Chapter 1

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
The System is used to regulate the voltage and current flow in the transmission
line to reduces the power loss at load and unload condition. There are three key
components is used in the system are Generation, Transmission and Distribution.

Generation To Reduce the loss to generate the power in generator

Transmission To Reduce the loss in line
Distribution Proper utilization of the power
Power system analyses are an essential part of electrical power system design.
Calculations and simulations are performed to verify that the electrical system,
including the system components, are correctly specified to perform as intended,
withstand expected stress and be protected against failures.
TYPES OF POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS:

The are two types of power system Analysis are:

Steady state Analysis

Steady state analysis is not changing the instant of the fault creating at the time
Transient Analysis

Transient state analysis is changing the instant of the fault creating at the time

STUDIES INVOLVED IN STEADY STATE ANALYSIS:

There are different types of Steady State Analysis are:

 Load Flow Analysis

 Short Circuit Analysis
 Static Motor Starting Analysis
 Relay Coordination
 Arc Flash
  Harmonic Analysis

STUDIES INVOLVED IN TRANSIENT STATE ANALYSIS:

There are two type of Transient state Analysis are:

RMS (Root Mean Square)

1.Angular Stability
2.Grid Islanding
3.Load shielding
4.LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
EMT (Electro Magnetic Transient)
1.SFO (Slow Front Overvoltage) Switching study
2.FFO (Fast Front Overvoltage) Lightning study 8/20Msec to
1.2/50Msec
3.VFFO (Very Fast Front Overvoltage) GIS Substation
4.TRV (Transient Recovery Voltage) Appear when the braker interrupt
the
current
5. Ferro Resonance power system is withstanding the voltages

OUTCOME OF EMT STUDY:

1.Whether a Surge Arrestor is Required or Not?

2.If yes how many Needed ?
3.What category is required ?
4.Deciding Basic Impulse level for lightning and Basic Switching Load ?

BASIC FORMULA OF POWER SYSTEM:

POWER TRIANGLE:
 REACTIVE POWER(MW)
APPARENT POWER (VAR)

ACTIVE POWER (MW)

P = VI COS(θ) Apparent = active power + Reactive power

COS(θ) = P/S Active = reactive power / apparent power cos(θ)

V I COS(θ) = P/VI Reactive = active power / apparent power sin(θ)

IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE:

Reactance X= Z sin(θ)

Impedance Z2 = R2 + X2

Resistance R = Z cos(θ)

Z = R+jX Y = 1/ R+Jx

Y = 1/Z Y = G +j B G is conductance B is susceptance

PER UNIT FORMULA:

PER UNIT KV = ACTUAL BASE KV/BASE VALUE KV P.U

ZPU(new) = ZPU(old) * MVA(NEW)/MVA(OLD)*[KV(OLD)/KV(NEW)]2

 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

International Electro Commission STANDARD:

IEEE STD 3002-2-2018 Recommended practice for conducting load flow studies
and analysis of industrial and commercial.

Introduction:

Given the load power consumption at all buses of a known electric power system
configuration and the power production at each generator find the power flow in
each line and transformer of the inter connecting network and the voltage
magnitude and phase angle at each bus. Only for Interconnected system you want
to do load flow analysis do not need for radial system because of normal adding
the sum to known the power flow in the radial system. In interconnected system is
used load flow analysis because there are many numbers of the paths and different
impedance.

Chapter 2 Where we want to do load flow analysis?

To verify the operation of a network under various load and generation
conditions
To plan the future growth of both load and generation
To determine the best economical operation

Uses of Load Flow Analysis:

 1.Component or circuit loadings
2.Steady state bus voltages
3.Real and reactive power flows
4.Transformer tap settings
5.System losses
6.Generator exciter / regulator voltage set points
7.Performance under emergency conditions

Component or circuit loadings:

Equipment loading you want to understand one aspect is equipment loading just
not find the equipment loading it also giving realistic information what the margin
available for future.

E.g.: Transmission Line

What are the types of the system?

Radial system
Ring system
Interconnected system

What ratings do transmission line have?

Continuous Rating
Long Time Emergency Rating
Short Time Emergency Rating
Short Time Withstand

Steady state bus voltages:

Steady state bus is used to calculate the voltage is stable or not and also calculate
real and reactive power. When the voltage drop mean 90 degree is stable for the
system if 90 degrees below the value mean the voltage drop at the system so the
P = EV/X sin(θ)
 system can consume more reactive power and less real power when the system in
unstable.

