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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

Properties of Discrete time Systems • Memory Requirement (Static Vs. Dynamic Systems)

• Static/Dynamic (Memory/Memory less) Static/Stationary/Instantaneous/Memoryless System

A system whose current (present) output 𝑦 𝑛 depends only on the present values
• Causality (samples) of input

𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑓 ,𝑥 𝑛 -
• Linearity
There is no need of storing sample values in computer memory because we are
• Time invariance not required to access either previous or future values in order to compute the
present output

• Stability Static systems do not include any delay or advance elements (memory)

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Memory Requirement (Static Vs. Dynamic Systems) • Memory Requirement (Static Vs. Dynamic Systems)

Static/Stationary/Instantaneous/Memoryless System Dynamic System/Memory based System

Examples A system whose current (present) output 𝑦 𝑛 depends on the previous (past)
and/or future values (samples) of input
𝑦 𝑛 = 3𝑥 𝑛
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑓 ,𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 ,𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑘 -
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 3 𝑛 + 2𝑥 𝑛

We need to store sample values in computer memory because we have to use

𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 2 𝑛 + 4𝑥 3 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛
either previous or future values in order to compute the present output

Dynamic systems will definitely include delay or advance elements

(memory blocks)

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Memory Requirement (Static Vs. Dynamic Systems) • Causality (Causal Vs. Non Causal Systems)
Causal System
Dynamic System/Memory based System
1) A system whose current (present) output 𝑦 𝑛 depends on the current (present)
and/or previous (past) samples of input
Examples
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑓 ,𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 -
𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑥 𝑛 − 1
2) A system whose output cannot occur before the start of input sequence i.e. output
of system cannot happen before the application of input
𝑦 𝑛 = 3𝑥 𝑛 + 2
3) A system whose impulse response ℎ 𝑛 exists for 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 4𝑥 𝑛 + 2

𝑦 𝑛 = 0.1𝑥 𝑛 + 0.5𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.6𝑥 𝑛 + 2 Note:

• All causal systems can support real-time processing i.e. they can process signal in
𝑦 𝑛 = 0.1𝑥 𝑛 − 0.3𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.5𝑥 𝑛 − 2 − 0.3𝑥 𝑛 − 3 + 0.1𝑥 𝑛 − 4 real-time. No need to provide recorded data.

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Causality (Causal Vs. Non Causal Systems) • Causality (Causal Vs. Non Causal Systems)
Non Causal System
Causal System
1) A system whose current (present) output 𝑦 𝑛 depends upon future values of input
Examples
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑓 ,𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑘 -

𝑦 𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛 2) A system whose output can occur before the start of input sequence

𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑥 𝑛 − 1 3) A system whose impulse response ℎ 𝑛 exists for 𝑛 < 0

𝑦 𝑛 = 0.1𝑥 𝑛 + 0.5𝑥 𝑛 − 4
Note:

• All non causal systems can process recorded data only i.e. processing is done off-line
(non real time)

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Causality (Causal Vs. Non Causal Systems) • Linearity (Linear Vs. Non Linear Systems)
Linear System
Non Causal System

A system which follows superposition principle is called ‘Linear system’

Examples

Conditions for linearity:

𝑦 𝑛 = 0.2𝑥 𝑛 + 1 Sys { 𝑥1 [n] + 𝑥2 [n] } = Sys { 𝑥1 [n] } + Sys { 𝑥2 [n] } Additivity rule
Sys { α 𝑥1 [n] } = α Sys { 𝑥1 [n] } Scaling/Homogeneity rule
𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 3𝑥 𝑛 + 2
These two criteria can be combined into one equation known as the ‘superposition
𝑦 𝑛 = 0.1𝑥 𝑛 + 0.5𝑥 𝑛 − 2 + 0.3𝑥 𝑛 + 3 principle’

Superposition principle:
Sys { α1 𝑥1 [n] + α2 𝑥2 [n] } = α1 Sys { 𝑥1 [n] } + α2 Sys { 𝑥2 [n] }

