CS201-Imtroduction to Programming-Short Notes

1. Describe History of C++?

The C++ programming language has a history going back to 1979, when Bjarne Stroustrup was
doing work for his Ph.D. thesis. One of the languages Stroustrup had the opportunity to work
with was a language called Simula, which as the name implies is a language primarily designed
for simulations.

2. What is Dev. C++?

Bloodshed Dev-C++ is a full-featured Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for the

C/C++ programming language. It uses Mingw port of GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) as it's
compiler. Dev-C++ can also be used in combination with Cygwin or any other GCC based
compiler.

3. Why Use Dev. C++ instead of C++ DOS IDE?

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Dev-C++ is a free IDE for Windows that uses either MinGW or TDM-GCC as underlying
compiler. Originally released by Bloodshed Software, but abandoned in 2006, it has recently
been forked by Orwell, including a choice of more recent compilers.

4. What is #Include directive or Copy books or Header File?

Many programming languages and other computer files have a directive, often called include (as
well as copy and import), that causes the contents of a second file to be inserted into the original
file. These included files are called copybooks or header files.

5. Why we use curly braces in c?

Curly braces are used to group a set of statements. Often we use them along with loops and
conditional statements in order to avoid confusion and to define a clear scope.

6. What is Main () function?

In C, the "main" function is treated the same as every function, it has a return type (and in some
cases accepts inputs via parameters). The only difference is that the main function is "called" by
the operating system when the user runs the program.

7. How many data types are in C?

Void, Int, Float, Character, String

8. How many types are for integers?

Int or signed int unsigned int, short int or signed short int, long int or signed long int, unsigned
long int

9. How many types are for Float data type?

Float, double, long double

10. What is mean by using namespace std; in C?

The built in C++ library routines are kept in the standard namespace. That includes stuff like
cout, cin, string, vector, map, etc. Because these tools are used so commonly, it's popular to add
"using namespace std" at the top of your source code so that you won't have to type the std::
prefix constantly.

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11. Define the memory size of int variable types? Type

Size in Bytes Range int or signed int 2 -32,768 to 32767 unsigned int 2 0 to

65535 short int or signed short int 1 -128 to 127 long int or signed long int 4

-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 unsigned long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295

12. Define the memory size of Float Variable types?

Type Size(bytes) Range Float 4

3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 double 8 1.7E-308 to

1.7E+308 long double 10 3.4E-

4932 to 1.1E+4932

13. How declare a variable?

The Syntax of Declare variable is data_type variable_name; where the data_type is the type of
data which can hold a variable variable_name might be anything except the C directives and
reserve words.

14. What is namespace?

Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, Zara, in the same class.
Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional
information along with their name, like either the area if they live in different area or their
mother or father name, etc. Same situation can arise in your C++ applications. For example, you
might be writing some code that has a function called xyz() and there is another library available
which is also having same function xyz(). Now the compiler has no way of knowing which
version of xyz() function you are referring to within your code.A namespace is designed to
overcome this difficulty and is used as additional information to differentiate similar functions,
classes, variables etc. with the same name available in different libraries. Using namespace, you
can define the context in which names are defined. In essence, a namespace defines a scope.

15. How define a namespace?

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A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace followed by the namespace name as
follows

namespacenamespace_name {

// code declarations

To call the namespace-enabled version of either function or variable, prepend the namespace
name as follows:

name::code; // code could be variable or function.

16. What are reserve words in C?

Reserve or Keywords are the words that C language use for his personal use a user cannot use
reserve words as variable, function or class name. Example: IF, Else, Switch, For, While, Float
etc.

17. What rules are for declaring a variable?

1. Every variable name should start with alphabets or underscore (_).

2. No spaces are allowed in variable declaration.

3. Except underscore (_) no other special symbol are allowed in the middle of the variable
declaration.

4. Maximum length of variable is 8 characters depend on compiler and operation system.

5. Every variable name always should exist in the left hand side of assignment operator.

6. No keyword should access variable name.

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18. What is difference between declaration and initialization of a Variable?

For a variable, a definition is a declaration which allocates storage for that variable.

Initialization is the specification of the initial value to be stored in an object, which is not
necessarily the same as the first time you explicitly assign a value to it.

