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 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR BUILDING
INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) SOFTWARE SELECTION:
A CASE STUDY IN CONSTRUCTION FEASIBILITY STAGE

AHMAD TAUFIK BIN NURSAL

MASTER OF SCIENCE (DECISION SCIENCE)

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
2015
 Permission to Use

In presenting this thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree

from Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the Universiti Library may make it
freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for the copying of this
thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by
my supervisor(s) or, in their absence, by the Dean of Awang Had Salleh Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences. It is understood that any copying or publication or use
of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my
written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me
and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any
material from my thesis.

Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this thesis, in
whole or in part should be addressed to:

Dean of Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

UUM College of Arts and Sciences
Universiti Utara Malaysia
06010 UUM Sintok

i
 Abstrak

Penerimaan perisian Permodelan Maklumat Pembinaan (BIM) telah terbukti

bermanfaat kepada industri pembinaan bagi meningkatkan rekabentuk, analisis,
pembinaan, operasi dan pengurusan data. Disebabkan pelbagai jenis perisian BIM di
pasaran, proses pemilihan perisian BIM yang memenuhi keperluan projek dianggap
rumit. Kajian terdahulu telah mendedahkan bahawa kebanyakan pemilihan perisian
adalah berdasarkan populariti dan cadangan daripada syarikat lain. Justeru, pemilihan
yang tidak tepat boleh mengakibatkan penggunaan perisian BIM yang tidak
sepenuhya dan memberi kesan negatif ke atas pelaburan perisian BIM. Berdasarkan
tinjauan literatur terdapat kekurangan pendekatan yang sistematik dalam pemilihan
perisian BIM bagi memenuhi keperluan projek tertentu. Ini menekankan keperluan
untuk alat pembuatan keputusan bagi memilih perisian BIM yang bersesuaian.
Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk membangunkan Sistem Sokongan Pemutusan
(DSS) yang dinamakan topsis4BIM yang mengintegrasikan antaramuka pengguna,
pangkalan data bercirikan BIM, Fuzzy TOPSIS dan alatan Web 2.0. Projek
pembinaan sebenar telah digunakan sebagai kajian kes untuk demonstrasi dan
pengesahan rangka kerja DSS. Hasil kajian menunjukan penggunaan topsis4BIM
dapat memperbaiki proses pemilihan perisian BIM berbanding amalan sedia ada.
Selain itu, ianya juga telah menghasilkan satu rangka kerja baharu untuk pembinaan
DSS masa hadapan dengan mengunakan alatan Web 2.0. Kajian ini memperkenalkan
satu pendekatan pembuatan keputusan yang inovatif dan ekonomikal yang boleh
menjadi garis panduan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan BIM dalam kalangan
pengamal pembinaan

Kata Kunci: Permodelan maklumat pembinaan, Sistem sokongan keputusan,

Pembuatan keputusan pelbagai kriteria, alatan Web 2.0

ii
 Abstract

The adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) software has proven to be

beneficial to the construction industry to improve the design, analysis, construction,
operation and data management. Due to the variety of BIM software on the market,
choosing the right BIM software in construction projects is deemed to be a
complicated decision making process. Previous studies revealed that software
selection is mainly made based on popularity and recommendation from other
companies. Consequently, inaccurate selection would lead to the underutilised
features and negative effect the investment on the BIM software. Based on literature,
there is a lack of systematic approach to select the right BIM software for specific
project requirements. This highlights the needs for decision making tools to select the
appropriate BIM software. This research aims to develop a Decision Support System
(DSS) named topsis4BIM which integrates graphical user interfaces, BIM features
database, Fuzzy TOPSIS and Web 2.0 tools. A real construction project was used as
a case study for demonstrating and validating the DSS framework. The findings
indicate that the use of topsis4BIM improves the BIM software selection process
compared to the current practice. In addition, it also produce a new framework for
the next generation DSS using Web 2.0 tools. The study introduces an innovative and
economical decision making approach that can guide construction practitioners
towards the betterment of BIM adoption.

Keywords: Building information modelling, Decision support system, Multi criteria

decision making, Web 2.0 tool

iii
 Acknowledgement

I would first like to thank the Almighty God (Allah) for His blessing bestowed upon
me throughout the course of my Master study. I wish to take this opportunity to
thank my family especially my mother for her encouragement, without her support,
this master journey would not have been fulfilled. I would like to thank Dr. Mohd
Faizal Omar and Sr. Dr. Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi who undertook the crucial role as
supervisors and for they constant invaluable guidance, assistance, emotional support
and encouragement throughout of my master study.

I would also like to thank both of my senior Adam Shariff Adli Aminuddin and Tisya
Farida Abdul Halim for their continuous invaluable advice. I would also wish to
express my appreciation to academic and non-academic staff in School of Science
Quantitative (SQS) UUM for any assistance whatsoever renderer toward the
production of this thesis. I would also like to thank all respondent who involved in
this study. Last, many warm thanks to all my friends who have supported me through
every step of the way.

iv
 Table of Contents

Permission to Use ..................................................................................................................... i

Abstrak ..................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. iv
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... v
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ viii
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... ix
List of Appendices ................................................................................................................... x
List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1

1.1 Research Background............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Incomplete Attributes for BIM Software Selection ..................................... 6
1.2.2 Unavailability of DSS Prototype for BIM Software Selection .................... 7
1.2.3 Lack of Utility and Usability Evaluation DSS ............................................. 8
1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 8
1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 8
1.5 Scope of Study ....................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................... 10
1.7 Organisation of the Thesis ................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................ 13

2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Construction Project Management ....................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Construction Project Stakeholders at Design Stage ................................... 14
2.2.2 Type of Project Delivery ............................................................................ 14
2.3 Building Information Modeling (BIM) ................................................................ 15
2.3.1 The Utilization of BIM Tool during Project Life Cycle ............................ 17
2.3.2 The Availability of BIM software .............................................................. 20
2.3.3 The Software Selection Attributes ............................................................. 21
2.3.4 BIM Usage in Malaysia ............................................................................. 25
v
2.4 Multi Criteria Decision Making Techniques for BIM Software Selection .......... 26
2.4.1 MADM Methods ........................................................................................ 28
2.4.1.1 Simple Addictive Weighting Method (SAW) ............................... 28
2.4.1.2 Elimination Et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) .............. 29
2.4.1.3 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) ............................................. 29
2.4.1.4 Analytical Network Process (ANP) ............................................... 30
2.4.1.5 The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal
Solution (TOPSIS) ..................................................................................... 30
2.4.1.6 Rank Order Centroid (ROC) ......................................................... 31
2.4.2 Rationale of MADM Techniques for BIM Software Selection ................. 31
2.4.3 Extension of TOPSIS under Fuzzy Environment ...................................... 35
2.4.4 Preliminaries of Fuzzy TOPSIS ................................................................. 36
2.4.5 Fuzzy TOPSIS Procedure .......................................................................... 38
2.5 Decision Support System ..................................................................................... 41
2.5.1 Components of DSS Development ............................................................ 44
2.5.2 Web 2.0 Technology .................................................................................. 47
2.5.3 Decision Support System and Web 2.0 ...................................................... 49
2.5.4 Validation of Decision Support System ..................................................... 49
2.6 Chapter Summary................................................................................................. 51

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................ 53

3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 53
3.2 Reasoning of Choosing Research Method ........................................................... 53
3.3 Research Process Framework .............................................................................. 56
3.3.1 Phase One: Literature Review and Data Collection................................... 57
3.3.2 Phase Two: Conceptual Model and DSS Development ............................ 60
3.3.3 Phase Three: DSS development ................................................................. 60
3.3.4 Phase Four: Evaluation of DSS and Conclusion ........................................ 61
3.4 Chapter Summary................................................................................................. 64

CHAPTER FOUR DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DSS .................... 65

4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 65
4.2 Case Study Description ........................................................................................ 65

vi
4.2.1 Case Study: Dewan Sultan Ibrahim Result ....................................................... 67
4.3 The Implementation of topsis4BIM ..................................................................... 76
4.3.1 Decision Model Development ................................................................... 77
4.3.2 The Architecture of topsis4BIM ................................................................ 80
4.4 Chapter Summary................................................................................................. 84

CHAPTER FIVE VALIDATION AND DISCUSSION ....................................... 85

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 85
5.2 Decision Model Evaluation .................................................................................. 87
5.3 Sub-system Validation ......................................................................................... 91
5.4 Face Validation .................................................................................................... 93
5.4.1 Quantitative Result..................................................................................... 94
5.4.2 Qualitative Result....................................................................................... 97
5.5 Discussion of Research Finding ......................................................................... 101
5.5.1 Identify attributes for BIM software selection in Malaysia ..................... 103
5.5.2 An Alternatives Approach for BIM Software Selection .......................... 105
5.5.3 A New Generation of DSS Development ................................................ 107
5.6 Model finalization .............................................................................................. 109
5.7 Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 114

CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 115

6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 115
6.2 Summary of Work Performed ............................................................................ 115
6.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 117
6.4 Research Contributions ...................................................................................... 119
6.5 Limitations of the Research ............................................................................... 121
6.6 Recommendation for Futures Research ............................................................. 121

PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................................... 122

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 123

vii
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 The Availability of Software Selection Attributes. ............................................... 23

Table 2.2 Application of MCDM in Software Selection ...................................................... 32
Table 2.3 Integration of TOPSIS and Fuzzy Element........................................................... 36
Table 2.4 Decision Support Framework .............................................................................. 44
Table 2.5 General Comparison between Web 1.0 and 2.0 .................................................... 48
Table 2.6 Measurement Criteria for DSS Evaluation ........................................................... 50
Table 4.1 Case Project Detail............................................................................................... 66
Table 4.2 Respondent Profile ................................................................................................ 67
Table 4.3 Attributes for BIM Software Selection ................................................................ 70
Table 4.4 Description of Selection Attributes ....................................................................... 71
Table 4.5 Brief Profile of BIM Software Vendors............................................................... 73
Table 4.6 Semi-structured Result ......................................................................................... 75
Table 4.7 Linguistic Variable for the Importance of Weight of Attributes........................... 78
Table 4.8 Linguistic Variable for the Importance of Rating for Alternative Software ......... 78
Table 5.1 Weight of Attributes by Decision Makers ............................................................ 87
Table 5.2 Rating for Software Alternative by Decision Makers ........................................... 88
Table 5.3 Result for Each Decision Makers ........................................................................ 90
Table 5.4 Group Aggregation Result .................................................................................... 91
Table 5.5 Decision Pattern without DSS ............................................................................. 92
Table 5.6 Decision Pattern in Group Decision Approach .................................................... 93
Table 5.7 Result of Face Validation in terms of Decision Methodology .............................. 95
Table 5.8 System Quality and Information Presentation Face Validation Result ................. 98
Table 5.9 Advantages and Features of topsis4BIM Approach ........................................... 107
Table 5.10 Comparison of DSS Features between Web 1.0 and topsis4BIM .................. 109

viii
 List of Figures

Figure 2.1. Task of BIM used in the USA (Gerber & Rice, 2010) ....................................... 16
Figure 2.3. Example of Decision Hierarchy of MADM ........................................................ 28
Figure 2.4. Standard Model of DSS ...................................................................................... 45
(Turban et al. 2005)................................................................................................................ 45
Figure 2.5. Hierarchical Database Model .............................................................................. 46
(Rob & Coronel, 2009) .......................................................................................................... 46
Figure 3.1. Research Process Framework .............................................................................. 56
Figure 3.2. The Validation Framework for topsis4BIM ........................................................ 62
Figure 4.1. Dewan Sultan Ibrahim ......................................................................................... 66
Figure 4.2. Frequency Attributes found in some Literature ................................................... 68
Figure 4.3. Hierarchical of Selection Attributes .................................................................... 69
Figure 4.4. Decision Hierarchy for BIM Software Selection................................................. 74
Figure 4.5. Fuzzy TOPSIS in topsis4BIM DSS ..................................................................... 77
Figure 4.6. Linguistic Variables for the Importance of Weight ............................................. 78
Figure 4.7. Linguistic Variables for the Rating ..................................................................... 78
Figure 4.8. Linguistic Inputs for Weight Assessment ............................................................ 79
Figure 4.9. Linguistic Inputs for Software Rating ................................................................. 80
Figure 4.10. The Architecture of topsis4BIM ........................................................................ 81
Figure 4.11. Hierarchical database model for profiling BIM software .................................. 83
Figure 5.1 Result of Face Validation in 1st Iteration and 2nd Iteration ................................... 96
Figure 5.2. Attributes for BIM Software Selection in Malaysia .......................................... 103
Figure 5.3. Decision Making of BIM Software Selection in Malaysia ................................ 105
Figure 5.4. Platform for Developing Web based DSS in BIM Software Selection ............. 110
Figure 5.5. A New Framework for Development of Web based DSS through Web 2.0 in
Construction MCDM Related Problem................................................................................ 112

ix
 List of Appendices

Appendix A Filtering and Categories the Attributes ........................................................... 132

Appendix B BIM Software Vendor (Ruiz, 2009) ............................................................... 136
Appendix C Letter of Permission......................................................................................... 138
Appendix D Sample of Questionnaire to Determine BIM Software Attributes .................. 139
Appendix E Fuzzy TOPSIS Assessment ............................................................................. 142
Appendix F Sample of Validation Form .............................................................................. 149
Appendix G Snapshot from topsis4BIM System ................................................................. 151

x
 List of Abbreviations

3D : Three dimensional medium

AEC : Architecture, Engineering and Construction

AHP : Analytic Hierarchy Process

BIM : Building Information Modeling

CAD : Computer Aid-Design

CGI : Common Gate-away interface (CGI)

CIDB : Construction Industry Development Board

CM@R : Construction Management at Risk

CMAA : Construction Management of Association America

CPM : Critical Part Method

CREAM : Construction Research Institute of Malaysia

DB : Design Build

DBB : Design Bid Build

DSS : Decision Support Systems

EIS : Executive Information System

ELECTRE : ELimination and Choice Expressing Reality

ES : Enterprise System

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HTML : HyperText Markup Language

ICT : Information Communication and Technology

IPD : Integrate Project Delivery

MADM : Multi Attribute Decision Making

xi
 MCDM : Multi Criteria Decision Making

MIS : Management Information System

MODM : Multi Objective Decision Making

MY SQL : Structured Query Language

OLAP : Online Analytical Processing

PDM : Project Delivery Method

PHP : Personal Home Page

PKK Contractor Service Centre

PMBOK : Project Management Book of Knowledge

POM : Production and Operational Management

PROMETHEE : Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment

of Evaluations

PWD Pubic Work Department

ROC : Rank Order Centroid

SAW : Simple Average Weight

TOPSIS : Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution

TPS Transaction Processing System

TQM : Total Quality Management

UTHM : Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

UUM : Universiti Utara Malaysia

VIKOR : VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje

xii
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background

Construction sector is one of the main contributor in Malaysia‟s Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) within the years of 1991 to 2010 with average of 4.09 % GDP, and 3

% to 5.7 % of national economy (Khan, Liew, & Ghazali, 2014). This is due to the

role of construction sector who provide initial infrastructure and building for other

sector such as manufacturing, industrial and even tourism sectors (Yong & Mustaffa,

2012). Therefore, the construction sector is significant in social-economy

development in Malaysia.

Realising the importance of construction sector, several government agencies have

been established such as Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB),

Ministry of Work, the Contractor Service Centre (PKK), the Board of Engineer, the

Board of Architect and the Board of Surveyors (Kamal, Haron, Ulang, & Baharum,

2012). Numerous efforts have been taken by these agencies in order to enhance the

development of construction sector. Since 2007, CIDB has been actively promoting

the use of a new technology which is Building Information Modelling (BIM) via

seminars, workshops, development of roadmap for BIM adoption in Malaysia, and

other promotional programmes. Since the introduction of BIM, it has been

recognised in the industry as a significant technology that can enhance construction

project management.

1
This new technology has gained much attention from the construction players around

the world. Most of the past studies were focused on the adoption of BIM (Arayici et

al., 2011), benefit, risk and challenge (Azhar, Hein, & Sketo, 2011), barriers in BIM

(Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2011), but there is a limited study on BIM

software selection. From the construction literature and industry report, BIM has

been proven beneficial in order to enhance construction project management by

encouraging communication and collaboration among the project stakeholders,

reducing error in design phase, providing important analysis function such as clash

detection before the construction process in site, among others (Hergunsel, 2011;

Liu, 2010; Rohena, 2011; Sebastian, 2011).

As a result, various BIM software have been developed in order to cater to the

demand of BIM from the construction players (Eastman et al., 2011; Ruiz, 2009).

This situation has created a decision problem for construction player in choosing the

appropriate BIM software that can fulfils the company and project needs (Eastman et

al., 2011). Each of the BIM software offers different function, features and cost.

Moreover, the adoption of BIM required high involvement not only for the hardware

and software, but also include expensive training expenses (Olatunji, 2011).

According to Ruiz (2009), the wrong selection of software package can affect

company investment and performance. In his study, he mentioned that there is a case

where companies in Texas are losing money due software selection without a proper

analysis.

2
Thus, due to these reasons, the decision aid in BIM software selection is significant

in order to fulfil the project needs and minimize investment risk in BIM adoption.

Literature has proven the ability of Multi Attributes Decision Making MADM

Decision Support System (MADMDSS) in solving multi criteria decision problems

including software selection (Ahmad, Azhar, & Lukauskis, 2004; Cebeci, 2009;

Chen, Liu, Li, & Lin, 2011; Hendi, 2007; Safa, Shahi, Haas, & Hipel, 2014; Taroun,

2012).

Decision Support System (DSS) is defined as a computer programs that act as

supporting tools in extending the abilities of decision makers but not replacing their

judgments in decision making (Turban, Aronson, & Liang, 2005). According to

Averweg (2008), DSS is capable of solving unstructured problem such as software

selection. Rapid development of construction industry has increase the complexity of

decision making process that also involved high degree of inherent uncertainty (Goh,

2011) .

The need of effective decision making approach becomes more prevalent in this

industry. Furthermore, current practice in BIM software selection is based on

recommendation from software vendors or most popular software. Thus, it is

illustrates the need of decision aid. Thus, with the existence of decision support tools

such as DSS capable of improving decision making process in BIM software

selection. Moreover, DSS has gained much attention from researcher in construction

domain due to its benefits during the decision making process (Banias, Achillas,

3
Vlachokostas, Moussiopoulos, & Papaioannou, 2011; M. C. Ruiz & Fernández,

2009).

As a result, literature has shown a rapid development in DSS technology (Shim et al.,

2002). Furthermore, the existence of a new concept in web development called Web

2.0 has offers an effective and simple framework for the development of web based

DSS. According to Aghei et al. (2012), Web 2.0 provide features that beyond the

ability of previous generation of web tools such as mass participant ease of use and

interactive interface. However, the development of web based DSS through Web 2.0

platform particularly in construction project management is still far from mature.

Recent development in DSS has integrated a decision model called Multi Attribute

Decision Making (MADM) as a sub system. The integration of MADM technique in

DSS development has significantly improved the ability of DSS in enhancing and

structuring the decision making process (Kou, Shi, & Wang, 2011). MADM is a

mathematical technique that can assist decision makers in order to making decision

over the available decision alternative (Büyüközkan & Çifçi, 2011; Moravveju,

2013; Ozturk & Ozcelik, 2014).

