CURRENT Lh AFFAIRS SS THE WO is leaters m 4 wi vy July 27th is -epresant tives Sone 5é wom the every > ty "und the word ing mov iN ‘wil meet in London, Ens 2nd for talks to poorerr © fesolve the worldwide | CONTE crisis. 2f6 quick Everything from tax, interesi rates, currency, dicts nothing np* Mexport agreements, 2-1 ‘commodity ‘ings are ices 2d private Sector wealtt. wc pe the Heads of 0 “ject tor discussion during (nis Tyspclous rom protest gathering of the worlds super powers. fe est CSS, PMS’... ~limate change emeeeaace 2cycling really -arence or is Ambassador (R) eating i Irfan-ur-Rehman Raja 6° crP) A Refresher in Knowledge Pee Updated, Secon Edition for ‘1 out by institues: and he" scent weather phe- todé tee maw ho noth: have 3 Scanned with CamScanner© ALLRIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, or incorporated into any information Tetricval system, electronic or mechanical, Without the written permission of writer and publisher. the publisher does net guarantee accuracy, adeguecy or information inchided in this work Or omissions er the results objain completeness of an and is nar responsible for any errors ed from the use of such tyfarmation, Published by Adeel Niaz For suggestions and complaints please contact email: [email protected] www jbdpress.com Legal advisers: Chaudhary Riaz Akhtar (MA, LLB) Rana Shahzad Khalid (Advocate High Court) Title design: Usman Hassan Price Rs, 950/- JAHANGIR'S He Times | PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH IS THE KEY To Success Head Offi Quality Control Dep: * Ghacni Steet, Urdu Bazaar] « 121-D, Gylberg I Labore. Ph: 37314319 Lahore, Ph: 35757086 Lahore Outlet : *2-Al-Kareem Market Urdu Bazaar, Ph:37220879 Lahore : Jahangir Sons, Johar ‘Town, Ph: 042-35290892.3 Lahore : Jahangir Sons, Gulberg. Ph: 042-35771000 Rawalpindi : Iqbal Road, Commit Chowk. Ph: 051-5539609 Hyderabad : House No.194/8, Near Ali Mansion, Lajpat Road, Ph: 022-2780128 Karachi : Gawali Line # 3, Near Mogedas Masjid, Urdu Bazaar, 021-32765086 ‘Scanned with CamScannerThis book is for ZAIBI my partner of 38 years. Life, it seems, has just begun. Scanned with CamScannerAlso by the same author ADMINISTRATION: ITS THEORY, History & PRACTICE (CONTEMPORARY WORLD AFFAIRS Tre INTERVIEW GENIUS ELIXIR OF PAKISTAN AFFAIRS. ‘Scanned with CamScannerPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION On September 29, 2020, 1 received a call f published informing that they were fast running out of the first of this book. It was barely a month and a half since it wi n fs published in mid-August, At first thought it was.a prank and he was pulling my leg, butas the conversation progressed I realized he was talking in eamest. Honestly, I was speechless; aware of the phrase: rom my very excited it was such a pleasant surprise. I am lling like hot cakes” but had never imagined it would, one day, apply to one of my books. He urged me to immediately start working on the book’s second, revised, edition, I had, as a matter of habit, already started collecting relevant material for. the second edition, All I needed do was sift through it, edit it, and rewrit in a running sequence for it to become a continuation of the previous edition. 1am humbled by the very positive response from the ‘Glowing Embers’ as I lovingly call the yourtg CSS/PMS aspirants, scores of whom. have been approaching me on a regular basis for guidance. Yes, they are glowing; all they need is some fanning to turn them into ‘flames’ and prepare them for the task that lies ahead of them. This I strive to do through continuous virtual guidance and through my books. It is their love and respect that exalts me and drives me on. Itis mostly they who have appreciated and endorsed the book and spread the word. So, a big thank you to you all for supporting and encouraging me in my endeavour. God bless you! In the first edition I had, at the behest of my publisher Adeel Niaz, experimented with the bullet format throughout the book. It was a novel idea that met with instant success for the readers found it easy reading and, more importantly, even easier to remember facts and figures presented in this format. I have to admit that it greatly helped in the sale of the book too. Whereas the first edition contained data up te mid-June 2020, an effort has been made here to include updates up to mid-October 2020 at least especially in chapters including Pakistan's Domestic Affairs: Economic; Pakistan‘s Relations with Saudi Arabia; Pakistan's Relations A. Scanned with CamScanner4 Relations with OIC; International poi ical with SAARC; Pakistan’ i terterrorism; Globalization, Kashmir i and Economy; ‘Terrorism and Count the Palestine Issue, Thope readers will welcome this revised edition