) Generate an FM signal with Δf=90Khz
19) Generate an FM signal with Δf=420Khz
20) Generate an FM signal with Δf=70KhZ
21) Generate an FM signal with Δf=1000KhZ
22) Generate an FM signal with Δf=300Khz
23) Generate a FM signal when message input is a sinusoidal wave and carrier is a
rectangular waveform.
24) Generate a FM signal when message input is a triangular wave and carrier is a sine
waveform.
25) Generate an FM signal with Δf=410Khz

9. CONCLUSION:

The output waveforms of frequency modulation are observed for modulation

index less than one and greater than one. Also demodulation is verified.

10. VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

10.1 What is frequency modulation?

10.2 How the FM can be differentiated from the frequency translation?
10.3 In Frequency modulated waveform where does the message signal exist?
10.4 What is meant by carrier nulls?
10.5 What is the bandwidth required for NBFM?
10.6 What is the bandwidth required for WBFM?
10.7 Generate FM wave using PM modulator?
10.8 Generate FM wave using PM modulator?
10.9 Define Frequency Deviation. What is practical Frequency Deviation value
for FM broadcasting?
10.10 Write the equation for FM and PM waves?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 40

 10.11 What is the relation between instantaneous frequency (f i (t)) and phase
angle θ(t) of angle modulation.
10.12 Give expression for the FM wave as well as PM wave?
10.13 Draw the block diagram of FM wave using PM wave?
10.14 Draw the block diagram of PM wave using FM wave?
10.15 Draw the waveform of FM and PM waves?
10.16 Define modulation index () of the FM wave?
10.17 Give the expression for β and ∆f (frequency deviation)?
10.18 What is the practical and theoretical bandwidth of FM wave?
10.19 What is Carson’s rule?
10.20 Compare narrow and wideband FM?
10.21 Define deviation ratio and constant average power?
10.22 Draw the spectrum of FM modulation?
10.23 What is PLL (phase locked loop) and what are the basic components used
in PLL for the detection of FM waves?
10.24 What are the types of noise?
10.25 Define Noise Figure (or figure of merit)?
10.26 Define Signal to noise (SNR) ratio?
10.27 Define (SNR) I/p and (SNR) O/p and(SNR) channel ?
10.28 Write the figure of merit equation for DSB-SC, SSB-SC and FM?
10.29 Write the figure of merit of FM receiver?
10.30 Define Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM?

11. APPLICATIONS:
1. Frequency modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting. It is also used
in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring newborns for seizures
via EEG, two-way radio systems, music synthesis, magnetic tape-recording systems and
some video-transmission systems
2. FM is also used at audio frequencies to synthesize sound. This technique, known as FM
synthesis was popularized by early digital synthesizers and became a standard feature in
several generations of personal computer sound cards.
3. FM signal can also be used to carry a stereo signal this is done with multiplexing and
demultiplexing before and after the FM process. The FM modulation and demodulation

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 41

 process is identical in stereo and monaural processes. A high-efficiency radio-
frequency switching amplifier can be used to transmit FM signals (and other constant-
amplitude signals.
4. For a given signal strength (measured at the receiver antenna), switching amplifiers
use less battery power and typically cost less than a linear amplifier. This gives FM
another advantage over other modulation methods requiring linear amplifiers, such as
AM and QAM.
5. FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music
and speech. Analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Narrowband FM is used for
voice communications in commercial and amateur radio settings.
In broadcast services, where audio fidelity is important, wideband FM is generally used. In two-
way radio, narrowband FM (NBFM) is used to conserve bandwidth for land mobile, marine
mobile and other

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 42

 Study of EXPT. NO: 5A
STUDY7. OF SPECTRUM ANALYSER USING AM SIGNAL
DATE:

1. AIM:
To study the spectrum of AM signals using spectrum analyzer.
2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:
2.1 Spectrum Analyzer.
2.2 Function generator.
2.3 AM Wave generators

3. THEORY:
3.1. INTRODUCTION TO SPECTRUM ANALYSER:

The analyzer of electrical signals is a fundamental problem for many Engineers

and scientists.
The traditional ways of observing the electrical signal is in time domain by using
oscilloscope. The time domain is used to recover relative timing and phase information
which is used to characterize electric circuit behavior .
But practically some circuits like Amplifiers, Filters, Oscillators, Modulators,
Mixers etc,. Requires frequency domain analysis. This frequency domain analysis can be
easily studied in using Spectrum analyzer. It graphically displays voltage or power
function of frequency on a circuit.
Basically two types of spectrum analyzer are available. They are
1. Swept – tuned
2. Real – time
The HM5010 is the swept – tuned Spectrum analyzer. This spectrum analyzer
permits the detection of spectrum components of electrical signal in the frequency range
of 0.15MHz to1050 MHz. In the oscilloscope the amplitude is displayed on the time
domain and in spectrum analyzer it will be displayed in frequency domain.

3.2. ADVANTAGES OF SPECTRUM ANALYZER:

3.2.1 Spectrum analyzer is used to observe the difference fill characteristics.

3.2.2 It used to observe the Modulated wave from spectrum

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 43

 3.2.3 It is used to observe the Noise level in the transmission
Ex: In CATV

3.3. CONTROL ELEMENTS:

3.3.1. MARKER ON / OFF:

When the marker push button is set to the off position the CF indicator is lit and
display shows the center frequency. When the switch is in the ON position 1 MHz
the display shows the marker frequency. The marker shows on the screen a sharp
peak the marker frequency is adjustable by means of the marker knob and can be
aligned with a spectral line.
NOTE: Switch off the marker before taking correct amplitude reading.
3.3.2. CF / MK: (CENTER FREQUENCY / MARKER)

The CF LED is lit when the digital display shows the center frequency. The center
frequency is the frequency, which is displayed in the horizontal center of the
CRT. The MK LED is lit when the marker pushbutton is in the ON position. The
digital display shows the marker frequency in the case.
3.3.3. DIGITAL DISPLAY: (DISPLAY OF CENTER FREQUENCY /
MARKER FREQUENCY):
SIGM: Display with 100 KHz resolution.
UNCAL: Blinking of this LED indicates incorrectly displayed amplitude values.
This is to scan width and filter setting combinations which give to low amplitude
readings because the IF filters have not being settled. This may occur when the
scanned frequency range is too large compared to the IF bandwidth (20 KHz) and
or the video filter bandwidth (4 KHz). Measurements in the case can either be
taken with out a video filter or the scan width has to be decreased

CENTER FREQUENCY: COURSE / FINE:

Both rotary knobs are used for center frequency setting. The center
frequency is displayed at the horizontal center of the screen.
BAND WIDTH: Selects between 400 KHz. If a bandwidth of 20 KHz is selected
the noise level decreases and the selectivity is improved spectral lines which are
relatively close together can be distinguished. As the small signal transient

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 44

 response amplitude values if the scan width is set at too wide a frequency span.
The uncial LED will indicate this condition.
SCAN WIDTH: The scan width selectors control the scan width per division of
the horizontal axis. The frequency / Dis can be increased by means of the > button
and decreased by means of the < button. The width of the scan range is displayed
in MHz / Div and refers to each horizontal division on the graticule the center
frequency is indicated by the vertical line at middle of the horizontal axis. The
frequency decreased to the left in a similar way. In this case the left graticule line
corresponds to 0 Hz with these settings a spectral line is visible which is referred
to as zero frequency. Spectral lines displayed left of the zero frequency point are
so called image frequency. In the zero scan made the spectrum analyzer operates
like a receiver with selectable band width. The frequency is selected via the center
frequency .The selected scan width / div settings are indicated by a number of
LEDs above the range setting puss buttons.

3.4 APPLICATIONS:

3.4.1 The spectrum analyzer is useful for observing the amplitude modulation
frequency, modulation frequency spectrum.
3.4.2. It is useful in measuring low level modulation.
3.4.3. It is used in measuring carrier frequency and modulation level.
4. MODEL WAVEFORMS:

AM Spectral Analysis Signal:

5. PRECAUTIONS:
5.1 Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
5.2 Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 45

 5.3 Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
5.4 Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
5.5 After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
5.6 Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.