Research suggests that software selection can be assisted to be more efficient and

effective through the MADM techniques (Ayağ & Özdemİr, 2007; Büyüközkan &

Ruan, 2008; Pekin, Ozkan, Eski, & Karaarslan, 2006). However, MADM method has

been criticised because of the vagueness of the judgment from decision maker. Based

on aforementioned issues, this research aims to develop a web based DSS which is

4
not only simple, effective and capable of assisting decision makers in uncertainty

environment and but also easy to develop.

1.2 Problem Statement

Due to the rapid development of construction industry which leads construction

players to gain more complex problem, a lot of research on DSS in construction has

been conducted such as a web based DSS for optimal management of construction

(Banias et al., 2011), equipment selection (Hendi, 2007), environmental assessment

in construction (Ruiz & Fernández, 2009) and risk analysis (Tang, Leung, & Wong,

2010). However, in the context of BIM software selection, most of the construction

companies tend to depend on recommendation from software vendor, other

companies or simply selecting the most popular software in market (Ruiz, 2009).

There is no available tool such as DSS to support decision making process. The

unavailability of tools for software selection can increase the probability of choosing

the wrong BIM software (Ruiz, 2009).

As mentioned before, the adoption of BIM required high investment in software,

hardware and training expenses. Thus, a proper evaluation of BIM software is

significant to avoid loss in company investment. Only Ruiz (2009) has proposed an

evaluation model in BIM software without further development of DSS. However,

the development of decision model alone is not practical and unused as they are

complicated or difficult for a layman such as project management to use it (Peters &

Zelewski, 2008). Moreover, most of DSS in construction domain were focused on

the significant of decision model rather than the usability and practical usage of DSS

5
towards real world (Omar, 2012). In addition, most of DSS development in such as

Web based DSS required high technical skill in programming language, high cost

and duration for development (Aghaei, Nematbakhsh, & Farsani, 2012). In order to

deal with construction issues such as BIM software selection, decision model in DSS

is developed through contemporary web technology which can lead to a more simple

development process, effective and usable DSS. Thus, by considering the

aforementioned issues, the main research problem is identified as follows;

“The lack of decision support framework to assist BIM software selection for

construction project”.

Due to unavailability for decision support, it is desirable to develop a computerised

decision support BIM software selection. In pursuing this objective, the author has

identify three key issues. They are:

1. Incomplete attributes for BIM software selection.

2. Unavailability of decision support system prototype for BIM software selection.

3. Lack of utilty and usability evaluation DSS for BIM software selection.

1.2.1 Incomplete Attributes for BIM Software Selection

Based on literature, all the adoption of BIM led to the minimization of cost and time

of project, avoiding error and increasing safety and the quality of project outcome

(Bryde, Broquetas, & Volm, 2013; Chelson, 2010; Kumar & Mukherjee, 2009;

Rohena, 2011; Wong & Fan, 2013). The importance of BIM software selection has

been addressed by Eastman et al. (2011) and Ruiz (2009). The selection of the most

suitable software is significant in order to fulfill the project needs. However, there is

6
limited study attempt to investigate the attributes for BIM software selection. From

literature, there are only a few authors who have listed the general attributes for BIM

evaluation (Ruiz, 2009). A completed attributes for BIM is essential to guide

construction companies in choosing the most suitable BIM software that can fulfill a

project needs and avoid loss of investment in BIM adoption particularly in Malaysia

where the cost of BIM adoption is high.

1.2.2 Unavailability of DSS Prototype for BIM Software Selection

The benefits of DSS towards enhancing decision process in construction domain

have been addressed by many authors (Chau, Cao, Anson, & Zhang, 2002; Hendi,

2007; Kahkonen, 1995; Marwan, 1986; M. C. Ruiz & Fernández, 2009). However, in

BIM software selection problem context there is no available study on the

development of DSS. As mentioned before, BIM software selection involves several

risks that need to be considered.

However, according to Ruiz (2009) most of the companies tend to purchase BIM

software based on recommendation from software vendor, other companies or based

on the best software in the market. Even though Ruiz (2009) has proposed an

evaluation model, yet according to Peter and Zalewski (2008) the development of

decision model alone without DSS is not practical in real world and unused due to

complicated or difficult for a layman such as project management to use it. Past

research has shown that there is no available DSS for BIM software selection (Ruiz,

2009).

7
1.2.3 Lack of Utility and Usability Evaluation DSS

Instead of evaluation of decision models for BIM software selection, an evaluation of

DSS is also important in DSS development. In construction literature, most of

researches neglected user evaluation on how well the system has been implemented

(Kinzli et al., 2010; Omar, 2012; Taroun, 2012). This evaluation is significant in

order to measure the usability and effectiveness of DSS in real life situation (Hung,

Ku, Liang, & Lee, 2007; Taroun, 2012).

1.3 Research Questions

The research questions dervived from the main problem statement are as follows:

1. What are the attributes for BIM software selection?

2. How to support complex decision making for BIM software selection for specific

project needs?

3. How to assess the user acceptance of overall decision process and the tool for

BIM software selection?

1.4 Research Objectives

The aim of this research is to develop a decision support framework to assist BIM

software selection for construction players. To achieve the research aim, three

research objectives are underlined as follows:

1. To identify the attributes for BIM software selection

To achieve this objective, this study involves activities such as exploring and

identifying the attributes in current practice among Malaysia BIM practitioner in

BIM software selection by deployment of case study.

8
2. To develop a multi-criteria decision support system prototype for BIM software

selection

In order to achieve the second objective, this study involves activities such as

developing of DSS component such as decision models and user interface for web

based DSS.

3. To evaluate the utility and usability of the decision support tool.

After the development of DSS in this study, this study involves activities such as

conducting and performing a validation process of DSS in term of sub system and

face validation among the decision makers through qualitative approach. This

process is significant in order to measure the utility and usability of the proposed

DSS towards the problem.

1.5 Scope of Study

This study is limited to the development of DSS prototype in order to enhance the

decision process of BIM software selection in construction project management.

Detail limitations of this study are as follows:

1. This study is conducted by investigating the aspect of development and evaluation

of DSS prototype for BIM software selection in construction project management.

Data is collected from stakeholders who are directly involved in the decision making

process in case study project which is UTHM Multi Proposed Hall as known as

Dewan Sultan Ibrahim.

9
2. Due to the significant of the BIM software selection in BIM adoption, this study

aims to provide the decision makers with an efficient and effective Web based

MCDM DSS for BIM software selection.

3. This study is focused on BIM software selection in Malaysia. However, the DSS

can be generalized to support other MADM problems with some changes in decision

model and data stored.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The fundamental contribution of this propose research is a better understanding on

how Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) through Decision Support System

(DSS) technology could enhance the decision process in the selection of BIM

software for the construction company. This includes:

1. Introduce a new generation of web based technology to DSS development.

2. Provide simple framework to develop a web based DSS in MCDM problem such

as software selection though Web 2.0 platform.

3. Introduce a new approach of BIM software selection through DSS.

4. Minimised the assessment time taken for BIM software evaluation and selection.

10
1.7 Organisation of the Thesis

This study is divided into six chapters starting with an introduction of research

project that consist of problem statement, research objectives and questions, scope of

research, and significant of research. Chapter Two contains a comprehensive review

of literature in two different areas. The first is construction project management

which focus on the adoption of BIM software. Thus, a decision problem is identified

in BIM software selection and web based DSS is proposed as a solution. This chapter

also covers the investigation into decision making techniques and DSS area in

construction project management. The deficiency of web DSS development was

present here. Overall this chapter identifies the research gap.

Chapter Three describes the research methodology in this research in detail such as

the research methodology, data collection and research process framework. Chapter

Four describes the design based on case study result and implementation of proposed

DSS (decision model, the architecture of topsis4BIM and its features) in this

research. Chapter Four illustrates the design and implementation of topsis4BIM. For

example, the development of decision model and the architecture of topsis4BIM.

This process has been conducted during case study among the decision makers. This

chapter also discusses background Dewan Sultan Ibrahim project and a brief profile

of decision maker who involved in this study.

Chapter Five illustrates the validation process of topsis4BIM in detail such as sub

system validation and face validation. This validation process has been conducted in

quantitative and qualitative nature among the decision maker involved in this study.

11
A discussion on the research finding is presented at the end of this chapter. Finally,

Chapter Six describes the conclusion of the research. This chapter reviews the

research objective and questions with findings and summarised the contribution of

this study towards body of knowledge and construction area. This chapter ends with

some recommendations for future research.

12
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter describes an intensive literature review for the research. The literature

review covers two different areas. These are Building Information Modeling (BIM)

software in construction project management and Decision Support System (DSS).

The first area is focused on the adoption of BIM in construction particularly in BIM

software selection process. The second area is focused on the integration of Multi

Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) with web based DSS as a solution to BIM

software selection decision making problem.

2.2 Construction Project Management

Project Management Institute (PMI) has defined a project as “a temporary endeavour

undertaken to create a unique product, service or result”. The word “temporary” refer

to characteristics of the project that has a beginning and end. Meanwhile, according

to Project management Book of Knowledge (PMBOK) (2001), “unique” means that

a project is involved in doing something different that has not been done before.

There might be some similarity to the previous project but there are slightly

differences in term of resources, business environment and others (PMBOK, 2001).

Project Life Cycle (PLC) is generally known as the overall process in a project due to

accomplishment of project. The stages are traditionally separated into planning,

design, construction, commissioning, etc. The successful of a project life cycle

mostly depends on collaboration among the project stakeholders particularly at

design stage.
13
2.2.1 Construction Project Stakeholders at Design Stage

A project stakeholder refers to any individual or organisation that is involved and has

an interest in the project completion (Taylan, Bafail, Abdulaal, & Kabli, 2014). Each

of the stakeholders has a different influence on the construction project. In

construction the stakeholder collaborations is one of the factors that would determine

the successful of the project (Sebastian, 2011). Thus, stakeholder management is

significant in project management to achieve the project goal (Bourne & Walker,

2008).

Unfortunately, the current practice such as 2D AutoCAD in construction is based on

fragmentations process that leads to less communication and collaboration between

their project stakeholders (Azhar et al., 2011). Moreover, any stakeholder such as

client or contractor who does not fully understand 2D drawing may cause problem

during the project construction. There are several of project deliveries available to

carry out construction project. Each of project delivery offers different procurement

process through PLC.

2.2.2 Type of Project Delivery

Project Delivery Method (PDM) is significant issues of interest for many researchers,

mostly in terms of comparison and selection of the appropriate PDM (Chen et al.,

2011; Ibbs & Chih, 2011; Konchar & Sanvido, 1998). Each PDM offers different

advantages and disadvantages in the achieving project objectives (Ibbs & Chih,

2011). Design Bid Build (DBB) is generally known as a „traditional‟ project delivery

system that contains three participants of project; the owner, designer and contractor.

14
DBB is specifically designed for the public construction project. However, DBB

approach which is more on fragmentation process is always causing inefficacy such

as high cost and project delay (Kent & Becerik-gerber, 2010).

In order to deal with the fragmentation issues in Project Delivery, Design and Build

(DB) was introduced in the 1990s which is a more flexible and cost efficient type of

project delivery. The purpose of this approach is to enable owner to have a direct

contact with single firm that is capable of performing designing process and

construction process (Chen et al., 2011; Ibbs & Chih, 2011). The implementation of

DB as project delivery has been shown to be beneficial towards cost reduction,

schedule and quality of project outcomes over traditional delivery method (Eastman

et al., 2011).

2.3 Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Issues such as the quality, effectiveness of design, sustainability of building, and

reducing time and cost of the project have been frequently addressed in the

construction management literature. However, the current practice in the construction

industry is still based on fragmented process and on out-dated tools such as 2D

AutoCAD, which has been considered as a drawback (Eastman et al., 2011). This

concept can increase error and omission that can cause the construction problems

such as project delay, overrun and so forth (Rohena, 2011; Sebastian, 2011). In a

nutshell, the traditional method such as 2D (CAD) that is mostly used in current

practice for design process has become inadequate to cater to the current demand of

construction requirement. The introduction to the BIM technology has provide an

15
alternative solution in order to deal with this problem (Eastman et al., 2011). From

literature, cost and time reduction and increasing the collaboration and quality of

project outcomes are the most significant advantages of BIM adoption ( Bryde,

Broquetas, & Volm, 2013). Figure 2.1 illustrate 16 purpose of BIM used in the

United State.

BIM Task
70.00% Visualisation
Clash Detection
60.00% Builidng Design
As-Built Model
Builidng Assembly
50.00%
Construction Sequencing
Program/Massing Studies
40.00%
Model Based Estimating
Feasibility Studies
30.00% Alternative Development
Direct Fabrication

20.00% Enviroment analysis

Code review
Facilities Management
10.00%
LEED Certification
Forencis analysis
0.00%

Figure 2.1. Task of BIM used in the USA

(Gerber & Rice, 2010)

16
As shown in Figure 2.1, BIM has been utilised for numerous tasks in construction

industry. As mentioned in previous research, BIM has been mostly used in design

phases such as visualisation, clash detection, and building design. Thus, the adoption

of BIM has been proven beneficial towards increasing productivity and quality of

project outcomes during project life cycle.

2.3.1 The Utilization of BIM Tool during Project Life Cycle

BIM is generally applied throughout the project life cycle, from planning through

operating phase. Based on literature in construction management, it shows that ICT

technology such as BIM would mostly influence the design phase (Chelson, 2010;

Rohena, 2011; Ruiz, 2009). The existence of BIM can extend the ability of 2D CAD

into 3D in order to improve the design process (Gu & London, 2010). The 3D

visualisation, enable the designer to develop a more accurate and detailed built-in

model virtually in design phases. Tasks such as drawing, energy analysis, and

coordination in building construction can effectively carried out using virtual

features in BIM application through planning and design phases.

Most of the advantages of BIM in design phases mainly emerged from the 3D

visualisation and virtual model function (Eastman et al., 2011; Hergunsel, 2011). For

example, function such as easy verification of consistency to design intent, efficient

improvement of energy efficiently and sustainability. Via 3D visualisation function,

it enables the designer to provide early and more accurate cost estimation. Moreover,

the ability of linking 3D built in model of a real project with analysis tools allows the

designer to evaluate energy use in design phases (Eastman et al., 2011; Hergunsel,

17
2011). One of the significant analyses that BIM contribute most is the clash detection

analysis.

Currently, with the traditional method, Clash analysis can only be conducted at the

construction site during or after construction process that can lead to the overrun of

cost and time of a project (Haron, 2013). Meanwhile, BIM system allows the user to

conduct clash detection analysis in early planning and design phases via 3D virtual

model to avoid all possible conflicts during the construction process (Hannele et al.,

2012). Moreover, through 4D simulations in BIM, it can allow user to run a

simulation on building model virtually before the actual project is constructed

(Sebastian, 2011).

This is beneficial towards increasing the understanding of each stakeholder and also

minimises the probability of error in the future (Chelson, 2010). Other than that, it

also allows the user to make changes to the project and all documentation and

building design simultaneously rather than in serially phases. In addition, one of the

characteristic of BIM also serves as a sharing knowledge resources for information in

order to provide a reliable basic for decision making in the PLC (Sebastian, 2011).

Most importantly BIM also provides automatic coordination that can improve the

overall quality of work during the design phase (Azhar et al., 2011).

The benefits of BIM characteristic in the design phase can significantly affect other

phases in a project. For example, in the execution phase, with BIM, a detailed 3D

model of the building will give a most positive influence during onsite construction

18
work (Hannele et al., 2012). This function will encourage most of the fabricated

material offsite. Through traditional practice, most of the fabrication material

processes take place onsite of construction project with poor environment. Most of

the onsite work can increase the cost and time of project and lessen the quality

control of the materials (Eastman et al., 2011).

Figure 2.2. BIM Used Throughout a Building Lifecycle

(Rohena, 2011)

Figure 2.2 shows the BIM application throughout a building lifecycle. From this

figure, it shows that BIM application is capable of assisting all process of a project

19
life cycles starting form planning phases until operate phases. According to Eastman

et al., (2011), their research has highlighted three main contributions of BIM in post

construction phases:

1. Improved commissioning and handover of facility information.

2. Better management and operation of facilities.

3. Integration with facility operation and management system.

For example, improved commissioning and handover of facility information means

that BIM is capable of providing and keeping all information about installed material

and maintenance information for the system of the building. This advantage of

sharing information can be valuable for the owner to use in their facility management

system. BIM has gained much attention from the Malaysian government due to its

significant potential in improving construction project management. Thus, according

to the Public Work Department (PWD) (2011) government has been attempting to

introduce the BIM among the construction companies in Malaysia since 2007

(Department, 2011).

2.3.2 The Availability of BIM software

Prior to embarking on a BIM project, designers need to select the appropriate

software for their construction project. Currently, there are numerous software tools

available in the market such as Revit, Bentley, Archicad 12, Innovaya, Synchro,

Vico, Tekla, Onuma, and Solibri. Each of these software offered different function,

features and cost. It is vital to select the appropriate BIM software due to the

variability of cost and features as these can affect the overall construction project

20
execution throughout PLC. Ruiz (2009) has highlighted a list of BIM software that is

mostly used in the United State (See Appendix B).

In literature, there is limited study attempt to investigate the attributes and significant

of BIM software selection. The selection of BIM software has been considered as

one of the crucial process in BIM adoption (Eastman et al., 2011). However, most of

the companies choose software by following market trend, software package that

they are familiar, and choose software that is more popular in industry, without first

having a proper analysis of decision making (Kumar & Mukherjee, 2009; Ruiz,

2009).

2.3.3 The Software Selection Attributes

Due to the increasing various types of BIM software in the market, construction

companies are facing problem in choosing the appropriate BIM software that suit the

company needs. According to Ruiz (2009), it is significant for a company to have a

full knowledge and information (function, cost of software, requirement of hardware

and futures) regarding of BIM software that are currently available. The selection of

BIM software that suit project needs is not an easy process and there are several

factors that need to be consider. In addition, each BIM required different hardware,

software cost and training cost based on BIM features and purposed of use (Arayici

et al., 2011; Olatunji, 2011; Pena, 2011).

The adoption of BIM for administration features is much lower than technical

features in terms of hardware requirement, software cost and training expenses. For

21
example, technical features required higher hard drive of up to 320 GB and RAM

capacity of up 20 GB and 64-bit system compared to the administration features.

Architecture, Engineering and Construction AECbytes (2007) only proposed general

attributes for BIM software selection. The general attributes for the selection of BIM

software (AECBytes, 2007);

1. Full support of producing construction documentation, smart objects, which

maintain a relationship with another object.

2. Availability of object library.

3. Ability to support distribution of work processes.

4. Quality of help and supporting documentation and other learning results.

Table 2.1 shown summarizes of the attributes gathered from several literature in

software selection. From the table, it is clearly shown the importance of attributes

for software selection. Till date, there is limited study in identification of attributes in

BIM software selection and development of decision analysis in evaluation of BIM

software selection. Table 2.1 illustrates the domination of few attributes of software

selection in past studies such as usability, performance, technical aspect, and cost.