19. What is cin and cout?

cout is used for output, cin for input. Cout and cin are not key words in the C++ language. They
are variables, instances of classes that have been declared in <iostream>.

20. Define local and global variable?

Variables that are declared inside a function or block are local variables. They can be used only
by statements that are inside that function or block of code. Local variables are not known to
functions outside their own.Global variables are defined outside of all the functions, usually on
top of the program. The global variables will hold their value throughout the life-time of your
program. A global variable can be accessed by any function. That is, a global variable is available
for use throughout your entire program after its declaration.

21. Define Syntax Error?

Asyntax error is an error in the syntax of a sequence of characters or tokens that is intended to be
written in a particular programming language. For compiled languages, syntax errors are
detected at compile-time. A program will not compile until all syntax errors are corrected.

22. What is Run-Time Error?

An error that occurs during the execution of a program. In contrast, compile-time errors occur
while a program is being compiled. Runtime errors indicate bugs in the program or problems that
the designers had anticipated but could do nothing about. For example, running out of memory
will often cause a runtime error.

23. What is Logical Error?

A logic error is a bug in a program that causes it to operate incorrectly, but not to terminate
abnormally (or crash). A logic error produces unintended or undesired output or other behavior,
although it may not immediately be recognized as such.

24. What are arithmetic operators?

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C language has 5 arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %). Arithmetic operators are used to perform
arithmetic operations in c programming.

25. Define Logical Operators?

C Language have 3 types of Logical operator or conditional operators.

Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition
becomes true. (A && B) is false.

|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the condition
becomes true. (A || B) is true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a
condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false. ! (A && B) is true.

26. What is Conditional operator?

A ternary operator or Conditional Operator is an operator that takes three arguments. The
arguments and result can be of different types. Many programming languages that use C-like
syntax feature a ternary operator, ?:, which defines a conditional expression. Since this operator
is often the only existing ternary operator in the language, it is sometimes simply referred to as
"the ternary operator". In some languages, this operator is referred to as "the conditional
operator". Another example for a ternary operator is between, as used in SQL and Python.

27. Difference between operators and operands?

Operands are the objects that are manipulated and operators are the symbols that represent
specific actions. For example, in the expression. 5 + x. and 5 are operands and + is an operator.
All expressions have at least one operand.

28. Describe about file streams? Data Type Description

ofstream This data type represents the output file stream and is used to create files and to
write information to files.

ifstream This data type represents the input file stream and is used to read information
from files.

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fstream This data type represents the file stream generally, and has the capabilities of both
ofstream and ifstream which means it can create files, write information to files, and read
information from files.

29. What are conditional statements?

In computer science, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs

are features of a programming language, which perform different computations or actions
depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition evaluates to true or false.
Example: IF. Then, Switch.

30. What are repletion statements?

In C programming Language it is often necessary to repeat the same block of code a given
number of times, or until a certain condition is met. Executes a sequence of statements multiple
times and abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable. You can use one or more loops
inside any other while, for, or do. While loop.

31. Define Nested If and Nested Loop?

In C++ we can use if statement in the else block. Or we can also include if block in another if
block, it’s called nested IF. The placing of one loop inside the body of another loop is called
nesting. When you "nest" two loops, the outer loop takes control of the number of complete
repetitions of the inner loop.
While all types of loops may be nested, the most commonly nested loops are for loops.

32. What is pre-processor Directive?

The C preprocessor modifies a source file before handing it over to the compiler, allowing
conditional compilation with #ifdef, defining constants with #define, including header files with
#include.

33. Why use strcpy() function?

This function use to copy string from one string variable to other string variable. Example
strcpy(s1, s2) copy string from s2 to s1.

34. What is a Function?

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A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least
one function, which is main (), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions.
You can divide up your code into separate functions.

35. What are parameters of a function?

In computer programming, a parameter is a special kind of variable, used in a subroutine to refer

to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the subroutine. These pieces of data are called
arguments. An ordered list of parameters is usually included in the definition of a subroutine, so
that, each time the subroutine is called, its arguments for that call can be assigned to the
corresponding parameters.

36. What is a pointer?

The variable that stores the address of another variable is called a pointer. Pointers are a very
powerful feature of the language that has many uses in lower level programming.

