EXTENSI

ONSERVI
CENOTES
PREPAREDBYI
NSTRUCTOROTI
M FRANCI
S
MBALESCHOOLFORTHEDEAF
Whati
sthemeani
ngofext
ensi
on?

Extensioni saninformaleducati
onalpr
ocessdi r
ectedtowar dther ur
al
population.Thisprocessoffersadvi
ceandi nfor
mationtohel pthem solv
e
thei
rpr oblems.Ext ensi
onalsoaimstoincreasetheeffi
ciencyoft hefamil
y
farm,increasepr oducti
onandgenerall
yincreasethestandardofl ivi
ngof
thefarmf ami l
y.

Or

Extensi
onisthesci
enceofmaki ngpeopleinnov
ati
ve,i
tisdeal
swith
people’
sknowledgeandresources,
encompassesallaspectsofl
i
feand
emphasizesonbehavior
alchangeoftargetcommuniti
es

Educati
on:
ref
erstothepr
ocessofbri
ngi
ngdesi
rabl
echangesint
he
behavi
orofanindi
vi
dual
.Iti
saconti
nuouspr
ocessstar
ti
ngfr
om bi
rt
hto
death.

Extensi
oneducati
on:i
sanappl i
edscienceconsi
sti
ngofcontentderi
ved
fr
om resear
ch,accumul
atedfi
eldexperi
encesandrelev
antpri
ncipl
es
drawnfrom t
hebehavi
oralsci
encesynthesi
zedwithuseful
technol
ogy

Agri
cult
ural
extensi
on:couldbedef i
nedasvol unt
aryoutofschool
educati
onalPr
ogrammef orcli
ent
eleconsi
stingoftherel
evantcont
ents,
pri
ncipl
esandprocedures.Ital
soinvol
vesdisseminati
onofinfor
mationon
i
nnovati
onornewt echnologytothefarmer
s.or

Agr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
on:i
sthepr
imar
ypr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chf
armer
slear
n
reasonswhyt heymustchangethei
ratt
it
udeandpracti
ce.Iti
sal sotobe
notedthatitdoesnotinvol
veonl
yfar
mer swi
thdi
rectproducti
oni .
e.
cult
ivat
ionpracti
cesonlybutt
hosewhoar ei
nvol
vedinprocessingand
mar ket
ingofagri
cult
uralpr
oduct
s.Or

Agricul
tur
alextensi
on:i
sagener
alt
erm meaningtheappl
i
cationof
sci
entif
icr
esearchandnewknowl
edgetoagri
cult
uralpr
act
icesthr
ough
far
mereducation.

ChangeAgent
:isaper
sonwhodel
i
berat
elyandconsciousl
ytr
iestoi
nfor
m
peopl
ewithavi
ewtochangi
ngt
hei
rknowledge,
Alt
itudeandway sof
thi
nki
ng.

Whati
stheobj
ect
iveofext
ensi
on?

Thegener
alobj
ect
ivesofext
ensi
onar
e

1.Toassistpeopl
etodi
scov
erandanal
yzet
hei
rpr
obl
emsandi
dent
if
y
thei
rfel
tneeds.

2.Todev
elopleader
shi
pamongpeopl
eandhel
pthem i
nor
gani
zi
nggr
oups
tosol
vet
heirprobl
ems.

3.Todisseminat
eresear
chi
nfor
mat
ionofeconomicandpract
ical
i
mportanceinawaypeoplewoul
dbeabl
etounderstandanduse.

4.Toassi
stpeopleinmobi
li
zi
ngandut i
l
izi
ngt
her
esour
ceswhi
cht
hey
haveandwhichtheyneedf
rom out
side.

5.Tocol
lectandtr
ansmi
tfeedbacki
nfor
mat
ionf
orsol
vi
ngf
arm
managementprobl
ems.

Nat
ureofAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
on

Agr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
onhast
wodi
mensi
ons

(
a).Educat
ional
dimensi
on

(
b).Communi
cat
ional
dimensi
on
Educati
onDimension:invol
vesthechangeagent(extensionworker)
attempti
ngtoworkont hefarmerspsychologyt
hrought heuseofef f
ecti
ve
teachi
ngmethodstoi mprovetheknowledgeanddevelopt heski
llofthe
farmersasheacquiresknowledgeonimprovedpract
icest oenhance
producti
onandmar keti
ngacti
vit
ies

Communi cati
onDimension:Thisinvolvesdisseminat
ionofi
nformationto
thefar
mer sonnewt echnol
ogiesori nnovat
ion.I
talsoinv
olvesexchangeof
i
deasthatcouldprovidebasi
sf orresearchorfeedbackontheuseof
prev
iousinnovat
ion.Themethodsofcommuni cati
oncouldbethroughthe
useofindivi
dual
s,groupormassmet hod.

Exer
cise

(
i)
.Ment
iont
wonat
ureofagr
icul
tur
eext
ensi
on

(
ii
).Li
stt
het
hreemet
hodsofcommuni
cat
ioni
nAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
on.

Ty
pesofAudi
encei
nAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
on

Cl
i
ent
elei
nanysetupcoul
dbe:

(
a).Het
erogeneousor

(
b).Homogenous

Heter
ogeneousaudienceismadeoft
hosewhoareyoung,
old,
li
ter
ateand
non-l
i
ter
ate,l
argescal
efarmers,
smal
lscal
efar
mers,l
oweconomicstat
us,
hi
gheconomi cstat
us,et
c.

Homogenousaudi enceconsi
stsofasetofindivi
dualswithcommon
charact
eri
sti
cs.Theymayallbeyoung,orold,l
i
terateornon-l
it
erat
e.I
n
generalt
heyhaveacommondenomi nator
/fact
ort hatbi
ndsthem.

I
mpor
tanceofAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
on

(1)
Ther
oleofEducat
ional
Dev el
opment
:Thisi
sbyeducat
ingthef
armers
onhowtomaximizetheut
il
izati
onoft
hei
rresour
cesandavai
l
ableser
vices.
Thi
sisachiev
edthr
oughdevel
opmentoff
armer
’sski
l
lsandat
ti
tudessoas
tobenef
itf
rom i
mprov
edtechnol
ogy
.

(2).Extensionisalsoimportantinit
sr ol
easv acuum fill
er:Mostoft he
farmer sarenotawar eofthesour cesofinput ,cr
editfacili
ti
esormar kets
fortheirproducts.Thesearelimit
ingf act
orst ofarmer ’
scul t
ivat
ion
practicesandi ncome.Ther ol
eofext ensi
oni nhel pi
ngf armerstoget
i
nf ormationonsour cesofinputandcr editfacil
it
ies,mar keti
ngst r
ategies
andav ai
lablemarketfort
heirproductshasgoneal ongwayt oimpr ove
farmer ’
spr oducti
onandtheirstandardofl i
ving.

(3)
.Agri
cult
ural devel
opmentdependsonev ol
vementofnewt echnologi
es.
Technologi
escoul dbedev el
oped,buti fi
tdoesnotgettot heenduser si
tis
usel
ess.Innationaldevelopmentext ensi
onprovi
desthelinkagebetween
thefar
merandr esear
cher s.Extensionhelpsther
esearcher s/
scient
istst
o
embarkonr esearchersthatar ecultural
lycompat
ibl
e,technological
ly
accept
ableandeconomi cal l
yfeasible

(
4).Ext
ensionisi
mport
anti
ncr eat
ingawarenessl
eadingt
ogrowing
i
nter
estinconcept
sofsust
ainabil
i
tyandenvir
onmentalmanagement.

(5)
.Oneoft hebasicproblemsoffar
mersisintheareaofdecisi
onmaking.
Extensi
onservicesfocusonequippi
ngfar
mer swithmarket
ingand
i
nvestmentinformationandtr
aini
ngthem t
omakedeci si
onsconcerning
aspectsofagricul
tur
alpri
ces,managementpract
icesandsociali
ssues.

(
1).Ment
ion2r
olesofagr
icul
tur
alext
ensi
oni
neconomi
cdev
elopment

2)Li
str
olesofgov
ernmenti
nAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
ondev
elopment

Pr
inci
plesofAgr
icul
tur
alExt
ensi
on

Pri
ncipl
esaregeneralizedgui
del
ines,whi
chformthebasisfordeci
sionand
acti
oninaconsistentway .Theuniver
salt
rut
hinextensi
on,whichhave
beenobservedandf oundtoholdgoodundervary
ingcondit
ionsand
ci
rcumstancesarepr esent
ed.
 Pri
ncipleofstarti
ngwher ethepeopl eare:Iti
simpor t
antthatthe
extensionpersonnelshouldwor katthelevelwherethefarmer sare.I
f
thePur poseofagricul
turalext
ensionistoimprovet hestandardofliv
ing
ofthepeopl e,i
tistheref
oreimportantthatwhateveristobei ntr
oduced
shouldst ar
tatthelevelofunderstandi
ngoft hefarmers.Thef ar
mer s
havev ari
ouseconomi c,socialandeducati
onal l
evel
s.

 Princi
pleofhelpi
ngfarmerst odeterminet
heirprobl
ems:Inordert
o
accompl isht
his,t
heextensionagentshouldworkwiththepeopl
eto
understandhowt odeterminet hei
rownproblem.Theconceptof
problem anal
ysisshoul
dbet akenseri
ousl
y,sothatthefar
merscan
disti
nguishbetweenwhatisapr obl
em.

 Princi
pleofinter
estsandneeds: Extensionisvoluntar
y.Thefarmeri
s
notcov er
edt oacceptanyt
hing.Itisbasedonf ar
mer ’
svoli
ti
onand
will
ingnessispredict
edonthej udgmentoft hewor thi
nessofimproved
practi
cesoni nnovati
on.I
tisthereforeimportantthatext
ensionshould
hav eadequateknowledgeofthef armeri nt
erestsandneeds.

 Principl
esofMut ualTrustandRespect:Iti
sveryi
mpor tanttoknowthat
i
nhumanr el
ationshipmut ualt
rustandrespecti
scrit
ical.Twopeople
whoar enotfri
endl ycannotworktogether,
inasit
uati
onwher et
hereis
nor espectther ecannotbehar monyandpeacefulco-exist
ence.
Similarl
yinext ensionwork,thefar
merandheext ensionagentshould
respectandt rusteachot her.

 Pr
inci
pleofVol
unt
aryI
nvol
vement

Extensionspeci
fi
call
yisapr ocessthati
nvol
veschanginghuman
behaviorthr
oughcommuni cati
on.I
tisnotpossibl
etochangethe
behaviorofanunwill
ingindivi
dual
.Iti
sonlywhent hefar
meriswil
li
ng
andaccept swhatisbeingintr
oducedtohimt hatext
ensi
oncouldmake
anyimpactont heproject
.

 Pri
ncipl
eofWor ki
ngwit
htheWholeFami
ly
: I
ncommuniti
esofAf
ri
ca,
agr
icult
ural
producti
oni
nvol
vest
hewholefamil
y.Apar
tfr
om t
he
 phy si
cali
nvolv
ementofmember soff ami
lybyprovidi
ngf ar
ml abourfor
cultiv
ati
onpurposesot
hersarealsoinvol
vedinprocessing
transport
ati
onandmar ket
ingi
nfl
uencesadopt i
onorr ej
ecti
onofnew
technologi
es.Theaboveprovi
desspineofreasonswhyext ension
shoul dworkwithal
lmembersoft hefami
lyi.
e.men, women, y
oung, ol
d,
ri
chandpoor .

 Principl
esofWor ki
ngwi t
ht rainedspecial
istextensionarebasedon
factsandknowl edge.I
nor dert oestabl
ishthef actandacquire
knowl edgethespecial
ist
/exper tsareinvolved.Ignoranceonthepartof
extensionagentabouthisr esponsibil
it
yorinadequat eknowledgeofthe
i
nfor mationtobedisseminat edwillhaveconsiderableeffect
sonhis
wor k.

 Pri
nci pleofperi
odicEval
uat
ion: Moni t
or i
ngisanongoing, conti
nual
exercisewhi chisver
yimportantinExt ensionwork.Iti
snotonl ythe
extensionagentwhoar eint
er ested,t
hef undingagencies,bothlocall
y
andi nternat
ionall
yar
ealsointerested,thisisbecausefail
ureof
extensionpr ogr
ammehasal otofi mplicati
onsascouldaf fectextensi
on
wor kinf ut
ure.

 Pr
inci
pleofsat
isf
acti
on:Theendproductofext
ensi
onwor kshoul
d
pr
oducesati
sfyi
ngresul
tsfort
hepeople.Sati
sfy
ingresul
tsr
einf
orce
l
earni
ngandmot i
vatepeopl
etoseekfurt
herimprovement
.

 Pri
nci
pleofadaptabil
it
y:Extensionwor kandextensionteaching
methodsmustbef lexi
bleandadapt edtosuitthelocalcondi
tions.Thi
s
i
snecessarybecausethepeopl e,thei
rsit
uati
on,theirr
esourcesand
const
rai
ntsvaryfr
om placetopl aceandt i
metot i
me.

 Pri
nci
pleofleader
ship:I
denti
fyi
ngdiff
erenttypesofleadersandwor king
thr
oughthem isessent
iali
nextensi
on.Leader shi
pt r
aitsaretobe
devel
opedinthepeoplesothattheyoftheirownshall seekchangefrom
l
essdesir
abletomor edesi
rablesi
tuat
ion.Thel eadersmaybet rai
ned
anddevel
opedt oactascarri
ersofchangei nthevi
ll
ages.
 Pri
nciplesofcul
tur
aldiff
erence:Cultur
esimpl ymeanssocialher
it
age.
Thereiscult
uraldi
ff
erencebetweent heextensionagent
sandt he
far
mer s.Thedif
fer
encesmaybei nthei
rhabits,cust
oms, v
alues,
att
it
udesandwayofl ife.Extensi
onwor k,t
obesuccessf ul
,mustbe
carr
iedoutinharmonywi ththecul
turalpat
ternofthepeople.

 Principleofpar ti
cipation:Mostpeopleofthevil
lagecommuni t
yshoul
d
will
inglyco- operat
eandpar ti
cipatei
nidenti
fyi
ngt heprobl
ems, pl
anni
ng
ofpr ojectsforsolv i
ngt heproblemsandimplement ingtheproj
ectsi
n
gettingt hedesiredr esult
s.Thepar t
ici
pati
onoft hepeopleisof
fundament alimpor t
ancef orthesuccessofanext ensionprogramme.
Peopl emustshar eindev elopingandimplementingt hepr
ogrammeand
feelthati ti
st hei
rownpr ogramme.

 Grassrootspri
ncipl
e:Ext
ensionprogrammesshouldstartwit
hlocal
groups,l
ocalsi
tuati
onsandlocalpr
oblems.Itmustfitt
ot hel
ocal
condit
ions.Ext
ensionworkshouldstartwi
thwherepeopleareandwhat
theyhave.Changeshouldstartf
rom theexi
sti
ngsit
uati
on.

(
a).Expl
aint
hepr
inci
pleofMut
ual
trustandr
espect
.

(
b).St
atet
wor
easonswhyext
ensi
onsshoul
dwor
kwi
tht
hewhol
efami
l
y.

(c)
.St
atet
het
hreepr
inci
ples0fagr
icul
tur
eext
ensi
onandexpl
ainwhyt
hey
are

I
mpor
tantf
orsuccessf
ulext
ensi
onwor
k.