22
Table 2.1

The Availability of Software Selection Attributes.

Authors
Ribeiro,
Ayag and Buyukozkan Otamendi,
Attributes Altug, et Lai, et al., Moreira, Broek,
Ozdemir Duran (2011) & Ruan Soni, 2012 Pastor, &
al., 2006 1999 & Pimentel,
(2007) (2008) Garcia, 2008
2011
Usability     
Performance    
Security 
Modularity  
Decision Support 
Connect (connectivity issues   
with external software)
User Interface  
Documentation 
Technical    
Data file support  
System reliability  
Ease of customization  
Methodology system 
Implementation 
Update  
Vendor support

23
Table 2.1 Continued
Authors
Ayag and Duran (2011) Buyukozkan Altug, et Lai, et al., Soni, Otamendi, Ribeiro,
Attributes Ozdemir (2007) & Ruan al., (2006) (1999) (2012) Pastor, & Moreira, Broek,
(2008) Garcia, (2008) & Pimentel,
(2011)
Market position of the 
vendor
Better fit with 
organization system
Domain knowledge of 
the vendor
Reference of the vendor 
Fit with parent/ allied 
organization system
Reputation
Service
Cost        

24
2.3.4 BIM Usage in Malaysia

Malaysia was introduced to BIM in 2007, with the Multipurpose Hall of UTHM as

the first project that implement BIM (Public Work Department, 2011). BIM has been

implemented in two pilot project; HealthCare Center Type 5 at Sri Jaya Maran,

Pahang and Admission Complex project of Suruhanjaya Pencegah Rasuah Malaysia

(SPRM) at Shah Alam, Selangor. Both projects used of BIM software which was

Revit software from Autodesk. Another pilot project is the Malaysia National Cancer

Institute. These pilot projects were alternatives from the government in order to

expose government officers to BIM (Public Work Department, 2013).

Overall BIM project in Malaysia was developed through the Design Built (DB)

project delivery. This is due to the concept of BIM which required high collaboration

among the project stakeholders. This situation is different in other countries that has

already utilised Integrate Project Delivery (IPD) as a project delivery in BIM project.

According to Ruiz (2009), BIM software selection process that fulfils the project

need is not an easy task.

This is due to the numerous of BIM software available on market. In addition, the

selection process also involved a number of criteria to make sure all the project needs

is fulfil by the software (Ruiz, 2009). Furthermore, as mentioned before the adoption

of BIM software is also involved high cost, not only in software and hardware, yet

also training expenses (Kumar & Mukherjee, 2009). This problem is worsen in

Malaysia, although the implementation of BIM brings various benefits to

25
construction industry, but the adoption of BIM still is low in Malaysia. One of the

reasons was mentioned by the Public Work Department director:

“It is not a problem of knowledge and information on the usage of ICT; it is

always about the cost.”

In Malaysia, the cost is the most influential factor in the adoption of BIM among the

construction companies. However, the aid of decision in BIM software selection is

largely neglected in industry. Most of the company tend to select BIM based on

recommendation from software vendor or most popular software without proper

analysis. Thus all of the issue illustrates the significant of decision aid in BIM

software selection.

This problem can be regarded as a classical problem in Operation Research which is

fall under multi criteria decision making problem. Research suggests the decision

technique called Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is proven effective to deal

with software selection problem.

2.4 Multi Criteria Decision Making Techniques for BIM Software Selection

Numerous decision techniques have been proposed such as decision tree analysis,

statistical approach, data mining, and system dynamic in order to support decision

making process. One of the popular decision techniques is Multi Criteria Decision

Making (MCDM). MCDM technique acted as decision making tools in multi criteria

problems that lead the user to make an effective decision. This type of decision

26
analysis has been used since 1960 as a result of rapid growth in operation research

(Alias, Hashim, & Samsudin, 2008).

Most researchers agreed that the general purpose of MCDM is to help the decision

makers determine the best alternative that involve process such evaluation and

comparison between the alternatives (Ozturk & Ozcelik, 2014; Tan, Lee, & Goh,

2012; Vijayvagy, 2012). MCDM can be divided into two basic approaches, they are

Multi Objective Decision Making (MODM) and Multi Attribute Decision Making

(MADM) (Alias, Zaiton, Hashim, & Samsudin, 2008; Kabli, 2009). In generally,

MODM is more focused on mathematical framework in order to build a set of

decision alternative which is not given. On the other hand, MADM is decision

analysis that concentrates on problem in which alternative have been predetermined

in advance.

In order to answer the research objective, this study would focus on MADM instead

of MODM for solving the BIM software selection problem. Research suggests

software selection can be assisted to be more effective and reliable by utilisation of

MODM methods (Durán, 2011). In past, a few study has been carried out for

software selection by deploying MODM method (Durán, 2011; Otamendi, Pastor, &

Garcı´a, 2008; Ribeiro, Moreira, van den Broek, & Pimentel, 2011; Soni, 2008).

Figure 2.3 illustrates the example of a decision hierarchy for MADM which consist

of decision goal and set of criteria.

27
 Decision

Criterion 1 Criterion 2 ..... Criterion n

Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3 ..... Criterion n

Figure 2.3. Example of Decision Hierarchy of MADM

2.4.1 MADM Methods

MADM is a decision support tools that would assisted decision makers in order to

make decision over the available alternative (Kabli, 2009; Mateu, 2002). The

objective of this method is to provide a set of criteria aggregation methodology based

on decision maker‟s preferences (Soni, 2008). It focused on providing a satisfaction

solution based on decision makers preference (Roh, 2012). There are several MADM

methods available in literature as describes in the following section.

2.4.1.1 Simple Addictive Weighting Method (SAW)

Simple Addictive Weighting Method (SAW) is probably the most widely known and

used method in MADM problem due to its simplicity advantages. SAW was utilized

for the first time by Churchman and Ackoff (1954) in the portfolio selection

problem. In literature, a substantial work of the MADM problem through SAW has

28
been performed in the past (Afshari, Mojahed, & Yusuff, 2010; Chou, Chang, &

Shen, 2008; Zanakis, Solomon).

2.4.1.2 Elimination Et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE)

Elimination Et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) was introduced by Roy

(1968). There are four version of Electre method; (1) Electre I, (2) Electre II, (3)

Electre III and (4) Electre IV. Various version of Electre model have been developed

based on the nature of the problem statement, the degree of significance of the

criterion to be considered, and the preferential information. These methods enable

the researcher to choose the most suitable alternative in practical decision making

context (Tzeng & Huang, 2011). From MADM literature, numerous of studies have

been done through Electre methods (Devi & Yadav, 2012; Montazer, Saremi, &

Ramezani, 2009; X. Wang & Triantaphyllou, 2008).

2.4.1.3 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was developed by Saaty (1980). Since then,

it has been proven as usefully decision analysis to overcome MADM problem and

has been successfully applied in many research including software selection research

(Durán, 2011; Lai, Wong, & Cheung, 2002; Pekin et al., 2006). The purpose of

AHP is to develop a theory and provide a methodology for modeling unstructured

problem. The advantages of AHP are that it easier to understand and it can

effectively deal with both quantitative and qualitative data (Abdullah & Egbu, 2011;

Ertu & Karaka, 2008). AHP involves pairwise comparison, priority vector generation

and synthesis.

29
2.4.1.4 Analytical Network Process (ANP)

Analytical Network Process (ANP) was proposed by Saaty (1996). It was proposed

due to limitation of AHP in releasing the restriction of the hierarchical structure,

which indicates that criteria are independent from each other (Tzeng & Huang,

2011). ANP is required in decision problem that cannot be structured as hierarchy

due to the interaction of higher level and low level elements (Saaty, 2011).

In a nutshell, the advantages of ANP it is not only suitable for both qualitative and

quantitative data types, but it also enable the decision makers to deal with problem of

independency and feedback between all features (Tzeng & Huang, 2011). From

literature, ANP has been used widely in solving MADM problems (Chang, Wey, &

Tseng, 2009; Huang, Tzeng, & Ong, 2005; Yang & Tzeng, 2011).

2.4.1.5 The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution

(TOPSIS)

TOPSIS has been proposed by Hwang and Yoon (1981) to determine the alternative

that is closest to an ideal solution (Chu & Lin, 2009; Ertu & Karaka, 2008; Saremi,

Mousavi, & Sanayei, 2009; Wang, Cheng, & Huang, 2009). The basic concept of

TOPSIS is to choose the alternative that has the shortest distance from Positive Ideal

Solution (PIS) and the farthest from the Negative Ideal Solution (NIS) (Chen, 2000).

30
2.4.1.6 Rank Order Centroid (ROC)

ROC is one of the methods that available for the purpose of giving a weight to a

number of items ranked according to their importance. In this method, item ranks are

assumed as inputs in order to convert those ranks into weights. The formulation of

ROC method is shown in following formula:

( )∑

where M is the number of items and is the weight for item.

This method is frequently used in MADM studies in the past, for example using the

Multi-Attribute Global Inference of Quality technique for software testing

(McCaffrey, 2009), and the lean improvement of the chemical of motor vehicles

based on preference ranking (Beynon & Wells, 2008).

2.4.2 Rationale of MADM Techniques for BIM Software Selection

According to literatures on MADM, substantial works of general software selection

problem have been performed in the past. For example, the selection of multimedia

authoring system through AHP (Lai, Trueblood, & Wong, 1999), application of the

AHP for selection of forecasting software (Pekin et al., 2006), and a case study using

AHP in software selection (Lai et al., 2002). Yet, limited study has been done in the

area to evaluate BIM software using MADM technique. Table 2.2 describes related

studies for general software selection problem.

31
Table 2.2

Application of MCDM in Software Selection

Problem Description MADM Authors

Hybrid assessment method for software Hybrid Assessment (Ribeiro et
engineering decision Method al., 2011)
(AHP & TOPSIS)

Selection of the simulation software for AHP (Otamendi et

the management of the operation at an al., 2008)
international airport

Evaluation of point cloud software AHP (Soni, 2008)

Application of AHP for selection of AHP (Pekin et al.,

forecasting software 2006)

Computer aid maintenance Fuzzy AHP (Durán,

management system selection 2011)

An intelligent approach to ERP Fuzzy ANP (Ayağ &

software selection Özdemİr,
2007)

Due to the numerous techniques available in the literature, it is important to identify

the strengths and weaknesses of the mostly used technique for BIM software

selection problem. For instance, simple technique such as Weighted Sum Method

(WSM) and Weighted Product Method (WPM) are an example of methods that have

always been considered for solving selection problem. However, literature reveals

the limitation of these methods, where it required all the criteria to be of the same

type (cost or benefit) (Caterino, Iunio, Manfredi, & Consenza, 2009).

32
Based on this concept, it seems that this method is not suitable for the selection of

BIM that involve different criteria and variable. On the other hand, TOPSIS is

capable of managing each kind of judgment criteria and variable. Instead of TOPSIS,

ELECTRE can also be easily applied to solve this type of problem (Caterino et al.,

2009).

However, it is not possible in this study, due to some of the limitation in ELECTRE,

which is that it is not able to give a complete ranking of alternative. From this

limitation, Caterino et al (2008) has concluded that ELECTRE is more suitable for

decision problem which consist of several alternatives and fewer criteria involve.

The other method that has been considered is Simple Additive Weighting (SAW).

Due to the ranking and priorities of TOPSIS, SAW and VIKOR are the same, but

TOPSIS and VIKOR are better in term of distinguishing ability (Chu, Shyu, Tzeng,

& Khosla, 2007). The priority setting is the same between TOPSIS and SAW, but

SAW values all extremely close and it is very hard to identify the different.

AHP is the most popular MCDM methods that is widely used as a decision analysis

in this type of problem. Unlike TOPSIS, AHP work through pair wise comparison

for criteria and alternative instead of utilizing weight value (Ertugrul & Karakasoglu,

2008). According to Shih, Shyur, and Lee (2007) TOPSIS is better in term of

handling more criterion and alternative compare to AHP. Analytical Network

Process (ANP) is the extension of AHP. Thorough ANP, it not only allows decision

hierarchy but also decision networks.

33
According to Belton and Gear (1983), ANP is better at representing reality in

decision making compare to AHP. However, when the problem involves high

number of criteria and alternatives and also reliability is not considered as much,

then the use of ANP should be avoided (Chang et al., 2009). Moreover, mathematical

demand in ANP often cause an uncomfortable issue among the decision makers

(Peters & Zelewski, 2008). The development of DSS might be influenced and

disrupted by these weakness (Omar, 2012). TOPSIS, on the other hand provides a

better technique to help decision makers in order to select the best alternative. From

literatures it has been proved that TOPSIS is more capable in dealing with more

criteria and alternatives of choice.

Compared to others MADM methods, TOPSIS has been chosen as the decision

analysis in this study due to its promising advantages that suit the objective of the

proposed DSS. Generally, TOPSIS method involve crisp value in the evaluation

process (Ertugrul & Karakasoglu, 2008; Opricovic & Tzeng, 2007; Shih et al., 2007).

Under many chances crisp data are inadequate to model real life situation

(Buyukozkan & Ruan, 2008). Therefore there is a need to integrate TOPSIS method

with fuzzy set in decision model.

Based on the aforementioned arguments, TOPSIS is regarded as a simple yet

effective analytical technique for BIM software selection due to its promising

advantages as follows: (1) its concept easier to understand, (2) compared to other

MADM methods, TOPSIS requires less computational effort. These characteristic of

TOPSIS which is suit the criteria of DSS development. Review from literature

34
evidence the benefits of utilizing TOPSIS in MADM problems (Chen, 2000; Chu &

Lin, 2009; Saremi et al., 2009; Taylan, Bafail, Abdulaal, & Kabli, 2014; Wang et al.,

2009).

2.4.3 Extension of TOPSIS under Fuzzy Environment

Fuzzy set was introduced by Zadeh (1965), a fuzzy set is a class of object with grade

of memberships ranking between zero and one. The main contribution of Fuzzy set

it is the ability of fuzzy set in term of representing vagueness and ambiguity data

through mathematical operator and programming for the more convincing and

effective evaluation process (Buyukozkan & Ruan, 2008). TOPSIS is one of the

MCDM methods that has been widely implemented under fuzzy environment. The

traditional TOPSIS has been proven as effective method to deal with MADM

problem. This is due to the evaluation in TOPSIS process involved crisp value

(Ertugrul & Karakasoglu, 2008; Opricovic & Tzeng, 2007; Shih et al., 2007).

However, under many conditions, crisp data are inadequate to model real-life

situations. Therefore, Chen (2000) has proposed the extension of TOPSIS method

under fuzzy environment to overcome these issues. Through his model, linguistic

term has been deployed to describe the rating alternative and weight of attributes

which can be expressed in triangular fuzzy numbers. According to Chen (2000),

compare with other method, the vertex method is the easier ways to measure the

distance between two triangular fuzzy numbers. Table 2.3 shown several integration

of TOPSIS with Fuzzy elements have been done in past.

35
Table 2.3

Integration of TOPSIS and Fuzzy Element

Authors Problem description

(Taylan et al., 2014) Construction project
selection and risk
assessment

(Saremi et al., 2009) TQM consultant selection

in SMEs

(Wang et al., 2009 Supplier selection

(Chu & Lin, 2009). Evaluating the competitive

advantages of shopping
websites

(Chu, 2009) An interval arithmetic

based fuzzy TOPSIS
model

2.4.4 Preliminaries of Fuzzy TOPSIS

Chen (2000) has proposed an extension of TOPSIS for group decision making under

fuzzy environment. This method has been chosen as for the selection of BIM

software. Compared to traditional TOPSIS, the importance of weight of numerous

criteria and the ratings of qualitative criteria are recognized as linguistic variable

(Chen, 2000).

Definition of 2.1. A fuzzy set ̃ in a universe of discourse X is characterized by a

membership function ̃ which associates with each elementr in X a real

number in interval [0,1].The function value ̃ is term the grade of membership

of in ̃ .

36
Definition 2.2. A triangular fuzzy number n can be defined by triplet (n1,n2,n3)

̃ (2.1)

Definition 2.3. Let and be two triangular fuzzy

numbers.

If , then and

Definition 2.4. Let and be two triangular fuzzy

numbers.

Then the vertex method is defined to calculated the distance between them as

[ ]. (2.2)

Definition 2.5 Matrix D is called a fuzzy matrix if at least an entry in D is a fuzzy

number

Definition 2.6. A linguistic variable is a variable that holds a value of linguistic

terms.

The concept of linguistic variable is very useful in dealing with situations which are

too complex to be reasonably described in conventional quantitative expression. For

37
example “expertise” is linguistic variable and its values are very low, low, medium,

high, and very high. These linguistic values can also be represented by fuzzy

numbers.

2.4.5 Fuzzy TOPSIS Procedure

Basically “selection” problem in MCDM consist of p alternatives

and q criteria . Each alternative will take a consideration with

respect to criterion q. The rating of criteria and weight with respect to each criterion

can be accurately represented in the form of matrices such as

Fuzzy Decision Matrix, ( ) (2.3)

Fuzzy weight Matrix, ( ) (2.4)

Where and . Fuzzy TOPSIS is

executed by using the following steps:

Step 1:

Construct a fuzzy weight matrix, W and fuzzy decision matrix, D where and

are linguistic variables that can be shown by triangular fuzzy number as the

followings:

( ) (2.5)

38
 ( ) (2.6)

Step 2:

Perform normalized fuzzy decision matrix. Linear scale transformation is used to

transform into comparable scale. The normalization approach preserves the property

that range from [0,1] in normalized triangular fuzzy numbers. It is noted by

̃ [ ̃ ] (2.7)

where B and C are the set of benefit attributes and cost attributes, respectively and

̃ [ ] (2.8)

̃ [ ] (2.9)

= max Cij , (3.0)

i

a j  min a ij ,if (3.1)

i

39
Step 3:

Construct weight normalized fuzzy decision matrix, ̃

̃ [̃] (3.2)

where ̃ ̃

Step 4

This step attempts to determine distance measurement between the Fuzzy Positive

Ideal Solution (FPIS), and Fuzzy Negative Ideal Solution (FNIS), . Having ̃

as a normalized positive triangular fuzzy that ranges from 0 to 1, we can easily group

the member as follows:

(̃ ̃ ̃ ) (3.4)

(̃ ̃ ̃ ) (3.5)

where ̃ = (1.0, 1.0, 1.0) and ̃ = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0). Thus, the distance measurement

can be obtained by using the following equation:

∑ (̃ ̃ ) (3.6)

∑ (̃ ̃ ) (3.7)

40
Step 5

Calculate relative closeness coefficient. Choose an alternative with the maximum

or rank alternatives to in descending order base on the following expression:

( )
(3.8)

With the assumption that topsis4BIM will be used by group decision making, the

final result will be calculated through group aggregation as followed:

(3.9)

2.5 Decision Support System

In the early era, DSS is only serve as an individual decision or stand-alone

application, but with the current technology available, it has successfully extend the

DSS technology to workgroup or teams, especially virtual teams (Bessedik,

Taghezout, & Saidi, 2012; Bhargava, Power, & Sun, 2007; Sheng, Lei-shan, & Yi-

xiang, 2010). According to Power (2007) , DSS can be categorised into five

categories such as:

1. Data driven DSS

Types of DSS that provide the user with a summary of information from database

that use different application. It enables user to analyse mostly using OLAP (Online

Analytical Analysis) tools or data mining tools.