just as they did the first one. Lahore October 2029 MOMS Scanned with CamSeannerPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the third book in the “A Refresher in Knowledge” series and the second in the “Elixir” series, after Elixir of Pakistan Affairs. The writing of both of these books in the “Elixir” series was undertaken after the astonishing success of the first book ‘The Interview Genius that has been greatly appreciated by the young aspirants preparing for the CSS/PMS exams, especially those preparing for the viva voce. I have employed the word ‘astonishing’ because I was personally not prepared for the sell-out that it turned out to be. My sincere thanks to all those who obtained it, and especially to those who found it useful and benefitted from it. This book has been written keeping the requirement of the CSS syllabus in view. In fact, every effort has been made to follow the syllabus as closely as was possible. An in-depth analysis of different subjects and events has been provided with adequate comments /conclusions at the end of most chapters. In writing this book, I have adopted a novel approach, as I did with Elixir of Pakistan Affairs: The whole book has been written in the ‘bullet’ format, My publisher, Adeel Niaz agrees that this style makes it easier for the reader to understand, grasp, and remember what is being studied. Actually, it was he who wholeheartedly encouraged me to undertake the writing of both books in the “Elixir” series. 1 am indebted tohim. It was planned to send the manuscript to the press in March 2020, However, it got delayed because of the outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdowns in Lahore. Conversely, it furnished me an opportunity to update it, especially the chapter on the economy af, Pakistan, and include in it facts and figures released by the government in the Economic Survey for 2019-20 and the federal budget for 2020-21. While researching for this book, I visited scores of websites and depended on my personal notes and clippings from various newspapers collected over time, in addition to books on different topics. The websites are far too numerous for me to name but I do acknowledge that without ‘Scanned with CamScanner& ssible. Therefore, a ‘ access to them this book would have just not be P ae access to their collective, big thank you to them all for allowing databanks. i I Thanks are also due to my spouse, Zaiba for bi Bonin hours at the computer each day for several months - Se corpo patience without which I may not have been able toa Lahore June 2020. ‘Scanned with CamScannerat FPSC SYLLABUS FOR Css PAKISTAN'S DOMESTIC AFFAIRS (20 marks) O Political Q Economic OQ Social PAKISTAN'S EXTERNAL AFFAIRS (40 marks) © Pakistan’s relations with its neighbours (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia) © Pakistan's relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi ‘Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey) O Pakistan’s relations with the United States © Pakistan's relations with regional and — international organizations (UN, SAARC, ECO, OIC, WTO, GCC) Gropat Issues (40 marks) QO International security Q International political economy O Human rights Q Environment: Global warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord Population: world population trends, world population policies Terrorism and counterterrorism. Global energy politics Nutlear proliferation and nuclear security Nuclear politics in South Asia International trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package) ° oo000 Scanned with CamSeanneroO oo000 10 Co-operation and competition in Arabian Sear Fndinn and Pacific oceans. Millennium Development Goals, Globalization Middle East crisis Kashmir issue Palestine issue current status ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Contents O Preface to the Second Edition. 5 O Preface to the First Edition and Acknowledgements —-—-----7 Oo FPSC Syllabus for CSS soeeeceecneneeeen ed PART I PAKISTAN’S DOMESTIC AFFAIRS Chapter} 1 POLITICAI Introduction emer 25 Civil Rule 1947-58 ——————____-_____—25 -28 ° ° Q Ayub Khan‘s Martial Law to 1970 General Elections Q Bhutto's Rise to Power until Death of Gen. Zia-—-—--—~ ° Q Qo Benazir to End of Nawaz Sharif’s (Second) Government —--——36 icc leaemieinl Gen. Musharraf to Imran Khan ---— Heads of State and Government (1947-2020)——---------—-48 Chapter] 2 ECONoMIt Q Introduction Mid-Year 2020 Scenario 2 Economic Survey 2020-21 ~ an overview an anceceenrceeee 58 Scanned with CamScannero a Cha SOCIAL. ooooco0a00c0d FOREIGN POLICY: DEFINITION AND PARAMETERS... 12 ee Post 2020-21 Budget Observations eee ‘Comments. 