(
d)Li
stt
hreepr
inci
pleofext
ensi
onment
ionedi
nthi
suni
t

(
e)Di
scusst
hepr
inci
pleofper
iodi
cappr
aisal
andwor
kingwi
thspeci
ali
st.
Whoi
sanext
ensi
onagent
?

 ChangeAgent-i saper
sonwhodeli
ber
atel
yandconsci
ousl
ytr
iest
o
i
nform peoplewithavi
ewtochangi
ngt
heirknowl
edge,
Alt
it
udeand
waysoft hi
nking.

 Thewhol
eextensi
onprocessi
sdependentupontheext
ensi
onagent
,
whoist
hecri
tical
elementi
nal
lext
ensionacti
vi
ti
es.

 Iftheextensionagentisnotabl etor espondtoagi v ensit

uati
onand
functi
oneffecti
vely,i
tdoesnotmat terhowi maginat i
vetheextension
approachisorhowi mpressiv
ei sthesuppl yofinputsandr esourcesfor
extensi
onwor k.Indeed,theeffecti
venessoft heext ensi
onagentcan
oftendeter
mi nethesuccessorf ai
lureofanext ensionprogram.The
extensi
onagenthast owor kwithpeopl einav ari
etyofdiffer
entway s.

TheRol
eofExt
ensi
onagent
sinr
ural
dev
elopment

Itser
vest her
oleofeducat
ionaldevelopment
.Theext ensi
onagent
educatethefarmer
st hr
oughthedisseminati
onofinformati
onon
i
nnovationonhowbestt ousether esour
cesandservicesavai
labl
e,
devel
opt heri
ghtatt
it
udeandski l
l
st hatwoul
dhelpfarmersproducti
on.

 Extensionagentser vesasvacuum f i
ll
er.Theextensi
onagent shel
pi n
thear eaofinputsuppl ytothefarmer s.Thi
sisbecausewhennew
technologi
esar eintr
oduced,ithadtobebackedupwi thinput
swhi ch
maynotbewi thinthereachoft hefarmers,t
heextensionagentshelpto
directthefarmer stowher etheinputscouldbeobt ai
ned,healsohelps
toor gani
zet hem togr oupssot hattheycanbenefi
tfrom economicsof
l
ar gescale

 Heal
sohelpst
hefarmer
stoobt
aini
nfor
mat
iononf
inanci
alsour
ces
whi
chtheymaynotbeawar
eof

 Extensi
onagentalsoservesasachannelforcommunicat
ingnewideas,
technol
ogyorinnovati
onstothecl
ient
ele.Extensi
onf
il
lsthegap
betweentheresearchandfarmer
s.
 Extensionagentserv
esasf ar
mer ’
strai
nerf
ordecisi
onmaki ng.
Essent i
all
ytheext
ensionagentfocusonequippingf
armerswi t
h
mar keti
ngandinvestmentinf
ormationandtr
ainingt
hem tomake
decisionconcerni
ngthoseaspectsofagri
cul
turalpr
icesandeconomi
c
si
tuation

Iti
stherol
eofextensionagenttomobil
izefarmerstofor
m groupsand
associ
ati
ons.Thisiswithaviewofmaki ngfarmer
stowor ktoget
her
andalsoenhanci
ngtheircapi
talbaseastheycanpullr
esources
toget
hertoobtai
ninputsandothermaterial
srequi
redf
orproducti
on
andprocessi
ng.

 Assi
stf
armer
stoi
dent
if
yandov
ercomepr
obl
ems

 Assi
stf
armer
stomakebet
teruseofr
esour
ces/
technol
ogy

 I
ntr
oducenewt
echnol
ogi
es(
newv
ari
eti
es,
crops,
breed,
etc.
)

 Pr
ovi
dei
nfor
mat
iononnewpr
omi
singr
esear
chr
esul
ts

 Cr
eat
eoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orf
armer
s(pr
ocessi
ng,
mar
ket
ing,
etc.
)

 Hel
pfar
mer
stoputnewi
nfor
mat
ioni
ntouse/
appl
yit

 Assi
stf
armer
stogetacl
earv
isi
onoft
hei
rdev
elopment

Ment
ion3r
olesofext
ensi
onagent
.Expl
ainoneoft
her
oles.

Knowl
edgeext
ensi
onwor
ker
smusthav
e:

Fourmainareasofknowl
edgeareimpor
tantf
ort
heext
ensi
onagentand
for
mt hebasisofext
ensi
ontr
aini
ng.

 Techni
cal

 Rur
all
i
fe

 Pol
i
cy

 Adul
teducat
ion
 Cul
tur
alknowl
edge,
eti
quet
te&l
anguage

 Rel
i
giouspr
otocol
s

Necessar
yper
sonal
ski
l
lsf
orext
ensi
onwor
ker
s

 Or
gani
zat
ionandpl
anni
ng

 Communi
cat
ion

 Anal
ysi
sanddi
agnosi
s

 Leader
shi
p

 I
nit
iat
ive

 Publ
i
cspeaki
ng

 Repor
twr
it
ing

 Commi
tmentt
oext
ensi
onwor
k

 Rel
i
abi
l
ity

 Humi
l
ityi
nhi
swor
kwi
tht
hef
armer
s

 Conf
idencei
nhi
sownabi
l
iti
esanddet
ermi
nat
iont
oachi
evesomet
hing

Ty
pesofEducat
ions

a)FormalEducati
on:Isanacademi corpracti
calknowledgeandgraded
fr
om lowesttohighesti.
e.nurserytouniver
sit
yandcommonl ytaughtin
l
earni
nginsti
tut
ions.Itconsi
stsofcl ear
lydefi
neddef i
nedski
ll
st aughti
n
anorgani
zedmannert hatar
et estedandgradedafterasetperi
odof
ti
me

b)Inf
ormal educati
on:
Thisi
salif
elongprocessbywhi chev er
yperson
acquir
esandaccumul at
esknowledge,ski
ll
s,att
itudeetc.fr
om dail
y
experi
enceandexposuretotheenvir
onment .I
tslearntthr
ough
i
nteract
ionwi t
hfamil
y,f
ri
ends,at
tendi
ngtochur chser v
ice,r
eadi
ng
 newspapers,
watchi
ngtel
evi
sionetc.It
’sagener
alknowl
edgeneededt
o
funct
ionashumanbeingsbutnevertestedorgr
aded

c)Nonformal:Anyorganizedsyst
ematiclearningoutsi
dethefor
mal
syst
em foragroupofpeopl ewit
hapar ti
cularneed.I
tincl
udes
agri
cul
tureext
ensi
on, AdultRet
reat
,inst
ructionsofhealt
h,nut
ri
ti
onand
famil
yplanni
ng.

I
mpor
tanceofeducat
iont
ofar
ming

 Knowl
edgeofmat
hemat
ichel
psi
nmeasur
ement
sandandcal
cul
ati
ons

 Account
ingandanal
ysi
sleadst
opr
operdeci
si
onmaki
ngandf
arm
pl
ans

 Knowledgei
nsci
encehel
psi
nobser
vat
ionandi
nter
pret
ati
onand
pr
oblem sol
vi
ng

 Sci
encealsohel
psi
nfi
ndingnutr
it
ionalr
equirement
sinani
mal
sand
pl
antsandhowtouser
ightfeedsandfert
il
izers

 Sci
encehel
pstounder
standt
echni
cal
languagei
nagr
icul
tur
eegt
ypes
ofchemi
calf
ert
il
iz
erset
c.

 Knowl edgeonengineer
inghelpsunderst
andhighlev
eloftechnol
ogy
ski
llsforoperat
ingmachinesandtheirmaint
enancetechnol
ogyincr
ease
eff
iciencyeff
ecti
venessreducescost
sandwast es.