41
2. Model- driven DSS

A system built for the use of accounting and financial models, representation models

and optimization model. It is more focused on the manipulation of a model.

3. Knowledge-driven DSS

This type of DSS was built for specialized problem solving which based on artificial

intelligent technology. It is capable in giving a recommendation and suggestion to

the decision makers.

4. Document-driven DSS

Documents retrieve and analysis.

5. Communication driven DSS

The system builds for the use of communication, collaboration and decision support

technologies.

The evolution in DSS keep continues through the emergence of data warehouse,

executive information system, OLAP and business intelligent. In early 2000‟s, the

improvement in technology led to the evolution of DSS through knowledge driven

DSS and the implementation of web DSS (Power & Sharda, 2007).

In recent trend, most of the studies in development of DSS are more focus on current

technology of Information Technology (IT) such as Web 2.0 platform (Barassi &

Trere, 2012; Reilly & Media, 2007). Table 2.4 list the type of problems that DSS and

other AI technique deal with. Research indicates, DSS enables user to evaluate goals,

explaining and predicting behaviour, evaluating alternative, making decision under

conditions of risk, and allocating scarce resource to activities (Taroun, 2012).

42
Therefore, DSS has a great contribution to support decision makers in numerous of

field including construction industry. DSS helps decision makers to make a

transparent decision on an unstructured problem in construction such as delay,

overrun cost, and scheduling. BIM software selection is also one of the unstructured

problems in the construction industry.

Moreover, the numerous number of BIM software available on market, high cost of

BIM software, and a number of attributes involved in BIM software selection has

increase the complexity of BIM software selection process (Eastman et al., 2011;

Ruiz, 2009). Therefore in order to deal with this issue, the need of decision tools

such as DSS is necessary in BIM software selection. Furthermore, the integration of

MCDM method as a decision analysis in DSS can increase the abilities of DSS in

order to provide an effective solution for the decision maker.

43
Table 2.4

Decision Support Framework

Type of Type of Control

decision Operational Managerial Control Strategic Support
Control Planning Needed
Structured Account Budget analysis, short- Financial MIS, OR
receivable, term forecasting, management models,
order entry personnel reports, (investment), transaction
make-or-buy analysis warehouse processing.
location, dist
ribution system.

Semi- Production Credit evaluation, Building of DSS

Structured scheduling, budget preparation, new plant,
inventory plant layout, project mergers and
control scheduling, reward acquisitions,
system design new product
planning,
quality
assurance
planning,
Unstructu Selecting a Negotiating, recruiting R&D planning, DSS, A
red cover for a an executive, buying new technology techniques
magazine, hardware development,
buying social
software, responsibility
approving planning
loans

Support MIS, Management Science, EIS, ES, DSS,

Needed management DSS, ES, EIS neural networks
science

(Adopted from Averweg (2008))

2.5.1 Components of DSS Development

According to Turban et al. (2005) a standard model of DSS contains four basic

components they are; database management subsystem, model management

44
subsystem, user interface, and knowledge base management subsystem. Figure 2.4

shows the standard model of DSS model.

Figure 2.4. Standard Model of DSS

(Turban et al. 2005)

1. Data Management

According to Turban et al. (2005), the existence of database is significant in the

development of DSS. Data based acted as storage for data, information and

knowledge data that have been organized in a manner to provide the user with

something that user know and also enable the user to reveal unknown value. The

literature showed several database modelling techniques. One of the commonly used

techniques is the Hierarchical model. Hierarchical model is a second model after the

development of file system model in the 1970. The development of database in

topsis4BIM was based on hierarchical model. Hierarchical model represent data by

upside-down tree. Hierarchical tree can be formed based on top layer (as a level or

45
root) and the existence of segment as children below top layer. Figure 2.5 illustrates

the hierarchical data model

Figure 2.5. Hierarchical Database Model

(Rob & Coronel, 2009)

2. Model Management

As shown in literature, spread sheets have been frequently used as a model

management in DSS. According to Power and Sharda (2007), spread sheet is a major

technology for development of model driven DSS. This is due to the abilities of

spread sheet packages such as Microsoft Excel which is capable of handling data and

graphic capability, enable user to run “What if” analysis, and the high potential in

facilitating the building of DSS (Power & Sharda, 2007).

3. User Interface

The innovation of DSS towards the World Wide Web (WWW) technology has

attracted much attention from researcher worldwide. The existence of WWW

46
technology has not only provided interactive user interface but also expended the

features of DSS (Power & Sharda, 2007). In addition, the development of web-based

DSS costly less, there is no requirement for specific software on the user is computer

in order to run it, it would work on a web browser and internet connection to deliver

the DSS support functionality to the user (Power & Sharda, 2007).

Furthermore, all type of DSS can be implement through the web technology (Banias

et al., 2011; Samuel, Omisore, & Ojokoh, 2013). However, due to the rapid

development of web technology, the emergence of a new concept of web technology

called Web 2.0 in 2004 has simplified the development of web based DSS.

Theoretically, the development of web based DSS through Web 2.0 is more simple,

without any heavy programming language and yet effective.

2.5.2 Web 2.0 Technology

In year 2004, a new concept has emerged in web development which is Web 2.0. It

is a generation of web that emphasizes collective intelligent, collaboration and

community services (Hoegg, Martignoni, Meckel, & Stanoevska, 2006). The

existence of Web 2.0 was based on user oriented, mass participant, and large of data

scale and network effect (Anderson, 2007). Web 2.0 has also been addressed as a set

of tools for individual to publish, share information and collaborate through web

(Lee & Lan, 2007). Web 2.0 also has been known as the “read/write Web”, which

allows online individual to have control over their own data and information through

web (Anderson, 2007). Even through Web 2.0 has been addressed in numerous of

definition in literature, there is still no clear definition of Web 2.0. Previous study

47
only focused on Web 2.0 principle (Bessedik et al., 2012). Table 2.5 below which

compare the differences between Web 1.0 and 2.0 generation. Furthermore, Web 2.0

generation was established with web MashupsAPI features (Reilly & Media, 2007).

Through this feature, user can access or connect to other information from multiple

sources on the web.

An example is Google Map, which allows user to drag selected map to view to see

any information available (such as coordinated, weathers, distance etc.) of the region.

Web 2.0 also offered flexible web design, creative reuse, and update (Aghaei et al.,

2012). Web 2.0 also provides several development tools such as blog software and

Wiki engines. This kind of tools allows user to create and manage their own without

requiring any technical knowledge such as programming language. These tools make

the web design to become easier, quicker and cheaper (Aghaei et al., 2012).

Table 2.5

General Comparison between Web 1.0 and 2.0

Criteria Web 1.0 Web 2.0

Mode of usage Read Write and contribute

Unit of content Page Record

State Static Dynamic

How to content is Web browser Browser, RSS readers,

viewed Mobile device, etc.

Creation of Content By website authors By everyone

Domain of Web designer and geeks A new culture of public

research

48
2.5.3 Decision Support System and Web 2.0

Due to the characteristics and concept of Web 2.0 which is to enable the exchange

and sharing of experience it could provide new idea and useful information that has

high potential to extent the ability of (Bessedik et al., 2012). According to Power

(2007) Web 2.0 is an evolving technology that seems to promise full potential and

useful platform for a new generation of DSS. To date, there are several research that

has been done to investigate the influence of web 2.0 towards DSS development

(Aghaei et al., 2012; Bessedik et al., 2012; Chua, Goh, & Ang, 2012; Lee & Lan,

2007; Wright et al., 2009).

2.5.4 Validation of Decision Support System

According to Khazanchi (1991), the validation of DSS should be focused on DSS

design, decision methodology and decision result. In parallel with his study,

Borenstein (1998) also highly stressed that the validation of DSS should be focused

in two main components of DSS such as subsystem validation and face validation.

The main idea behind sub system validation process is to ensure the quality of

component in DSS. Thus, to measure the quality in the sub system of proposed DSS

which is fuzzy TOPSIS, a comparison of decision result from DMs through DSS and

without DSS will be conducted. In this study, DMs were asked to rank BIM software

based on their importance towards them manually without DSS.

Meanwhile, face validation can achieve consistency between designer view and user

view in a timely and cost effective way (Omar, 2012). Validation of DSS is not only

significant in improving the decision quality, it is also highly considered user

49
satisfaction and acceptance (Hung et al., 2007; Lu et al., 2001). From literature in

DSS field, a substantial work of DSS evaluation criteria has been performed in past.

Table 2.6 gathered the common criteria used for DSS evaluation in the previous

study.

Table 2.6

Measurement Criteria for DSS Evaluation

Criteria Description References

Perceive ease of Measuring the software in terms of (Lu et al., 2001)
use three aspect such as „it‟s easy to
use‟, „the process is understandable
and „it‟s easy to learn‟

Perceive Level of believe in methodology (Lu et al., 2001)

usefulness used towards decision making
process.

Preferences Decision making expectation and (Bharati & Chaudhury,

satisfaction of user 2004; Lu et al., 2001)

Willingness The probability of use the model in (Lu et al., 2001)

future decision process

System Quality Overall system quality that include (Bharati & Chaudhury,
the methodology and design 2004; Borenstein, 1998;
approach Taroun, 2012)

Information Overall information about the (Bharati & Chaudhury,

presentation visibility of the information such as 2004)
interface design

DSS validation approach can be divided into three categories, they are quantitative,

qualitative approach and integration of both of these approaches (Taroun, 2012).

Furthermore, a combination of quantitative and qualitative approach is more

effective during the development of a prototype (O‟Leary, Goul, Moffitt, & Radwan,

50
1990). As mentioned by Nielson (2000), through qualitative validation such as

heuristic evaluation is best to be evaluated by three to five evaluators. This is due to

the repetition of same behaviour at the first three to five users (Nielson, 2000).

One of the qualitative approaches is validation of DSS through case study evaluation

(Taroun, 2012). As mentioned by Taroun (2012), DSS validation through case study

require two steps; the first is comparing result between proposed DSS with current

practice method, and the second is external validation for purposed of evaluating the

DSS design and methodology rather than its result. From DSS validation literature,

several of studies has been utilized case study approach as medium for DSS

validation (Omar, 2012; Taroun, 2012).

2.6 Chapter Summary

Decision making is the most crucial process in management in many fields including

construction project management. This is due to the weakness of human decision

making caused by vagueness and bias. Thus, a lot of tools have been developed in

order to assist human decision making in this field. However, from literature, the

need of decision aid in BIM software selection has been largely neglected. There is

limited study in evaluation of BIM software selection.

Thus, this chapter has highlighted the motivation which leads to the research gaps

and the approach to address the problem through the integration of Fuzzy Multi

Criteria Decision Making techniques (FMCDM) and DSS for BIM software

selection. This chapter also discussed the emerging technology of Web 2.0 in order

51
to foster a better DSS development. It is identified that limited study attempt to

develop DSS through Web 2.0 in construction project management.

52
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, a detail explanation regarding the research methodology such as

research approach and data collection methods are presented.

3.2 Reasoning of Choosing Research Method

Case study methodology enables a researcher to perform a deep investigation on

contemporary real-life phenomenon that enable this study method to provide a better

insight into detail behaviour of the research problem (Zainal, 2007). The adoption of

this research methodology has been decided due to its advantages in allows

employing multiple methods for data collection purpose whether from one or more

entities (people, group or organization) (Yin, 2003). Moreover, the advantages of

case study are not only limited to assist the researcher to describe the data in real-life

environment, but it is also capable in guiding the researcher to explain the

complexity of real-life scenario (Zainal, 2007).

Furthermore, case study is also capable in dealing with numerous evident such as

documents, interview and observation (Baxter & Jack, 2008). It is suitable in case of

BIM software selection that required depth investigation in term of identification of

attributes, selection process, and validation of proposed DSS. Baxter and Jack (2008)

also highlighted that the case study is also suitable for a study that has small sample

size. This is in line with current situation of BIM in Malaysia. Although, BIM has

53
been introduced in Malaysia since 2007, but the adoption of BIM among the

construction players BIM is still far from matured (Haron, 2013). In addition, the

used of the case study is in line with the research objective which is to develop a

Web based DSS prototype for BIM software selection problem in industry. Thus, an

adoption of are real case study is significant in order to developed, demonstrate and

evaluate the usability of the proposed DSS. Thus, case study method has been chosen

as a research design in order to understand the problem, requirement and decision

making scenario for development of DSS for BIM software selection.

A real case project which is Dewan Sultan Ibrahim project has been selected to

demonstrate the proposed decision support tool. In Malaysia, there are several of

BIM project in Malaysia such as Healthcare Centre Type 5 project in Pahang,

Primary school of Meru Raya project in Perak, National Cancer Institute of Malaysia

project, Educity Sport Complex in Nusajaya project in Johor and Ancasa Hotel in

Pahang (Latiffi, Mohd, Kasim, & Fathi, 2013). However, Multi-Purpose Hall project

as known as Dewan Sultan Ibrahim project in Johor has been selected to demonstrate

the proposed decision support tool in this study. This is due to its project

backgrounds. Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM, 2012),

considered Dewan Sultan Ibrahim project as fast track BIM with Design Built

project. Thus, this project has been expected can be used as a guide for government,

higher education and institute project BIM by CREAM.

54
In literature, the selection of software through case study has been widely used from

literature in the past (Gencer & Gürpinar, 2007; Mulebeke & Zheng, 2006; Ziaee,

Fathian, & Sadjadi, 2006). There are four steps in the case study research method as

proposed by Yin (2003):

1. Design case study

2. Conduct case study

3. Analyse the case study

4. Develop the conclusion, recommendation and implication

This study follows the step as indicated by Yin (2003).

55
3.3 Research Process Framework

The following Figure 3.1 illustrates each phase and its research activities.

Phase Activity Method Output

 Extensive search Awareness of the

Literature Review of literature problem

Case study To achieve the 1st

(Requirement) objective of this
One Data Collection  Documented study
(Decision making analysis
 Semi structured
requirement) interview with
decision makers

Level of detail,
Conceptual Decision example of To achieve 2nd
preference from the objective of this
Two Model development study
user (Test decision
model in MS Excel)

Programming
 Web base
DSS development development
Three
 Database
development

Validation of the Case study

Evaluation of DSS DSS - User input and
testing of the
Prototype:
prototype
 System
- To achieve 3rd
Validation
objective of
Four  Face Validation
this study

Conclusion and
Conclusion, finding
findings and
future research

Figure 3.1. Research Process Framework

56
This research framework consists of four main phases in order to complete:

1. Phase One: The Literature review and Data collection

2. Phase Two: Conceptual Decision Model Development

3. Phase Three: Decision Support System Development

4. Phases Four: An Evaluation of DSS and Conclusion

All these phases will be briefly discussed in the next sub section.

3.3.1 Phase One: Literature Review and Data Collection

1. Literature Review

There are two sections in chapter two. Section one is more on BIM and its related

topics. This is where the gap in this research was found. Extensive analyses of

literature of BIM in construction led to identifying the need of decision aid in BIM

software selection.

Since the adoption of BIM through the project life cycle, the investigation starts with

a general scope which is the fundamental of construction project management. The

next sub-section focuses on the BIM related issue. The literature review has revealed

numerous of BIM software available and much of the advantages of BIM in the

effectiveness of construction project. An intensive review on attributes of software

selection particularly in BIM software selection is performed. In addition, in order to

developed database features, document analysis through literature, software manual

in order to identify the attribute for BIM software selection and retrieve the software

information (function, features, and system requirement) have also been conducted.

57
Section two was the literature review on proposed methods for the selection of BIM

software which is the integration of DSS and MCDM. Literature showed that a

sustainable work of MCDM of general software selection has been done in the past.

This is significant in order to prove the effectiveness of MCDM method to deal with

this type of problem. The literatures also review numerous DSS applications that

have been implemented in construction field in the past. This has identified that the

needs of DSS in order to enhance construction management.

2. Data collection

In this study, there are two types of data involved in data collection. The primary

data would be obtained from semi structured interview among the BIM users within

the company and organization document procedure. The semi structured interview

has been chosen due its characteristics. Semi structured interview enable the

researcher to gain foreseen information through a combination of specific and open

ended question (Hove & Anda, 2005). This study has utilized case study protocol by

Yin (2003) which consists of design case study, conduct case study, analyse the

evident and case study report.

Case Study procedure for Phase One:

1. Designing case study protocol

The protocol involves an overview of case study project, data collection and its

instrument and a guide for the case study report. The purpose of case study protocol

is to increase the reliability of case study research (Yin, 2003).

58
2. Conduct the case study

Due to the advantages of the case study methodology, the data used in this research

were mainly collected through several sources such as semi-structured interview,

software manual and website. Regarding the research objectives, three respondents

who were involved directly with selection of BIM software in Dewan Sultan Ibrahim

project were chosen as decision makers (DMs). For the first objective, the DMs were

asked to validate and suggest any attributes for BIM software selection that are

relevant in Malaysia.

The semi-structured interview has been conducted with the purpose of acquiring

primary data (real attributes) which is significant in solving BIM software selection

problem. According to Yin (2003), semi-structured interview will enable interviewer

for further enquiries by asking open-ended questions. The selection process of BIM

software has been be discussed during the interview. In addition, DMs were asked

regarding the attributes and decision criteria on BIM software selection (Appendix

C).

3. Analyse the case study evidence:

According to Yin (2003), data analysis in case study includes examining,

categorizing, tabulating or other evident to address the purpose of a study. In this

research, the data gathered has been transformed into decision hierarchy for the

development of subsystem.

59
4. Case Study Report

The purpose of case study report is to develop the conclusion, recommendations and

implication of this research.

3.3.2 Phase Two: Conceptual Model and DSS Development

Result from case study was utilized in development of conceptual model for the

DSS. Output of case study is significant in providing an in depth understanding of

BIM related issues from the company perspective for development conceptual

model. This will link up with the first objective of this study, which is to identify

attributes for BIM software selection. All attributes of the BIM gathered from

previous phases was transformed into formulation of a decision model through

MCDM method which was Fuzzy TOPSIS. Decision model was built in Google

Spread sheet.

3.3.3 Phase Three: DSS development

Next, in order to provide a more powerful decision support tools, integration of

MCDM in web DSS has been deployed in this study. Due to the emergence of Web

2.0 through cloud technology, the web based DSS is designed and developed. In

addition, a database features BIM software information such as function, features,

and system requirement. This phase addressed the second objective of this study,

which is to develop DSS prototype namely topsis4BIM for BIM software selection.

The topsis4BIM does not only provide analytical decision tools, yet it also provides a

database features consisting of profiling of BIM software such as function, features

60
and system requirement. The development of database in this study was conducted

through hierarchical database model as mentioned in 2.5.1. All information was

gathered through document analysis such as software brochure, literature and vendor

website.

3.3.4 Phase Four: Evaluation of DSS and Conclusion

1. Validation and evaluation process

Once the development of proposed DSS is completed, it needs to be evaluated and

validated by the DMs in order to measure the effectiveness and usability of the DSS

which is the third objective in this research. The significant of DSS validation has

been discussed in Chapter Two.