3 Introduction ————— Population —————— Poverty === Child /Bondgd Labour ~~ ————— ee Education a Health and Sanitation aa Low Status of Women/ Gender Discrimin eis ation 82 Housing-——— Solutions-—————— 7 PART I PAKISTAN’S EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Chapter| 4 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH INDIA .. COoO09O OOO Og - Third Party Mediation Introduction —————-———————- 2 Partition and the Early Years iS Wars of 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and Kargil --—~ 97 100 Summit Meetings and Lahore Declaration ——— Foreign Secretary Level Talks and Composite Dialogue-——— 106 Terrorist Attacks and Disruption of “Peace” Process ———— 109 Kartarpur Corridor Conclusion Scanned with CamScannera3 crater 5 PAKE g9ooo0o°o isTAN‘S RELATIONS WITH CHINA., Intraduction - Development of Relationship — LS emma Position on Kashmir ————-————----____.. ei! |.) asc 4 ee 190) Co-operation in other Fields ina-Pakistan Economic Corridor————--. 7 China-Paki: mic Corridor- w= Conclusion iy Chapter | 6 Coavter| 6 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH AFGHANISTAN... a o 0 oO Hostile Beginning ~ 9/11 and its Aftermatl Challenges in Relationship-— Conclusion -------—--~ Chapter | 7 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA ..... Qo a QO ° Introduction -—-——--—— Early Years ————— Change of Mind set === 0 Conclusion =v Chapter| 8 PAKISTAN'S RELATIONS WITH IRAN 9 Introduction — Relationship during Shah’s Time———-—~ Scanned with CamScanner14 Q Relationship since the Islamic Revolution ———____ his © Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline Project———-—___ gy Cooma nn 59 Chap r| 9 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH SAUDI ARABIA... 154 © Introduction —_—_——— 154 © Early Years —_——— Es © — Closeness of Relations 156 QO Conclusion 160 Chapter|10 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH INDONESIA. © Background -— 162 © Political— dhe 163 © Economic —~ 164 QO Defence 165 Conclusion ——————-— 166 Chapter|}11 PAaKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH TURKEY... Q Background ea OQ Political- © Beonomie © Defence: asi Chapter |12 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES... Early Years 178 Q After the Cold War————-— 179 Scanned with CamScanneris o 9/11 and War on Terror @ Conclusion Chapter |13 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH THE UN, Background . irae OG Relations pm—-n-vwrenennemenn ou Security Council Reform sreeea—eseeeee Pakistan and UN Peacekeeping Efforts: UN and Kashmir Dispute —-— Non-Proliferation and Disarmamente-—--------——- 193 UN in Pakistan ——-——_—---evnen. Chapter |14 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH SAARC... 188 190 onennnnn nner 19] ooooococeo a 184 What is SAARC -—w--nv-vnw-evenevevrverrrervvvevvnreenerenrennrerrevne 197 © _ Pakistan's Role in SAARC 198 © SAARC Events during COVID=19 <-----evemmnenremnnnne—= 203 © Concleiston anne 205 Chapter] 15 PAKISTAN‘S RELATIONS WITH ECO. 9 What is ECO. © Pakistan's Role in ECQ en 209 Chapter] 16 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH OIC won Q Background —-—-————-—--= aac AG ee 2S Q Pakistan's Involvement -=—-—--———~ Scanned with CamScanner16 OIC and Kashmir Isstue ey Kuala Lumpur Summit og Meeting of Contact Group on Jammu and Kashmir-—————.99, ‘Conelusion —- saeeeee Chapter |17 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH WTO. O Whatis W1O =n © Pakistan and WO © — Recommendations and Concl Chapter }18 PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH THE COMMONWEALTH ....0 oo00 235, sion © Whatis the Commonwealth" ——--- 238 Playing Elide and Seek =e 240 O Pakistan and the Commonwealth Games——-——~ 243 0 Achievements ——--——— een ener DA part IT GLOBAL ISSUES Chapter |19 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY... Q Introduction —————— UNDP's Definition ————____________ _-249 © International Security: Past and Presente-----=----— eee SIS © The Concept of Security nee enneeeeeeeee een A ‘Scanned with CamScannervy ‘Trends Involving International Security ee o TP Current Global Threats 256 g UN and International Security Best ee 264 INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY 0267 prrerrre S 267 Definition — Post-World War II Developments——----___¢g, Traditional Approaches to IPE-——-——--——--______271 New Approaches to IPE 273 Cold War and North-South Relations——--——— Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Globalization -—~ Contemporary IPE: An Overview Competition between the USand China COVID-19 and the World Economy— 275 278 279 285 288 cooooooo 000 Conclusion SE : Chapter | 21 Definition —— z E a g a 00 Universal Declaration of Human Rights —--—————— 300 Human Rights Watch _ Amnesty International Comparison between HRW and Al od 306 ee ———— Human Rights in Islam Calro Declaration on Human Rights in Islam——————— 307 Human Rights in Pakistan oo ooooooo9d Scanned with CamScanner18 Chapter | 22 ENVIRONMENT... Q The Scourge of Global Warming 312 ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change—3)5 ° Q Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC. 31g © Copenhagen Accord = 32 Chapter | 23 POPULATION: WORLD POPULATION TRENDS, WORLD POPULATION POLICIES .. . : © Facts and Figures. 