Adaptive value

Test-adversion.
Preparedness
Rattlesnake: rắn chuông
Stimulus subtitution: kích thích phục tùng
Contiguity theory: lý thuyết tiếp giáp
Classical conditioning: Phản ứng vô điều kiện
Operant conditioning: Phản ứng có điều kiện
Neutral stimulus: kíhc thíhc trung tính
Unconditional stimulus: kích thích vô điều kiện
Cognitive perspective: quan diem nha thuc
Organism :
Two stimuli : 2 k/thich
ADN aversions : ac cam
Pairing: ghep noi the US and CS is not sufficient: ko du for conditioning to occur.

QUESTION 1
1. If you wanted to condition your friends to blink their eyes in response to
the word “apple” what would you do?
2.
1. Use classical conditioning and reinforce eye blinking with a slice of an

apple.
2. Use operant conditioning and reinforce eye blinking to the word “apple”

with a dollar.
3. Use classical conditioning and pair the word “apple” with a puff of air to

the eyes.
4. Use operant conditioning and pair the eye blinking with a slice of an

apple.
10 points
QUESTION 2
1. On the positive side, taste-aversion learning may help us:
2.
1. remember what foods we do not prefer

2. survive by avoiding plants or poisons that are harmful or lethal

3. discern foods that have poor nutritional value
4. develop our taste for exotic foods

10 points
QUESTION 3
 1. In classical conditioning, when an organism responds to some stimuli, but
not to others, the organism is demonstrating:
2.
1. spontaneous recovery

2. discrimination
3. generalization
4. cognitive learning
10 points
QUESTION 4
1. Classical conditioning was discovered by:
2.
1. B. F. Skinner

2. AlbertBandura
3. Edward Thorndike
4. Ivan Pavlov

10 points
QUESTION 5
1. We could say that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are
paired close together in time. This theory is called the:
2.
1. stimulus substitution theory

2. prediction theory
3. contiguity theory
4. cognitive perspective

10 points
QUESTION 6
1. Pavlov’s dogs were conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. The dogs
may have also salivated to the telephone ringing. This is an example of:
2.
1. generalization

2. extinction
3. operant conditioning
4. discrimination

10 points
QUESTION 7
1. A farmer always uses the same squeaky wheelbarrow to carry feed out to
his sheep. When he does this, the sheep head for the feed trough in
anticipation. In this example, noise of the wheelbarrow would be a(n):
2.
1. unconditioned response

2. unconditioned stimulus
3. conditioned response
 4. conditioned stimulus
10 points
QUESTION 8
1. You missed class the day classical conditioning was discussed. So, you
borrow your friend’s notes. As you are reading the notes you see that the
neutral stimulus was the bell, the UCS was food, and the UCR was
salivation. As you look further in the notes, you cannot read what is
written about the CS since your friend was running out of ink as she took
notes. Given what you can read, you reason that the CS is:
2.
1. salivation—since that is the normal response to food

2. food—since the UCS becomes the CS

3. bell—since the neutral stimulus becomes the CS
4. salivation—since the UCR becomes the CS

10 points
QUESTION 9
1. Learning can be best defined as:
2.
1. the acquisition of information through research

2. a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from

experience
3. a change in behavior related to mental events
4. an improvement in abilities resulting from formal instruction

10 points
QUESTION 10
1. “Whenever I smell that perfume I think of my grandmother and all of the
wonderful times we had together.” This best illustrates:
2.
1. preparedness

2. systematicdesensitization
3. mood enhanced response
4. conditioned emotional response

10 points
QUESTION 11
1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the actual learning took place when the:
2.
1. paired unconditioned stimulus (food) and neutral stimulus (tone) were

presented together in several trials

2. neutral stimulus was paired with the unconditioned stimulus
3. conditioned reflex was presented again and again
4. unconditioned stimulus (food) was paired with the conditioned stimulus

(tone)
 10 points
QUESTION 12
1. Pavlov’s explanation of classical conditioning is called:
2.
1. prediction theory

2. cognitiveperspective
3. generalization theory
4. stimulus substitution

10 points
QUESTION 13
1. When a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone) is repeatedly presented without
the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., meat), ____ eventually will occur.
2.
1. generalization

2. extinction
3. spontaneous recovery
4. discrimination

10 points
QUESTION 14
1. What concept refers to the usefulness of certain abilities that tend to
increase an animal’s chance of survival?
2.
1. evolved utility

2. adaptive value
3. unconditioned preparedness
4. survival predisposition

10 points
QUESTION 15
1. Spontaneous recovery is defined as the:
2.
1. generalization of a response to other similar stimuli

2. discriminationof certain stimuli from other similar stimuli

3. reappearance of a conditioned response
4. resultant product of cognitive learning

10 points
QUESTION 16
1. That which automatically causes a reflex response is called a(n):
2.
1. unconditioned response

2. conditionedstimulus
3. conditionedresponse
4. unconditioned stimulus
 10 points
QUESTION 17
1. Taste-aversion learning is not consistent with a long-standing belief
regarding classical conditioning. The belief was:
2.
1. neutral stimulus could not elicit the CR

2. conditioning could only take place after many trials and when the
neutral stimulus was closely followed by the UCR
3. conditioning is only permanent if the CR is stronger than the UCR
4. UCSs must be followed by UCRs

10 points
QUESTION 18
1. Why would the Scandinavian countries have lower rates of dental fears
among children?
2.
1. genetic differences

2. There is a character in Scandinavian mythology of a kind old dentist that

is taught to children from an early age.
3. Children are taught not to reveal their fears.
4. Dental care is part of the free, universal health care program and

children receive more regular dental care.

10 points
QUESTION 19
1. Extinction, in classical conditioning terminology, refers to:
2.
1. the forgetting of a UCR after a long time has elapsed

2. the disappearance of a CR when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS

3. the unlearning of a CR via counterconditioning
4. the generalization of a CR to many different stimuli, resulting in a

constant UCR
10 points
QUESTION 20
1. What may account for high rates of dental fears in different parts of the
world?
2.
1. whether children received dental care only when there is an emergency

or as part of their regular health care

2. attention to dental fears on television
3. genetic differences in tolerance for pain
4. cultural differences regarding the role of dentists

10 points
QUESTION 21
 1. You have been conditioned to become nauseated whenever you see or
smell pizza. Now you’ve noticed that you don’t feel very good when you
smell pasta. You realize that you have experienced:
2.
1. extinction

2. generalization
3. conditioned response
4. shaping

10 points
QUESTION 22
1. What does the subject learn in classical conditioning?
2.
1. The neutral stimulus predicts the CR.

2. The UCS predicts the UCR.

3. CR predicts the UCS.
4. The neutral stimulus predicts the UCS.

10 points
QUESTION 23
1. Carla’s fear of aftershave is extinguished. But a few weeks later, she
experiences anxiety when smelling a sample of the aftershave. Carla has
experienced:
2.
1. instrumental learning

2. pseudoextinction
3. spontaneous recovery
4. generalization

10 points
QUESTION 24
1. You have classically conditioned your 3-year-old niece to shut her eyes in
anticipation of a puff of air. However, she has since learned that the CS no
longer predicts the UCS and has experienced extinction. What has
happened?
2.
1. She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the CS.

2. She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCR.

3. She shuts her eyes more rapidly now in response to the CS.
4. She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCS.

10 points
QUESTION 25
1. Taste-aversion learning occurs when particular stimuli like the taste or
smell of food are associated with a(n):
2.
1. conditioned stimulus

2. unpleasant response
3. relaxation response
4. conditioned response