WORD

BUILDERS

WMSU

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WORD ASSOCIATIONS

Understanding the relationship between words or

ideas in a structure paves the way for a better
understanding of those words or ideas. These
relationships or associations may differ among
people, even when they speak the same language
and live in the same community.

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Word relationships may be classified as follows:

1. Similarity - This means words have the same

meaning or a meaning that is about the same.

Example: talk – chat

happy – joyful

2. Contrast This means words are opposite in meaning.

Example: aggressive - calm

poor - wealthy 3
3. Cause-and-effect

Example: Because of the jeepney and bus strike, many

people were stranded, and some walked many
kilometers just to get home.

4. Part-whole - Here, a part of something may stand for

the whole, or vice versa. In figurative language this would
be called synecdoche.

Example: The sail was like a dot in the open sea.

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5. Classification - Words belonging to the same genus
may also be called grouping because the relationship
between the words is one of similarity of certain
characteristics.

Example: animal (four legged) - lion, elephant, horse

stringed musical Instruments - guitar, violin, etc.

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 6. Predication This is the relationship between a noun and
its verb, a doer and its action and the action and its receiver.
Example: Birds fly; build nests
Horse-neighs, gallops, - across field

7. Derivation This refers to words that grow out of other

words. This means that from one root word, many words can
be formed by adding affixes, or even by adding other root
words to form compounds.

Example: friend-befriend, friendly, friendliness, boyfriend, girl

friend
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8. Sound This means words have exactly the same
sound or are similar in pronunciation.

Example: write, rite, right, wright (homonyms)

Read/riyd/-read/red/ (heteronyms)
cite-scythe (similarity, not sameness)

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9. Modification This is the relationship between a word
and its modifier

Example: An anonymous letter (adjective)

Help arrived immediately, (adverb)

A most welcome aid (intensifier-adjective)

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 10. Completion This is the relationship between the words in a
compound word.
Example: back = ground background

11. Association This includes the relationship (not previously

given) between words and ideas that are brought to mind with a
given word.

Example: Words like referee, court, blocking, PBA, import,

cager, 3-point ‘shot, fast ball, etc. are associated with
basketball game.

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USING COLLOCATIONS, CLUSTERS,
AND CLINES
The knowledge of word relationships has proven to
be effective in the improvement of reading skills. The
more links between words you recognize, the more
you understand them.

*There are many ways of understanding the relationship

between words. Among them are collocations, clusters, and
clines.

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USING COLLOCATIONS, CLUSTERS, AND CLINES

• Collocation refers to a natural combination of words that are closely

affiliated with each other.

• Collocations use a pair of words that fit the context better and that have a
more precise meaning.
Example:
· Joe always wears blue or white or some other bright color.
· The internet has created opportunities for his company.
· I love you and want to marry you,’ Michael whispered softly
to Clare.

WORD + WORD = COLLOCATION

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USING COLLOCATIONS, CLUSTERS, AND CLINES

● Clines is a graded sequence of difference within a species that

varies in the degree of intensity.
● Comes from the Greek klino meaning “to slope”
● Words in a cline fit into the same statement, but each would have a
different meaning.
Example:

THE WATER IS ________________.

Words that would fit into the sentence are: hot, cold, warm which temperatures of
varying degrees. HOT, WARM, COLD.

Sheshe Tutorial T. V. (2022, February 28). ENGLISH2 QUARTER 3 WEEK 2 WORD CLINES #WORDCLINES #GRADE2LESSON

#ENGLISH2 #GRADE2MODULE [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0HA0vl4D2U

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USING COLLOCATIONS, CLUSTERS, AND CLINES

● Clusters are similar or related things.

● Such words may not be cline because it is not easy to show a sequential
degree of meaning.
● Thus, they may be written around a word which serves as a cover term.

Examples:

● attractive, lovely, beautiful, charming (synonyms)

● fly, mosquito, ant, locust (insect – same group)

● operating room, syringe, doctor, emergency room ( word that are evoked

when you say hospital)

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IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC AND GENERIC TERMS

Generic terms are words that are general or applicable to

a whole class or group. Although generic terms are
important, it takes a specific term to convey the exact idea
or mood

Example: There are pastel colored paper and envelopes on

the table. These stationeries belong to Mavic who has
many penpals.

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IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC AND GENERIC TERMS

Here's an example.

● geometry
● algebra
● statistics
● mathematics
● trigonometry
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IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC AND GENERIC TERMS

Example

1. Farming is a continuous cycle of planting and

harvesting.

2. Land travel may be by car, by train, or by bus.

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Using Context Clues

Context refers to the parts of a piece of writing or

speech that proceeds or follow a B devices as word

and contribute to its full meaning.

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Using Context Clues

There are many types of context clues. For our purpose,

they will be classified as follows:
1. Definition. This is an outright explanation of the
meaning of a word by introducing and describing it within
the same context.
Example: The cornea is the transparent outer coating of
the eyeball.
2. Synonym. The meaning of the unknown word is
understood because the idea is repeated in familiar words.
Example: In his complete uniform and with his shining
sword, the man appeared bellicose or warlike.
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Using Context Clues

3. Example. An example helps illuminate the meaning of a

word.
Example: The artist engages in aesthetic activities such
poems about the beauty of nature and painting scenic
spots.
4. Apposition. An appositive is a descriptive word, phrase,
or clause placed beside the unknown word and is often
enclosed or set off by commas.
Example. An ecologist, a scientist who specializes in the
relationship between living things and their environment, is
likely to have authoritative opinion on the problem of
pollution versus man's survival. 19
Using Context Clues

5. Antonym. An antonym is a word which has an opposite meaning.

The word but is often used to show contrast.
Example. Lynne is calm but her mother's anxiety over trivial thing
sometimes makes her tense.