324 Q Present and Future Trends- Se 326 © Urbanization 332, QO Population Policies 333 © Population Trends in Pakistan 339 Chapter | 24 TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM Definition Terrorism Explained. Counterterrorism UN and Terrorism Pakistan and the War on Terror =-e=--——---———————————-- 355 US War on Terror and Peace Agreement with Taliban———— 358 Intra-Afghan Peace Talks 361 Conclusion 6 Chapter | 25 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION .... Definition ma e0000000 © Spreading Awareness ————______—-37 ‘Scanned with CamScanner19 e000 ? oO & 2. | 8 Chapter| 26 NUCLEAR SECURITY AND SAFETY s.escsessssssee © Definition ——--——— one 390 © Elaboration and Interpretation ant © Nuclear Security Responsibility —---_--__39, © Threat of Terrorist Attacks —--------—----————-——-——~ 400 OQ Conclusion — 404 Chapter |27 NUCLEAR POLITICS IN SOUTH ASIA. © _ India’s Quest for Nuclear Weapons —— 406 © Pakistan’s Tit for Tat Response 410 © _ International Reaction: ————--——-44 © Confidence-Building Measures —~ 415 Comments a © Conclusion es 420 Chapter | 28 INTERNATIONAL TRADE—DOHA DEVELOPMENT ROUND AND BALI PACKAGE... 426 What is International Trade-———————————— 426 Doha Development Round 9 Failure of the Doha Round 438 Ball Package-—_——— << Conclusion =< 449 ocoo°o Scanned with CamScanner2 a Chapter|29 §o-OreRation AND COMPETITION IN ARABIAN SEA, INDIAN AND 'ACIFIC OCEANS... ABZ © Introduction 452 © Co-operation and Competition in the Indian Ocean Region ~456 © — Co-operation and Competition in the Pacific Ocean Region—472 © Partnerships in the Pacific- 481 © _ Situation in the South Pacific rrr ABE, © Comments and Conclusion et] Ch apter| 30 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS evnrvr 491 © Introduction $n Aim of the Goals— Tce Q Progress at Close of 2015 493 Q Comments—— 497 9 MDGs and Pakistan 500 © — Sustainable Development Goals-— QO SDGs and Pakistan Chapter |31 (GLOBALIZATION. © Introduction ——————_____________57 © Globalization Explained _— 508 Q Pras and Cons of Globalization- SIL O° Comments— —_ paces ID: @ Conclusion — = eB Q Impact of COVID-19 on Globalization ———----—-——518 ‘Scanned with CamScanner21 Chapter | 32 MIDDLE EAST CRIsIs . a > Introduction 523 © The Key Players 524 © The Scourge of ISIS 528 © Timeline of Crisis— — 531 © Significant Developments during 2019 and 2020 -—---—--=-=--~ 532 © Pakistan and the Middle East Situation ---—------ 536 ©! Comments and Conclusion: a eee 537 Chapter | 33 haoter|33 KASHMIR ISSUE.. Introduction — ——— ———— 542 Partition and Thereafter --——~ an 5A War of 1947-48 and UN Resolutions-— nm 545 War of 1965 and Tashkent Declaration -—--—-----—----- 547 War of 1971 and Simla Agreement 550 Siachen Conflict 1984 EL Lahore Declaration 1999- 552 Kargil War 1999. a 553 ‘The Water Dispute ———=———————-—-— 556 Revocation of Article 370- 558 ‘Trump's Offers of Mediation 560 New Political Map of Pakistan: aeemrnmnnnnnn S61 Possible Solutions. 562 Conclusion 564 ecoocooeocoa00oac0 0 Chapter | 34 PALESTINE ISSUE... 3 3 Background Balfour Declaration. 567 Scanned with CamSeanneroooco0000 3 (CSS PAST PAPERS... Developments since the Creation of Israel 569 Intifadas———— 572 Issue of etiemes——— 376 Issue of Refugees eee Ciao 579 One-State or Two-State Solution 581 President Trump's Peace Plan 583 Reactions and Comments 584 UAE's and Bahrain's Diplomatic Overtures towards Israel and the Abraham Accords 587 591 Comments /Conelusions Scanned with CamScannerPART I PAKISTAN’S DOMESTIC AFFAIRS ME, ‘Scanned with CamScannerChapter| 1 POLITICAL INTRODUCTION O Pakistan has swung between civilian and military rule since its independence in 1947, Therefore, to try and discuss the political domestic affairs of Pakistan without shedding light on the military tule in the country would be a pure exercise in futility, © Inhis book Pakistan and World Affairs, Shamshad Ahmad points out that the story of Pakistan is one of remorseless tug and pull between the civilian and military rulers, In the process, the country failed to develop a sustainal ic system based on constitutional supremacy and institutional integrity. The main causalities have been the rule of law, the state institutions and the process of national integration, The country’s difficulties were aggravated by repeated constitutional subversions, frequent political bredkdowns, long spells of military rule, societal chaos and social discontent, weakened institutions, incessant corruption, and general aversion to the rule of law. © Between 1947 and 2012, not even ance did an elected government complete its tenure and peacefully transfer power to another elected government take place. All of Pakistan's previous transitions to democracy were aborted by military coups with the military ruling the country for 32 years. It was ultimately in 2013 that a civilian government ~ led by the Pakistan Peoples Party - completed its full constitutional term of five years and the Pakistan Muslim League (N) took over. Civit RULE 1947-1958 © Pakistan was born a fragile nation-state and was burdened with ideological and ethnic cleavages and was created amidst Administrative chaos, The first decade in the life of the nascent country was a period of great political turbulence as a result of inexperience and vested interests. Scanned with CamScanner26 N independence was marked by heavy de, 2 ine ho ee personality of Jinnah who was made goog general, His licutenant in the Muslims League, Liaquat Ali Khan.) famed prime minister, Pakistan's first government had a dicot tock before it, Unlike Allama Iqbal’s eatlier vision for Pakistan, country had been formed from the two regions where Musing svore the majority. Pakistan's two wings Were separated by got 1,600 kms of Indian territory. cena sinamue: innah’s dynamic personality that st © coun ° ane ig aca first eenths, His formidable presence, even though weakened by illness, loomed large over the Polity, and the other members of government were totally subordinate ty jj wishes, Thus, although Pakistan commenced its independent existence as a democratic entity with a parliamentary system, the representative aspects of the political system were muted by the tule of the Quaid : © But to add to the country’s problems, Quaid-e-Azam passed a in September 1948, only 13 months after the birth of Pakistan leaving behind an enduring political vacuum that his successors in the Muslim League had great difficulty filling. © Khawaja Nazimuddin, the chief minister of East Bengal, was called on to take up'the office of governor general. Known for his mild manner, it was assumed that Nazimuddin would not interfere with the parliamentary process and would permit the prime minister to govern the country. QO Unfortunately, Liaquat Ali Khan lacked the authority of the Quaid, nor did he possess Jinnah’s strength of personality, He was, therefore, hard put to cope with entrenched and vested interests, particularly in regions where local leaders dominated He was eager to give the country a new constitution, but this was delayed because of controversies, particularly over the, distribution f provincial powers and over representation. Not being able to come up With a Constitution proved 16 Be & reat setback to political ae Neverthe, Liaquat Ali fell to an assassin’s bullet in r e ° pestis assumed the premiership on Liaquat Ali’s death and Giulen Mediaanaaas, an experienced and successful civil servant bik ° ties i 's choice to serve as Pakistan's first finance ministet eovein Place as governor general. Nazimuddin was a weak head Eeepet vil Ghulam Muhammad became a strong head of ~ The death of two top leaders so soon after independent? cteated a vacuum and the patie 4 bef, ive set-up pattern itive se! by the Quaid came to an end, sternal Scanned with CamScanner° oy 27 The country saw six prime ministers during the next few years; Khawaja Nazimuddin was held responsible for disorder in Lahore in early 1953 - when the Ahrars, a hardliner political group, tried to costracize the heterodox Ahmadiyyas who were accused of violating a fundamental tenet of Islam by portraying their spiritual leader as a prophet - especially for his inability to quell it and was dismissed in April 1953 by Ghulam Muhammad who had given himself overriding powers and seemed to control the destiny of Pakistan, ‘This signalled the fragility of parliamentary democracy. The appointment of Muhammad Ali Bogra, who had replaced Nazimuddin as prime minister and who was a non-representative did not pacify the Bengalis. As a result, the Muslim League_ os tothe Unie Front ect by Fl Hag in ast Bengal the 1558 v provincial elections. But before Haq convene his cabinet, riots erupted in some factories near Dacca (now Dhaka) giving the central government the opportunity to establish “govemor's rule” in the province and overturn the United Front’s victory. Fazlul Haq was sent ‘home and Iskander Mirza, a former defence secretary, and minister in the central government, was sent to rule Over the