6. CONCLUSION:
The spectrum of AM Signals are observed using spectrum analyzer and plotted.

7. VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

7.1 Define a spectrum?
7.2 Is it possible to visualize the time domain signals using spectrum analyzer?
7.3 How can we select the central frequency?
7.4 How many side bands appear for a conventional AM signal?
7.5 What are the major components required to apply the AM signals to the
spectrum analyzer?
7.6 Define a marker?
7.7 Is it possible to visualize the time domain signals using spectrum analyzer?
7.8 Draw the Spectrum of AM wave?
7.9 Draw the Spectrum of DSB and SSB wave?
7.10 What are frequencies components present in AM wave?
7.11 What are the major components required to apply the AM signals to the
spectrum analyzer?
7.12 Give the expression for sidebands power P SB , P LSB and P USB ?
7.13 Write the modulation index in terms of total power and carrier power?
7.14 Draw the spectrum of DSB-SC?
7.15 Give the S(f) expression for DSB-SC?
7.16 What are the methods used for the suppression of carrier wave from the
AM wave?
7.17 Draw the spectrum of SSB waves for USB and LSB?
7.18 What is the relation between instantaneous frequency (f i (t)) and phase
angle θ(t) of angle modulation.
7.19 What is the need for communication?
7.20 Define deviation ratio and constant average power?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 46

 7.21 Is it possible to visualize the time domain signals using spectrum
analyzer?
7.22 How can we select the central frequency?
7.23 How many side bands appear for a conventional AM signal?
7.24 Give the expression for sidebands power P SB , P LSB and P USB ?
7.25 Write the modulation index in terms of total power and carrier power?
7.26 Draw the spectrum of DSB-SC?
7.27 Give the S(f) expression for DSB-SC?
7.28 What are the methods used for the suppression of carrier wave from the
AM wave?
7.29 Define Signal to noise (SNR) ratio?
7.30 Compare narrow and wideband FM?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 47

STUDY OF SPECTRUM ANALYSER USING FM SIGNAL EXPT. NO: 5B
DATE:

1. AIM:
To study the spectrum of FM signals using spectrum analyzer.
2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:
2.1 Spectrum Analyzer.
2.2 Function generator.
2.3 AM Wave generators

3. THEORY:
3.1. INTRODUCTION TO SPECTRUM ANALYSER:

The analyzer of electrical signals is a fundamental problems for many Engineers

and scientists.
The traditional ways of observing the electrical signal is in time domain by using
oscilloscope. The time domain is used to recover relative timing and phase information
which is used to characterize electric circuit behavior.
But practically some circuits like Amplifiers, Filters, Oscillators, Modulators,
Mixers etc,. Requires frequency domain analysis. This frequency domain analysis can be
easily studied in using Spectrum analyzer. It graphically displays voltage or power
function of frequency on a circuit.
Basically two types of spectrum analyzer are available. They are
3. Swept – tuned
4. Real – time
The HM5010 is the swept – tuned Spectrum analyzer. This spectrum analyzer
permits the detection of spectrum components of electrical signal in the frequency range
of 0.15MHz to1050 MHz In the oscilloscope the amplitude is displayed on the time
domain and in spectrum analyzer it will be displayed in frequency domain.
3.2. ADVANTAGES OF SPECTRUM ANALYZER:

3.2.4 Spectrum analyzer is used to observe the difference fill characteristics.

3.2.5 It used to observe the Modulated wave from spectrum

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 48

 3.2.6 It is used to observe the Noise level in the transmission
Ex: In CATV
3.3. CONTROL ELEMENTS:
3.3.1. MARKER ON / OFF:

When the marker push button is set to the off position the CF indicator is lit and
display shows the center frequency. When the switch is in the ON position 1 MHz
the display shows the marker frequency. The marker shows on the screen a sharp
peak the marker frequency is adjustable by means of the marker knob and can be
aligned with a spectral line.
NOTE: Switch off the marker before taking correct amplitude reading.
3.3.2. CF / MK: (CENTER FREQUENCY / MARKER)

The CF LED is lit when the digital display shows the center frequency. The center
frequency is the frequency, which is displayed in the horizontal center of the
CRT. The MK LED is lit when the marker pushbutton is in the ON position. The
digital display shows the marker frequency in the case.
3.3.3. DIGITAL DISPLAY: (DISPLAY OF CENTER FREQUENCY /
MARKER FREQUENCY):
SIGM: Display with 100 KHz resolution.

UNCAL: Blinking of this LED indicates incorrectly displayed amplitude values.

This is to scan width and filter setting combinations which give to low amplitude
readings because the IF filters have not being settled. This may occur when the
scanned frequency range is too large compared to the IF bandwidth (20 KHz) and
or the video filter bandwidth (4KHz). Measurements in the case can either be
taken without a video filter or the scan width has to be decreased
CENTER FREQUENCY: COARSE / FINE:
Both rotary knobs are used for center frequency setting. The center
frequency is displayed at the horizontal center of the screen.
BAND WIDTH: Selects between 400 KHz. If a bandwidth of 20 KHz is selected
the noise level decreases and the selectivity is improved spectral lines which are
relatively close together can be distinguished. As the small signal transient
response amplitude values if the scan width is set at too wide a frequency span.
The uncial LED will indicate this condition.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 49

 SCAN WIDTH: The scan width selectors control the scan width per division of
the horizontal axis. The frequency / Dis can be increased by means of the > button
and decreased by means of the < button.

The width of the scan range is displayed in MHz / Div and refers to each
horizontal division on the graticule the center frequency is indicated by the
vertical line at middle of the horizontal axis. The frequency decreased to the left
in a similar way. In this case the left graticule line corresponds to 0 Hz with these
settings a spectral line is visible which is referred to as zero frequency. Spectral
lines displayed left of the zero frequency point are so called image frequency. In
the zero scan made the spectrum analyzer operates like a receiver with selectable
bandwidth. The frequency is selected via the center frequency .The selected scan
width / div settings are indicated by a number of LEDs above the range setting
puss buttons.

3.4 APPLICATIONS:

3.4.1 The spectrum analyzer is useful for observing the amplitude modulation
frequency, modulation frequency spectrum.
3.4.4. It is useful in measuring low level modulation.
3.4.5. It is used in measuring carrier frequency and modulation level.

4. MODEL WAVEFORMS:
FM Spectral Analysis Signal:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 50

5. PRECAUTIONS:
5.1 Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
5.2 Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
5.3 Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
5.4 Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
5.5 After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
5.6 Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.

6. CONCLUSION:
The spectrum of FM Signals is observed using spectrum analyzer and plotted.
7. VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:
7.1 Define a spectrum?
7.2 Is it possible to visualize the time domain signals using spectrum analyzer?
7.3 How can we select the central frequency?
7.4 How many side bands appear for a conventional FM signal?
7.5 What are the major components required to apply the FM signals to the
spectrum analyzer?
7.6 Define a marker?
7.7 Draw the Spectrum of FM wave?
7.8 Draw the Spectrum of DSB and SSB wave?
7.9 What are frequencies components present in AM wave?
7.10 What is the need for communication?
7.11 Define deviation ratio and constant average power?
7.12 Is it possible to visualize the time domain signals using spectrum
analyzer?
7.13 How can we select the central frequency?
7.14 How many side bands appear for a conventional AM signal?
7.15 Give the expression for sidebands power P SB , P LSB and P USB ?
7.16 Write the modulation index in terms of total power and carrier power?
7.17 Draw the spectrum of DSB-SC?
7.18 Give the S(f) expression for DSB-SC?
7.19 What are the methods used for the suppression of carrier wave from the
AM wave?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 51

 7.20 Define Signal to noise (SNR) ratio?
7.21 Compare narrow and wideband FM?
7.22 Define Signal to noise (SNR) ratio?
7.23 How can we select the central frequency?
7.24 How many side bands appear for a conventional FM signal?
7.25 What are the major components required to apply the FM signals to the
spectrum analyzer?
7.26 Define a marker?
7.27 Draw the Spectrum of FM wave?
7.28 Draw the Spectrum of DSB and SSB wave?
7.29 Write the figure of merit equation for DSB-SC, SSB-SC and FM?
7.30 What are the units of amplitude sensitivity, frequency sensitivity and
phase sensitivity?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 52

DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF PRE-EMPHASIS & DE- EXPT. NO : 6
EMPHASIS FILTERS
DATE:

1. AIM:
To study the characteristics of pre – emphasis and de – emphasis.
2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:
2. 1. Resistors … 0.75k, 1.5k
2. 2. Capacitors... 0.1uf, 0.033uf
2. 3. Pre emphasis and de-emphasis Trainer Kit
2. 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
2.5. Connecting wires

3. THEORY:
In FM the interference (The noise) increases linearly with frequency, and the
noise power in the receiver output is concentrated at higher frequency.
At the transmitter, weaker high frequency components of audio signal are boosted
before modulation by pre-emphasis filter. At the receiver, the demodulator output passed
through the De-emphasis filter, which undoes the pre-emphasis by attenuating the higher
frequency components, where most of the noise is concentrated. The transfer functions of
pre-emphasis and de-emphasis (PDE) are having exact opposite. Thus the process of pre-
emphasis and d-emphasis leaves the desired signal untouched, but reduces the noise
power considerably.
The PDE method of reduction is not limited just to FM broadcast; it is also used
in audiotape recording and phonograph (analog) recording. We could also use PDE in
AM broadcasting to improve the SNR, but in practice, this is not done for some reasons.
That is output noise amplitude is constant with frequency, and does not vary as in FM.
Hence de-emphasis does yield such a dramatic improvement in AM as it does in FM.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 53

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
For T= 50 usec

De-emphasis Pre-emphasis
1k 0.033uf

0.033uf

i/p 1k

o/p
For T = 75 usec:

De-emphasis Pre-emphasis

7.5k 0.01uf
i/p
o/p

0.01uf 7.5k

5. TABULAR COLUMNS:
Pre – emphasis
For T = 50 μ sec

Freq (Hz) I/p Voltage o/p Voltage

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 54

 For T = 75 μ sec

Freq (Hz) I/p Voltage o/p Voltage

De-emphasis:

For T = 50 μ sec
Freq (Hz) I/p Voltage o/p Voltage

For T = 75 μ sec
Freq (Hz) I/p Voltage o/p Voltage

6. MODEL WAVEFORMS:
Pre-emphasis

Freq (hz)

De-emphasis

Freq (hz)

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 55

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
7.1 Switch on the power supply through mains card.
7.2 As the circuitry is already wired, you just have to trace the circuit according to the
circuit diagram.
7.3 Measure output voltage of regulated power supply (+ 12 V to – 12V).
7.4 Set the output of AF generator using CRO to 10 v pp and frequency range 200HZ to
20KHZ
7.5 Connect the AF signal to one of pre-emphasis network (say 75 usec )
7.6 Connect one of the channel of CRO to input of the pre-emphasis network and
another channel to output of pre-emphasis network and observe the both waveform
simultaneously one CRO by keeping in dual mode.
7.7 By varying AF signal frequency (amplitude must be kept constant) in steps. Note
down the corresponding input and output voltage in tabular forms.
7.8 Plot the graph note the frequency (X – axis ) and output voltage (Y- axis ).
7.9 From the graph note the frequency at which the output is 70.7% of input voltage and
compare with the theoretical value which is given by 1/2RC).
7.10 Initially set the amplitude of AF generator to minimum level and sampling
frequency to 1 kHz (by adjusting the preset provided in pulse generator block).
Note down the output of modulator by varying amplitude of modulating signal
observe the modulator output so you that you can notice the amplitude of the
sampling pulses is varying in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating
signal
7.11 Repeat all the above steps for time period 50 usec.
7.12 Connect AF signal to one of De-emphasis network (say 75 usec).
7.13 Connect one of the channel of CRO to input of the De-emphasis network and
another channel to output of De-emphasis network and observe the both
waveforms simultaneously one CRO by keeping in dual mode.
7.14 By varying AF signal frequency (amplitude must be kept constant ) in steps. Note
down the corresponding input and output voltages in tabular forms.
7.15 Plot the graph between frequency (X-axis) and output voltage (Y-axis).
7.16 From the graph note the frequency at which the output is 70.7% of input voltage
and compare with the theoretical value which is given by 1/2RC).
7.17 Initially set the amplitude of AF generator to minimum level and sampling
frequency to 1 kHz (by adjusting the preset provided in pulse generator block).
Note down the output of modulator by varying amplitude of modulating signal
observe the modulator output so you that you can notice the amplitude of the
sampling pulses is varying in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating
signal
7.18 Repeat all the above steps for time period 50 μ sec.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 56

8. PRECAUTIONS:
8.1 Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
8.2 Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
8.3 Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
8.4 After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
8.5 Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.
9. OBSERVATIONS:
9.1 For 75 μ sec Pre-emphasis network
R =-----------------K ohm,
C = ----------------- μ F
Theoretical value = -------------------
Practical value = ---------------------
9.2 For 50 μ sec Pre-emphasis network
R =-----------------K ohm,
C = ----------------- μ F
Theoretical value = -------------------
Practical value = ---------------------
9.3. For 75 μ sec De-emphasis network
R =-----------------K ohm,
C = ----------------- μ F
Theoretical value = -------------------
Practical value = ---------------------
9.4. For 50 μ sec De-emphasis network
R =-----------------K ohm,
C = ----------------- μ F
Theoretical value = -------------------
Practical value = ---------------------

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 57

 SOFTWARE PROGRAM

AIM:
To generate Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis waves by using a MATLAB Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Computer
2. SCILAB/MATLAB

PROGRAM:
f1=10;

for f=1:50

x(f)=(1/sqrt(1+(f1/f)^2));

f2(f)=f;

end

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(f2,x);

title('pre emphasis waveform');

for f=1:50

y(f)=(1/sqrt(1+(f/f1)^2));

f3(f)=f;

end

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(f3,y);

title('de emphasis waveform');

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 58

Simulated Wave forms

INFERENCE:
The Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis waves have been generated by using a MATLAB Software.

EXERCISE:
1. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=20.
2. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=25.
3. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=50.
4. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=75
5. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=100
6. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=150
7. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=175
8. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=200
9. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=350.
10. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=500.
11. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=30.
12. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=35.
13. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=60.
14. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=85
15. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=110
16. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=160
17. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=185
18. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=220
19. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=380.
20. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=590.
21. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=177

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 59

 22. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=210
23. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=305.
24. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=550.
25. Generate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis waves for f=315.

9. CONCLUSION:

The characteristics of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis are studied and plotted.

10. APPLICATIONS:

1. Emphasis is commonly used in LP records and FM broadcasting.

2. Pre-emphasis is employed in frequency modulation or phase modulation transmitters to
equalize the modulating signal drive power in terms of deviation ratio.
3. PLL applications to lock unwanted Noise stations.
4. Used in FMFB systems to improve modulating signal to avoid noise signals in FM
systems.The receiver demodulation process includes a reciprocal network, called a de-
emphasis network to restore the original sign
5. The receiver demodulation process includes a reciprocal network, called a de-emphasis
network to restore the original signal power distribution.

11. VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

11.1 What is pre-emphasis?
11.2 What is de-emphasis?
11.3 What is the necessity of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits in FM?
11.4 Where we use the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits?
11.5 What is the functionality of a pre-emphasis filter?
11.6 What is the functionality of a de-emphasis filter?
11.7 Define Threshold effect in FM?
11.8 Define Capture effect in FM?
11.9 Define CNR over SNR?
11.10 What is Figure of merit for FM?
11.11 What are baseband signals and what are its frequency ranges?
11.12 What is pre-emphasis?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 60

 11.13 What is de-emphasis?
11.14 What is the necessity of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits in FM?
11.15 Where we use the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits?
11.16 What is the functionality of a pre-emphasis filter?
11.17 What is the functionality of a de-emphasis filter?
11.18 Define Threshold effect in FM?
11.19 Define Capture effect in FM?
11.20 Define CNR over SNR?
11.21 Give the S(f) expression for DSB-SC?
11.22 What are the methods used for the suppression of carrier wave from the
AM wave?
11.23 Define Signal to noise (SNR) ratio?
11.24 Compare narrow and wideband FM?
11.25 Define Signal to noise (SNR) ratio?
11.26 How can we select the central frequency?
11.27 How many side bands appear for a conventional FM signal?
11.28 What are the major components required to apply the FM signals to the
spectrum analyzer?
11.29 What are the basic components of communication system?
11.30 Draw the block diagram of electronic communication system?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 61

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING & DE-MULTIPLEXING OF EXPT. NO : 07
ANY TWO BAND LIMITED SIGNALS
DATE:

AIM:
To study the time division multiplexing by applying different band limited signals to
time division multiplexer. Apply the multiplexed output to Demultiplexer and observe the
individual signals.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: -

TDM Multiplexer and De-multiplexer kit

CRO-20/25MHz
BNC probes
Patch cards.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 62

THEORY: -

A time division multiplexing system enables the joint utilization of a common communication
channel by a plurality of independent message sources without mutual interference among them.
Each input signal is first restricted in bandwidth by a low pass anti aliening filter to remove the
frequencies that are non-essential to an adequate signal representation. The low pass filter
outputs are then applied to commentator, which is usually implanted using electronic switching
circuitry the function of the commutator is twofold. To take a narrow sample of each of the N
input messages at rate fs that are slightly higher than 2w where W is the cut-off frequency of the
anti-aliening. To sequentially interleave there N samples inside the sampling interval TS In deed
this later function is the essence of the time division multiplexing operation following the
communication process the multiplied signal is applied to pulse modulator, the purpose of which
is to transform the multiplied signal into a form suitable for transmission over the
communication channel it is clear that the use of time division multiplying introduces a band
width expansion factor N because the scheme must squeeze N samples derived from N
independent message sources into a time slot equal to one sampling interval at the receiving end
of the system, the receive signal is applied to pulse demodulator, which performs the reverse
operation of the pulse modulator. The narrow samples produced at the pulse demodulator output
are distributed to the appropriate low pass reconstruction filter by means of a dissimulators
which operates in synchronism with the commutator in the transmitter the is synchronization is
essential for a satisfactory operation of the system. The way this synchronization is implemented
depends naturally on the method of pulse modulation use to transmit the multiplied sequence of
samples. The TDM systems are highly sensitive to dispersion in the common channel .so
accurate equalization of both magnitude3 and phase response of the channel is necessary to
ensure a satisfactory operation of the system.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 63

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on Time Division Multiplexing and De Multiplexing Trainer.

2. Connect the sine wave to channel-1, square wave to channel -2 and triangle wave to channel
terminals of 8 to 1 Multiplexer.
3. Observe the multiplexer output on channel -1 of a CRO.
4. Connect mux output to de-mux input.
5. Observe corresponding signal outputs at channel-2 of CRO.

MODEL GRAPH: -

RESULT:

The operation of TDM is observed and the output waveforms are verified.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 64

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the working principle of TDM?

2. What is the purpose of commutator in TDM?
3. In TDM how does the synchronization can be achieved?
4. What are the applications of TDM?
5. What is aperture effect?
6. What is the working principle of TDM?
7. What is the purpose of commutator in TDM?
8. In TDM how does the synchronization can be achieved?
9. What are the applications of TDM?
10. What is aperture effect?
11. Why communication is concerned with electronic equipment?
12. What are the typical channels used in wire/line communication?
13. What is multiplexing?
14. What are the types of multiplexing?
15. What are the applications of multiplexing?
16. Why we need multiplexing?
17. What are the advantages of multiplexing?
18. What is the disadvantage of multiplexing?
19. What are the advantages over modulation techniques?
20. Give the expression for modulation index (µ)?
21. Which is non orthogonal multiplexing?
22. Distinguish between the two basic multiplexing techniques?
23. Why sync pulse is required in TDM?
24. In what situation multiplexing is used?
25. What is difference between Frequency Division multiplexing and Wave Division multiplexing.
26. What is the function of an enable input on a multiplexer chip?
27. Will multiplexing create additional harmonics in the system?
28. Can I accidentally switch a dimmer to multiplex mode?
29. Why COSTAS LOOP is used?
30. What is the working principle of TDM?
31. What is the purpose of commutator in TDM?

32. Define TDM.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 65

 33. Which principle is used in TDM
34. Compare TDM with FDM
35. In which area TDM is applicable
36. Explain the generation of TDM
37. Compare PAM & TDM
38. What is the function of commentator
39. What is the function of De commentator
40. Give the application of TDM.
41. Why we need multiplexing?
42. What are the advantages of multiplexing?
43. What is the disadvantage of multiplexing?
44. What are the advantages over modulation techniques?
45. Which is non orthogonal multiplexing?
46. How to multiplex digital data
47. How cloud you multiplex video, audio and image at a time.
48. Distinguish between the two basic multiplexing techniques?
49. Why sync pulse is required in TDM?
50. Mention the differences between TDM and FDM.
Real Time Applications:
• In Half duplex communication system
• In Communication systems
• Wireless communication system
• Television system
• Radio Telemetry

• Communication System – A Multiplexer is used in communication systems, which has a

transmission system and also a communication network. A Multiplexer is used to increase the
efficiency of the communication system by allowing the transmission of data such as audio &
video data from different channels via cables and single lines.
• Computer Memory – A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to keep up a vast amount
of memory in the computers, and also to decrease the number of copper lines necessary to
connect the memory to other parts of the computer.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 66

 EXPT. NO : 08
VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM
DATE:

AIM:
To observe the number of samples by applying the modulating signal with frequency 500Hz and
1KHz with clock frequency 20KHz.

Equipment required: -

Sampling theorem trainer kit.

Function generator
CRO
BNC cable
Patch cards

Theory: -

The sampling process is usually described in the time domain as such it is as operation that is
basic to digital signal processing and digital communications. Though use of the sampling
process an analog signal is converted into a corresponding sequence of samples that are usually
spaces uniformly is time clearly for such a procedure to have practical utility it is necessary that
we choose the sampling rate properly so that the sequence of samples uniquely defines the
original signal this is the senesce of the sampling theorem.
Consider an arbitrary signal x (t) of finite energy which is specified for all time suppose that we
sample the signal x (t) instantaneously and at a uniform rate, once every ts seconds consequently
we obtain an infinite sequence of samples spaced ts seconds apart and denoted by {x (nts)}. Ts
are the sampling period and its reciprocal fs=1/ts is the sampling rate. This ideal form of
sampling is called instantaneous sampling. Xs (t) =

Where Xs (t) is the ideal sampled signal

We may state the sampling theorem for strictly band limited signals of finite energy is two
equivalent parts, which apply to the transmitter and receiver of a pulse modulation system.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 67

Time domain statement: -

A band limited signal of finite energy and finite duration, which has no frequency components
higher than fm Hz is completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of
time serrated by 1/2fm, seconds.

Frequency domain statement: -

A band-limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher than fm Hz,
may be completely recovered form, knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2fm samples per
second. The sampling rate of 2fm samples per second for a signal bandwidth of fm Hz is called
the Nyquist rate and its reciprocal of 1/2fm is called the Nyquist interval. This equation provides
an interpolation formula for reconstructing the original signal x (t) form the sequence of samples
values x (n/2fm), with the sine function since (2fmt) playing the role of an interpolation function
each sample is multiplied by a delayed version of the interpolation function and all resulting
waveforms are added to obtain x (t).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 68

MODEL GRAPH

Procedure: -

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply a modulating signal of frequency 1 kHz and a clock pulse of frequency 18KHz
3. Observe the sampled waveform on CRO and find the number of samples obtained.
4. Compare it with theoretical value and verify it draw the waveform of the sampled signal.

Results: - Verification of sampling theorem is done successfully for three sinusoidal signals

Applications: The sampling theorem is usually formulated for functions of a single variable.
Consequently, the theorem is directly applicable to time-dependent signals and is normally formulated in
that context. However, the sampling theorem can be extended in a straightforward way to functions of
arbitrarily many variables.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define sampling theorem.
2. What is sampling?
3. Define band limited signals?
4. What is aliasing effect?
5. How can be aliasing be avoided?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 69

 6. What is under sampling?
7. Define Nyquist rate?
8. What is sampling frequency?
9. What is modulating frequency?
10. What is sampling rate?
11. Define deviation ratio and constant average power?
12. What are the types of noise?
13. Define Signal to noise (SNR) ratio?
14. What is sampling process?
15. Give the statement of sampling theorem for band limited ( low pass filtered) signals?
16. What is the Essence of Sampling theorem?
17. What is aliasing effect and how do you overcome this effect?
18. Draw the time domain waveforms for natural &amp; flat top sampling?
19. Define Analog &amp; Digital signals?
20. What is sampling process?

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 70

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION: GENERATION AND EXPT. NO : 09
DETECTION
DATE:

1. AIM:
1.1 To Study the process of pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation.
1.2 To study the effect of amplitude variations on the PAM output.

2. COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:

2.1 PAM Trainer kit
2.2. 30 kHz dual channel oscilloscope
2.3. CRO probes and patch chords.

3. THEORY:
PAM is having fixed width of each pulse, but the amplitude of each pulse is made
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at that instant, sampling clock is applied
to the base of the transistor modulating signal is applied at the collector of the transistor. So that
the output of the transistor (collector current) varies according to the Modulating signal voltage.
Sampling clock given at the base of the transistor will appear at the collector (same frequency of
clock) but its amplitude is proportional to the modulating voltage.
The demodulation of the PAM is quite a simple process. PAM is fed to the integrating Rx
circuit (LPF), from which the demodulating signal emerges whose amplitude at any instant is
proportional to the PAM at that instant. This signal is given to an inverting amplifier to amplify
Its level so that demodulated output is having almost equal amplitude with the modulating signal,
but it is having same phase difference.

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
MODULATOR:
A.F. Signal
PAM
PAM Signal
MODULATOR
Clock

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 71

DEMODULATOR

De modulated
P.A.M. Signal L.P.F AMPLIFIER Signal

5. MODEL WAVEFORMS:

A. F.
Signal

Clock Signal

P. A. M.
Signal

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 72

 6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
6.1. Switch on the trainer kit.
6.2. Observe the modulating signal and carrier clock generator outputs

6.3. Adjust the modulating signal generator output to convenient value

6.4. Apply the modulating signal generator output and clock generators output to the PAM
modulator.
6.5. Observe the PAM out put waveforms by varying the amplitudes of the modulating signal
and modulation depths.
6.6. During demodulation connect PAM output to the input of the PAM demodulator and
observe the output of PAM demodulator.

7. PRECAUTIONS:
7.1 Check for loose contacts of wires and components.
7.2 Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
7.3 Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
7.4 Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
7.5 After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
7.6 Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.

8. Observations:
8.1. Amplitude of the modulating signal_______________
8.2. Frequency of the modulating signal_________________
8.3. Amplitude of the De-modulating signal______________
8.4. Frequency of the De-modulating signal_______________
8.5. Sampling frequency___________________

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 73

 USING DISCRETE COMPONENTS

AIM :
To generate pulse amplitude modulated wave using emitter follower.

Apparatus:

S No Component Range Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 1
2 Resistor 47kΩ,22kΩ,33kΩ 1
3 Function generator (0-3) MHz 2
4 CRO (0-3) MHz 1
5 RPS (0-30)V 1

Theory:
The signal xs(t) represents a pulse amplitude modulated signal .In pulse amplitude
modulation(PAM),the carrier signal consists of a periodic train of rectangular pulses, and the amplitudes
of rectangular pulses vary with instantaneous sampled values of an analog message signal. Note that the
carrier frequency (i.e., the pulse repetition frequency) is same as the sampling rate.
The sampling signal xs(t) can be expressed as

xs (t ) =  m(nT ) p(t − nT )
n = −
s s

Where p(t) is the rectangular pulse of unit amplitude and duration d,

1 | t | d / 2
p (t ) = 
0 otherwise

Procedure:

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

A Suitable message signal and rectangular pulse carrier wave is given as the input to the circuit.
The output is obtained at the Emitter terminal of the circuit.
The Amplitude and Frequency of the various waveforms are tabulated and verified.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 74

Circuit diagram
Vcc =12 V

C
Q1
47KΩ
B
E
BC107BP

22 KΩ
Message
signal 33 KΩ
Pulse V0
carrier

Expected graphs

xs (t )

t (ms)

p (t )

t (ms)

xPAM (t )

t (ms)

Tabular Column:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 75

 Wave form Amplitude in Volts Frequency in Hertz
Message [xs(t)]
Pulse carrier signal[p(t)]
Pulse amplitude modulated
signal [xPAM(t)]

Result:

Thus, the pulse amplitude modulated wave is obtained using components.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 76

 SOFTWARE PROGRAM

AIM:
To generate and detect PAM wave by using a SCILAB/MATLAB software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Computer
2. SCILAB/MATLAB SOFTWARE

PROGRAM:
clc;
clf;
close all
clear all
t=0:1/6000:((10/1000)-(1/6000));
xa=sin(2*pi*100*abs(t));
Ts=32;
x=sin(2*pi*600*(Ts*t));
X=fft(xa,abs(x));
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(xa);
grid
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(X);
grid
Y=ifft(xa,X);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(Y)
grid

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 77

Simulated Wave forms:

INFERENCE:
The PAM wave has been generated and detected by using MATLAB software.

EXERCISE:
1) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 200hz and carrier frequency 2000Hz.
2) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 200hz and carrier frequency 2000Hz.
3) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 50hz and carrier frequency 1000Hz.
4) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 50hz and carrier frequency 1000Hz.
5) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 500hz and carrier frequency 10000Hz.
6) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 500hz and carrier frequency 10000Hz.
7) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 300hz and carrier frequency 2000Hz.
8) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 300hz and carrier frequency 2000Hz.
9) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 300hz and carrier frequency 5000Hz.
10) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 300hz and carrier frequency 5000Hz.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 78

 11) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 250hz and carrier frequency 2500Hz.
12) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 250hz and carrier frequency 2500Hz.
13) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 150hz and carrier frequency 1500Hz.
14) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 150hz and carrier frequency 1500Hz.
15) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 550hz and carrier frequency 10500Hz.
16) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 550hz and carrier frequency 10500Hz.
17) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 350hz and carrier frequency 2500Hz.
18) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 350hz and carrier frequency 2500Hz.
19) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 380hz and carrier frequency 6000Hz.
20) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 380hz and carrier frequency 6000Hz.
21) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 100hz and carrier frequency 50000Hz.
22) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 200hz and carrier frequency 1000Hz.
23) Detect a PAM wave with message frequency 150hz and carrier frequency 2000Hz.
24) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 500hz and carrier frequency 2500Hz.
25) Generate a PAM wave with message frequency 200hz and carrier frequency 3000Hz.

9. CONCLUSION:
The pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation is studied, verified and the output
waveforms are plotted.

10. VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

10.1 What is sampling?

10.2 What is sampling theorem?
10.3 What are the various types of Pulse modulation techniques?
10.4 Define PAM?
10.5 What is the use of pulse shaping network?
10.6 What is the purpose of sample and hold circuit?
10.7 What is Bandwidth required for PAM signal?
10.8 What is Nyquist Criteria?
10.9 Draw the block diagram for the detection of PAM signal.
10.10 What are the advantages and drawbacks of PAM.
10.11 Give expression for the FM wave as well as PM wave?
10.12 Compare narrow and wideband FM?
10.13 What are the merits &amp;demerits of PAM?
10.14 Draw the time domain waveforms for natural &amp; flat top sampling?
10.15 Draw the block diagram to generate PAM with schematic?
10.16 Draw the waveforms for the single polarity PAM and double polarity PAM?
10.17 How do you demodulate PAM signal?

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 10.18 What are the merits &amp;demerits of PAM?
10.19 What are the advantages of PWM over PAM?
10.20 What are the advantages of PPM over PWM (or) PAM?
10.21 What is the need for communication?
10.22 What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM, and PWM?
10.23 Explain briefly how PAM can vary in different systems?
10.24 What is PAM in practical circuits?
10.25 What is the basic principle of PAM?
10.26 What does "roll off" mean?
10.27 What are passive filters?
10.28 What is band pass filter?
10.29 What is an ideal band pass filter?
10.30 What is a precision rectifier?

11. APPLICATIONS:
1. Some versions of the Ethernet communication standard are an example of PAM usage.
2. The concept is also used for the study of photosynthesis using a specialized instrument that
involves a spectro-fluorometric measurement of the kinetics of fluorescence rise and decay in the
light-harvesting antenna of thylakoid membranes.
3. Querying various aspects of the state of the photo systems under different environmental
conditions.
4. Used in discrete time systems.
5. Analog to Digital Converters.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 80

PULSE CODE MODULATION: GENERATION AND EXPT. NO : 10
DETECTION
DATE:

AIM:
To study the pulse code modulation and demodulation and to study the effect on the variation of
the amplitude of modulating signal.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. Pulse code modulation and demodulation trainer kit

2. Dual trace oscilloscope –20M Hz
3. BNC probes
4. Patch cards

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 81

THEORY:

PCM also uses the sampling technique but it differs from the others in that it is a digital process.
That is instead of sending a pulse train capable of continuously varying one of the parameters the PCM
generator produced a series of numbers of digits each one of the these digits almost always in binary
code represents the approximate amplitude of the signal sample at that instant.

In PCM the total amplitude range which the signal may occupy is divided into number of
standard levels, the actual number of levels is power 2 by a process called quartering the level actually
sent at any sampling time is the nearest standard level. the digit 7 is sent at the instant of time as a series
of pulses corresponding to number 7 since there are 16 levels 4 binary places are required the number
becomes 0111 and could be sent as OPPP where P= pulse and O no. of pulses. Actually it is often sent
as a binary back to front i.e. as 1110 or PPP0 to make demodulation easier.

The signal is continuously sampled quantized coded and sent as each sample amplitude is
connected to the nearest standard amplitude and into the corresponding back to front binary number
provide soggiest quartering levels are used, the result cannot be distinguished from that of analog
transmission.A signalling bit is generally added to each code group representing a quantized sample.
Hence each group of pulsed denoting a sample here called a word is expressed by means of n+ 1 bit
whiter 2n is the chosen number of standard levels.

PCM requires very complex encoding quartering circuitry. PCM requires a large bandwidth
compared to analog systems the main application of PCM is telegraphy the use of PCM is broadband
network of advanced countries is increasing by leaps and bounders PCM also finds use in space
communications.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Apply varying digital input.
3. Calculate decimal number form the applied binary and it will be obtained by observing
LED’s.
4. The demodulated output voltage is calculated theoretically by using the formul
v= 5 – (Decimal * 5/128).
5. Observe the demodulated output voltage in Multi-meter.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 82

TABULAR FORM:

S.NO. Applied DC Binary input Practical value

voltage

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 83

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: Thus the A/D and D/A are converted using PCM modulation and demodulation
systems

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the expression for transmission bandwidth in a PCM system?

2. What is the expression for signalling rate in a PCM system?
3. Explain Sampling Theorem for band limited signals.
4. Draw the internal structure of PCM encoder.
5. Define quantization in PCM.
6. How an ADC works in PCM.
7. What are the components of ADC?
8. Why ADC requires Parallel to series converter.
9. What is band pass sampling?
10. What is the expression for quantization noise /error in PCM system?
11. What are the applications of PCM?
12. Define encoding in PCM.
13. Why buffer is placed in PCM generation.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 84

14. Compare PCM and DPCM.
15. What are the advantages of the PCM?
16. What are the disadvantages of PCM?
17. Essence of Sampling in PCM.
18. Write is the expression for Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval?
19. Define the term quantization noise.
20. What is quantizing error?
21. Construct the generation block diagram of pulse code modulation.
22. What is a word in PCM mean?
23. What is mean by quantization?
24. What is the major effect in PCM?
25. What happens to amplitude in PCM?
26. How to reconstruct a PCM data.
27. Define Sampling in PCM.
28. Draw the detection block diagram of pulse code modulation.
29. How a Sample and Hold (S/H) will provide Stair case waveform.
30. How a DAC works in PCM.
31. What are the components of DAC?
32. Why DAC requires series to Parallel converter.
33. What are the types of sampling?
34. Write the statement of Sampling Theorem.
35. What is base band sampling?
36. Why buffer is placed in PCM detection.
37. What are the amplitude levels of a binary PCM?
38. Why q-level quantizer is used in PCM.
39. What is relation between quantization levels and no of binary digits?
40. What is the step size in PCM?
41. Difference between PCM and DM.
42. Why step size is fixed in PCM.
43. Why PCM will have redundant samples.
44. What are the encoding methods in PCM?
45. Where we use PCM encoders.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 85

46. If PCM data contains duplicate samples then what we need to do.
47. Draw the internal structure of PCM decoder.
48. What is the transmission bandwidth of PCM?
49. How PCM signals are used in CODEC systems.
50. Why PCM requires high data rates.

Real Time Applications:

• CD laser Discs
• Voice mail
• Digital Telephony
• Compact Disc Audio and Video recording
• Space Communication
• Magnetic tape recoding
• Radio Transmission
• TV broadcasting
• Digital audio processing in computers

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 86

 DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION: EXPT. NO : 11
GENERATION AND DETECTION
DATE:

AIM:
To study differential Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation by sending variable frequency
sine wave and variable D.C. signal inputs.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. Differential Pulse code modulation and demodulation trainer kit

2. Dual trace oscilloscope –20M Hz
3. BNC probes
4. Patch cards

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
PCM also uses the sampling technique but it differs from the others in that it is a digital
process. That is instead of sending a pulse train capable of continuously varying one of the
parameters the PCM generator produced a series of numbers of digits each one of the these digits
almost always in binary code represents the approximate amplitude of the signal sample at that
instant.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 87

 The signal is continuously sampled quantized coded and sent as each sample
amplitude is connected to the nearest standard amplitude and into the corresponding back
to front binary number provide soggiest quartering levels are used, the result cannot be
distinguished from that of analog transmission.

A signalling bit is generally added to each code group representing a quantized

sample. Hence each group of pulsed denoting a sample here called a word is expressed by
means of n+ 1 bit whiter 2n is the chosen number of standard levels. PCM requires very
complex encoding quartering circuitry. PCM requires a large bandwidth compared to
analog systems the main application of PCM is telegraphy the use of PCM is broadband
network of advanced countries is increasing by leaps and bounders PCM also finds use in
space communications.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch 'ON' the experimental kit.

2. Apply the variable D.C. signal to the input terminals of DPCM.
3. Observe the sampling output on CRO.
4. Observe the output of DPCM on the second channel of CRO.
5. By adjusting the D.C. Voltage potentiometer we can get the DPCM
output from 0000 0000 to 1111 1111.
6. Now, disconnect the D.C. voltage and apply AF oscillator output to the input of the
DPCM Modulator.
7. Observe the output of conditioning amplifier (Differential output) and DPCM outputs
in synchronization with the sampling signal.
8. During demodulation, connect DPCM output to the input of the Demodulation and
observe the output of DPCM Demodulations.

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MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: Hence observed differential pulse code modulation and demodulation

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Differential PCM.

2. How DPCM is generated.
3. What is the drawback of PCM?
4. Compare DPCM with delta modulation.
5. How prediction filter is used to generate next samples in DPCM.
6. DPCM is which type of modulation.

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7. What are the drawbacks of PCM?
8. Draw the internal structure of PCM encoder.
9. Define quantization in PCM.
10. How an ADC works in PCM.
11. What are the components of ADC?
12. Why ADC requires Parallel to series converter.
13. What is band pass sampling?
14. What is the expression for quantization noise /error in PCM system?
15. What are the applications of PCM?
16. Define encoding in PCM.
17. Why buffer is placed in PCM generation.
18. Compare PCM and DPCM.
19. What are the advantages of the PCM?
20. What are the disadvantages of PCM?
21. Essence of Sampling in PCM.
22. Write is the expression for Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval?
23. Define the term quantization noise.
24. What is quantizing noise?
25. Construct the generation block diagram of pulse code modulation.
26. What is encoding quartering circuitry?
27. What is a word in PCM mean?
28. What is mean by quantization?
29. What is the major effect in PCM?
30. What happens to amplitude in PCM?
31. How to reconstruct a PCM data.
32. Define Sampling in PCM.
33. Draw the detection block diagram of pulse code modulation.
34. How a Sample and Hold (S/H) will provide Stair case waveform.
35. How a DAC works in PCM.
36. What are the components of DAC?
37. Why DAC requires series to Parallel converter.
38. What are the types of sampling?
39. Write the statement of Sampling Theorem.
40. What is base band sampling?

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41. Why buffer is placed in PCM detection.
42. What are the amplitude levels of a binary PCM?
43. Why q-level quantizer is used in PCM.
44. What is relation between quantization levels and no of binary digits?
45. What is the step size in PCM?
46. Difference between PCM and DM.
47. Why step size is fixed in PCM.
48. Why PCM will have redundant samples.
49. What are the encoding methods in PCM?
50. If PCM data contains duplicate samples then what we need to do.

Real Time Applications:

• It is used in lossy compression techniques.
• Coarser Quantization.
• Audio compression method.
• Correlation techniques.
• Compression of mpeg
• Voice mail
• Digital Telephony
• Compact Disc Audio and Video recording
• Space Communication
• Magnetic tape recording

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DELTA MODULATION: GENERATION AND DETECTION EXPT. NO : 12
DATE:

AIM:
To study the delta Modulation and Demodulation process

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
• Delta Modulation and Demodulation Trainer kit.
• CRO- 20/25MHz
• BNC probes
• Patch cards.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 92

THEORY:

Delta modulation may be viewed, as a simplified form of DPCM is which two level
quietuses are used in conjunction with a fixed first order predictor. DPCM is based on the
explanation of signal correlation when base band signals are sampled at Nyquist rate correlation
between the adjacent samples can be further increased by over sampling the signal at a rate much
higher than the Nyquist rate. The higher correlation between the sampler permit. Method to use a
simpler quantizing strategy for constructing the encoded signal. The very concept has led to the
development of delta modulation is a one bit variation of DPCM. Applying the sampled version
if the incoming message signal to a modulator that involves a summer, quantised and an
accumulator interconnected can generate delta modulation. The key to effective use of delta
modulation is the proper choice of the step sizes and the sampling rate. The parameters must be
chosen in such a way that staircase signal is close approximation of tactual analog waveform.
Since they signal has given fixed upper frequency, we know that the fastest rate at which it can
change however to account for the fastest possible in the signal the step size or sampling
frequency must be increased increasing the sampling frequency results in the delta modulated
waveforms that require a large bandwidth increasing the step size increases the quantising error.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the experimental board.

2. Connect Clock Signal to the Delta Modulator circuit.
3. Connect Modulating Signal to the Modulating signal input of the Delta Modulator and
observe the same on channel l of a Dual Trace Oscilloscope.
4. Observe the Delta Modulator output on channel II of CRO.
5. Connect this Delta Modulator output to the demodulator. Also connect the clock signal to
the demodulator.
6. Observe the Demodulator output with and without RC filter on CRO.

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MODEL GRAPHS:

RESULT: Hence studied and observed delta modulation and demodulation

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Delta Modulation.

2. Explain the generation process of DM
3. What are the drawbacks of DM?
4. Compare DM with ADM.
5. What is meant by slope over load distortion?
6. What is the advantage of DM compare with DPCM?
7. Why Delta modulator requires low bit rates.

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 8. What is meant by granular noise distortion?
9. Define one bit quantization in DM.
10. How an ADC works in PCM and DM.
11. What are the components of DM?
12. What is band pass sampling?
13. What is the expression for quantization noise /error in DM system?
14. What are the applications of Delta Modulation?
15. Define accumulator in PCM.
16. Why delay unit is placed in DM generation.
17. Compare DM and DPCM.
18. What are the advantages of the DM over PCM?
19. What are the disadvantages of DM over PCM?
20. Essence of Sampling in DM.
21. Write is the expression for Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval?
22. Define the term quantization noise.
23. What is quantizing error?
24. Construct the generation block diagram of delta modulation.
25. What is encoding quartering circuitry?
26. What is a word in DM means?
27. What is mean by 1-bit quantization?
28. What is the major effect in PCM on DM?
29. What happens to amplitude levels in DM?
30. How to reconstruct a DM signal.
31. Define Sampling.
32. Draw the detection block diagram of Delta modulation.
33. How a Sample and Hold (S/H) will provide Stair case waveform.
34. How a DAC works in DM.
35. What are the components of DAC?
36. What are the types of sampling?
37. Write the statement of Sampling Theorem.
38. What is base band sampling?
39. How to compensate Granular in DM.
40. Why buffer is placed in DM detection.
41. What are the amplitude levels of a DM?

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 42. Why 1-bit quantizer is used in DM.
43. What is relation between quantization levels and no of binary digits?
44. What is the step size in DM?
45. Difference between DM and ADM.
46. Why step size is fixed in DM.
47. How to compensate Slope over load distortion in DM.
48. Why step size must be varied in ADM than DM.
49. How delay unit is used to generate predicted values in DM.
50. How to reconstruct a DM signal.

Real Time Applications:

• DM is used in Television systems
• PWM signals.
• Conversion of A to D signals
• In high pass filters
• To reduce the noise

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AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING: GENERATION AND EXPT. NO : 13
DETECTION
DATE:

AIM:
To observe the variation in amplitude of carrier signal corresponding to applied binary sequence.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

ASK Modulation &demodulation trainer kit

Function generator
CRO
BNC cable
Patch cards

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

The binary ASK system was one of the earliest forms of digital modulation used in wireless
telegraphy. In a system transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed
frequency Fc represents binary symbol. For the bit duration Tb are when an binary symbol is
represented by switching off the carrier for Tb.The signal can be generated by simply Turing the
carriers of sinusoidal oscillation ON-OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by modulating
pulse train.

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Generations of ask: -
ASK applying the incoming bi8nary data and the sinusoidal carrier to the inputs of 2:1
multiplexer and control input as reelect signal can generate signal. The ASK signal which is
basically the product of binary data and sinusoidal data has PSO name as that of base band ON-
OFF signal but is shifted in frequency domain by ± Fc. The ASK output has an infinity
bandwidth but practically the bandwidth is equal top that of an ideal and band pass filter is a
approximately 3/Tb Hz.
Demodulation of ASK: -
The demodulation of ASK wave can be done with the help of envelope detector / coherent deter.
This detection involves the use of linear operation here the local carries is assumed to be in
perfect synchronization with the modulating signal.

PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connected as shown in the figure.
2. Apply the binary data to the input and give NRZ-M to control input of modulator circuit.
3. Apply sine wave to second input of the modulator.
4.Observe the output waveform on the modulator.
5. Now give the modulated output to demodulator or input and check whether the binary data is
corrected or not.

MODEL GRAPHS:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 98

RESULTS: Hence generated Amplitude modulated and demodulated signals.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define ASK?
2. Explain the generation proven of ASK?
3. Differentiate ASK & AM?
4. Give the application of ASK?
5. ASK is which type of modulation?
6. Compare ASK & FSK?
7. Give the advantages ASK?
8. State different types of Digital modulation techniques?
9. What is shift keying?
10. What is a binary modulation technique?
11. What are applications of shift keying?
12. State coherent detection?
13. State non/coherent detection?
14. Define Baseband and Pass band digital transmission.
15. What are the requirements of Digital Modulation Techniques?
16. What are the advantages of Digital Modulation Techniques?
17. What are the disadvantages of Digital Modulation Techniques?
18. Define ASK, FSK and PSK?
19. What are the types of Digital Modulation Techniques ? Explain
20. State various continuous wave (CW) modulation systems .
21. Represent ASK mathematically .
22. State the bandwidth requirement of ASK system.
23. In BASK the information is transmitted via?
24. In a CW modulation system, the input signal ?
25. In a BASK system , the information is transmitted via ?
26. Express the BASK signal mathematica .
27. What does √(2Ps) represent ?
28. The noise immunity of BASK system ?
29. What type of receiver is used for the BASK detection ?
30. What is the advantage of synchronous detection ?

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 31. What is the disadvantage of the BASK receiver ?
32. Explain the generation proven of ASK?
33. Differentiate ASK & PM?
34. Give the application of AM?
35. ASK is which type of modulation?
36. Compare ASK & FSK?
37. Define Nyquist rate?
38. What is meant by aliasing effect?
39. State Sampling theorem.
40. Give The Two Basic Operation Of Ask Transmitter?
41. Define Information Capacity?
42. What Is The Unit Of Information Capacity?
43. Why Digital Amplitude Modulation Is Commonly Called On –off Keying?
44. Why Digital Amplitude Modulation Is Called As Continuous Wave Modulation?
45. Define Bit Rate?
46. Define Phase Reversal Keying?
47. What Is The Need Of Maximum Distance Code?
48. What Is Quad Bits?
49. What is the difference between ASK and FSK?
50. What is meant by coherent ASK?

Real Time Applications:

• ASK is used in mobile applications
• In televisions
• Long distance communications
• TV broadcasting
• Digital audio in computers

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FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING: GENERATION AND EXPT. NO : 14
DETECTION
DATE:

AIM: To generate FSK modulation and demodulation signals.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

FSK modulation and demodulation kit

CRO-20/25MHz
BNC probes
Patch cards.

THEORY:

In FSK systems two sinusoidal carrier waves of same amplitude AC but different
frequencies fc1 and fc2 are used to re present binary symbols 1 and 0 respectively. I.e.,
S(t)=Ac*Cos(2Пfc1,t) symbol1=Ac*Cos(2Пfc2,t) symbol 2 The FSK is essentially a
superposition of two ASK waveforms one with frequency fc1 and the other with fc2. Hence the
PSD of FSK is the sums of two ASK spectrums at frequencies fc1 and fc2. The bandwidths of
FSK are higher than that of PSK and ASK .The application of FSK signals is in low speed digital
data transmission.
Generation of FSK:

The FSK signal can be generated by applying the incoming binary data to a frequency modulator
and to other input a sinusoidal carrier wave of amplitude AC and frequency fC is applied. As the
binary data changes form one level to another (but non zero being pear) the output changes its
frequencies is the corresponding manner.

Detection of FSK:
FSK can be demodulated using synchronous or coherent detector. This type of detection or
digital communication reception is also known as correlation reception. The coherent detection
requires phase and time synchronization.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch 'ON' the power to the Trainer.

2. Observe the clock frequency on the oscilloscope.
3. Apply the clock to the decade counter (7490). And vary the data outputs and draw the
data outs.
4. Select one data output of the decade counter to the data input point of the FSK
modulator and observe the same signal one channel of a dual trace oscilloscope.
5. Observe the output of the FSK modulator on the second channel of the CRO.

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MODEL GRAPHS:

RESULT: -Hence generated frequency modulated and demodulated signals

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Binary FSK signal?

2. What is meant by carrier swing?
3. What is bandwidth of FSK signal?
4. Draw the Spectrum of FSK signal.
5. What are the digital modulation techniques?
6. Define Frequency deviation of FSK signal?
7. What are the advantages of this FSK signal?
8. Compare BFSK and BPSK?

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 9. Give the differences between FSK & FM?

10. Define Baseband transmission.

11. Define Pass band digital transmission.
12. What are the requirements of Digital Modulation Techniques?
13. What are the advantages of Digital Modulation Techniques?
14. What are the drawbacks of Digital Modulation Techniques?
15. Draw the waveforms for FSK signal for bipolar NRZ data.
16. Compare BFSK and ASK?
17. Why we use two carriers in FSK transmission and reception.
18. Define coherent detection.
19. Define non-coherent detection.
20. Compare all the digital modulation techniques?
21. What is the probability of error of FSK signal?
22. What is meant by frequency synthesizer?
23. Applications of frequency synthesizer.
24. What is meant by PLL?
25. Applications of PLL.
26. Define BER rate?
27. Write the expression for FSK signal for binary ‘1’?
28. Write the expression for FSK signal for binary ‘0’?
29. What is the major advantage of coherent FSK over coherent PSK?
30. Compare BFSK and QPSK?
31. Draw the block diagram of FSK signal detection using coherent detection.
32. Draw the block diagram of FSK signal detection using non-coherent detection.
33. Draw the block diagram of FSK signal detection using PLL.
34. Write the expression for bit error rate for coherent binary FSK.
35. What is correlator?
36. Compare ASK, PSK and FSK based on their power?
37. Compare ASK, PSK and FSK based on their SNR?
38. Compare ASK, PSK and FSK based on their probability of error?
39. Define modulation rate.
40. What BER rate of FSK signal.

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 41. Define coherent detection.
42. Define non-coherent detection.
43. Compare all the digital modulation techniques?
44. What is the probability of error of FSK signal?
45. What is the major advantage of coherent FSK over coherent ASK?
46. What are the three broad types of synchronization?
47. What is carrier synchronization?
48. Compare ASK, PSK and FSK based on their bandwidth?
49. Draw the time domain waveforms of FSK signal.
50. What is expression for FSK signal?

Real Time Applications:

• Amateur radio
• Caller ID
• Emergency broadcasting
• Finance business
• General purpose PLL applications
Bluetooth or BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy) which normally used everywhere like in mobile
phone, wireless speakers, Laptops, etc uses GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
modulation technique for data transmission. Difference between GFSK and FSK is nothing but
GFSK has an additional Gaussian Filter to reduce the side band power.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 105

PHASE SHIFT KEYING: GENERATION AND DETECTION EXPT. NO : 15
DATE:

AIM:
To study the operation of phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

• PSK Modulations and Demodulation Trainer kit

• CRO
• BNC probes
• Patch cards

THEORY:

Phase shift keying or discrete phase modulation is another technique available for
communicating digital information over band pass channels. The PSK is a form of angle
modulated, constant amplitude digital modulation. In binary phase shift keying two output
phases are possible for a single carrier frequency as the input digital signal changes state, the
phase of the output carrier shifts between 1800 out of phase. In binary phase shift keying
modulation the balanced modulator acts as a phase reversing switch. Depending on the logic
condition of the digital input, the carrier is transferred to the output wither in phase or 1800 with
reference carrier oscillators. and for proper operation the digital input voltages must be greater
than the peak carrier voltage as it has to control ON-OFF of diodes. The coherent detection also
called synchronous detection is used for binary phase shift keying detection. It is more
complicated than envelope detector, and results in a lower probability of error for a give S/N
input. Synchronous detection requires a carrier recovery circuit to generate local carrier
component exactly synchronized to the transmitted carrier.

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 106

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 107

MODEL GRAPHS:

PROCEDURE: -

1. Switch ON the experimental board.

2. Apply the carrier signal to the input of the modulator.
3. Apply the modulating data signal to the modulator input and observe this signal on one
channel l of
the CRO.
4. Observe the output of the PSK modulator on the channel 2 of the CRO.
5. Apply this PSK output to the demodulator input and also apply the carrier input.
6. Observe the demodulator output and compare it with the modulating data signal applied to the
modulator input.

RESULTS: - Hence generated Phase modulated and demodulated signals

DEPT. OF ECE @ MLRITM Page 108

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define PSK?
2. Explain the generation proven of PSK?
3. Differentiate PSK & PM?
4. Give the application of PSK?
5. PSK is which type of modulation?
6. Compare PSK & FSK?
7. Give the advantages PSK?
8. Define Nyquist rate?
9. What is meant by aliasing effect?
10. State Sampling theorem.
11. Explain How Qpsk Differs From Psk In Term Of Transmission Bandwidth And Bit
Information It Carries?
12. Give The Equation For Average Probability Of Symbol Error For Coherent Binary Psk?
13. Define Qpsk?
14. Give The Two Basic Operation Of Dpsk Transmitter?
15. Define Information Capacity?
16. What Is The Unit Of Information Capacity?
17. Why Digital Amplitude Modulation Is Commonly Called On –off Keying?
18. Why Digital Amplitude Modulation Is Called As Continuous Wave Modulation?
19. Define Bit Rate?
20. Define Baud?
21. Define Phase Reversal Keying?
22. What Is Offset Qpsk?
23. What Is Eight Phase Psk?
24. What Is The Need Of Maximum Distance Code?
25. What Is Quad Bits?
26. Define Dpsk?
27. What Is The Need For Ber?
28. Define ASK?

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 29. What is meant by DPSK?
30. Explain coherent detection?
31. What is the difference between PSK and FSK?
32. What is meant by coherent ASK?
33. What is the major advantage of coherent PSK over coherent ASK?
34. Explain the model of bandpass digital data transmission system?
35. What is baseband signal receiver?
36. What is matched filter?
37. What is the value of maximum signal to noise ratio of the matched filter? When it
becomes maximum?
38. What is correlator ?
39. On what factor, the error probability of matched filter depends.
40. Bring out the difference between coherent & non coherent binary modulation scheme..
41. Write the expression for bit error rate for coherent binary FSK.
42. Highlight the major difference between a QPSK & MSK signal.
43. What is the error probability of MSK & DPSK?
44. Compare Ask with psk signal?
45. What is the error probability of MSK ?
46. Compare psk with fsk signal?
47. What are the disadvantages of psk?
48. What are the advantages of qpsk over psk?
49. What is the error probability of pSK ?
50. Compare PSK QPSK DPSK ?

Real Time Applications:

• Wireless LAN’s.
• RFID’s.
• Bluetooth Communication.
• Radio Communications.

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