From literature, the integration of case study and user tester has been widely used in

DSS validation. For example, Taroun (2012) used case study and user tester in

qualitative approach in DSS validation. The instruments for data collection are user

tester and semi structured interview. The framework of DSS validation in this study

involved two level of validation; these are sub system validation and face validation

(Borenstein, 1998). Moreover, validation of DSS should be focused on DSS design,

decision methodology and decision result (Khazanchi, 1991).

61
 Subsystem
Validation DSS
Topsis4BIM User
development Validation Acceptance
Face
validation

Case study and user tester

Figure 3.2. The Validation Framework for topsis4BIM

Case study protocol for phase four:

1. Design case study protocol

The same DMs in phase 1 are involved in this phase. Before the evaluation of

topsis4BIM, they are debriefed orally and with some questionnaire due to the

purpose and procedure of DSS evaluation. Thus, DMs acted as evaluators in this

section.

2. Conduct the case study

The evaluation process of case study started with subsystem validation and continued

with face validation.

Subsystem validation: This evaluation is important to test the logic of the decision

model. A real construction project namely Dewan Sultan Ibrahim were analysed. The

evaluators were asked to fill assessment of BIM software selection by using DSS.

Face validation: This evaluation is more on measurement of methodology and

design approach of proposed DSS rather than measurement of result efficiency. This

face validation has been conducted in quantitative approach and qualitative approach.
62
For quantitative, user evaluation forms were distributed to evaluators in two phase,

the first one in first iteration (Pre design) and second iteration (Post design)

(Appendix F). The evaluators were asked to rate the DSS based on a few criteria

provided in the form. According to Borenstein (1998), the rating of each criterion is

between Very Good (VG), Good (G), Fair (F) and Poor (P).

Furthermore, the evaluation is also followed up by semi structured interview to

collect additional input from evaluators regarding the design approach of this DSS

through qualitative approach such as content analysis. The evaluators were asked to

answers subjectively. In this validation, the evaluators are also free to browse the

system.

3. Analyse case study evident

The analysis methods for both validations are qualitative in nature.

Subsystem validation:

The result based on Fuzzy TOPSIS decision model revealed the pattern of decision

among DMs. Group decision ranking of BIM software from DMs were analysed and

compared with the result of DMs from the current practice. Then, the evaluators were

asked to rank the alternative software based on their experience and judgement

without the DSS. Simple calculation such as Rank Order Centroid (ROC) has been

done to determine weight from result. Then, a comparison of group decision rank

between without DSS and topsis4BIM has been performed.

63
Face Validation:

For the quantitative approach in face validation, results from the first iteration and

second iteration have been calculated by percentage. On the other hand, result in

qualitative approach has been analysed through analysis content.

4. Case study report

Develop the conclusions and implication of the case study.

5. Conclusion and Finding

The final activities for this propose study is the conclusion and finding. All activities

before this would lead to research conclusion and finding.

3.4 Chapter Summary

This chapter focuses on the research methodology used in this study. The research

study carried out here is based on case study. From literature, case study has been

recognised as the most approach to present and understand a real world problem.

There are four phases which consist of literature review and data collection,

conceptual model, DSS development, and evaluation DSS and conclusion. This

research methodology is demonstrated by employing Dewan Sultan Ibrahim as the

case study. Each phase and research activities will link to research questions and

objectives.

64
 CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DSS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter is focused on phase two of the research process which covers on the

conceptual model and development of proposed web DSS called topsis4BIM. In

detail, it also represents the implementation of result from data collection for the

development of decision model and web based DSS for BIM software selection.

4.2 Case Study Description

As mentioned in the Chapter three, in order to demonstrate our approach, a real case

project, which is Dewan Sultan Ibrahim has been chosen as a case study. This is due

to the project background and project result through implementation of BIM. This

project is the is the first government project through BIM (Latiffi, Mohd, & Brahim,

2014). As mentioned before in previous chapter, Construction Research Institute of

Malaysia (CREAM, 2012) considered Dewan Sultan Ibrahim project as fast track

BIM with Design Built project. Thus, this project has been expected can be used as a

guide for government, higher education and institute project BIM by CREAM. The

selection of BIM has been done through current practice which is more on

recommendation and campaign from software vendors and recommendation from

Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB). Thus, considered these issues,

this project has been chosen as case study.

65
This section will describe the background of this project as a case study in this study

and related issues on the BIM system in the project. Dewan Sultan Ibrahim, is

located at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor,

Malaysia. Table 4.1 illustrates the details of the case study project.

Table 4.1

Case Project Detail

Project Dewan Sultan Ibrahim

Cost RM 30, 555,000
Project Duration 1 ½ Years
Project Delivery Design and Built (DB)
Integrated Project
BIM consultant Management Solution (IPMS)
Sdn. Bhd.

Figure 4.1. Dewan Sultan Ibrahim

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4.2.1 Case Study: Dewan Sultan Ibrahim Result

Semi structured interview has been carried out with a few decision makers who were

involved as decision makers in this project whom are Consultant, Architect and BIM

Coordinator. The interview aim is to identify the real attributes for BIM software

selection and focus on understanding of the current practice of BIM software in

Malaysia. However, in order to develop a usable DSS, respondents were asked to

give their opinion for classification of BIM software that may be relevant to

Malaysia construction industry.

There are three decision makers namely DM1, DM2 and DM3 involved in this study.

They possess vast experience (at least involved in four or more BIM project in

Malaysia) in development of BIM project. Each of them is a different background in

construction such as DM 1 (Consultant), DM 2 (Architect) and DM 3 (BIM

coordinator). Throughout this thesis, all decision makers will take part in decision of

BIM software selection.

Table 4.2

Respondent Profile

Background
Decision
Work Number of involvement
Makers Position
experience in BIM project
DM 1 Consultant 12 years 8
DM 2 BIM Coordinator 16 years 12
DM 3 Architect 25 years 5

67
As mentioned in previous chapter, before conducting a semi-structured interview

with the BIM expertise and decision makers, an intensive literature review has been

done by filtering and categorizing software selection attribute using MCDM from 8

journals. As a result, there are 58 attributes found and only 50 were related to

selection of BIM software. From those journals, 35 attributes fall under technical, 11

management and 4 under cost. It also has been identified that there were a few

redundant attributes which can be categories to similar group of attributes. Therefore,

as a conclusion, the literature review yield 15 technical, 8 managerial and 1 cost as

illustrated in Appendix A.

Figure 4.2 shown the graph indicating the frequency of criteria found and filtered in

software selection literature. Meanwhile, Figure 4.3 illustrates the decision

hierarchies for software selection based on attributes that have been collected from

Appendix C. There are three main attributes i.e. technical with 15 sub criteria,

managerial with 8 sub criteria, and cost. In addition, an alternative is denoted as BIM

software An.

60

50

40
Count

Criteria Filtered
30
Criteria Found
20

10

0
Technical Managerial Cost
Category of Criteria

Figure 4.2. Frequency Attributes found in some Literature

68
 Goal: BIM Software Selection

Technical Managerial Cost, C

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 M4

M5 M6 M7 M8
T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

T13 T14 T15

BIM Software A1 BIM Software A2 BIM Software An

Figure 4.3. Hierarchical of Selection Attributes

A set attributes of software selection was gathered and filtered from literature for the

development of questionnaire. Based on that, a brief questionnaire was distributed to

decision makers. During the session, decision makers were asked to select attributes

that are relevant to BIM software selection in Malaysia. They were also asked to

suggest any additional attributes that relevant to BIM software selection in Malaysian

construction project. Table 4.3 summarize the attributes selection from the

respondents.

69
Table 4.3

Attributes for BIM Software Selection

Categories Selection attribute DM 1 DM 2 DM 3

Technical Usability   
Performance   
Security
Modularity
Decision Support
Connect (connectivity issues with  
external software)
User Interface
Documentation
Technical Futures
Data file support   
System reliability
Ease of customization
Methodology system
Implementation
Managerial Update 
Vendor support   
Market position of the vendor
Better fit with organization system
Domain knowledge of the vendor 
Reference of the vendor
Fit with parent/ allied organization
system
Reputation
Service
Cost Cost   
Additional Collaboration   
attributes Facility Management   

In the Table 4.3, there are ten attributes selected by the decision makers namely as

A1, A2, A3 and A4 are from technical attributes, A5, A6, A7 are from managerial

attributes, and A8 is from cost attribute. In addition, two attributes namely A9 and

A10 have been suggested by decision makers fall under technical categories. The

Table 4.3 shows that respondents are more focused on the technical categories. The

table also shows that there are differences in attributes selection while accomplishing

the assessment. The preferences among the decision makers varied and are mostly

70
based on their background, existing knowledge and skills. However, they agreed that

the suggested two additional attributes such as collaboration and facility management

were mostly used for BIM software selection in Malaysia. The reason behind these

two attributes is due to the most of the BIM vendor in Malaysia such as Autodesk

and Bentley categorised their entire product according to these attributes. Table 4.4

describes the selected attributes of BIM software selection.

Table 4.4

Description of Selection Attributes

Attributes Label Descriptions

Usability A1 Measurement usability of software.
Performance A2 Performance of software in task.
Connect (connectivity A3 Connectivity issues with external software (such as
issues) spread sheet, and pdf).
Data file support A4 Ability to support numerous of data file used in BIM
such as DWG, DWF, DXF and DGN.
Update A5 The availability of update and improve software
(R&D capability).
Vendor support A6 The support from vendor in term of consultancy,
communication, and guide.
Domain knowledge of A7 Including length of experience, software history and
the vendor vendor popularity.
Cost A8 This attributes include required cost for software
adoption (such as software, hardware and training
expenses).
Collaboration A9 Ability of software to perform collaboration function.
Facility Management A10 Ability of software to perform facility management
function (In term of scheduling, and documentation ).

71
Apart from decision attributes used in BIM software selection, it is also important to

identify the available BIM software in Malaysia. Table 4.5 summarized brief profile

software vendor that is available within the construction industry in considered for

the UTHM project. There are five BIM software that has been suggested by decision

makers which Autodesk Revit (S1), eMRIS (S2), Autodesk Naviswork (S3), TEKLA

structures (S4) and AECOsim Building Designer (S5). All the information in the

Table 4.5 was gathered from software vendor website, brochure and literature.

72
Table 4.5

Brief Profile of BIM Software Vendors

Software vendor Description

Autodesk - Autodesk is an American multinational corporation that was founded in 1982. This corporation is involved in 2D
and 3D design software, particularly in architecture, building construction and manufacturing.
- This corporation name is already synonym within the construction players due to its software AutoCaD and it is still
widely used nowadays.
Bentley - This company was founded in 1984, and it is already becoming an important competitor in construction industry due
to its popular software Microstation.
- Nowadays, this company is intensively involved in the development of BIM software that is capable of drawing,
modelling and analysis ability digitally.
Tekla - Tekla Corporation was founded in 1966 in Espoo, Finland. This corporation is recognised as a structural design
software company, however it moves on to the BIM environment.
- To date, Tekla has been widely used in 100 countries and since 2011, Tekla has been a part of the Trimble Group.
Ascension - This software was developed by Ascension Technology SDN.BHD located in Kuala Lumpur. This company is the
Technology technology provider for construction industry in Malaysia.
- eMCRIS is the first home-ground affordable BIM software in Malaysia

73
As a result, there were ten attributes were used in the evaluation and a decision

hierarchy is established accordingly. There are three level in the decision hierarchy

structured for BIM software selection. The overall goal of the decision process

determined as “BIM software selection” is in the first level of the hierarchy. Next is

the attributes in the second level (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10)

while third level is for the alternative BIM software (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5). Decision

hierarchy structured with determined alternative for BIM software selection is

provided in Figure 4.4.

Goal: BIM Software Selection

Technical Managerial Cost (A8)

- Usability (A1) - Update (A5)

- Vendor Support (A6)
- Performance (A2) - Domain Knowledge of
the vendor (A7)
- Connect (A3)

- Data File Support (A4)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Figure 4.4. Decision Hierarchy for BIM Software Selection

Within the interview session, instead of selection attributes (Q1) and additional

attributes (Q2) in BIM software selection questions, decision makers were also asked

74
a few additional questions (Q3, Q4 and Q5) regarding BIM software within their

organization. Table 4.6 illustrates the semi structure interview results among the

decision makers.

Table 4.6

Semi-structured Result

Other Questions Description

Q3: Please state what is the - “We used BIM to support project management
main purpose BIM use in decision process such design demo (Dewan Sultan
your project? Ibrahim project), modelling, scheduling, analysis,
cost and time”… (DM1)
- “As a BIM practitioner, our company used BIM to
design demo model (Dewan Sultan Ibrahim
project), modelling, coordination, and clash
analysis”... (DM2)
- “To date we only used BIM for design demo
model (Dewan Sultan Ibrahim project), modelling
and some of building analysis”...(DM3)
Q4: Who is responsible party - “Architect or Project manager who have
in BIM software selection significant influence in decision of BIM adoption.
decision making? Because these people who are going to use it
”...(DM1)
- “Contractor and owner”…(DM2)
- “Suggestion comes from architect, but the final
decision is made by owner, the one would make
an investment in BIM adoption”...(DM3)
Q5: Please name the BIM - “Autodesk Revit and Naviswork”... (DM1)
software that involve in your - “Autodesk Revit and Naviswork”...(DM2)
project? - “Autodesk Revit”...(DM3)

75
Based on this semi-structured result, the decision makers in this study have similar

purpose when using BIM which is for modelling, design and building analysis. For

Question 4 (Q4), DM 2 and DM 3 responded that the suggestions to purchase

software usually came from architecture or contractor, but the final decision is up to

the owner of the company. On the other hand, DM 1 addressed that the one who are

responsible for decision making in BIM software are the architect and project

manager. This is due to the fact that most of the BIM features are related with

architect and project manager line of work. The decision makers in this study have

used Autodesk in their project.

4.3 The Implementation of topsis4BIM

This section continued with the implementation of Fuzzy TOPSIS and Web based

DSS. The purpose of this section is to address the second objective in this study. As

been mentioned in Chapter Two, MCDM techniques such as TOPSIS have been

proven to yield a reliable decision making output. However, the original TOPSIS

have been developed by Hwang & Yoon (1981) consist of crisp data in evaluation

process which inadequate to model real life situation.

By considering this, a fuzzy TOPSIS model has been developed to handle the issue

of uncertainty. In order to generate reliable result in BIM software selection, instead

of crisp value, linguistics variable has been used in fuzzy TOPSIS assessment. The

used of linguistics variables such as very high, high, fair, poor, can help decision

maker to give a precise judgement in weighting and rating process of BIM software

selection.

76
4.3.1 Decision Model Development

A basic preliminary of Fuzzy TOPSIS has been discussed in previous Chapter 3. In

this study, Fuzzy TOPSIS algorithm has been developed based on formal definition

in section 2.4.4. Figure 4.5 shows the overall TOPSIS process for BIM software

selection.

Linguistic Input for

Construct Fuzzy Decision
BIM rating and
and Weight Matrix
attributes weight

Normalized Weight Normalize

Decision Matrix Decision

Matrix

Calculate closeness
Determine distance coefficient (cc) each
measurement for alternatives software
Fuzzy Positive Ideal
Solution FPIS and
Fuzzy Negative Ideal Result: Final rank
Solution (FNIS)

Figure 4.5. Fuzzy TOPSIS in topsis4BIM DSS

In this study, DSS is designed through fuzzy environment in order to deal with the

vagueness of human judgment. Thus, the input in topsis4BIM is based on linguistic

input. This membership function is used to store the linguistic input from user. The

fuzzy numbers are generated as input for the purpose of weight and rating as shown

in Table 4.7 and Table 4.8.

77
Table 4.7

Linguistic Variable for the Importance of Weight of Attributes

Linguistic variables Fuzzy Number

Very Low (0,0,0.1)
Low (0,0.1,0.3)
Medium Low (0.1, 0.3, 0.5)
Medium (0.3, 0.5, 0.7)
Medium High (0.5, 0.7, 0.9)
High (0.7, 0.9, 1.0)
Very High (0.9, 1.0, 1.0)

Table 4.8

Linguistic Variable for the Importance of Rating for Alternative Software

Linguistic variables Fuzzy Number

Very Poor (0, 0, 1)
Poor (0, 1, 3)
Medium Poor (1, 3, 5)
Fair (3, 5, 7)
Medium Good (5, 7, 9)
Good (7, 9, 10)
Very Good (9, 10, 10)

VL L MLL MH HL VHL P VP MP MG GL VG
L L

X X

Figure 4.7. Linguistic Variables for

Figure 4.6. Linguistic Variables for the Rating
the Importance of Weight

78
The above abstraction can be depicted into user interface as follows. In Figure 4.8,

decision makers are required to assign linguistic weight for each attributes such as

VL, L, ML, M, MH, H, or VH.

Figure 4.8. Linguistic Inputs for Weight Assessment

Figure 4.9 depicts the linguistic input for rating assessment. Each of BIM software is

assigned variable VP, P, MP, F, MG, G, or VG. During this assessment, software

details (such as features and function) are viewed to access software with respect to

each attribute.

79
Figure 4.9. Linguistic Inputs for Software Rating

4.3.2 The Architecture of topsis4BIM

After the development of the decision model Fuzzy TOPSIS, the next phase is the

development of topsis4BIM. As mentioned in Chapter Two, due to the promising

advantages of Web 2.0 technology in enhancing the DSS development, topsis4BIM

was developed by using cloud computing technology. Figure 4.10 has shown the

architecture of topsis4BIM that are involved in the main component; they are Model

Management, Database and User Interface.

80
 PC/ Notebook

Tablet/ PDA Mobile Phone

User

Internet

User Interface + Web 2.0

Cloud Storage

MODEL MANAGEMENT
(Decision Analysis‟s
Database (Cloud Storage),
Techniques Fuzzy TOPSIS

Figure 4.10. The Architecture of topsis4BIM

The development of DSS through Web 2.0 provides numerous of advantages such as

easy to developed, light programming language, interactive user interface and remote

access. As a sub-system in this DSS, a fuzzy TOPSIS decision model has been

developed through one of the product from Google product called Google Spread

sheet. Literature review revealed the domination of Microsoft Excel as DSS

generator in the past. This is due to the ability of MS Excel in handling data, graphic,

and enabling user to performed “what is analysis” and etc. However, in order to

81
increase the usability and utility of topsis4BIM DSS, Google Spread sheet offered

more advantages than Ms Excel which is more of a standalone application.

Unlike traditional DSS, topsis4BIM can be easily access through web. In order to

enhance the decision making process for decision makers during BIM software

selection, topsis4BIM also provides database function, to keep information of BIM

software profile such as its features, function and system requirement. Document

analysis is performed by filtering and categorizing BIM software information in

hierarchical database model through vendor website, software template and

literature. Figure 4.11 represents the hierarchical database model in developing in

topsis4BIM.