37. Difference between a pointer variable and a Variable?

Both are variables a pointer hold the memory address of a variable and an Variable that hold his
value both variable must be same type to work with each other.

38. What is a Class?

A class in C++ is a user defined type or data structure declared with keyword class that has data
and functions (also called methods) as its members whose access is governed by the three access
specifies private, protected or public (by default access to members of a class is private).

39. What is a Class object?

Object is a class type variable. Objects are also called instance of the class. Each object contains
all members (variables and functions) declared in the class. We can access any data member or
member function from object of that class using. Operator.

40. How can we refer to the global variable if the local and the global variable names
are same?

We can apply scope resolution operator :: for the scope of global variable. The scope resolution
operator helps to identify and specify the context to which an identifier refers, particularly by
specifying a namespace. The specific uses vary across different programming languages with the
notions of scoping. In many languages the scope resolution operator is written "::".

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41. What is recursion?

Recursion is the process of repeating items in a self-similar way. In programming languages, if a

program allows you to call a function inside the same function, then it is called a recursive call of
the function.

42. What is an identifier?

An Identifier can only have alphanumeric characters (a-z, A-Z, 0-9) and underscore (_). The first
character of an identifier can only contain alphabet (a-z, A-Z) or underscore (_). Identifiers are
also case sensitive in C. For example name and Name are two different identifier in C.

43. What is friend class and friend Function?

Friend Function:A C++ friend functions are special functions which can access the private
members of a class. They are considered to be a loophole in the Object Oriented Programming
concepts, but logical use of them can make them useful in certain cases.

Friend Class: A C++ friend class is a special class that can access the members, objects and
methods of another class.

44. What are constructors and destructors?

Constructor: A class constructor is a special member function of a class that is executed

whenever we create new objects of that class. A constructor will have exact same name as the
class and it does not have any return type at all, not even void. Constructors can be very useful
for setting initial values for certain member variables.

Destructors: A destructor is a special member function of a class that is executed whenever an

object of its class goes out of scope or whenever the delete expression is applied to a pointer to
the object of that class.A destructor will have exact same name as the class prefixed with a tilde
(~) and it can neither return a value nor can it take any parameters. Destructor can be very useful
for releasing resources before coming out of the program like closing files, releasing memories
etc.

45. What is the difference between actual and formal parameters?

The parameters sent to the function at calling end are called as actual parameters while at the

Receiving of the function definition called as formal parameters.

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46. What is difference between including the header file with-in angular braces <> and
double quotes “”?

If a header file is included with in <> then the compiler searches for the particular header file

Only with in the built in include path. If a header file is included with in “ “, then the compiler

Searches for the particular header file first in the current working directory, if not found then in
the built in include path

47. If a pointer is declared for a class, which operator can be used to access it?

Arrow operator (->) is used for accessing members of structure using pointer variable, whenever
we declare structure variable then member can be accessed using the dot operator. But when
pointer to a structure is used then arrow operator is used. Both dot and arrow operator serves
same function to access member of structure.

48. What is function overriding?

Function overloading (also method overloading) is a programming concept that allows

programmers to define two or more functions with the same name. Each function has a unique
signature (or header), which is derived from: function/procedure name. Number of arguments.
Arguments' type.

49. Is it possible to have Virtual Constructor? If yes, how? If not, Why not possible?

There is nothing like Virtual Constructor. The Constructor can’t be virtual as the constructor

Is a code which is responsible for creating an instance of a class and it can’t be delegated to any
other object by virtual keyword mean.

50. What is a dangling pointer?

A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over. This
may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function
orusing the address of the memory block after it is freed.

51. What is a smart pointer?

A smart pointer is a C++ class that mimics a regular pointer in syntax and some semantics, but it
does more. Because smart pointers to different types of objects tend to have a lot of code in
common, almost all good-quality smart pointers in existence are template by the pointe type.

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52. What is the difference between a pointer and a reference?

A reference must always refer to some object and, therefore, must always be initialized; pointers
do not have such restrictions. A pointer can be reassigned to point to different objectswhile a
reference always refers to an object with which it was initialized.

53. What is the difference between const char *myPointer and char *const myPointer?

Const char *myPointer is a non-constant pointer to constant data; while char *const myPointer is
a constant pointer to non-constant data.

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