province, Emboldened by Nazimuddin’s removal, Governor General Ghulam Muhammad dissolved the Constituent Assembly in October 1954 after it moved to curtail his powers. Established at the time of independence, this Assembly had been unable to frame a constitution. And now when they did agree to a draft of the constitution, it stood dissolved. Muhammad Ali Bogra, who had tried to curtail the powers of the govemor general, too was eased gut of office in August 1955, ‘The new prime minister, Chaudhry Muhammad_All basically.a bureaucrat, supported the merger of the four provinces of West Pakistan, a move orchestrated by the bureaucrats who had taken control of the Muslim League, into One-Unit in October 1955. It was he who became the first prime minister to give the country a constitution on February 29, 1956. ‘The Constitution embodied objectives regarding religion and that had been set out in the Basic Principles Report published in 1950, one of which was to declare the country an Islamic republic. The national parliament was to comprise one house of 300 members, equally representing East and West Pakistan. Ten additional seats were reserved for women, with half coming from each region. The prime minister and cabinet were to govern according to the will of the parliament, with the president exercising only reserve powers, Pakistan's first president was its last governor general, Scanned with CamScannerIskander Mirza but at no time did he consider bo of the parliament, M186 1 the wish QO By the start of the second quarter of 1958 conditions jn country, bath political and economic, had deterlorated to such extent that one columnist described these thus: “Pakistan an much like Hobbes’ state of nilure where every Political - provindlal group fought against every other group. wag ceaseless and ruthless struggle for power. Most of the leader thought of themselves, their families, or at best their Provincia Broups and did not give a second thought to Pakistan. Pakistan needed a desperate remedy for this malady.” 2 On September 20, 1958, Abdul Hakim, the Speaker of the pas Pakistan Assembly, was physically expelled fromthe Hoaaraaee loud allegations that he was insane, Three days later, the ty speaker, Shahed Ali - who had to preside over the proceedings ¢ died as a result of violence in the Assembly Such incidents, coupled with allegations that Kalat was preparing to secede, created alarm, On October 7, 1958 President Iskander Mirza dismissed the country’s serving prime minister, Sir Feroz Khan Noon (he had been in office for nine months only), abrogated the 1955 ‘Constitution, dissolved the assemblies, and banned all political activity, © He declared that the country was under martial law and that General Ayub Khan had been made chief martial law administrator, On October 24, he swore ina new cabinet and named Ayub Khan prime minister. Ayub Khan was not contended to be named prime minister for he knew that his military career would come to an end; nor was he willing to work with Iskander Mirza. Therefore, on October 27, his senior generals presented Mirza with an ultimatum of facing permanent exile or prosecution by a military tribunal. Mirza chose the former and left for London never again to retum to Pakistan. AUB KHAN’S MARTIAL LAW TO 1970 GENERAL ELECTIONS Military take-over and the declaration of martial law was completed in twro phases. The first phase began on the night of October 7 whet President Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution; dissolved tt central and provincial assemblies; dismissed the central and Provincial cabinets and banned political parties. Gen. Ayub 2 appointed supreme commander of the armed forces and martial law was declared th: roughout Pakistan, QO Explaining this move, Mirza said that pathetic political conditions and growing corruption in the society, and the inability of th Politicians to change their ways had left him with no alternative to take this step, m ‘Scanned with CamScanner°° 29 On October 27, 1958, the second phase started with the banishment to London of Mirza and occupation of office of the president by Gen. Ayub. He also assumed the rank of field marshal, Ayub’s martial law lasted! 