Real and reactive power flows:

Real power flow from higher angle bus to lower angle bus
Reactive power flows from higher voltage to lower voltage
power factor is leading and lagging real and reactive power flows
To compensate so we are using like shunt capacitor banks

Transformer tap settings:

Regulate the voltage
Extract complete reactive power from generator
The voltage only with sufficient reactive power
System losses:
Real and Reactive power losses and voltage drop at an ideal operating condition.
Generator Exciter / Regulator voltage set points:
In Industry with co-generation plant to determine the generator terminal set point
so that power factor at point of coupling will be better.
Performance Under Emergency Conditions:
In large Interconnected System
PSSE Contingency analysis and contingency ranking to understand the severity
of contingencies.
E.g.: there is two transformer is connected with the bus coupler in that one
transformer is shunt down another transformer is used to connect the load
What are the essential factors in planning study?
 The planning of generation, transmission, distribution depends up on the load flow
analysis and load forecasting
What are types of Load Flow Analysis?
Conventional load flow – source and network are balanced
Unbalanced load flow – source and network are unbalanced
Time domain Balanced load flow- balancing the with respect to time
Time domain unbalanced load flow – unbalancing the with respect to time E.g.:
Electric train
Types of Buses:

GENERATION
S.NO NAME OF THE BUS KNOWN UNKNOWN
MODE

SWING BUS OR SLACK BUS OR Any Voltage

1) V,δ,Pd,Qd Pg,Qg
REFERENCE BUS bus

PV Bus or Voltage controller or

2) Pg,V,Pd,Qd δ, Qg voltage
generator bus

3) PQ Bus or Load bus Pg,Qg,Pd,Qd V,δ P, Q

What are called Green and Brown field ?

Green field means preplanning to analysis the load
Brown field means already there is existing one with adding new load
Methods using in Slack bus concept:
1.Newton Raphson Method
This method is mainly used in the ETAP Software it will process to analyzing the
problem is slowly but accurate results better than fast decoupled method.
2.Gauss Seidel Method
The Gauss seidel method also used in the ETAP Software before. Gauss seidel also
very useful method to find system of stability.
3.Fast Decoupled Method
Now days we are frequently using fast decouple method. It will process to
analyzing the problem is fast but less accurate results.
 ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT APPLICATION PROGRAM

What is ETAP?
It is a simulation software is used to find the system stability of the transmission
line
Create the new project:
Go to menu file New Project
 There will be new project folder dialog box will open in below figure like
Security authentication :
For secure you project from others

Access level
There are many Access level in the ETAP software. Access limit for example
project master & editor is used to access all the option in the ETAP then base
editor minimum access compare to project master& editor
Chapter 3 What is the step in starting of ETAP?
1.Step:1 Setting Project Standards
2.Step:2 Setting Project Information
3.Step:3 Enabling Grid Lines
4.Step:4 Enable check circuit continuity
5.Step:5 System Dumpster
6.Step:6 System Manager
7.Step:7 Enable one line auto Build
8.Step:8 Horizontal & vertical Alignment
Step:1 Setting Project Standards
Here we first create the file go to the project standards
 If you click the
standards box it will show like the above figure
Step:2 Setting Project Information

Step:3 Enabling Grid Lines

Step:4 Enable check circuit continuity
Step:5 System Dumpster
When copy the circuit use the function ctrl +c and paste function shift + ctrl+ v
for avoiding the duplicate that create in system dumper.

Step:6 System Manager

System manager is used for many components are used in the project

Step:7 Enable one line auto Build

Step:8 Horizontal & vertical Alignment

Configuration manager :
 It is used for duplicate the file and the file only we can change the circuit
parameters value only but we cannot add or delete electrical components in the
circuit

Types of

Transmission Line:

S.NO Name of the Transmission Line Range

1) Short Transmission Line < 80 km

2) Medium Transmission Line 80 to 160 km

3) Long Transmission Line > 160 km

Short Transmission Line:

In short Transmission Line depends on resistor and inductor capacitor is
negligible. The line length is below 80 km and the line voltage up to 20kv .
Model of ETAP software: