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43 views29 pages

Unit 2 - Fip

Uploaded by

Sanathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Laplacian Operator

Laplacian Operator is also a derivative operator which is used to find


edges in an image. The major difference between Laplacian and other
operators like Prewitt, Sobel, Robinson and Kirsch is that these all are
first order derivative masks but Laplacian is a second order derivative
mask. In this mask we have two further classifications one is Positive
Laplacian Operator and other is Negative Laplacian Operator.

Positive Laplacian Operator


In Positive Laplacian we have standard mask in which center element
of the mask should be negative and corner elements of mask should
be zero.

0 1 0
1 5 1
0 1 0

Positive Laplacian Operator is use to take out outward edges in an


image.

Negative Laplacian Operator


In negative Laplacian operator we also have a standard mask, in
which center element should be positive. All the elements in the
corner should be zero and rest of all the elements in the mask should
be -1.

0 -1 0
-1 -5 -1
0 -1 0

Negative Laplacian operator is use to take out inward edges in an


image

How it works

Laplacian is a derivative operator; it is used to highlight gray level


discontinuities in an image and try to deemphasize regions with
slowly varying gray levels. This operation in result produces such
images which have grayish edge lines and other discontinuities on a
dark background. This produces inward and outward edges in an
image
The important thing is how to apply these filters onto image.
Remember we can’t apply both the positive and negative Laplacian
operator on the same image. we have to apply just one but the thing
to remember is that if we apply positive Laplacian operator on the
image then we subtract the resultant image from the original image
to get the sharpened image. Similarly if we apply negative Laplacian
operator then we have to add the resultant image onto original image
to get the sharpened image.

Let’s apply these filters onto an image and see how it will get us
inward and outward edges from an image. Suppose we have a
following sample image.

Sample Image

After applying Positive Laplacian Operator

After applying positive Laplacian operator we will get the following


image.
After applying Negative Laplacian Operator

After applying negative Laplacian operator we will get the following


image.

Composite Laplacian Operator


Positive Composite Laplacian Operator
0 1 0
1 5 1
0 1 0

Negative Composite Laplacian Operator


0 -1 0
-1 -5 -1
0 -1 0
Low Pass vs High Pass Filters

Band pass filter:

Band Pass Filters passes signals within a certain “band” or “spread” of


frequencies without distorting the input signal or introducing extra noise. This
band of frequencies can be any width and is commonly known as the
filters Bandwidth.

It allows a band of frequencies while blocking low and high frequencies.

Band reject filter:

The summing of the high pass and low pass filters means that their
frequency responses do not overlap, unlike the band-pass filter. This is due
to the fact that their start and ending frequencies are at different frequency
points.
TYPES OF LOWPASS AND HIGHPASS FILTERS

Lowpass filter (smoothing)

A low pass filter is used to allow low-frequency signals while blocking higher
frequency components. The amount of strength reduced for each frequency
depends on the design of the filter. Smoothing is low pass operation in the
frequency domain.

Following are some lowpass filters:


1. Ideal Lowpass Filters

The ideal lowpass filter is used to cut off all the high-frequency components of
Fourier transformation.

Below is the transfer function of an ideal lowpass filter.

2. Butterworth Lowpass Filters

Butterworth Lowpass Filter is used to remove high-frequency noise with very


minimal loss of signal components.
3. Gaussian Lowpass Filters

The transfer function of Gaussian Lowpass filters is ahown below:


Highpass filters (sharpening)

A highpass filter is used for passing high frequencies while blocking low
frequency components. Sharpening is a highpass operation in the frequency
domain. As lowpass filter, it also has standard forms such as Ideal highpass filter,
Butterworth highpass filter, Gaussian highpass filter.
1.Ideal highpass filter

2.Butterworth highpass filter


3.Gaussian highpass filter

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