82
 Profiling BIM Tools

Level 1:
Software
Autodesk Ascension Technology Tekla Bentley
vendors

Revit Naviswork eMRCIS Tekla Structure AECO sim Building

 Architecture Designer
Level 2:
 MEP
Products  Structure
Function & features Function & features Function & features
 Model Review  Visualization  Design Function & features
 Coordination  Model  Analysis  Design
 Simulation  Documentation  Visualization  Analysis
Function & features    Visualization
Level 3: Analysis  Other features Collaboration
 Design  Other features  Documentation  Collaboration
Features and  Analysis  Other features  Documentation
function  Documentation  Other features
System Requirement
 Others features  Operation System
System Requirement
 CPU System Requirement
 Operation System
 Graphic Card  Operation System
 CPU System Requirement
 Etc  CPU 
Level 4: System Requirement  Graphic Card Operation System
 Operation System  Etc  Graphic Card  CPU
System
 CPU   Etc  Graphic Card
Requirement  Graphic Card  Etc
 Etc 

Figure 4.11. Hierarchical database model for profiling BIM software

83
4.4 Chapter Summary

This chapter reported the result from phase two of the research process that involves

documental analysis, interview session, the design of decision model and the

architecture of tospis4BIM. Interview session has been conducted among the three

decision makers (DM 1, DM 2 and DM 3) through case study project. All the

decision makers who are involved in this study are directly related to the Dewan

Sultan Ibrahim project. They have at least four years of experience in BIM project

and involved in at least four BIM projects in Malaysia.

As a result, ten attributes have been identified from the case study result. These

attributes have been categorised into three groups. The first group was technical

(Usability (A1), Performance (A2), Connect (A3), Data File Support (A4),

Collaboration (A9) and Facility Management (A10). Two of these attributes (A9 and

A10) were suggested by the DMs. The next group was managerial (Update (A5),

Vendor Support (A6), Domain Knowledge of the vendor (A7). The third group of

attributes was Cost (Cost (A8)).

In addition, there were five BIM software, namely Autodesk Revit (S1), eMCRIS

(S2), Autodesk Naviswork (S3), TEKLA structures (S4), and AECOsim Building

Designer (S5) have been addressed as an alternative in BIM software selection

among the decision makers. Based on these findings, a decision hierarchy for BIM

software selection has been developed and discussed in section 4.2.1. Finally, section

4.3, it covers the development of decision model based on finding in previous

section, the architecture and features of topsis4BIM DSS.

84
 CHAPTER FIVE
VALIDATION AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Introduction

The design aspect of topsis4BIM has been discussed and presented in previous

chapter. Thus, there is a need to measure the performance the DSS that has been

developed. The primary purpose of this chapter is to validate the topsis4BIM in

terms of its logic, effectiveness, usability and utility, which will address the third

research objective “To evaluate utility and usability of the decision support tool”.

The topsis4BIM process evaluation has been conducted in two phase, first is

validation of the sub-system of the DSS which is fuzzy TOPSIS. In this phase, the

comparison between the result yield from topsis4BIM and without the proposed DSS

has been conducted.

Next, for the purpose of validation of the level of satisfaction and preference of

decision maker towards this web based DSS, evaluators were asked to use decision

model through Google spread sheet and with web based topsis4Bim. Then, the face

validation was performed to further evaluate topsis4BIM in terms of usability and

utility of the system. Meanwhile, the evaluation process in this phase is more on the

physical side of the DSS, regardless of the result evaluation. Hence, the evaluation

process and outcomes demonstrate topsis4BIM ability to be utilized in real world

application. This chapter ends with a discussion and interpretation on the findings of

the overall research activity.

85
Sub-system evaluation involves an observation of DSS utilization during the decision

making process by the decision makers based on UTHM case study in chapter 5. The

results were collected from user input and sample set of questionnaire in the system

design in Chapter Five (section 5.2). Similar attributes described in section 5.12

(Chapter 5) were used. They included usability (A1), performance (A2), connect

(A3), data file support (A4), update (A5), vendor support (A6), domain knowledge

of the vendor (A7), cost (A8) and two suggestions attributes namely collaboration

(A9) and facility management (A10). The same alternatives were used in the

development of this sub system i.e. Autodesk Revit (S1), eMCRIS (S2), Autodesk

Nawiswork (S3), Tekla Structures (S4), and AECOsim Building Designer (S5). The

next paragraph illustrates the application of decision model using topsis4BIM by

decision maker for the Dewan Sultan Ibrahim.

As stated before, the decision model in topsis4BIM was developed based on the ten

attributes and five alternatives in BIM software. Initially, the assessment in fuzzy

TOPSIS decision model requires a set of linguistic input from the decision makers

(DM 1, DM 2, DM 3) for weight assignment with respect to each validate attributes.

Then, decision makers were required to enter the rating for each BIM software

alternatives. Result for weight and rating assignment were presented in Table 5.1 and

Table 5.2. Once all the assessment was completed by the decision maker,

topsis4BIM activates the decision model that utilized fuzzy TOPSIS procedure as

follows:

1. Develop fuzzy decision matrix and fuzzy weight.

2. Develop fuzzy normalized decision matrix.

86
3. Develop fuzzy weighted normalized decision matrix.

4. Determined separation from ideal solution, S+.

5. Determined separation for negative ideal solution, S-.

6. Calculate distance measurement.

7. Calculate relative closeness coefficient to ideal solution (cci).

The final result for Dewan Sultan Ibrahim is shown in Table 5.3.

5.2 Decision Model Evaluation

As mentioned in section 4.3.1 in previous chapter, decision maker were asked to

weight attributes and rate alternative via linguistic variable. For example, Very Low

(VL), Low (L), Medium Low (ML), Medium (M), Medium High (ML), High (H),

and Very High (VH) and rate alternative (Very Poor (VP), Poor (P), Medium Poor

(MP), Fair (F), Medium Good (MG), Good (G), and Very Good (VG) as follows;

Table 5.1

Weight of Attributes by Decision Makers

Linguistic Variables
Attributes
DM1 DM2 DM3
A1 VH H MG
A2 H H VH
A3 H - VH
A4 H VH VH
A5 - - MH
A6 MH M MH
A7 M - -
A8 MH VH M
A9 VH H VH
A10 M M M
87
Table 5.2

Rating for Software Alternative by Decision Makers

Software Rating
Attributes
alternatives DM 1 DM 2 DM 3
A1 S1 F G MG
S2 F F MP
S3 G F G
S4 G G MG
S5 G G G
A2 S1 VG VG F
S2 F F G
S3 F F G
S4 VG VG MG
S5 G VG G
A3 S1 G - F
S2 F - F
S3 G - MP
S4 G - G
S5 MG - VG
A4 S1 G G G
S2 F F F
S3 G F F
S4 G G G
S5 G G G
A5 S1 - - MG
S2 - - MG
S3 - - F
S4 - - MG
S5 - - G
A6 S1 G P MG
S2 F P F
S3 G P F
S4 G P F

88
Table 5.2 continued

S5 G P F
A7 S1 G - -
S2 F - -
S3 G - -
S4 G - -
S5 F - -
A8 S1 G F F
S2 P F F
S3 P MG MG
S4 G G G
S5 G VG VG
A9 S1 G VG MG
S2 F F F
S3 G VG MG
S4 F VP MG
S5 G G F
A10 S1 G F F
S2 F P MP
S3 G G G
S4 F P P
S5 MG F F

89
Table 5.3

Result for Each Decision Makers

DM 1 DM 2 DM 3

Alternatives Closeness Closeness Closeness

Rank Rank Rank
coefficient coefficient coefficient

S1 0.69 2 0.68 1 0.63 2

S2 0.44 5 0.33 5 0.49 5

S3 0.76 1 0.46 3 0.58 4

S4 0.65 4 0.41 4 0.63 3

S5 0.66 3 0.57 2 0.69 1

The abstraction of fuzzy TOPSIS calculation is compiled in appendix D. Table 5.3

illustrates the differences of ranking obtained between the decision makers. For DM

1, it is identified that S3 ranked the highest CC valued followed by S1, S4, S2, and

S5. Meanwhile, for DM 2, it is slightly different, where S1 ranked the highest

followed by S5, S3, S4 and S2. On the other hand, for DM3, S5 has the highest CC

value followed by S1, S4, S3 and S2.

These differences resulted due to the differences of decision maker background and

differences objective of using BIM software. However, there was a similarity in

result of decision makers, with S2 score the least. This is due to the fact that S2 is

still new in the market leading to less implementation evident from industry. Next,

the group aggregation result is presented in Table 5.4.

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Table 5.4

Group Aggregation Result

DM 1 DM 2 DM3 Group
Group
Alternatives closeness
Closeness coefficient for each DMs Rank
coefficient
S1 0.69 0.68 0.63 0.666 1
S2 0.44 0.33 0.49 0.42 5
S3 0.76 0.46 0.58 0.6 3
S4 0.65 0.41 0.63 0.5633 4
S5 0.66 0.57 0.69 0.64 2

This group aggregation result shows that; Software S1> Software S5> Software S3>

Software S4> Software S5. The group rank result yield software S1 as the best

software for this case study. Software 1 is the same software that has been used in the

Dewan Sultan Ismail project.

5.3 Sub-system Validation

The development of topsis4BIM is not for predicting value or recommending

actions. Its main purpose is assisting the decision makers in organizing the decision

making problem and doing the required calculation. Although some of the DMs are

using the same attributes, it is may still yield a different result when using different

weighting for each attribute and rating assessment. Moreover, each DMs in this study

came from different background in construction that has different needs of BIM

application. For these reasons, topsis4BIM has been validated by comparing the

result from DSS with current practice result (Without DSS).

91
It is significant to perform a comparison between the current practice (without DSS)

and topsis4BIM. The results of current practice were obtained during the interview

session with the decision makers. The decision makers were asked to rank BIM

software based on their intuition (without using topsis4BIM). Thus, in order to

determined weight from DMs, Rank Order Centroid (ROC) has been utilized. Table

5.5 below illustrates the result from DMs without DSS, followed by Table 5.6 which

demonstrated the comparison between the decision making result without DSS and

topsis4BIM.

Table 5.5

Decision Pattern without DSS

Ranking Position
Decision
DM 1 DM 2 DM 3
Approach Software
Rank ROC Rank ROC Rank ROC
S1 2 0.26 1 0.46 2 0.26
S2 5 0.04 5 0.04 4 0.09
Without DSS S3 3 0.16 3 0.16 5 0.04
S4 1 0.46 4 0.09 3 0.16
S5 4 0.09 2 0.26 1 0.46

92
Table 5.6

Decision Pattern in Group Decision Approach

Decision Approach Software Group ROC Group Rank

S1 0.33 1

S2 0.056 5

Without DSS S3 0.12 4

S4 0.24 3

S5 0.27 2

Software Group closeness coefficient Group Rank

S1 0.66 1
S2 0.42 5
topsis4BIM S3 0.6 3
S4 0.56 4
S5 0.64 2

Table 5.6 shows the comparison of pattern of decision making output among the

decision makers without DSS and with DSS. The comparison table shows that

topsis4BIM yield almost similar result compare to current practice. Therefore, this

demonstrates decision model can be considered as valid in term of its logic.

5.4 Face Validation

The comparison result between topsis4BIM and current practice were presented in

the previous section. Next, topsis4BIM it is validated through face validation. The

topsis4BIM face validation involves quantitative and qualitative instruments.

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5.4.1 Quantitative Result

The level of satisfaction of decision makers toward topsis4BIM was measured

through four level of satisfaction there are Very Good (VG), Good (G), Fair (F) and

Poor (P). Four criteria were adopted from literature for this purpose (Perceive ease of

use, perceived usefulness, preference and willingness). 12 sub-criteria derived from

the literature were gathered as follows:

1. Perceive ease of use:

- 1.1: Easy to use

- 1.2: The process is understandable

- 1.3: It is easy to learn

2. Perceived usefulness

- 2.1: This model helps me control the whole decision process

- 2.2: It makes the decision process easier

- 2.3: It is useful to me in making a decision

3. Preferences

- 3.1: I like to make a decision with this model

- 3.2: I like to analyse information with this model

- 3.3: I like to judge in this way

4. Willingness

- 4.1: I accept the procedure of this decision model for future decisions

- 4.2: I will apply this model for hard decisions in the future

- 4.3: It is worthwhile to use this model in the future

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 Table 5.7 illustrates the decision maker‟s response to assess the ability of

topsis4BIM.

Table 5.7

Result of Face Validation in terms of Decision Methodology

Sub questions Iteration 1 ( Pre Design) Iteration 2 (Post Design)

Validation
criteria
VG G F P VG G F P
C1 Easy to use
0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0

Understandable
0 33.4 66.666 0 0 100 0 0

Easy to learn
0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0

C2 Decision
control 0 66.6 33.4 0 0 66.6 33.4 0

Decision
process easier 0 66.66 33.4 0 0 100 0 0

Useful
0 66.66 33.4 0 0 100 0 0
C3 Like to make
decision 0 66.66 33.4 0 0 66.66 33.4 0

Like to analyse
0 66.66 33.4 0 0 66.66 33.4 0

Like to judge
0 66.66 33.4 0 66.6 33.4 0 0
C4 Accept the
procedure 0 66.66 33.4 0 0 66.66 33.4 0

Will apply
0 33.4 66.66 0 0 33.4 66.66 0
Worthwhile
0 33.4 66.6 0 0 100 0 0

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Figure 5.1 Result of Face Validation in 1st Iteration and 2nd Iteration

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In Figure 5.1, the result shows the satisfaction of decision making process among the

evaluators. In the post design, several of sub questions criteria show significant

improvement in terms of ease to use, easier decision process, usefulness and

worthwhile.

5.4.2 Qualitative Result

The semi structured interview focused on the other dimension in topsis4BIM. The

questionnaire considers the following attributes to measure the validation of this

DSS:

1. System Quality

2. Information Presentation

Evaluators were asked to give their feedback and responds towards their perception

of topsis4BIM usability. The interview session results are briefly transcribed in Table

5.8.

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Table 5.8

System Quality and Information Presentation Face Validation Result

Validation
Answers
attributes
System Quality - “The development of this DSS is quiet practical, straight forward, and also convenient to access. What important is
we really need to know what to input. I really interest to seen what value this DSS would generated. Moreover, as
a user I can access this DSS with any device that connect to internet and all data are store through could storage.
That is pretty update technology used. In term of decision used Fuzzy TOPSIS has a potential as for structuring
problem and worth of trying as decision tools for BIM software selection in future”...DM1
- “This DSS and its methodology behind it is easy to understand, easy to learn, remote, plus it help you structured
your problem, and do the calculation, it‟s interesting and got potential, but I still need time to build confident on
the Fuzzy TOPSIS, coz I am not familiar with this kind of decision techniques. The design approach of this DSS is
interesting, accessible and form it not required high cost”...DM2
- “It is simple DSS, easy to learn and used, plus the integration with social network is interesting. For the decision
process methodology, before using this DSS, a few more things need to be set first. For example, for example, I
need to know all the alternative software before using this method. The problem is, not all the user has experience
variety of BIM software in Malaysia. I mean, I cannot simply evaluated each of the alternative software without
has experience it first, right? This issue, I think it would affect the result of this decision model. Other than that, I
think this DSS has a potential”...DM3.

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Table 5.8 Continued

Validation Answer
Attributes
Information - “It is good to see a web based that user friendly, simple, informative and not to colourful. For me, I like the way of
Presentation this web based presented. The interface look simple but interesting, the portion of each option is nicely organized. I
don‟t know what other people think, for me the information presentation in this DSS was good”...DM1.
- “For the information presentation I think this DSS still lack of something. The idea of using and display information
thorough Google Doc is interesting. For example the way of this DSS present all information on BIM software. This
section is good, however the way decision model presented in this DSS, the user interface of Google spread sheet is
not impress me. It would be better if try to hide the Google spread sheet interface. Other than that, it quite good”...
DM2.
- “All the information presented (display format, graphic, interface) in this DSS for me it‟s clear, simple yet
interesting and suit it purposed. However, there still has space for improvement. It would be better if this DSS come
out with login form, instead of log in in Google account its self”...DM3.

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System Quality

The objective of topsis4BIM is to assist DMs in BIM software selection decision

making process. The topsis4BIM offers web decision approach that is simple,

accessible and capable of dealing with uncertainty environment. Thus, each of the

DMs agreed that the topsis4BIM is easy to use and convenient to access, and the

methodology behind it which is fuzzy TOPSIS has a potential as a decision making

tool for BIM software selection. However, beside DM1, DM2 and DM3 have

expressed their concern in the effectiveness of fuzzy TOPSIS.

Even though they believed that fuzzy TOPSIS is capable of structuring the problem,

but they required more time to have the confident in it. This due to the risk involved

in BIM software selection such as high investment. DM3 also adds if the evaluator

has already experience all the alternatives, and evaluate them wisely, then the

effectiveness of the result will be increase.

Information Presentation

Information presentation is significant in order to measure the effectiveness of

adoption Web 2.0 tools in web DSS. In conclusion, DM1 and DM3 gave positive

answers regarding the design of web based interface, display format and graphics in

this topsis4BIM. However, DM3 also came out with the suggestion to add login form

as one of the web based features. On the other hand, DM2 seemed not satisfied with

the way the decision model was presented. He argued that the decision model

presented in this topsis4BIM can be improved in the future.

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5.5 Discussion of Research Finding

This section provides discussions of the results and findings based on the

accomplishment of research framework in this study. The analysis and discussion are

focus point on the clarification of the quantitative and qualitative data contained in

Chapter Five (design and implementation of DSS) and Chapter Six (the validation of

DSS) and understanding of the concept identified in the literature review. The

accomplishment of research framework in this study has enabled the author to

answer research objectives in this study which is to develop decision support for

BIM software selection in Construction Project Management. This section has been

organized as follows:

1. Identify attributes for BIM software selection in Malaysia (5.5.1)

2. An alternative approach of BIM software selection (5.1.2)

3. A new generation of Web based DSS architecture (5.1.3)

4. Model finalization (5.5.4)

Three phases of this study have been conducted in order to achieve research

objectives and also to answer research questions. Phase one was divided into two

activities which were literature review and data collection. The literature review

aimed to investigate the implication of BIM software selection towards construction

project management. Based on the review of literature in software selection domain,

this study has managed to identify 26 attributes related to software selection (see

Figure 4.3). The data collection in this phase through case study was to identify and

validate real attributes for BIM software selection in Malaysia.

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Result from previous phase was used in phase two for further development of

conceptual model and DSS for BIM software selection. Phase three in this study

concentrated on the evaluation and validation of decision support system for

evaluating BIM software. The accomplishment of research framework in this study

has led to three main achievements which are:

1. Identification of attributes for BIM software selection in Malaysia

The discussion and clarification in this achievement was based on the interview

findings in identification and verification of attributes that are relevant to BIM

software selection. (Answer the first objective)

2. An alternative approach of BIM software selection

The discussion and interpretation involved the integration of quantitative data and

model development from case study for development of topsis4BIM. (Answer

second objective)

3. A new generation of web based DSS architecture

The discussion and interpretation in this achievement related to the contribution to

knowledge in DSS field by development of topsis4BIM.

From the literature, it is suggested that developing a decision model for BIM

software in Malaysia project construction management is possible. Moreover, the

literature from DSS and MCDM domain have shown the potential of Web based as a

decision tools for BIM software selection.