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Linearity (Linear Vs. Non Linear Systems) • Linearity (Linear Vs. Non Linear Systems)

Linear System Linear System

The response of the system to a weighted sum of any two input signals is equal to The response of the system to a weighted sum of ‘N’ input signals is equal to the
the same weighted sum of the individual responses of the system to each of the same weighted sum of the individual responses of the system to each of the ‘N’
two input signals input signals

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Time invariance (Time invariant Vs. Time variant Systems) • Time invariance (Time invariant Vs. Time variant Systems)

Time invariant System Time invariant System

• A system whose input-output relationship remains independent of time For the system to be considered time-invariant, the only effect of time-shifting the
input signal should be to cause an equal amount of time shift in the output signal

• A system whose impulse response ℎ 𝑛 does not change with respect to time

Condition for time invariance:

𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑦𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠 * 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 += 𝑦, 𝑛 − 𝑘-

For the system to be considered time-invariant, the only effect of time-shifting the
input signal should be to cause an equal amount of time shift in the output signal

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Time invariance (Time invariant Vs. Time variant Systems) • Time invariance (Time invariant Vs. Time variant Systems)
Another interpretation of time-invariance Time variant System

• A system whose input-output relationship does not hold true with time

• A system whose ℎ 𝑛 changes with respect to time

Condition for time variance:

𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑦𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑠 * 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 +≠ 𝑦, 𝑛 − 𝑘-

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems) • Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems)
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) System
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) System

• A system whose impulse response ℎ 𝑛 exists for finite amount of time i.e.
Examples
impulse response contains finite number of samples

• A system whose current (present) output 𝑦 𝑛 does not depend upon the 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1
previous (past) output samples
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.7 𝑥 𝑛 + 1
𝑦 𝑛 ≠ 𝑓 ,𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑘 -
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
• No feedback is required in the implementation of FIR systems
𝑦 𝑛 = 0.3𝑥 𝑛 − 0.6 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 − 0.6 𝑥 𝑛 − 3 + 0.3𝑥 𝑛 − 4

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems) • Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems)

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) System Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) System

• A system whose impulse response ℎ 𝑛 exists for infinite duration of time i.e. Examples
impulse response contains infinite number of samples

• A system whose current (present) output 𝑦 𝑛 depends upon the previous 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑦 𝑛 − 1
(past) output samples
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8 𝑦 𝑛 − 2
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑓 ,𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑘 -
𝑦 𝑛 = 0.3𝑥 𝑛 − 0.6 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 − 0.6 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 + 0.3 𝑦 𝑛 − 4
• Feedback is involved in the implementation of IIR systems

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems) • Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems)
Example-1
Example-1

Calculate the impulse response ℎ 𝑛 of the following systems : 1) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1

ℎ 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 0.9 𝛿 𝑛 − 1
1) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1
ℎ −2 =𝛿 −2 + 0.9 𝛿 −3 = 0 + 0.9(0) = 0
ℎ −1 =𝛿 −1 + 0.9 𝛿 −2 = 0 + 0.9(0) = 0
2) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
ℎ 0 = 𝛿 0 + 0.9 𝛿 −1 = 1 + 0.9(0) = 1
ℎ 1 = 𝛿 1 + 0.9 𝛿 0 = 0 + 0.9 1 = 0.9
ℎ 2 = 𝛿 2 + 0.9 𝛿 1 = 0 + 0.9 0 = 0
ℎ 3 = 𝛿 3 + 0.9 𝛿 2 = 0 + 0.9 0 = 0

0 1
h 𝑛 = 1 , 0.9
↑
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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems) • Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems)
Example-1 Example-1

1) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 2) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8 𝑥 𝑛 − 2