Dif
ferencesbetweenFor
mal
andNon-
For
mal
Educat
ion
Formal Non-
Formal Educat
ion
Education

Peopl
eprogressuptheeducat
ion Notorgani
zedaccor
dingtoage
l
adderaccor
dingtotheageand andt herear
enoexami nat
ions
examsaresetatint
erval
s
Rul
esandr
egul
ati
onsgov
ernst
he Mat
ureandsel
f-
disci
pli
ned
l
ear
ners

Teachi
ngstaf
faretr
ainedand Professional
qual
ifi
cat
ione.
g.
qual
ifi
edf
orjobatdi
fferentl
evel
s extensionworker
s

Iti
sbasedonst andard Aimedatsolvi
ngparti
cul
ar
curr
icul
um ofbasicsubject
s probl
em andisadapt
edtosui
t
whicharet
aughtt hr
oughoutthe l
ocalcul
tureecol
ogyand
country occupat
ionofpart
ici
pant
s

Learni
ngdependsonselected Learni
ngisbasedondi
scussi
ons,
booksanduseofpassiv
ecl ass practi
cal
anddemonstr
ati
ons
underthedi
rect
ionofateacher

Appli
cabl
einschool
sand Cl
i
ent
smaycomeandgoast
hey
at
tendancei
scompulsor
y

Pupil
s/st
udent
sar
emost l
y Cli
ent
soft
enmor
emat
uret
han
youngert
hanthet
eacher ext
ensi
onwor
ker
s

Moti
vat
ioni
sbasedonclassr
oom Mot i
vati
oni sbasedonl i
ving
di
sci
pli
neandpl
easi
ngthosein st andard,self
-sati
sfacti
on,
aut
hori
ty contestwithextensi
onand
neighbors.Iti
ssustainedwhen
progressisgood
Ext
ensi
onmet
hods

Ext
ensi
onmet hodsmaycl
assi
fi
edi
nthr
eegroupsont
hebasi
soft
he
numberofpeoplet
heyar
edesi
gnedtor
each.Ther
ear
e

1.MassMet
hod

2.Gr
oupMet
hod

3.I
ndi
vi
dual
met
hod

I
NDI
VIDUALMETHOD

Learni
ngisani ndi
vi
dualprocessalt
houghextensi
onagentmustusegr oup
andmassmet hodstoreachlargenumbersofpeopleandtost
imulatejoi
nt
acti
oninplanningandcarryi
ngoutproj
ectofcommoni nter
est
s.personal
contactser
vemanyessent ialpur
poses

Thesemet
hodsi
ncl
ude

 Far
m andhomev
isi
t

 Of
fi
cev
isi
ts

 Tel
ephonecal
l
s

 I
nfor
mal
cont
act
s

 Per
sonal
let
ter
s

Far
m andHomeVi
sit
s

Theyprovi
deameansofper sonalcommuni cati
onbetweenthefarmfamil
y
andtheextensi
onworkerinanenv ironmentwher etheycandiscuss
matter
sofcommoni nterestinpriv
acyandwi thoutt
hedist
racti
onand
i
nter
rupti
onscommonl yexperiencedingr oupextensi
onmet hodsfar
m and
homev i
sit
sservest
hef ol
lowingusef ulpurposes
Pur
posef
orHomev
isi
t

-Toacquai
nt/
fami
l
iar
izeext
ensi
onwor
kerwi
tht
hef
armerandf
armf
ami
l
y

-Toanswerspeci
fi
crequestf
orhel
p

-Togai
nfi
rst
handknowl
edgeofpr
obl
em f
acedbyt
hef
armerorv
il
lager

-Toexpl
ainar
ecommendedpr
act
ice

-Tof
oll
owupandobser
vet
her
esul
tsofr
ecommendedpr
act
ices

-Topl
ananact
ivi
tysuchasdemonst
rat
ionorameet
ing

-Toi
nvi
tet
hef
armer
sorv
il
lagert
opar
ti
ci
pat
einapl
annedact
ivi
ty

-Todi
scusspol
i
ciesandpr
ogr
ams

-Tor
ecr
uitt
rai
nandencour
ageal
ocal
vol
unt
eerl
eader
.

Adv
ant
agesofFar
m andHomeVi
sit
s

a)Theypr
ovideameansofpersonalcommuni cat
ionsbetweenthefar
m
fami
lyandextensi
onworkeri
nanenv i
ronmentwher etheycandi
scuss
matter
sofcommoni nt
eresti
npri
vacyandwi t
houtinterr
upti
ons

b)Thisisagoodwayofsupplyinginf
ormat i
ont hatisr
equir
edforsol
ving
uni
queproblems.i
.e.v
isi
tsgi
veextensionwor kerstheopport
uni
tytogetto
knowthef ar
merandhisfamil
yquit
ewel lext
ensi onworkeri
sabletoget
1sthandinfor
mati
onaboutthefarmers.

c)Extensi
onworker
scanincr
easethef
armer
str
usti
nhi
m byshowi
ng
i
nterestsi
nthef
armersasaperson

d)Itispossi
blet
oint
egr
atei
nfor
mationfr
om t
hef
armerwi
tht
he
i
nformati
onfrom t
heext
ensi
onworker.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofHomeandFar
m Vi
sit

a)Thev
isi
tsar
eexpensi
vei
nter
msoft
imeandt
rav
elexpenses
b)Onl
yasmal
lpr
opor
ti
onoft
het
argetgr
oupi
sreached

c)Thevisi
tsar
ebasedonmut ualt
rustandthef
armerwi
l
lonl
yopenupi
f
he/shecanful
l
ytr
usttheext
ensionworker.

(
Planni
ngf
orf
arm andhomev
isi
t)

Bef
oret
hev
isi
t

-Det
ermi
net
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hev
isi
t

-Gi
vet
hef
armeranappoi
ntmentt
oensur
ehewi
l
lbepr
esent

-Pr
epar
eal
lsuppl
i
esandequi
pmentneeded

-Rev
iewr
ecor
dsofanypr
evi
ousbasi
syoumayhav
emade

-Updat
eyour
sel
foncur
renti
ssues

-Schedul
evi
sit
stosav
etr
avel
timeandt
rav
elcost

-Consi
dert
hebestappr
oacht
othecl
i
ent(
far
mer
s)

Dur
ingTheVi
sit

-Bepunct
ual

-Makey
ourgr
eet
ingsandbeconsci
ousofy
ourr
oleasat
eacher

-Tal
kwi
tht
hef
armerandnotathi
m -Compl
i
menthi
m onhi
sachi
evement

-Gett
hefar
mertot
alkaboutt
hei
rpr
obl
emsanddi
scusspossi
blesol
uti
ons
andal
ter
nat
ives

-Demonst
rat
eski
l
lsasnecessar
y

-Fol
l
owl
ocal
cust
omsi
naccept
inghospi
tal
i
ty
-Endt
hev
isi
tbyar
rangi
ngf
ort
henextv
isi
t

-Keepcl
i
ent
sinf
ormat
ionconf
ident
ial
.

-Makeagoodr
ecor
dofv
isi
tasabackgr
oundf
orf
utur
econt
act
s

-Anyhandoutshoul
dbegi
venbef
orey
oul
eav
e

Af
terTheVi
sit

-Don'
tgossi
paboutt
hecl
i
ent

-Confident
ial
fami
l
ypr
obl
emsshoul
dbedeal
twi
thi
ndi
vi
dual
andl
eft
conf
ident

-Ful
fi
ll
all
yourpr
omisese.
g.sendi
nganynecessar
yli
ter
aturesendi
ngany
equi
pmentseeki
ngaspeci
ali
zedhel
pforal
lunsolv
edproblems

-Gobackf
oraf
oll
owup

Of
fi
ceVi
sit
s

Ther
eisanexpressionofi
nter
estsonthepar
toft
hevisi
tor
s(f
armer
)in
somethi
nghethinkstheext
ensionof
fi
cehastoof
fer
.

Fortheext
ensi
onof
fi
ce,
somebutnotal
lofadv
ant
agesoff
arm andhome
vi
sit
sappli
es.

Ther
earesev
eral
way
sinwhi
chext
ensi
onwor
kercanencour
agev
isi
ts
namely
:

a.Theextensi
onof
fi
ceshoul
dbepl
acedi
naconv
eni
entl
ocat
ion(
easi
l
y
accessi
ble)

b.Extensi
onwor
kershouldkeepr
egularof
fi
cehour
ssot
hatt
hef
armer
canknowwhentheextensi
onworkerwil
lbeavai
l
abl
e

c.Theof
fi
ceshoul
dbekeptneat
,or
der
lyandat
tract
ive

d.Theext
ensi
onwor
kershoul
dmai
ntai
nupdat
eonnot
iceboar
dandhav
e
i
nfor
mat
ionmat
eri
alsr
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
e

e.Extensi
onworkershoul
dmakeaspeci al
eff
ortt
oputthevisit
oratease
especial
lyi
fthei
ndivi
dual
visi
torappear
stobeshyint
heirunfamil
iar
envi
ronment

f.Makeagoodr ecor
dofv i
sit
sasbackgr
oundoff
utur
econt
act
sincl
ude
hist
elephoneandaddress.

g.Makeaf
oll
owupbyv
isi
ti
ngt
hef
armert
ounder
standhi
ssi
tuat
ion.

Adv
ant
agesofof
fi
cev
isi
ts

Lessexpensi
veandtimeconsumingont
hepar tofext
ensionwor
ker
.The
otheradv
antagesar
esameast hoseoff
arm andhomev isit
s

Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Thefar
meri
slessateaset
hanwhenathomeandv
erysensi
ti
vet
o
ext
ensi
onof
fi
cersatt
it
ude

 Somet
imest
heex
tensi
onof
fi
cei
sfarawayf
rom f
armer
s

 Far
mersmayhavenegat
iveat
ti
tudest
otheper
soni
nchar
geof
ext
ensi
onof
fi
ce

Tel
ephonecal
l
s

Theyser
veapurposesi
mil
artoof
fi
cecal
l
s.Theyar
eini
ti
atedbyei
thert
he
far
merortheext
ensi
onworker

Theyareusef
ulinsol
i
dityandgi
vi
ngspeci
fi
cinf
ormat
ionsuchas
tr
eatmentofknowndisease,
cont
rol
ofi
nfest
ati
onofpest
setc.

Adv
ant
agesoft
elephonecal
l
s

a)Qui
ckmet
hodofpassi
ngouti
nfor
mat
ion
b)Lesst
imeconsumi
ngandl
esst
edi
ous

Di
sadv
ant
ages

v
erycost
ly

 somet
imesnotav
ail
abl
einsomer
ural
areas

 methodisl
imi
tedsi
nceitl
acksdetai
lse.
g.itmaybedanger
oust
ogi
ve
somerecommendati
onsovertel
ephonee.g.dr
uguse

Per
sonal
let
ter
s

l
etter
sar
ev er
yuseful
inansweri
nginansweri
ngrequest
sfor
i
nformat
ionasfol
l
owupaf terv
isi
tsandoff
icecal
ls

l
ett
ersshoul
dal
sogivei
nfor
mationthatissi
mpleunderstandabl
eand
complet
ewit
houtbei
ngwordyorincl
udingunnecessar
yinformat
ion

I
nfor
mal
cont
act

 Ever
yexperi
encedextensi
onworkerhashadpeopl
est
ophi
m ont
he
st
reetori
nthevil
lagetoaskaquesti
on.

 Wherepeopl
egathertheytal
kaboutcurr
entprobl
emsinfarmi
ng.An
ext
ensionof
fi
cerwil
lremindthethevi
ll
agetheofthepr
oblemsabout
whichhewouldl
iketechni
caladv
ice

Gener
alAdv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
agesofI
ndi
vi
dual
Ext
ensi
onMet
hods

Adv
ant
ages

a)Extensi
onagentcomesi
ntocont
actwi
tht
hef
armer
scommuni
cat
ioni
s
di
rectandeasi
er.

a)Thef
armerr
ecei
ver
'si
ndi
vi
dual
'
sat
tent
ionundi
vi
ded.Heexpr
esseshi
s
pr
obl
emswhi
char
ethanadequat
elyt
ackl
ed.

b)Messagei
swi
l
lcommuni
cat
edandeasi
ert
oconv
ince

c)Itsav
est
imefort
hef
armer
sbecauset
hef
armer
sar
est
il
lont
he
shambaworki
ng.

d)Quest
ionsandanswer
sar
ewel
lhandl
eddur
ingt
hesessi
ons

e)Ext
ensionagentworkshandsi
nhandswi
tht
hef
armer
sandt
hismakes
i
teasi
erforthef
armerstolear
n

f
)Ther
eisi
nst
antf
eedbackbet
weent
het
wo

g)Thefar
mergainsconf
idencei
next
ensi
onagentandcanr
elay
conf
ident
ial
inf
ormati
on

h)Demonst
rat
ionsar
eef
fect
ivel
yconduct
ed

i
)Extensi
onagentgai
nsfi
rst
-handi
nfor
mat
ionont
hef
arm.Thi
sassi
sts
hi
m onhelpi
ngonthefar
m.

j
)Extensi
onagentcanhelpthef
armert
ocl
ari
fyhi
sfeel
i
ngsandt
ochoose
bet
weenconfl
ict
ingideas.

k)I
tispossibl
et oi
ntegrat
einfor
mationfr
om thefar
mere.g.goal
sand
meanswi t
hagr i
cul
tural
infor
mationofextensi
onagentandther
efor
eoff
ers
possi
blesolut
ions

Di
sadv
ant
ages

Itconsumet
imef
ort
heex
tensi
onwor
kert
omov
efr
om onef
armert
o
another

 Messagesmaybedel
ayedt
her
ebyr
eachi
ngt
osomef
armer
saf
terso
l
ong(outdat
ed)

 Farmersmaynotknowtheexper
ienceofot
herf
armer
sther
efordoes
notseekhel
pfr
om them
  Ti
resomeont
hesi
deofext
ensi
onagent

 Nar
rowcov
eragei
fthear
eai
sver
ylar
ge

 Expensi
veduet
oext
ensi
vet
rav
ell
i
ng

 Languagebar
ri
ersofext
ensi
onagentmayconf
li
ctt
hatoft
hesoci
ety

Gr
oupExt
ensi
onMet
hods

 Groupmet hodsar
eespecial
l
yef
fecti
vei
nmov
ingpeopl
efr
om t
he
i
nterestst
agestotri
alst
ageofl
earni
ng.

 Whenreact
ionofgr
oupisfavor
abl
ethemaj
ori
tyofmember
smay
pr
oceedtot
headopti
onstage.

 Groupext
ensi
onmethodseffect
ivel
yar
rangedandconduct
edt
akeful
l
advant
agesoft
heexter
nalandinter
nal
forcesofgr
oupdynami
cs.

 Peopl
ereactt
otheext
ensi
onwor
kandt
othei
deasexpr
essedbyot
her
membersofthegr
oup.

 Themethodisaimedatapar
ti
cul
arr
eferencegr
oupandi
nvol
vi
ngf
ace
tof
acecontactbet
weenext
ensi
onagentandfar
mers.

Thi
smet
hodmaybecar
ri
edouti
nanyt
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s.

-
Demonst
rat
ions-r
esul
tsdemonst
rat
ionsmet
hoddemonst
rat
ions

-Lecture-Paneldi
scussi
ons-Symposium -Seminars-Wor kshop-
Conference-Toursandfarm wal
k-Fi
elddays/f
armer sdays/exper
iment
stat
ions-Showsandexhi bi
ti
ons/
fai
rs-Farmerstrai
ningcenters

-Publ
i
cspeaki
ng-
Exper
iment
s-Meet
ings

Demonstrat
ions:
Demonst r
ationsar
edoneifthelear
ningprocessrequir
es
ski
l
ldevel
opment .I
tincorporatesst
epbystepproceduresofdoing
somethi
ng.Theparti
cipantsshouldgetanopportuni
tytotr
yv ar
ioussteps
t
haty
ouhav
edemonst
rat
ed.

Whyar
edemonst
rat
ionsgi
venout
?

-Tot
eachf
armer
showt
oper
for
m cer
tai
nski
l
ls

-Toi
ncr
easef
armer
sknowl
edge

-Toi
ntr
oducenewi
nnov
ati
on

-Toencour
ageadopt
ion

-Togi
vef
armer
sachanget
opr
act
icesi
mpl
eski
l
ls

-Ext
ensi
onagenthasachancet
olear
nfr
om f
armer
s

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofdemonst
rat
ions

1.Met
hodDemonst
rat
ions-pr
ocedur
es

2.Resul
tDemonst
rat
ions-t
heout
comes

Met
hodDemonst
rat
ions

I
taimsatteachingfarmershowtousecertaintechni
quesontheirown.For
thi
sreasoncareshouldbetakentoobtai
nmaxi mum parti
ci
pati
onbyt he
groupinal
lstagese.g.howtoprune,
spray,castr
ateetc.

For
mat

-Gat
heri
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
hel
atestbul
l
eti
nandanyot
herof
fi
ci
aldat
a

-Makeadet
ail
edpl
an

-out
li
net
heoper
ati
onst
obedemonst
rat
edi
nlogi
cal
steps

-Pl
anwhatt
otel
lthem
-Li
stdemonst
rat
ionmat
eri
alsandequi
pmentneeded

-Knowhowt
oobt
ainequi
pmentandmat
eri
als

-Arrangef
orli
ter
atur
eneededf
ordi
str
ibut
ionst
otheaudi
enceatt
het
ime
ofdemonstr
ati
ons

-Wr
it
edownt
hepl
an

-Sel
ectdemonst
rat
ionsinconsul
tat
ionwi
thcont
actf
armer
sandv
isi
t
t
hem t
ocheckthei
rsuit
abil
i
ty

-Rel
easethedemonst
rat
ionswheni
tcanbeoper
atedi
naski
l
lful
andsur
e
way-sel
ectpoi
ntst
oemphasize

Car
ryoutt
heact
ual
demonst
rat
ion

-St
artbywel
comi
ngt
heaudi
enceandi
ntr
oducet
hedemonst
rat
ions

-I
ntr
oducet
het
it
leofdemonst
rat
ions

-Explai
nthepur
poseofdemonst
rat
ionandr
elat
ionshi
ptot
hel
ocal
pr
oblem

-Showeachoper
ati
onsl
owl
yst
epbyst
ep

-Usesi
mpl
ewor
dsi
nexpl
anat
ions

-Makesur
ethatt
heaudi
encecanseepr
oper
ly

-Emphasi
zekeypoi
ntsandsaywhyt
heyar
eimpor
tant

-Encour
agequest
ionsateachst
ep

-Letaudi
encepr
act
icet
heski
l
ldemonst
rat
ed

-Summar
izesmai
nst
epsofdemonst
rat
ions

-Di
str
ibut
eexpl
anat
oryl
i
ter
atur
e
-Thankdemonst
rat
orst
hecont
actf
armer
sandt
heaudi
ence

Fol
l
owUp

-Recordr
elev
antdat
ainyourdi
aryi
ncl
udi
ngat
tendanceandi
mpor
tant
problemsrai
sedbyfar
mers

Resul
tDemonst
rat
ions

Itai
msatconv inci
ngfar
mer
sthereasonsforcarr
yingoutacer
tai
n
agri
culturalr
ecommendedpract
icese.g.t
heoutcomesofpruni
nguseof
fert
il
izers,weedinget
c.

Adv
ant
agesofDemonst
rat
ions

a.Wi
decov
erageonegi
vesdet
ail
edI
nfor
mat
ioni
.e.how,
whyandwhen

b.Thef
armer
sut
il
izesmostofhi
ssensesi
nlear
ningpr
ocess

c.I
tencour
agesquest
ionsanddi
scussi
ons

d.Far
mer
scanshar
eexper
iences

e.Themet
hodshowshoweasyi
tisf
ort
hedemonst
rat
ion

f
.Iti
sat
wowaypr
ocess

g.I
tiseasyt
ocor
rectmi
stakes

h.Ifpr
oper
lyuti
l
ized,i
timpr
ovest
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenext
ensi
on
of
fi
cersandthefarmers

i
.Incr
easesext
ensi
onof
fi
cer
sexper
ti
seconf
idenceandski
l
ls

j
.Demonst
rat
ionpr
ovi
desdat
aoni
nputandout
putwhi
chmakes
compar
isoneasi
er.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofDemonst
rat
ion

a.i
tst
imeconsumi
ng

b.ther
emaybel
anguagebar
ri
ersbet
weent
heext
ensi
onof
fi
cer
sandt
he
far
mer s

c.f
armer
shav
edi
ff
erentl
ear
ningabi
l
iti
es

d.somefar
mersmaydevelopnegat
iveatti
tudet
owardst
he
demonst
rat
ionscont
actf
armersorextensi
onagent

e.i
fthecont
actf
armer
sar
enotpr
oper
lysel
ect
edt
hedemonst
rat
ionmay
notwork

f
.iti
sexpensi
vet
ocar
ry

g.agooddemonst
rat
ionr
equi
resconsi
der
abl
eski
l
ls,
planni
ngand
pr
epar
ati
ons

h.notal
li
deascanbedemonst
rat
ed

i
.Di
ff
icul
ttodemonst
rat
eforav
eryl
argegr
oup.

Panel
Discussi
ons(
GroupDi
scussi
on)

 Isatechniqueofcomparati
vel
ypool
i
ngi deas,knowledgeandopi
nions
toget
herinordertolear
nandsolv
eapr oblem thegroupshoul
dbemade
upofpanel sof6-7peoplewhoareeit
herf ar
mer sorexper
tsi
nagi v
en
agri
cult
uralfi
elds.

 Thediscussi
onsmaybeinfor
m ofquesti
onspreparedbef
orehandand
giv
entot hepeopl
eint
hepanel
.Eachgroupshouldhavealeadert
o
speakinanorderl
ymanner
.
 Thel
eadershoul
ddi
scour
aget
hosewhowantt
odomi
nat
edi
scussi
ons.

 Eachgroupshoul
dal
sohav
easecr
etar
ywhoshoul
djotdownpoi
nts
di
scussed.

 Bytheendoft
hediscussi
onper
iodt
hesecr
etar
ywi
l
lpr
esentt
hepoi
nts
di
scussedbyt
hei
rgroup.

SYMPOSI
UM

Theseref
erstoaser i
esofshor
tlectur
esonarel
atedtopi
candaregi
venby
expert
se.g.dif
fer
entpeopl
egivi
nglectur
esone.
g.foddercr
opszer
o
grazi
ngdairycatt
lemanagementetc.

SEMI
NARS

 Thi
siswheref
armersar
etaughti
nagroupforoneormor
eday
sona
gi
ventopi
cwhichi
srel
atedt
othei
rneeds.

 Farmersaregiventimet odiscusst
odiscusswitheachotherwhereby
theygett
ot heproblemsf acedbythei
rcoll
eaguesandtheymaycome
upwithpossiblesoluti
onsuseofsemi nar
sisaccompaniedbylecturer
anddemonst rat
ions,seminarsarehel
donf ar
mer st
rai
ningcent
ers.

 I
nsemi
nar
sthewehav
eexper
ts(
ext
ensi
onof
fi
cer
s)t
eachi
ngl
aypeopl
e
(
far
mer
)

WORKSHOP

 Si
mil
art
osemi
nar
sonl
ythatwor
kshopi
smor
epr
act
ical
thanasemi
nar
.

 Aworkshopconsistofpeopl
ewithcommonbackgr
oundcoming
t
oget
hert odi
scussmat t
ersofcommoninter
est
se.
g.dai
ryf
armerst
ea
f
armers,smal
lscalehort
icul
tur
alpr
oducer
s.
 Themaingoalofaworkshopapproachi
stol
ear
norgai
ninf
ormat
ion
thr
oughexper
ienceandshar
ing.

 Itconsi
stofpeopl
ewi
thcommoni
nter
estandbackgr
oundt
hesegr
oup
canbeasl ar
geas30peopl
e.

 Eachpar
tici
pantshoul
dtakeuponact
ivi
tyt
hangetinv
olvedi
nagr
oup
di
scussi
on.Theycanbegivenacer
ti
fi
cateofpar
ti
ci
pati
on.

TOURSANDFI
ELDTRI
P

 Isagroupt eachingmethodwherefarmersar
etakenfrom t
heirf
armst
o
anotherplaceforthepurposeofl
earni
ng?Thelearni
ngexperi
ences
supportwhatt hefar
mersknowsandal soexposesthefar
merstowhat
theydon'tknow.

 Fi
eldtri
psareusefuli
nenabl
i
ngl
ear
ner
stoobser
vef
ir
sthandappr
oach
oreventsi
nthefiel
d.

 Ther
emustbesomet hi
ngspeci
fi
ctol
ear
nint
het
ourandobj
ect
ive
mustbecl
ear
lydef
ined.

 At ourmusthaveateam leader
,tourgui
dewhoshoul
dbepr
oper
ly
br
iefedontheobject
ive.

 Eachparti
cipantshoul
dputdownsomei mpor
tanti
nformat
ionofwhat
theyhaveseenanddi v
idet
hebiggergr
oupint
osmalleruni
tsthatar
e
easiert
ohandle.

Adv
ant
agesofTour
s

i
tgi
vesgr
eatexposur
eoff
armer
stoot
herar
easofoppor
tuni
ti
es

 gi
vesachancef
ort
hem t
ocompar
ethemsel
vest
oot
her
s

 i
tgi
vesi
mmedi
atef
eedback

v
erypr
act
ical
uti
l
izi
ngal
lsensest
huseasyt
oremember
i
nter
est
\ti
ngandexci
ti
ng

Di
sadv
ant
ages

i
tisv
erycost
lyduet
otr
avel
l
ingorev
enaccommodat
ionexpenses

 di
ff
icul
ttosel
ectf
armer
stogoandonest
oleav
eout

 poorcommuni
cat
ionnet
wor
ke.
g.r
oadsmay
bei
mpassabl
einr
ural
areas

 Ther
eispr
otocol
tof
oll
owt
il
ltourt
akesof
f.

 Tourar
emadeonl
ytot
heconv
eni
enceoft
hehostf
ir
m

 Organi
zati
onal
leader
suset
our
s/f
iel
dtr
ipsj
ustt
ospendmoney(
just
if
y
expendi
tur
e)

ShowsExhi
bit
ionsandFai
rs

Def
ini
ti
ons

 Shows-publ
i
cdi
spl
ay

 Exhi
bit
ions-col
l
ect
ionoft
hingsshownpubl
i
cit
y

 Fai
rs-l
argescal
eexhibi
ti
onsofcommer
cial
andi
ndust
ri
algoodse.
g.a
worl
dfai
r,i
nter
nati
onalt
radef
air
.

I
nshowsvar
iousfarmer
scompani
esandor
gani
zat
ionsdi
spl
ayt
heir
pr
oduct
sandothershav
eachanceofv
iewi
ngandl
earni
ngfr
om t
hem.

Far
mer
sTr
aini
ngCent
ers

 Theyhavebeenusedeff
ecti
vel
yinanumberofdev
elopi
ngcount
ri
est
o
tr
ainfar
mersandthei
rwivesi
nconcept
sandpract
icesofmedi
a
agri
cult
ureandhomemaking.

 I
ntensi
veshor
tcour
sesar
ehel
dinsuchar
easascof
feepr
oduct
iont
ea
 pr
oduct
ioncl
eanmi
l
kpr
oduct
ionandt
heuseofhomepr
oducedf
oods
i
nthedi
et.

Exper
iment
ati
ons

Isausef
ulmethodasafol
l
owupaft
erdemonstr
ati
onitr
equi
resal
otof
equi
pmentandresour
cesf
oll
owi
tupwit
hadiscussi
on.

Meet
ings

 Meet i
ngsareoneoftheoldestandnoti
mport
antmethodsofextensi
on
teachi
ng.Proper
lyar
rangedandconductedt
heyrankhi
ghinrat
ionof
practi
ceadoptedinr
elat
iontocostascomparedwit
hothermethods.

 Thesuccessofmeet ingasateachi
ngdev i
cedependslargel
yuponhow
theyarev i
ewedbyaudiencei
.e.i
sitthei
rmeetingorext
ensionworker
s
meet i
ng.Effect
ivemeeti
ngsareori
entedtothecurr
entthi
nkingand
recognized

Ty
pesofmeet
ingsi
next
ensi
onwor
k

 Or
gani
zat
ional
meet
ing

Incl
udeboardofdi
rect
orsmeet i
ngsyouthclub,homemakersclub,
execut
ivecommitt
eeetc.organi
zat
ionalusuall
ymeetsper
iodi
call
yand
foll
owanagenda.thei
rpurposeist
ot akeacti
0onandgetbusi
nessdone

 Pl
anni
ngmeet
ings

 Requi
respr
epar
ati
onsofal
argeamountofsit
uat
ional
mater
ial
smuch
ofthi
smustbedonebypr
ofessi
onal
ext
ensionworker
s.

 Fewr ur
all
eader
sar einter
est
edinat t
endingaplanni
ngmeetingmerely
forthesakeofplanning.Thei
rint
erestcanbearousedinspecif
ic
problemsandobjecti
v esfort
hisandotherreasonsext
ensi
onwor ker
s
 needt
omakeaspeci
alef
for
ttoassur
eat
tendanceofr
ightpeopl
e.

 Tr
aini
ngMeet
ings

 Theyareessential
elementsindevel
opi
ngandusingrur
all
eader
sin
extensi
on.Theyarelimit
edtoselect
edi
ndiv
idual
swhohaveaccept
ed
responsi
bil
i
tiesasleadersandneedhel
pindoingthej
ob.

 Speci
ali
nter
estmeet
ings

Theyar
earrangedt
oser
vetheeducati
onalneedsofgr
oupswi
thcommon
i
nter
estsuchasgar
deni
ng,
fishi
ng,dai
ryet
c.

 Communi
tyMeet
ings

Theseareforall
t hepeopleinthecommunitymen.Womeny oungpeopl
e
al
lwithvar
iedinterestsofthecommunitysomepeoplecameoutof
cur
iosi
tyorforent er
tainmentsot
hershavemoreser
iousint
erest
s.

Ot
her
sMeet
ings

 Execut
ivemeet
ing

 Managementmeet
ing

Adv
ant
agesofMeet
ings

 Al
argenumberofpeopl
ear
etaughtatt
hesamet
ime

 Adopt
ioni
shi
ghi
ncompar
isont
orel
ati
vecost

Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Thediver
sit
yofint
erestbet
weent
heaudi
encesmakegr
eatunf
avor
abl
e
teachi
ngsit
uat
ion.

I
nagr
oupt
her
ateofl
ear
ningi
snott
hesame

 I
nagr
oupt
her
ateofl
ear
ningi
snott
hesame
 Theworki
nvol
vedinpl
anni
ngandcar
ryi
ngoutmeet
ingsmaybet
oo
taki
ngf
ort
heextensi
onworker
s

 Of
tenpeopl
emaymeetbecauseofent
ert
ainment
s.

WhyMeet
?

Pur
poseoft
heMeet
ing

 Tomakedeci
sions

 Tosol
vepr
obl
ems/
conf
li
cts

 Togat
heri
nfor
mat
ion

 Todi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ion(
giv
ing)

 Todi
scussnewi
deasandpr
act
ices

 Toobt
ainopi
nionofmember
s

Pr
epar
ati
onsandPr
esent
ati
onsTechni
quesofMeet
ings

STEPSI
NCLUDES

 Pur
poseofmeet
ings

 Ki
ndoft
hemeet
ing

 I
nvi
tat
ionsandpubl
i
cit
y

 Ti
meandv
enuesel
ect
ion

 Ar
rangement
sdone

 Hol
dthemeet
ings

 Fol
l
owup

Pur
poseofmeet
ings
 Toi
ntr
oduceanddi
scussnewi
deasandpr
act
ices

 Toobt
ainopi
nionsofcommuni
ty

 Togai
nsuppor
tonl
ocal
probl
emsandext
ensi
onpr
ogr
ams

Ki
ndoft
hemeet
ing

Deci
dewhet
herthemeetingwi
l
lbei
nfor
m ofal
ect
ure,
groupdi
scussi
ons,
semi
nar
s,workshopset
c.

I
nvi
tat
ionandpubl
i
cit
y

Planthemeetingswit
htherepr
esentat
iveoft
hepeopleforwhom i
tishel
d.
Invi
tati
onsshouldbemadebylett
ersfol
lowedbytel
ephonefor
confir
mation;
adequatenot
icei
susuall
y14day s.

Al
li
nvi
tat
ionst
obeaccompani
edbyacopyofagendai
tshoul
dal
so
i
ncl
ude

 Venue

 Ti
me,
dat
eday

 Nat
ureofmeet
ings

 Anyot
herdet
ail
s

 Mi
nut
esofpr
evi
ousmeet
ing

 Annexur
e

Ti
meandv
enue

Chooseti
methati
sconveni
enttoyourcl
i
entsi.
e.morning/af
ter
noons
avoi
dweekendsandpubl
ichol
iday
sisthevenueshouldalsobe
comfor
tabl
e

Ar
rangement
s

Consi
derpar
kingspacef
orv
ehi
cleser
ectsi
gnpostt
odi
rectpeopl
e
 Makeappr
opr
iat
esi
tt
ingar
rangement

 Deci
deont
hespeaker
sandpr
ogr
ams

 Ar
ether
eref
reshment
s/meal
s

 Pr
ovi
def
orpubl
i
caddr
esssy
stem

 Pr
ovi
def
orv
isual
aids

 Handout
stodi
str
ibut
e

 Sani
tat
ionf
aci
l
iti
es

Hol
dtheMeet
ing

 St
artt
hemeet
ingont
ime

 Wel
comet
heguest

 St
atet
heagendaandpur
poseofmeet
ing

 Encour
agequest
ionsanddi
scussi
ons

 Att
heendofthemeeting,
summari
zet
hei
mpor
tantpoi
ntsaswel
las
i
mport
antdeci
sionst
hatweremade

 Youaydi
str
ibut
esomel
i
ter
atur
eatt
heendoft
hemeet
ing

 Closethemeet
ingbyt
hanki
ngt
hehostspeaker
sandcongr
egat
ion(
vot
e
ofthanks)

 I
tsnor
mal
tost
artandcl
oset
hemeet
ingwi
thawor
dofpr
ayer

Fol
l
owUp

 Cl
eant
hemeet
ingv
enue

 Sendl
ett
ersoft
hankst
oresour
ceper
sonnel
andspeaker
s

 Wr
it
erecor
dsofdi
scussi
onsandanyot
herpr
omi
ses
 Publ
i
shi
mpor
tantdeci
sionsmadedur
ingt
hemeet
ing.

Ther
oleofal
eaderi
nameet
ing

Nor
mal
l
ythechai
rman

 Readal
ldocument
srel
atedt
oagenda

 Pr
epar
esuppor
ti
ngdocument
swher
enecessar
y

 At
tendmeet
ingsont
ime

 Makesubst
ant
ial
cont
ri
but
iont
odi
scussi
on

 Takenot
eofdeci
sionsmadeandact
ionsr
equi
red

 Car
ryoutt
asksassi
gnedandgi
vef
eedback

Fact
orst
oConsi
deri
nPl
anni
ngMeet
ings

a.Si
zeofaudi
ence-lar
geaudiencecanrecei
vei
nfor
mati
onbut
part
ici
pat
ioni
sreducedandhasdiff
icul
tyi
nmakingdeci
si
ons

b.Char acterofaudi
ence-someaudiencearei
ncapableofpart
ici
pati
on
throughlackofexperiencemaybebrokendownint
osmal lcommitteeor
discussionsgroupsfordeci
sionsort
oincr
easepart
ici
pati
on

c.Faci
li
ti
esavai
labl
e-ifr
oomsareavai
labl
elargeaudi
encemaybebroken
downintosmallcommitt
eeordi
scussi
onsgroupsfordeci
si
onsort
o
i
ncreasepar
ti
cipati
on

d.Makeaudi
enceascomf
ortabl
easpossi
ble-e.
g.seat
ingar
rangement
s,
heat
ing/
cool
i
ngofroomsl
ighti
ngandvent
il
ati
ons

e.Ti
me-donotfi
llt
heprogr
amstooful
lact
ivepeopl
ecanseldom si
tsti
l
l
formor
ethananhouratati
meandfewmeetingsshoul
dlastl
ongerthan
oneandonehal
fhours.

f.Donotal
l
owunrel
atedannouncement
sandunschedul
edspeaker
sto
prol
ongt
heprogr
ammeanddi st
ractt
heaudi
ence.
.Massext
ensi
on

Ex t
ensionmethodsf oral ar
gerpubli
c(massext ension)ar
emostsuit
abl
e
forfastandwidespreadtransferofeasil
yunder standablei
nfor
mati
onand
provenmessages.Theyar enotsuit
ableforextensionpackageswhich
cannotbeunderstoodwi thoutint
ensiv
edi scussions,quest
ionsand
feedbackfrom f
armer s.

Theadv
ant
agesofmassext
ensi
onar
eobv
ious:

•Theyreachalar
gerpubl
i
candar
ehi
ghl
ycost
-ef
fi
ci
enti
nter
msofcost
s
perreachedf
armer

•Theycanr
e-enfor
cepoi
ntsal
readyi
ntr
oduceddur
inggr
oupandi
ndi
vi
dual
ext
ensi
onprocesses

•Theycanconveymessagesonemer genciesli
keout
breaksofendemic
di
seases(e.
g.grasshopper,gr
ainbor
er,etc.)andt
heref
oremakeal ar
ger
publ
icawareofsuchoutbreaksinaveryshor tt
ime

Themostcommonmassext
ensi
onmet
hodsar
e

 Vi
l
lagemeetings:Vi
ll
agemeet
ingsar
enor
mall
yusedforspr
eadi
nga
messager
elevantfort
hewhol
eorlar
gepar
tsofavi
ll
age.

fi
elddays:Fi
elddaysar
enor mall
yusedt odemonstr
atei
mproved
product
iontechni
quesbei
ngusedbyoneormor efarmer
s,
demonstrati
onplot
sorresearchstat
ions,t
oalargenumberoffar
mer
s

 Extensioncampaigns:Ext
ensioncampaignsar esui
tabl
etospreada
centralmessagetoalargernumberoffarmer s.Theobj
ecti
veisto
propagatethi
scentral
messageasqui cklyaspossiblet
oasmany
farmersaspossiblevi
amassmeet i
ngsandt heuseofallavai
l
able
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