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5.5.1 Identify attributes for BIM software selection in Malaysia

Due to the complexity in BIM software selection decision making, this study has

employed simple questionnaire to identify and validate the critical attributes for BIM

software selection in Malaysia. As mentioned by Soni (2008), a set of attributes in

software selection is the most important element that can affects the software

acquisition decision. However, there is limited study that attempts to investigate

crucial attributes for BIM software selection in literature. Figure 5.2 below shows the

identifications of BIM software attributes in Malaysia.

Usability Performance

Collaboration Connect
BIM software
selection
Update Data file support

Vendor support Facility Domain

Management Knowledge of
the vendor

Figure 5.2. Attributes for BIM Software Selection in Malaysia

Result from semi-structured and questionnaire in this study has expanded the general

attributes in BIM software selection that was proposed by AEC (2007). It is

identified that most DMs in this study are more concern and critical with technical

attributes in BIM software selection decision making. This is consistent with Ruiz

(2009) who found that the importance of technical attributes to be included in the

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BIM adoption and decision process. Moreover, result yield another significant

attributes which is cost in BIM software selection in Malaysia.

In line with work by Ruiz (2009), cost has also been highly rated by DMs in this

study as the most important attribute that can influence decision making in BIM

software selection in Malaysia. This is due to the involvement of high cost in BIM

adoption, in term of the software and hardware and training cost. This finding is

supported by Enegbuma and Ali (2011) who found that cost has strong relationship

in BIM adoption in Malaysia industry. Managerial attributes were also mentioned by

DMs in this study. These attributes are usually considered as less of a priority in BIM

selection. Two out of three decision makers in this study believed that managerial is

a less important attribute influencing their choice. This study also revealed two

additional attributes that were suggested by decision makers which are collaboration

and facility management.

These attributes are significant in order to provide a guide for construction players in

BIM software selection and enhance the adoption of BIM in Malaysia in the future.

This finding has answered the first objective which is to identify the critical attributes

for BIM software selection. Besides that, this finding is significant to further develop

fuzzy TOPSIS decision model as a sub system in topsis4BIM.

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5.5.2 An Alternatives Approach for BIM Software Selection

Selection of BIM software for project needs is one of the crucial parts in BIM

adoption. In contrast, result from interview in this study has found that Malaysia

companies tend to depend on recommendation from CIDB, others company and

software vendors, and the most popular software in BIM software selection process

without any proper decision making process. In some cases, the company are not

aware of the other software that the market is offering, making the company spend

money on software that may not fulfil all the company needs. Making a wrong

selection of BIM software may also cause investment losses in a company. Figure

5.3 illustrates the decision making of BIM software selection in Malaysia

Software vendor
campaign

Decision: BIM
software

Most popular Recomendation

software from CIDB

Figure 5.3. Decision Making of BIM Software Selection in Malaysia

The deficiency of decision aid among the construction companies in BIM software

selection has also been mentioned by Ruiz (2007). This issue has led to the

motivation of the research to solve BIM software selection problem through the

development of DSS namely topsis4BIM. With the intention to develop an effective

105
and usable DSS, this study has expand the work on TOPSIS by Hwang and Yoon

(1981) by integration with fuzzy approach as suggested by Chen (2000) as a sub-

system. According to the Chen (2000), MCDM is a reliable decision technique,

however MCDM method such as TOPSIS has been addressed as inadequate to model

real world problem due to the implementation of crisp value in evaluation of

alternative and weight.

According to Zadeh (1965), fuzzy concept is capable in dealing with human

vagueness and uncertainty in decision making process through linguistics language.

Instead of dealing with alternative decision problem, topsis4BIM is also capable of

dealing with the vagueness of human in decision making for BIM software selection.

Moreover, there is no other study that has proposed Fuzzy TOPSIS as a decision

model for BIM software selection problem. Result from interview shows that the

fuzzy TOPSIS decision model in this study has helped the decision makers to set

priority in their attributes and rationally evaluate alternative in uncertainty

environment.

Other deficiency in construction literature is the lacking of interactive or web based

DSS. Unlike other studies, this study has not only developed a decision model that

supports uncertainty environment, it has also extended the development of DSS

through web technology. Validation result shown the increased in users satisfaction

and acceptance of topsis4BIM as a decision making support through web based DSS.

This is supported by work of Shim et al. (2002), web technology has improved the

usability of decision model in DSS. Based on result from literature review and

106
interview, this study has managed to demonstrate the application of web based DSS

as a new approach of decision making in BIM software selection through

development of topsis4BIM.

Table 5.9 that show the features of topsis4BIM in BIM software selection. In

comparing to the current practice, topsis4BIM has offered more interesting features

in order to yield a reliable result for BIM software selection.

Table 5.9

Advantages and Features of topsis4BIM Approach

DSS component Criteria

Decision model - Analytical
decision analysis
- Supporting fuzzy
environment
- Interactive user
interface for
decision model

Data management - Cloud Data based

features
- Search facility

5.5.3 A New Generation of DSS Development

Recently, the emergence of a new concept web development called Web 2.0 has

shifted the architecture development of DSS with potential promises characteristics

such as a lightweight programming language requirement which provides many-to-

many relationship, cost effective scalability, and interactive user interface. All these

characteristic have increased the popularity of Web 2.0 among the users compared to

107
web 1.0 (Hsu, 2010; Isfandyari-Moghaddam & Hosseini-Shoar, 2014; Murugesan,

2007; Reilly & Media, 2007). However, there is no study that attempt to develop a

DSS particularly in MCDM type of application through Web 2.0 platform in the

construction domain.

Thus, this study has presented an implementation of MCDM DSS through cloud

technology as a platform. The development of topsis4BIM does not require any

technical skill in programming language, minimized time and cost of development,

and easy access to any devices that can connect to the internet. This is in line with

the finding by Aghaei et al. (2012) that highlighted the advantages of Web 2.0

towards developing a web based DSS that is easier, quicker and cheaper compared to

previous web generation. Instead of analytical features, topsis4BIM has also offered

other features such as database, search button and utilization of Google application in

order to enhance the decision making process in BIM software selection.

Philips et al. (2011) argued that the Web 2.0 technology is capable in enhancing the

rationality and effectiveness of decision making while at same time can also

negatively impact the decision making. Thus, the face validation of topsis4BIM has

been done in this study among the DMs (See chapter 6, section 6.3). Result from the

questionnaire and interview shows that, the adoption of Web 2.0 in the development

of topsis4BIM has increased the satisfaction and acceptance of decision makers

towards topsis4BIM methodology.

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This is supported by work of Basssedik et al (2012) which shows that the existence

of Web 2.0 has extend the ability of DSS toward decision making process. Table

5.10 summarize the features in topsis4BIM compared to previous web generation

which is web 1.0 in DSS development.

Table 5.10

Comparison of DSS Features between Web 1.0 and topsis4BIM

DSS criteria DSS (web 1.0) topsis4BIM (web

2.0)
How to content view Web browser Any device that can
connect to internet

Cost of development Costly Low cost

Time for development Required long Short time
time

Technical skill Yes No (Drag and drop

(Programming features)
language)

Embedding of Google No Yes (allow

app (such as Google embedding with
doc) numerous of web
application)

Utilize Cloud Storage No Yes

5.6 Model finalization

Based on the findings discussed above relating to the development of topsis4BIM for

BIM software selection in Malaysia, the framework of topsis4BIM in BIM software

selection has been established in this study.

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 Data Collection Result and Findings

Arithmetic Algorithm
Attributes for BIM software
selection
 Development and validation of
Technical Fuzzy MCDM decision model for
BIM software selection
 Usability
 Decision making under uncertainty
 Performance situation
 Connect  Increase the awareness of
companies toward MCDM
 Data file support
approach
 Collaboration
 Facility Management Web based DSS

Managerial  Development and validation of

Web based DSS through web 2.0
 Update
generation as alternative approach
 Vendor support for BIM software selection
 Domain knowledge of  Increase the usability and ability of
web based DSS
vendor
 Demonstrate a new architecture of
web based DSS
Cost

Development of Web based DSS for BIM software selection

Figure 5.4. Platform for Developing Web based DSS in BIM Software Selection

The framework in Figure 5.4 summarises the linkages of the attributes of BIM

software selection, arithmetic algorithm and Web 2.0 platform in the development of

topsis4BIM in Malaysia. According to Ruiz (2009), understanding what are

attributes based on company needs from BIM software is significant in purchasing of

BIM software. Result from case study has revealed the attributes for BIM software

selection within the Dewan Sultan Ibrahim project. Thus, the identification of
110
attributes for BIM software selection in this study can be considered as guidance to

construction companies in order to improve the BIM software selection decision

making process in Malaysia. In addition, the development of topsis4BIM based on

arithmetic algorithm which is fuzzy TOPSIS enable decision maker to evaluate BIM

software more systematically. Due the integration of fuzzy and TOPSIS, topsis4BIM

also capable assists decision maker in fuzzy environment.

In order to increase the accessibility and usability of decision model in this study,

topsis4BIM was developed and tested with the application in Dewan Sultan Ibrahim

project. Evaluation result indicates that topsis4BIM is capable providing a proper

alternative for BIM software selection in this project. This is not only answer the

objectives of this study, but it has also contributes to the knowledge of DSS

development by demonstrating a new architecture for MCDM DSS development

through Web 2.0 technology. Figure 5.5 describes the approach for overall DSS

development. This approach is applicable for any problem related to MCDM.

111
 Fuzzy TOPSIS
Develop Conceptual  Conduct semi-structured interview to
Decision Model identify and validate BIM software
attributes through real case project
 Support decision making under
uncertainty

DSS development included:

 Develop Web based DSS through Web
2.0
 Develop decision model
 Unitization of Google spreadsheet
DSS development  Develop database features
 Support search facility
 Utilization of Google Application and
cloud storage technology

Evaluation through case study (input

from user):
Sub-system validation
DSS evaluation  Apply and validate decision model
through a real case project
Face validation
 Assess DSS usability and user
satisfaction among user
 Comparison between decision making
through spreadsheet and web based

Output/Findings Web based Decision Support System for

Multi Criteria Decision related problem
in construction domain

Figure 5.5. A New Framework for Development of Web based DSS through Web
2.0 in Construction MCDM Related Problem

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Result from semi-structured interview and questionnaire in validation of DSS

indicates that topsis4BIM process is comprised of the following:

1. Theoretically valid in terms of its sub-system, the decision model in this study

yields almost similar ranking result without DSS. This shows the DSS is efficient in

solving BIM software selection problem.

2. Based on the face validation result, the methodology and design approach in

topsis4BIM to emulate a systematic evaluation of BIM software was fulfilled.

3. The ability of the model to provide alternative and innovative solution was also

demonstrated.

Result from the evaluation process in this study provides attributes for BIM software

selection, evidence to validate the usability and utility of the topis4BIM.

Furthermore, semi structured interview and face validation indicates that decision

maker‟s acknowledge that the existence of topsis4BIM could enhance BIM software

selection decision making process.

The methodology of fuzzy TOPSIS in decision making process has gained decision

makers attention. The systematic nature of evaluation process and the ability of fuzzy

TOPSIS in dealing with vagueness of human decision making have shown the ability

of topsis4BIM as a decision making tools in BIM software selection. The weighted

and rating assessments in topsis4BIM have assist decision makers in setting their

priority in BIM software selection to select BIM software that fulfill a project needs.

Furthermore, the development of topsis4BIM through Web 2.0 has increased the

accessibility and effectiveness of DSS.

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5.7 Chapter Summary

This chapter has represented the result of topsis4BIM in terms of sub-system and

face validation. In addition, the chapter also discussed research findings of this study.

Instead of answering the research objectives, this chapter also highlighted a

contribution towards body of knowledge in DSS and construction industry.

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 CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION

6.1 Introduction

As the used of BIM become more prevalent, construction companies facing a market

full of option in BIM software that available. Due to the variety of BIM software on

the market, the selection of the right BIM software for a certain construction project

becoming more apparent. However, the needs to aid the decision making often

overlooked. The use of IT such as DSS offered high potential as decision support

tools particularly for BIM software selection is proposed. DSS called topsis4BIM is

developed to cater the BIM software selection problems within the Malaysia

construction industry.

This chapter concludes the achievement of the reserach. A list of work performed in

order to completed the thesis is presented in section 6.2. Then, the primary findings

and conclusion discovered as a result of this research has been illustrated in section

6.3. Research contribution is provided in section 6.4 and followed by the

recommendation for future research in section 6.5.

6.2 Summary of Work Performed

The study lies between the area of Construction Project Management and Decision

Support System. A summary of work performed in this follows;

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 1. Identification of research gaps for BIM software selection in construction project

management.

A review in construction field revealed the needs of aided decision making for BIM

software selection. Till date there is limited study attempt to guide decision to select

the right software for construction project that utilized BIM. In contrast, there are

some of companies tend to make decision making on BIM software selection base on

marketing/seminar campaign by software vendor and popular software package

rather than having an appropriated analysis for the company needs.

2. Case study: Identification and validation of critical attributes for BIM software

selection.

The proposed of case study is identified and validates attributes by BIM expert who

directly involved with Dewan Sultan Ibrahim. The data used in this research were

collected through literatures, semi-structured interviews, software manuals and

website.

3. Developed conceptual Fuzzy TOPSIS and Web based DSS

A fuzzy TOPSIS as a decision model was developed based on the case study result.

Then a web based DSS for a BIM software selection is implemented. Moreover,

additional DSS features are included such as database.

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4. Case study: Performed sub-system validation to validate fuzzy TOPSIS decision

model.

A case study is utilized for the validation of decision model. In this study, DSS was

validated using sub system validation and face validation. For the subsystem

validation, the result from DSS was presented and compared with current practice

(without DSS).

5. Case study: Performed quantitative and qualitative validation in face validation to

measure the usability and utility.

Face validation was performed through semi structured interview through

quantitative and qualitative nature. In term of quantitative, decision makers were ask

to rate topsis4BIM base on some attributes (section 5.4.1). Meanwhile, in qualitative,

the decision makers were asked to evaluate the DSS based on system quality and

information quality.

6.3 Conclusion
Based on this research, the conclusion was discovered with each of this research

objective:

1. Research Objective 1: To identify the critical attributes of BIM software selection

Literature reviews reveal some deficiencies in BIM software selection. Most research

in BIM is focused on the advantages and barriers, risk and challenge, acceptance,

effect of BIM toward construction management process and others. The BIM

software selection is one of the crucial processes. Therefore, there is a need to

117
identify the right attributes to foster better implementation of BIM that fulfill the

company and project needs.

This study identifies the critical attributes of BIM software selection based on case

study approaches (Dewan Sultan Ibrahim) Ten attributes were identified i.e.

usability, performance, connect, data file support, update, vendor support, cost,

collaboration and facility management. Two of them (i.e. collaboration and facility

management) were suggested by BIM expert. These attributes can be used as a

foundation guide for BIM software selection among construction companies.

2. Research Objective 2: To develop a multi-criteria decision support system

prototype for BIM software selection.

Research indicates there is limited study attempt to develop a DSS particularly for

BIM software selection. Driven by this gap, topsis4BIM was design to efficiency

assist BIM software selection. The topsis4BIM offer web based DSS with advance

features such as decision model under uncertainty i.e. fuzzy TOPSIS and database

facilities. In comparison with current practice in case study, this DSS effectively

managed to structured decision process and yield convincing result.

3. Research objective 3: To evaluate utility and usability of the decision support tool.

In construction literature, much of research in DSS development neglected user

evaluation on how well the system been implemented. Thus, instead of evaluation of

decision models for BIM software selection, an evaluation of DSS is also important

in DSS development. This study demonstrates process of DSS evaluation through

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sub system validation and face validation. As a result, it is identified that decision

model (fuzzy TOPSIS) is valid in term of its logic. The level of satisfaction has

increase of the level of usability. Positive feedback was identified from the users in

term of system quality and information presentation in topsis4BIM.

6.4 Research Contributions

At the end of this thesis, following contributions were highlighted:

1. Identification of real attributes for BIM software selection in Malaysia

Selection the right BIM software is not only significant to fulfill the company and

project needs, but also important to fully utilized the software features in order to

increase the project successful. However, research shown there is limited study that

attempt to investigate the attributes for evaluation of BIM software. Thus, this study

has outline of the main attributes such as technical, cost and managerial in BIM

software selection in Malaysia. The identification of real attributes in BIM software

selection should be able to set a foundation of guidelines in selection of BIM

software for companies. This finding represents a contribution towards construction

industry.

2. A new fuzzy TOPSIS decision model that support uncertainty environment for

BIM software selection

MCDM technique is significant in order to avoid the weakness of human in decision

making such as bias and vagueness. Thus, this study has developed and validated a

reliable decision technique through Fuzzy TOPSIS for BIM software selection. This

model was developed to support decision making under uncertainty environment.

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The explanation of decision analysis technique such as Fuzzy TOPSIS in this study is

perhaps useful for construction companies to enhance their decision making. This

model possesses the potential to be applied in other MCDM problem in construction

project management such as contractor selection, equipment selection, vendor

selection and others. The proposed model has increase the awareness of MADM

method among the construction companies.

3. A new DSS framework

This research has proposed a systematic and structured approach by development

web based DSS for BIM software selection. The existence of topsis4BIM allows

decision maker to evaluate BIM software in systematic way instead of depending on

current practice. This topsis4BIM is significant as prototype to generate a reliable

result to select the most suitable BIM software for decision maker.

4. A new architecture and framework of DSS development through Web 2.0

Unlike other study of DSS for MCDM problem, topsis4BIM was developed through

contemporary web technology through cloud technology in Web 2.0. This new

concept of web development platform has offered more advanced features in DSS

development. Thus, the development of topsis4BIM in this research represents a

contribution to existence body of knowledge of DSS development in multi criteria

problem.

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6.5 Limitations of the Research

This research has developed a prototype of Web based DSS with the ability to assist

decision making process in BIM software selection. However, there are several of

limitations in this research.

1. The findings and view presented in development of topsis4BIM are more

reflective of BIM software selection in one case study only which is Dewan

Sultan Ibrahim project. An implementation of multiple case studies of BIM

construction project in Malaysia would add and enrich the findings.

2. Decision model in this study was developed based on one decision technique

only which is Fuzzy TOPSIS. The additional or integration of multiple Multi

Attributes Decision Making (MADM) such as AHP, ANP, ELECTRE would

enrich the findings.

6.6 Recommendation for Futures Research

1. The findings in this study could be more flexible by conducting multiple case

studies in Malaysia.

2. This study has utilised only on basic features of Web 2.0. It can be more valuable

for futures researchers to explore the other advanced features of Web 2.0

platform. For example, by considering login form, more flexible databases

function. It can promote more reliable Web DSS for BIM software selection.

3. Multiple development of MCDM techniques such as TOPSIS, ANP, SAW and

further conduct comparison result between these techniques may yield different

result during sub system evaluation. This is more suitable for a theoretical

research of MCDM.
121
 PUBLICATIONS

Journal

Nursal, A. T, Omar, M. F., & Nawi, M. N. M. (2014). Case Study Methodology of

DSS Development for BIM Software Selection in Construction Industry, American-
Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 8(3), 81–85.

Nursal, A. T, Omar, M. F., & Nawi, M. N. M. (2015). Decision Support Evaluation

for Building Information Modeling Software Selection. Jurnal Teknologi, 9(75),
117–122.

