CHAPTER 7 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

7.1 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

6 types of angles:
i) Acute angle: iv) Straight angle:

ii) Right angle: v) Reflex angle:

iii) Obtuse angle: vi) Full rotation:

6 trigonometric ratios:

Complementary angles:

1
Example 1
√3
1. Given that cos 𝑥 = 2
, find the following without using a calculator.
a) sin (90° − 𝑥)

b) cot(90° − 𝑥)

2. Given tan 𝑥 = 0.75 where 𝑥 is an acute angle. Without using calculator, evaluate cos 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 − sin 𝑥.

Special angles:
Equilateral triangle:

Isosceles triangle:

2
Example 2
1. Evaluate the following without using a calculator.
a) sin2 45° + 3 tan 30°

𝜋
b) sin 4

3
2. Prove that sin 45° cosec 45° + cos 30° cot 60° = 2.

Trigonometric ratios for any angle

1. Positive and negative angles 2. Signs of trigonometric ratios 3. Basic angle, 𝛼 where 𝛼 < 90°

3
Example 3
State the following in acute angle.
a) tan 210° b) cos 475°

c) sin(−410°) d) cot(−71°)

Pythagorean identities:
cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 = 1

Example 4
1. Prove the identity tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 cosec 𝜃.

4
2. Prove the identity (1 − sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)2 = 2(1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + cos 𝜃).

1+sin 𝜃
3. Prove the identity 1−sin 𝜃 = (tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃)2.

5
 7.2 Compound Angles

Compound angle formulae:

• sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
• cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴±tan 𝐵
• tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1∓tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Example 5
1. Without using a calculator, find the value for the following in terms of surd.
a) sin(60° + 45°)

b) cos(150° − 45°)

6
2. Express the following in a single term.
a) sin 3𝜃 cos 4𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 sin 4𝜃

𝑃 𝑃
b) sin 2𝑃 sin 2 + cos 2𝑃 cos 2

tan 𝜃+1
c)
1−tan 𝜃

7
 −7 5
3. Given tan 𝛼 = 24
and tan 𝛽 = 12 where 𝛼 is in the fourth quadrant and 𝛽 is in the third quadrant. Find the exact
values of cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) and tan(𝛼 + 𝛽).

4. Prove that (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵)2 + (sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵)2 = 2[1 + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)].

8
 Double angle formulae:

• sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

• cos 2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
= 2cos2 𝐴 − 1
= 1 − 2sin2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
• tan 2𝐴 =
1−tan2 𝐴

Example 6
1. Find the exact value of the following without using a calculator.
2 tan(−165°)
a)
1−tan2(−165°)

b) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 22.5° − 1

9
 7
2. If sin 𝑥 = 25 where 𝑥 is an obtuse angle, evaluate cos 2𝑥 and cos 4𝑥.

3. Prove the following identities.

a) cot 𝐴 sec 2𝐴 = cot 𝐴 + tan 2𝐴

10
b) sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4sin3 𝐴

11
 𝜋 𝜋
4. Show that sin 6𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 (3 − 4sin2 2𝑥). Hence, deduce the value of sin 12 (3 − 4sin2 12).

Half angle formulae:

• sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
• cos 2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
= 2cos2 𝐴 − 1
= 1 − 2sin2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
• tan 2𝐴 = 1−tan2 𝐴

12
Example 7
8 3
1. Given that sin 𝐴 = − 17 and cos 𝐵 = 5 where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are in the same quadrant. Find the following without using
a calculator.

a) tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)

𝐴
b) cos 2

13
 𝐴
c) sin
2

𝑥 tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥
2. Show that sin2 =
2 2 tan 𝑥

Factor formulae:
Sum to Product Identities
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
• sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin 2 cos 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
• sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 cos 2
sin 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
• cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 2 cos 2 cos 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
• cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin 2 sin 2

Product to Sum Identities

• 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
• 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
• 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
• −2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

14
Example 8
1. Express the following as product multiplication.
a) sin 𝜃 + sin 5𝜃

b) 3 cos 7𝛼 − 3 cos 5𝛼

2. Express the following as the sum or difference of two trigonometric functions.

a) cos 5𝐵 cos 3𝐵

b) −6 sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥

15
3. Without using a calculator, evaluate the following by using the factor formulae.
a) sin 105° − sin 15°

b) 4 cos 15° sin 75°

cos 2𝐵−cos 2𝐴
4. Prove that = tan(𝐴 − 𝐵).
sin 2𝐴+sin 2𝐵

16
 7.3 Solutions of Trigonometric Equations

LARQA LIGA

L : L :
A : I :
R : G :
Q : A :
A :

(A) Trigonometric equations in linear form (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒌, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒌, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒌)

Example 9
1. Solve the following.
1
a) sin 2𝜃 = 2 , 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°
√

17
 𝜋 1
b) tan (𝜃 + ) = ,0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋
18 √3

𝜃 1
c) 2 cos = − , 0° < 𝜃 < 360°
3 2

18
d) cos 3𝜃 = −1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

e) tan(𝜃 − 10°) = 0, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°

19
2. Solve tan 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 for −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.

20
(B) Trigonometric equations in quadratic form

Example 10
1. Solve the equation 3 sin2 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥 = 4 for −180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°.

21
2. Show that 3 cot 2 θ + 5 cosec𝜃 + 1 = 0 can be reduced to 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 5 sin 𝜃 − 3 = 0.
Hence, solve 3 cot 2 θ + 5 cosec 𝜃 + 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

22
(C) Express 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 and 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 in terms of 𝒕
𝜽
(D) Solve 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ± 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒄 where 𝒕 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐

Example 11
𝑥
1. Solve the equation 12 cos 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 = 13 for 0° < 𝑥 < 360° if tan = 𝑡.
2

23
(E) Express 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ± 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 in the form of 𝑹 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝜽 ± 𝜶) or 𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝜽 ∓ 𝜶)
(F) Solve 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ± 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒄 using 𝑹 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝜽 ± 𝜶) or 𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝜽 ∓ 𝜶)

Example 12
1. Express 4 cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 in the form of 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼), where 𝑅 is positive and 𝛼 is an acute angle.

24
2. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 12 sin 2𝜃 − 5 cos 2𝜃.
a) Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form of 𝑅 sin (2𝜃 − 𝛼), where 𝑅 is positive and 𝛼 is an acute angle.
b) Hence, solve the equation 12 sin 2𝜃 − 5 cos 2𝜃 = −3 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

25
26
(G) Determine the MAXIMUM and MINIMUM VALUES of trigonometric expression in the form of 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ± 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

LIGA Note:

L : 𝒚 = + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 OR 𝒚 = + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
I :
G :
A :

𝒚 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 OR 𝒚 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

Example 13
1. Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
a) 2 sin(𝜃 + 45°)

b) − cos 3𝜃 + 4

27
 1
2. Find the maximum and minimum values for the expression 𝑓(𝜃) = 3+sin 𝜃−2 cos 𝜃. Hence, find the values of 𝜃 where
0° < 𝜃 < 360°, for which the expression has the extreme values.

28
29