6. Inference. To infer is to reach an opinion based on the given facts,

involves making a conclusion as a result of reasoning.
Example: When he passed the sentry, Jose gave his forged ID card and
held his breath. The guard on duty was busy talking to a friend and
gave it a perfunctory glance, so Jose breathed easily again. From the
passage, we learn that perfunctory means 'something done quickly as a
routine or superficial following of rules.

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Using Context Clues

7. Analysis. Many words are made of word parts which

give direct clues meaning. The word parts (i.c., roots,
affixes, compounds, and syllable are separated and
analyzed.

Example: The new recipe of the cook was unpleasant to

the taste. The fact, it was inedible.

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 IDENTIFYING WORDS WITH
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
Homonyms are words that have the same spelling and
pronunciation, but different meanings.

Homophones is a word that is pronounced the same (to a

varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning.

Homographs are those words that have the same spelling

but completely different meanings.

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IDENTFYING WORDS WITH MULTIPLE MEANINGS
ENRICHER:

Choose your answer from the box.

CELL
a) A small room for a prisoner or monk
b) A small compartment, receptacle, or cavity
c) A body of person’s forming a single unit in the organization of similar groups
d) The unit composing all or part of a battery consisting of electrodes in contract with an
electrolyte and in which current is generated
e) The fundamental structural unit of plant or animal

1. The best way to get the strongest current through a given resistance is by arranging the cells in series.

2. To be granted a reloan under the Livelihood Project, each member of the cell must have fully paid his
previous loans.

3. An important ingredient in the manufacturer of Pollen-B is honey which is extracted from the cells of
a beehive.

4. All plants and animals are composed of the cells.

5. The cells in the Rehabilitation Centers are congregated. 23

UNDERSTANDING ROOT WORDS

• The root word is the body or basic

structure of the word.

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Often attached to the root are three
kinds of affixes:

• The prefix

• The suffix

• The Infix

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Many root word has its own origin

in another language

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Example: “Reheated”

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Example: “Unexplained”

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Example: “Passersby”

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USING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

• Idiomatic Expressions are found in the daily speech of people

rather than in formal.
• an idiom is an expression peculiar to a language.
• it usually has more than one meaning that is not gained from the
meaning of its words taken separately.

Example: TO SHED CROCODILE TEARS

Does not mean “tears falling from the eye of a crocodile” or “to shed
tears in the form of crocodiles. “it means” to pretend to be sad over the
loss or death of something or someone.”

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USING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

Interesting activities

• Picture Talk
• Context clues
• Games
• Writing

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USING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

“I only go to the cinema once in a blue moon.”

“When pigs fly, she’ll tidy up her room.”

“Fuel these days costs and arm and a leg.”

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LOAN WORD

➢ A loanword (also known as a loan word or borrowing) is

a term borrowed from one language (the donor language)

and incorporated, at least partially, into another language

(the recipient language or target language).

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LOAN WORD

➢ Unlike cognates (which share an etymological origin

across languages) and calques (which involve word-for-

word translation), loanwords are not translated. Instead,

they retain their original form while adapting to the

phonology, orthography, and morphology of the target

language.

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Examples of Loanwords in English:

Café: Borrowed from French (café), meaning

“coffee.”
Bazaar: Borrowed from Persian (bāzār), meaning
“market.”
Kindergarten: Borrowed from German
(Kindergarten), literally “children’s garden.”

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CREATIVE WORDS

What is Creative?

• Marked by the ability or power to create another

is given to creating or the creative impulse. a
creative genius can also be having the quality of
something created rather than imitated or what
you can say imaginative

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What is Creative Words?

• Creative Words: Extremely idealistic, unrealistic, and

impractical in a way that is noble or romantic.

• "Creative Words" could refer to a variety of things, such as

a writing group, a literary magazine, or even a company
name. But for some Creative Words are associated with
some creativity aspects as it says in the name itself

• Such as arts, music and some other examples.

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What is the term of creative words?

• The term "creative words" generally refers to

language and expressions used in a creative and
imaginative way. It encompasses words and
phrases that go beyond standard or mundane
usage, often associated with artistic or inventive
writing. In a broader sense, it can denote
language that sparks creativity, evokes emotions,
or adds a unique flair to communication
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Examples:
1. Surreptitious: Stealthy or sneaky.
2. Serendipity: Finding something good without
actually looking for it.
3. Ephemeral: Fleeting or transient.
4. Quixotic: Extremely idealistic, unrealistic, and
impractical.
5. Ethereal: Delicate, heavenly, or other worldly.

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• These words are chosen for their richness

and uniqueness, often used to convey

nuanced meanings or evoke specific

atmospheres in creative writing.

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• Creativity is, without a doubt, a highly

valuable asset. Although we often associate

it with the arts, this word is a plus in many
other mediums, including the business
world.

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