0 1 ℎ 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 0.9 𝛿 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8𝛿 𝑛 − 2
h 𝑛 = 1 , 0.9
↑ ℎ −2 = 𝛿 −2 + 0.9 𝛿 −3 + 0. 8𝛿 −4 = 0 + 0.9(0) + 0.8(0) = 0
ℎ −1 = 𝛿 −1 + 0.9 𝛿 −2 + 0. 8𝛿 −3 = 0 + 0.9 0 + 0.8(0) = 0
ℎ 0 = 𝛿 0 + 0.9 𝛿 −1 + 0. 8𝛿 −2 = 1 + 0.9 0 + 0.8(0) = 1
ℎ 1 = 𝛿 1 + 0.9 𝛿 0 + 0. 8𝛿 −1 = 0 + 0.9 1 + 0.8(0) = 0.9
ℎ 2 = 𝛿 2 + 0.9 𝛿 1 + 0. 8𝛿 0 = 0 + 0.9 0 + 0.8(1) = 0.8
ℎ 3 = 𝛿 3 + 0.9 𝛿 2 + 0. 8𝛿 1 = 0 + 0.9 0 + 0.8(0) = 0
Stable ☺
0 1 2
h 𝑛 = 1 , 0.9 , 0.8
↑

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems) • Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems)
Example-1 Example-2

2) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.8 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 Calculate the impulse response ℎ 𝑛 of the following systems :

0 1 2 1) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑦 𝑛 − 1
h 𝑛 = 1 , 0.9 , 0.8
↑ 2) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 0.9 𝑦 𝑛 − 1

3) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 − 1

Stable ☺ 4) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑛 − 1

5) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1.1 𝑦 𝑛 − 1

6) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 1.1 𝑦 𝑛 − 1

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems) • Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems)
Example-2
Example-2

1) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 1) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 0.9 𝑦 𝑛 − 1
ℎ 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 0.9 ℎ 𝑛 − 1 0 1 2 3
h 𝑛 = 1 , 0.9 , 0.81 , 0.729 , ………
ℎ −2 =𝛿 −2 + 0.9 ℎ −3 = 0 + 0.9(0) = 0 ↑
ℎ −1 =𝛿 −1 + 0.9 ℎ −2 = 0 + 0.9(0) = 0
h 𝑛 = 0.9 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛
ℎ 0 = 𝛿 0 + 0.9 ℎ −1 = 1 + 0.9(0) = 1
ℎ 1 = 𝛿 1 + 0.9 ℎ 0 = 0 + 0.9 1 = 0.9
ℎ 2 = 𝛿 2 + 0.9 ℎ 1 = 0 + 0.9 0.9 = 0.81
ℎ 3 = 𝛿 3 + 0.9 ℎ 2 = 0 + 0.9 0.81 = 0.729
Stable ☺
0 1 2 3
h 𝑛 = 1 , 0.9 , 0.81 , 0.729 , ………
↑
h 𝑛 = 0.9 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛

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Discrete time Systems Discrete time Systems

• Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems) • Stability (FIR Vs. IIR Systems)
Example-2 Example-2

5) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1.1 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 5) 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1.1 𝑦 𝑛 − 1
ℎ 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 1.1 ℎ 𝑛 − 1 0 1 2 3
h 𝑛 = 1 , 1.1 , 1.21 , 1.331 , ………
ℎ −2 =𝛿 −2 + 1.1 ℎ −3 = 0 + 1.1(0) = 0 ↑
ℎ −1 =𝛿 −1 + 1.1 ℎ −2 = 0 + 1.1(0) = 0 𝑛
h 𝑛 = 1.1 𝑢 𝑛
ℎ 0 = 𝛿 0 + 1.1 ℎ −1 = 1 + 1.1(0) = 1
ℎ 1 = 𝛿 1 + 1.1 ℎ 0 = 0 + 1.1 1 = 1.1
ℎ 2 = 𝛿 2 + 1.1 ℎ 1 = 0 + 1.1 1.1 = 1.21
ℎ 3 = 𝛿 3 + 1.1 ℎ 2 = 0 + 1.1 1.21 = 1.331
Unstable 
0 1 2 3
h 𝑛 = 1 , 1.1 , 1.21 , 1.331 , ………
↑
h 𝑛 = 1.1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛

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