Scribd
Upload
16 views

Heredity Notes

Uploaded by

prasathishu156
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views

Heredity Notes

Uploaded by

prasathishu156
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

HERIDITY NOTES

Some Important definitions:


o Genetics: Branch of science that deals with Heredity and variation.
o Heredity: It means the transmission of features/ characters/ traits from one generation
to the next generations.
o Variation: The differences among the individuals of a species/population are called
variations. It takes place due to environmental changes, crossing over, and
recombination of genes and mutation.
o Genotype: The complete set of genes in an organism’s genome is called genotype.
o Phenotype: The Observable characteristics in an organism make the phenotype. A
phenotype is a modified genotype and many of the phenotypes cannot be inherited.
o Clones are those organisms that are exact copies of each other.

Mendel and His work on Inheritance


▪ Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 & 1884): Started his experiments on plant breeding and
hybridization. He proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms.
▪ Law of Dominance, Law of segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment.

Plant selected by Mendel


Pisumsativum (garden Pea). Mendel used a number of contrasting characters for garden peas.

Mendel’s Experiments
Mendel conducted a series of experiments in which he crossed the pollinated plants to study one
character (at a time)

• A Cross between two pea plants with one pair of contrasting characters is called a
monohybrid cross.
• Cross between a tall and a draft plant (short).
Phenotypic Ration: 3:1

Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1

Observations of Monohybrid Cross


1. All F1 Progency were tall (no medium height plant (half way characteristic)
2. F2 Progency ¼ were short, ¾ were tall
3. Phenotypic ration F2- 3: 1 (3 tall: 1 short)

Genotypic ratio F2 – 1:2:1

Conclusions of Mendel’s Experiments


• TT and Tt both are tall plants while tt is a short plant.
• A single copy of T is enough to make the plant tall, while both copies have to be ‘t ‘ for
the plant to be short.
• Characters/Traits like ‘T’ are called dominant trait (because it express itself) and ‘t’ are
recessive trait (because it remains suppressed)

From these observations, Mendel put forward the rules of inheritance.

Law of Segregation
Every Individual possesses a pair of alleles for a particular trait. During gamete formation, a gamete
receives only one trait from the alleles. A particular trait can be dominant or recessive in a particular
generation.

Dihybrid Cross
A cross between two plants having two pairs of contrasting characters is called a dihybrid cross.
Phenotypic Ratio
Round, Yellow: 9

Round, Green: 3

Wrinkled, Yellow: 3

Wrinkled, Green: 1

Observations
1. When RRyy was crossed with rrYY in F1 generation all were Rr Yy round and yellow seeds.
2. Self-pollination of F plants gave parental phenotype and two mixtures(recombinants round
yellow & wrinkled green) seeds plants in the ratio of 9:3:3:1

Law of Independent Assortment


Alleles of different characters separate independently from each other during gamete formation. In the
above example, alleles of texture were assorted independently from those of seed colour.

SEX DETERMINATION
Determination of the sex of an offspring.
FACTORS

SEX CHROMOSOMES
In human beings, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 22 chromosomes, pairs are called
autosomes and the last pair of chromosomes that help in deciding the gender of that individual is called
the sex chromosome.

XX – Female

XY – Male

This shows that half the children will be boys and half will be girls. All children will inherit an X
Chromosome from their mother regardless of whether they are boys and girls. Thus, sex of children will
be determined by what they inherit from their father, and not from their mother.

You might also like