1. General Notes on Liquid Retaining or Civil Engineering Structures:
Reinforced concrete surface beds form part the civil engineering type of structures in which the civil engineering designer assume the roles of structural engineer and 'architect' at the same time. The overall aim is to have a structure that is safe,funtional and to some extend economical. To archived this the designer will look at the following considerations:
1.1 Structural Engineering Design Consideration:
a.) The proposed structure should be so arranged that it can always succesfully transmit (Dead,Wind/Environmental and Live) loads in a direct manner to the Foundations/soil.
c.) The material specified should ensure that the proposed structure will always be durable.
1.2 Architectral Design Consideration:
a.) General layouts looking at constructability, access, and interaction with
pipework,machanical,electrical services etc. b.) Joints
2. Surface bed design data:
b ≔ 1000 mm Section/design width
h ≔ 250 mm Proposed surface bed thickness
c ≔ 50 mm Concrete cover to reinforcement,due to expected
abration by vehicular traffic
fy ≔ 450 MPa Reinforcement yeild stress
fcu ≔ 30 MPa Concrete grade, for concrete surfaced roads
F1 ≔ 75.8 kN Estimated wheel load per wheel form front end loader
F2 ≔ 74.5 kN Estimated wheel load per wheel form a 7m3 concrete mix truck DESIGN OF RC SURFACE BED Rev0- Compiled by: Gabriel ............................................................................................................................................................................
3. Surface bed analysis and design:
Crack Control or Saw Cut Joints and construction joints spacing:
Calculation of minimum reinforcement for crack control:
T1 ≔ 23 Fall in temperature between hydration peak and ambient(typical values
23 for floors and 28 for walls)
T2 ≔ 0 Further fall in temperature due to seasonal variations. not less than 15
but zero if joint are provided at less than 15m
αe ≔ 10 coefficient of linear expantion in concrete = 10
DESIGN OF RC SURFACE BED Rev0- Compiled by: Gabriel ............................................................................................................................................................................
ε ≔ 0.5 ⋅ αe ⋅ ⎛⎝T1 + T2⎞⎠ = 115 Net effective contraction strain- in microstrain
w ≔ 0.46 mm Expected crack width at the saw cut joint
w = ⎛⎝4 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ mm 3 Smax ≔ ――― Actual maximum crack spacing −6 ε ⋅ 10
fct ϕ fct Also Smax = ― ⋅ ―― For ― = 1.0 from table above for mild steel fb 2 ρ fb ϕ = 8 assuming rebar 4 mm Smax = ――― ρ
4 mm ∴ ρ ≔ ――― ⋅ 100 = 0.1 Actual steel ratio required Smax
∴ Minimum area of steel for crack control per face:
b ≔ 1000 mm b = section width/design 1m strip
d ≔ h = 250 mm d = base depth
ρ 2 Asmin ≔ ―― ⋅ b ⋅ d = 250 mm 100 ∴ Provide Mesh Ref: 395 for surface bed top reinforcement at Saw Cut Joints and Construction joints spacing of 4000mm c/c
Surface bed Analysis:
DESIGN OF RC SURFACE BED Rev0- Compiled by: Gabriel ............................................................................................................................................................................
Dispersion of wheel load:
F ≔ F1 = 75.8 kN ax ≔ 380 mm by ≔ 450 mm
dt ≔ h − c = 200 mm A ≔ ax + ⎛⎝2 ⋅ dt⎞⎠ = 780 mm B ≔ by + ⎛⎝2 ⋅ dt⎞⎠ = 850 mm
F P ≔ ――― = 114.329 kPa Contact pressure underneath the slab (A ⋅ B)
Bending- SANS 0100: 4.3.3.4.1
Slab bottom tension area of steel due to wheel load
kN W ≔ 1.6 ⋅ P ⋅ b = 182.926 ―― Ultimate UDL underneath the slab m loaded area
2 Mu1 ≔ 0.125 ⋅ W ⋅ B = 16.521 kN ⋅ m Moment under wheel
d ≔ dt = 200 mm Effective design depth
K' ≔ 0.156 ⎛⎝Mu1⎞⎠ K ≔ ――――― = 0.014 < K' ∴ OK no compression reinforcement required (b) ⋅ ⎛⎝d ⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎛⎝fcu⎞⎠ 2
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ ⎛ K ⎞ Z ≔ 0.5 + ⎜⎝0.25 − ―― = 0.984 for Z> 0.95 ∴ z=0.95d 0.9 ⎟⎠ for Z< 0.95 ∴ z=Z x d
z ≔ 0.95 ⋅ d = 190 mm
Mu1 2 Asb ≔ ―――― = 222.095 mm Required area of steel SANS 0100: 4.3.3.4 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ z due to bending
Slab top tension area of steel due to wheel load at typical truck wheel spacing of 2000mm 3 b ⋅ (h) 4 I ≔ ――― = 0.001 m Section second moment of inertia 12 Ec ≔ 28 GPa Modulus of elasticity for 30MPa concrete 3 kN K ≔ 32 ⋅ 10 ―― Estimated soil modulus of subgradereaction 3 m L ≔ 4000 mm Panel length Due to joint spacing DESIGN OF RC SURFACE BED Rev0- Compiled by: Gabriel ............................................................................................................................................................................ DESIGN OF RC SURFACE BED Rev0- Compiled by: Gabriel ............................................................................................................................................................................
Ms ≔ 17.19 kN ⋅ m Service moment per truck axle from
beam on elastic support analysis
Mu2 ≔ Ms ⋅ 1.6 = 27.504 kN ⋅ m Ultimate moment per truck axle
d ≔ h − 40 mm = 210 mm
K' ≔ 0.156 ⎛⎝Mu2⎞⎠ K ≔ ――――― = 0.021 < K' ∴ OK no compression reinforcement required (b) ⋅ ⎛⎝d ⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎛⎝fcu⎞⎠ 2 DESIGN OF RC SURFACE BED Rev0- Compiled by: Gabriel ............................................................................................................................................................................
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ ⎛ K ⎞ Z ≔ 0.5 + ⎜⎝0.25 − ―― = 0.976 for Z> 0.95 ∴ z=0.95d 0.9 ⎟⎠ for Z< 0.95 ∴ z=Z x d
z ≔ 0.95 ⋅ d = 199.5 mm
Mu2 2 Asb ≔ ―――― = 352.145 mm Required area of steel SANS 0100: 4.3.3.4 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ z due to bending
∴ Provide Mesh Ref: 617 for surface bed bottom reinforcement at Saw Cut Joints and Construction joints spacing of 4000mm c/c