Proceding

Nursal, A. T., Omar, M. F., & Nawi, M. N. M. (2013). Towards Decision Support
System for Building Information Modelling Software Selection, The 1st Innovation
and Analytic Conference and Exhibition (IACE) 2013, UUM, Kedah.

Nursal, A. T., Omar, M. F., & Nawi, M. N. M. (2014). An Overview of Emerging

Technologies in Contemporary Decision Support System Development, 634-638,
The 3th International Conferences on Qualitative Sciences and Its Applications
(ICOQSIA) 2014, Langkawi, Kedah.

Nursal, A. T., Omar, M. F., & Nawi, M. N. M. (2014). Conceptual Design of Fuzzy
TOPSIS Decision Support System for Building Information Modeling (BIM),
Postgraduate Conference in Built Environment 2014, USM, Pulau Pinang.

Omar, M. F., Nawi, M. N. M., & Nursal, A. T. (2014). Decision Support

Framework: A Review Study Of Building Information Modelling (Bim) Software
Selection In Construction Project Management, The 4th International Malaysia-
Ireland Joint Symposium on Engineering, Science and Business (IMiEJS) 2014,
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Omar, M. F., Nursal, A. T., & Nawi, M. N. M. (2014). Aiding Decision for
Selecting Appropriate BIM Software in Construction Industry, The 3rd International
Building Control Conference (IBCC) 2013. The Royale Chulan, Kuala Lumpur.

Inovation comeptition
Ahmad Taufik Nursal, Mohd Faizal Omar, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi, and Izwan
Nizal Mohd Shaharanee. Peneng Invention, Innovation and Research Design
Platform (PIDD 2014), topsis4BIM (Silver medal).

122
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 Appendix A
Filtering and Categories the Attributes

Assessment Related BIM

Author Category Variables Notes
Criteria Attributes
Usability  Technical T1
Ribeiro, Moreira,
Performance  Technical T2
Broek, & Pimentel,
Security  Technical T3
2011
Modularity  Technical T4
Cost  Technical T5
Update  Managerial M1
Decision Support  Technical T6
Connect
Otamendi, Pastor, &
(connectivity issues
Garcia, 2008  Technical T7
with external
software)
Ease (User
 Technical Within T1 context
friendliness)
User interface  Technical T8
Processing Speed  Technical Similar to T2
Speed Requirement
Soni, 2012
Documentation  Technical T9
Technical Features  Technical T10
Lifecycle Cost  Cost Similar to T5

132
 Development
interface
Graphics support  Technical Within T8 context
Lai, et al., 1999 Multi-media
 Technical Within T8 context
support
Data file support  Technical T11
Cost effectiveness  Cost Similar to T5
Vendor support  Managerial M1
Data preparation  Technical Within T11 context
Method selection
Method
Implementation
Method evaluation
Altug, et al., 2006
Assessment of
uncertainty
Forecast
presentation
Ease of use  Technical Within T1 context
Related BIM Software
Author Assessment Criteria Category Variables Notes
Attributes
Functionality  Technical Similar to T10
Technical aspect  Technical Similar to T10
Cost  Cost Similar to T5
Buyukozkan & Ruan, Service and Support  Managerial Similar to M1
2008 Vision
System reliability  Technical T12
Compatibility with
 Technical Similar to T7
other system
133
 Ease of
 Technical T13
customization
Market position of
 Managerial M2
the vendor
Better fit with
organizational  Managerial M3
structure
Domain knowledge
 Managerial M4
of the vendor
References of the
 Managerial M5
vendor
Methodology of
 Technical T14
software
Fit with
parent/allied
 Managerial M6
organization
systems
Cross module
 Technical Within T4 context
integration
Implementation
 Technical Within T2 context
time
Functionality  Technical Within T10 context
Flexibility  Technical
Friendliness  Technical Within T1 context
Duran (2011) Implementation  Technical T15
Technic capability  Technical Similar to T10
Reputation  Managerial M7
Service  Managerial M8
Ayag and Ozdemir System cost  Cost Similar to T5
134
(2007) Vendor support  Managerial Similar to M1
Similar to T7. T7 is
suggested to change to
Flexibility  Technical
“flexibility” to be
more representative
Functionality  Technical Within T10 context
Reliability  Technical Similar to T12
Ease to use  Technical Within T1 context
Technology
 Technical Within T10 context
advance

135
 Appendix B
BIM Software Vendor (Ruiz, 2009)

Vendor BIM Tools Explanation

Autodesk Autodesk 3ds Max Design Autodesk is focusing from
Autodesk Design Review drafting, model capabilities and
Autodesk Navisworks clash detection analysis.
Revit Architecture
Revit Structure
Revit MEP
Bentley Bentley architecture V8i It is offer tools from drawing
Bentley Structural V8i and modeling capacity to design
Bentley Building Electrical rule review and bidirectional
System V8i capabilities with power and
Bentley Building Mechanical lighting analysis.
System V8i
ProjectWise Navigator
ConstructSim
Nemetschek Vectorworks Vetorworks is a drawing and
AG Graphisoft modelling tool. Graphisoft is the
Archicad 12 first software that implemented
BIM technology. Archicad 12,
offering upgrade for different
solutions.

Innovaya Innovaya Visual BIM It more focus on the BIM

Innovaya Visual Quality Take environment and specifically to
Off the building construction.
Innovaya Visual Estimating
Innovaya Design Estimating
Inovaya Design Simulation
Synchro Ltd Synchro Project Contruction All of the software from
(basic software) Synchro Ltd focuses on project
Synchro professional management and specifically to
Synchro Express scheduling.
Synchro Server
Synchro Workgroup

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 Vendor BIM Tools Explanation
VICO Vico Constructor The company offer complete set
software Vico Estimator of program from design,
Vico Control planning modeling, controlling
Vico 5D Presenter and analysis.
Vico Cost Explore
Vico Change Manager
Gehry Digital Project Software Design view 2D and 3D model.
Technologie
s (GT)
Tekla Tekla Structure, Full Detailing Offer a division of Building and
Corporation Tekla, Structure Construction Construction where it more
Management. focuses on structure area.
Tekla Structure, Steel
detailing.
Tekla Structure, Precast
Concrete Detailing.
Tekla Structure, Reinforced
Concrete Detailing.
Tekla Structure Engineering.
Onuma Onuma Planning System It main strength is Onuma
(OPS) Planning System, an internet
servers that allows several of
users is able to interact during
the modeling process. Onuma
basically more to design tools.

Solibri Solibri Model Checker Solibri is more to analysis tools

Solibri Issue Locator that analyze the models in term
Solinri Model Viewer of integrity, quality and physical
Slolibri IFC Optimizer. security.
Project Zero Defect Provide an Internet accessible
Blueprint database and tracking tools for
Ltd reviewing a project.

137
 Appendix C
Letter of Permission

To Whom It May Concern

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am a Masters candidate at the Faculty of Quantitative Science, Universiti Utara

Malaysia (UUM). My research aims to develop a DSS for selection of Building
Information Modeling (BIM). This project may benefit your organization where a
prototype of DSS will be developed to assist decision maker to select BIM software.

In order to have some information regarding the issue, your relevant experience and
expertise in the BIM software selection is required. The opinion and data collected
will be confidential without mentioning to a specific person.

Should you have any question regarding this research, you may contact me or my
supervisor Dr Faizal Omar at [email protected]

Your cooperation and contribution of this research is mostly appreciated

Yours Sincerely, Endorsed By,

Ahmad Taufik Bin Nursal Dr. Mohd Faizal Bin Omar

Master Candidate (815848) Supervisor
School of Art and Science, Universiti Utara Malaysia
Faculty of Quantitative Science, Tel: 04-9286867
Universiti Utara Malaysia Emel: [email protected]
Tel: 0145076373
Email: [email protected]

138
 Appendix D
Sample of Questionnaire to Determine BIM Software Attributes

Background

The usage of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is becoming more apparent in

construction project‟s life cycle to ensure the quality and productivity of a project.

Due to the effectiveness of BIM, there are numerous BIM software available in the

market. Each of this software has a different function, price and features. Moreover,

the BIM adoption requires high investment not only for the hardware and software,

but also involves training expenses. Hence, the decision on selection of BIM is

significant. However, there is a lack of study on the evaluation of BIM software

selection. Hence, this study aims to develop a Decision Support System that enables

the decision makers to select the appropriate BIM software that fulfill the project and

company needs. It will increase the effectiveness of decision maker in BIM software

selection process.

Objective: This Questionnaire aims to identify the necessary attributes used during
BIM software selection process.

Private and Confidential: All responses will be kept strictly confidential and will
only be used for research purposes.

Estimated Time Frame: Please take approximately 5 – 6 minutes to complete the

form

139
1. Please choose the BIM software selection attribute that match with

organization and your own interest

Please write “X”

Categories Selection attribute for the selected
criteria
Usability
Performance
Security
Modularity
Cost
Decision Support
Connect (connectivity issues with
external software)
Technical
User Interface
Documentation
Technical Futures
Data file support
System reliability
Ease of customization
Methodology system
Implementation
Update
Vendor support
Market position of the vendor
Better fit with organization system
Domain knowledge of the vendor
Managerial
Reference of the vendor
Fit with parent/ allied organization
system
Reputation
Service
Cost Cost

2. Please suggest any other criteria that were not listed above which relevant to
the department (if any).

140
3. Please state what is the main purpose BIM use in your project?

4. Who is responsible party in BIM software selection decision making?

a) Contractor
b) Designer
c) Project Managers
d) Others _______________

5. Please name the BIM software that involved in your project?

141
 Appendix E
Fuzzy TOPSIS Assessment

Decision Maker: DM1

Step 1: Fuzzy Decision Matrix and Fuzzy Weight

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A3 A6 A7 A8
S1 3,5,7 9,10,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10
S2 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 0,1,3
S3 7,9,10 3,5,7 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 0,1,3
S4 7,9,10 9,10,10 3,5,7 3,5,7 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10
S5 7,9,10 7,9,10 7,9,10 5,7,9 7,9,10 5,7,9 7,9,10 3,5,7 7,9,10
Weight 0.9,1,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.9,1,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.5,0.7,0.9

Step 2: Normalize Decision Matrix

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A3 A6 A7 A8
S1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.9,1.0,1.0 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0
S2 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5.0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.,0.1,0.3
S3 0.7,0.9,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.0,0.1,0.3
S4 0.7,0.9,1 0.9,1.0,1.0 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1.00 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0
S5 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.7,0.9,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1.0
Weight 0.9,1,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.9,1,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.5,0.7,0.9

142
Step 3: Weighted Normalize Decision Matric

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A3 A6 A7 A8
S1 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.63,0.9,1.0 0.63,0.9,1 0.2,0.5,0.7 0.49,0.81,1 0.49,0.81,1 0.35,0.63,0.9 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.35,0.63,0.9
0.15,0.35,0.6 0.09,0.25,0.4
S2
0.27,0.5,0.7 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.1,0.3,0.5 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.21,0.45,0.7 3 9 0,0.07,0.27
S3 0.63,0.9,1 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.63,0.9,1 0.2,0.5,0.7 0.49,0.81,1 0.49,0.81,1 0.35,0.63,0.9 0.21,0.45,0.7 0,0.07,0.27
S4 0.63,0.9,1 0.63,0.9,1.0 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.1,0.3,0.5 0.49,0.81,1 0.49,0.81,1 0.35,0.63,0.9 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.35,0.63,0.9
0.09,0.25,0.4
S5
0.63,0.9,1 0.49,0.81,1.0 0.63,0.9,1 0.2,0.4,0.6 0.49,0.81,1 0.35,0.63,0.9 0.35,0.63,0.9 9 0.35,0.63,0.9

Step 4: Distance Measurement

Software A+ A-
S1 0.9485167 2.08185
S2 1.5761167 1.2327833
S3 0.7638667 2.3572
S4 1.0542 1.9942
S5 1.0478333 2.0478333

143
Step 5: Coefficient Closeness

Software Closeness Rank

Coefficient
S1 0.69 2
S2 0.44 5
S3 0.76 1
S4 0.65 4
S5 0.66 3

Decision Maker: DM2

Step 1: Fuzzy Decision Matrix and Fuzzy Weight

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A8 A6
S1 7,9,10 9,10,10 9,10,10 3,5,7 7,9,10 3,5,7 0,1,3
S2 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 0,1,3 3,5,7 3,5,7 0,1,3
S3 3,5,7 3,5,7 9,10,10 7,9,10 3,5,7 5,7,9 0,1,3
S4 7,9,10 9,10,10 0,0,1 0,1,3 7,9,10 7,9,10 0,1,3
S5 7,9,10 9,10,10 7,9,10 3,5,7 7,9,10 9,10,10 0,1,3
Weight 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.9,1,1 0.9,1,1 0.3,0.5,0.7

144
Step 2: Normalize Decision Matrix

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A8 A6
S1 0.7,0.9,1 0.9,1.0,1.0 0.9,1,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.3,0.5,0.7 0,0.33,1
S2 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.0,0.1,0.3 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0,0.33,1
S3 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.9,1,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.5,0.7,0.9 0,0.33,1
S4 0.7,0.9,1 0.9,1.0,1.0 0,0,0.1 0.0,0.1,0.3 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0 0,0.33,1
S5 0.7,0.9,1 0.9,1.0,1.0 0.7,0.9,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.9,1.0,1.0 0,0.33,1
Weight 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.9,1,1 0.9,1,1 0.3,0.5,0.7

Step 3: Weight Normalized Decision Matric

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A8 A6
S1 0.49, 0.81,1 0.63,0.9,1 0.63,0.9,1 0.09,0.25,0.49 0.63,0.9,1 0.25,0.5,0.7 0,0.17,0.7
S2 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.21,0.45,0.7 0,0.05,0.21 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.27,0.5,0.7 0,0.17,0.7
S3 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.63,0.9,1 0.21,0.45,0.7 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.45,0.7,0.9 0,0.17,0.7
S4 0.49,0.81,1 0.63,0.9,1 0,0,01 0,0.5,0.21 0.63,0.9,1 0.63,0.9,1 0,0.17,0.7
S5 0.49,0.81,1 0.63,0.9,1 0.49,0.81,1 0.09,0.25,0.49 0.63,0.9,1 0.81,1,1 0,0.17,0.7

145
Step4: Distance Measurement

Software A+ A-
S1 0.830824074 1.78637963

S2 1.507774074 0.74332963

S3 1.226090741 1.02497963

S4 1.652990741 1.17187963

S5 1.162907407 1.511796296

Step 5: Coefficient Closeness

Software Closeness Coefficient Rank

S1 0.68 1
S2 0.33 5
S3 0.46 3
S4 0.41 4
S5 0.57 2

146
Decision Maker: DM3

Step 1: Fuzzy Decision Matrix and Fuzzy Weight

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A3 A6 A5 A8
S1 5,7,9 3,5,7 5,7,9 3,5,7 7,9,10 3,5,7 5,7,9 5,7,9 3,5,7
S2 1,3,5 7,9,10 3,5,7 1,3,5 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7 5,7,9 3,5,7
S3 7,9,10 7,9,10 5,7,9 7,9,10 3,5,7 1,3,5 3,5,7 3,5,7 3,5,7
S4 5,7,9 5,7,9 5,7,9 0,1,3 7,9,10 7,9,10 3,5,7 5,7,9 5,79
S5 7,9,10 7,9,10 3,5,7 3,5,7 7,9,10 9,10,10 3,5,7 7,9,10 7,9,10
Weight 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.9,1,1 0.9,1,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.9,1,1 0.9,1,1 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.3,0.5, 0.7

Step 2: Normalize Decision Matrix

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A3 A6 A5 A8
S1 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.56,0.78,1.00 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.56,0.78,1.0 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.3,0.5,0.7
S2 0.1,0.3,0.5 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.33,0.56,0.78 0.1,0.3,0.5 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.33,0.56,0.78 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.3,0.5,0.7
S3 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.56,0.78,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.1,0.3,0.5 0.33,0.56,0.78 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.3,0.5,0.7
S4 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.56,0.78,1.0 0.0,0.1,0.3 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.33,0.56,0.78 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.5,0.7,0.9
S5 0.7,0.9,1 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.33,0.56,0.78 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.9,1.0,1.0 0.33,0.56,0.78 0.7,0.9,1.0 0.7,0.9,1.0
Weight 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.9,1,1 0.9,1,1 0.3,0.5,0.7 0.9,1,1 0.9,1,1 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.5,0.7,0.9 0.3,0.5,0.7

147
Step 3: Weighted Normalize Matrix

Software A1 A2 A9 A10 A4 A3 A6 A5 A8
S1 0.25,0.49,0.81 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.5,0.78,1.0 0.1,0.3,0.5 0.63,0.9,1 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.28,0.54,0.9 0.25,0.49,0.81 0.09,0.25,0.49
S2 0.05,0.21,0.45 0.63,0.9,1.0 0.3,0.56,0.78 0.0,0.2,0.4 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.17,0.39,0.7 0.25,0.49,0.81 0.09,0.25,0.49
S3 0.35,0.63,0.9 0.63,0.9,1.0 0.5,0.78,1.0 0.2,0.5,0.7 0.27,0.5,0.7 0.09,0.3,0.5 0.17,0.39,0.7 0.15,0.35,0.63 0.09,0.25,0.49
S4 0.25,0.49,0.81 0.45,0.7,0.9 0.5,0.78,1.0 0.0,0.1,0.2 0.63,0.9,1 0.63,0.9,1 0.17,0.39,0.7 0.25,0.49,0.81 0.15,0.35,0.63
S5 0.35,0.63,0.9 0.63,0.9,1.0 0.3,0.56,0.78 0.1,0.3,0.5 0.63,0.9,1 0.81,1,1 0.17,0.39,0.7 0.35,0.63,0.90 0.21,0.45,0.7

Step 4: Distance Measurement

Software A+ A-
S1 1.10167 1.875003
S2 1.478652 1.418282
S3 1.203964 1.691742
S4 1.156581 1.947692
S5 0.958469 2.121432

Step 5: Coefficient Closeness

Software Closeness Coefficient Rank

S1 0.63 2
S2 0.49 5
S3 0.58 4
S4 0.63 3
S5 0.69 1

148
 Appendix F
Sample of Validation Form

This section focused on the evaluation of the decision making between spread sheet

(Pre-Design) and web based (Post-Design).

1. Based on decision model usage, please rate the following aspect

Rating
Aspect Very
Good Fair Poor
Good
Perceive ease of use
It easy to use
The process in understandable
It is easy to learn
Perceived usefulness
This model helps me control the whole
decision process
It makes the decision process easier
It is useful to me in making a decision
Preferences
I like to make a decision with this model
I like to analyse information with this
model
I like to judge in this way
Willingness
I accept the procedure of this decision
model for future decisions
I will apply this model for hard decisions
in the future
It is worthwhile to use this model in the
future

149
 Attributes Comment

System Quality

Information Presentation

2. Which result do you trust more?

a) Model

b) Intuition (Current Practice)

3. If you do not trust the decision made by this model, explain the reason:

150
 Appendix G
Snapshot from topsis4BIM System

Front Page

BIM Function & Features

151
BIM System Requirement

Weight assessment

152
 Introduction of BIM page

Introduction of TOPSIS page

153