44 months, During that time the military authorities did not face opposition In consolidating their position; a number of army officers took over vital elvil service posts; many politicians were exelucted from Public life under an Electoral Bodies (Disqualification) Order (EBDO); a similar purge took place among civil servants. Ayub argued that Pakistan was not yet ready for a full-blown tutelage and honest goverament before a new constitutional system could be established. He, therefore, initialed a plan for “basic democracies,” consisting of rural and urban councils directly elected by the people that would be concemed with local governance and would assist in Programmes of prassroals development. Basic democracies was a tiered system inextricably linked to the bureaucracy, and the Basic Democrats occupied the lowest rung. of a ladder that was connected to the country’s telisils, districts, and divisions. Justifying the concept of basic democracies, Ayub Khan writes in his book Friends Not Masters, that he had two broad objectives in mind: one was to organize people to take care of the problems of their areas and to inculcate in them the spirit of self-help; the other, to find a meaningful electoral system for the election of the president and the members of the assemblies In support of indirect clections, he wrote, “I want to give people democracy, but I want to give them the type of democracy they can understand.” Elections took place in January 1960, and the Basic Democrats, as the members of the electoral college became known, were at once asked to endorse and thus legitimize Ayub Khan's presidency. Of the 80,000 Basic Democrats, 75,283 affirmed their support. During these ycars Pakistan's was a society in which the political, social and economic life was dominated by the landed aristocracy. The feudal leadership of political parties was not capable of dealing with the multifarious problems faced by the country. It depended heavily on the civil and military bureaucracy. The result was that the bureaucratic elite became disproportionately assertive, steadily increasing their power at the expense of the political elite. Those political personalities who were to steer the ship of the state were predominantly unscrupulous, corrupt and power hungry. None of them could rise to the level of «statesman. They remained self-centred petty politicians. The inevitable result was extreme Political instability, palace intrigues, the ever-growing influence of the bureaucracy and the mililary in politics. Scanned with CamScanner30 In 1962 Ayub Khan promulgated another constitution. Milita wae bioaeet to an oa but political power remained concent f ib Khan who formed his own party, ae ee tia . . The Constitution introduced z presidental Gystem of government with the roles of head of state ead of goverment being combined in the president who indirectly elected by the Basic Democrats. Central ministers, provi governors and their ministers were all responsible to the presideng, ‘The provincial governors were t be nominated by the president “ty enavve that his writ would prevail in the provinces, Without this the ce aa would crumble. There should be a full measure of Gelegation of subjects to the provinces to give them adequate autonomy, and flexibility,” Ayub wrote in his book, ion changed the state's designation from the “Islamic Rovoblc of Valisan to the “Republic of Pakistan,” andl reerman te the Ouran and the Sunnah in the 1956 Constitution were deleted, ‘Amendments to the Constitution required a two-thirds majority in Parliament and presidential occurrence. The judiciary was stripped of powers to question any law passed by the legislature, ‘Ayub Khan won another formal term as president in January 1965 in an election in which only the Basic Democrats cast ballots. He won from Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Quaid-e-Azam in a closely. contested election. Things changed for Ayub Khan after the September 1965 War with India especially following the Tashkent Declaration which came as a shock to the nation. People felt they had won the war on the battlefield but lost it on the table. Students riots took place starting from Rawalpindi that had nothing to.do with politics, but after the death of one student following police firing, these spread to other cities of Pakistan, fanned of course by disgruntled politicians in the forefront of whom was Bhutto. There was rising opposition led by Bhutto in West Pakistan and Sheikh Mujib in East Pakistan, Ayub arrested them both as well as some other prominent politicians including Khan Abdul Wali Khan. Protests followed and strikes started to paralyze the economy and. attempts to restore tranquillity started to prove futile, By the end of January 1969, Ayub came to realize that continued use of force would not solve the problem as by then people from all walks of life were up against his regime. To pacify feelings Ayub announced that in proud not contest the 1970 elections. But perhaps that was t00 bins 65 late, He had stayed in power too long and it was time for Pakista’s second martial law was imposed on March 25,1969 whet yub announced his resignation in an address to the nation Scanned with CamScanner Btivis af ChireeRY AttaTeS” ~31 named Gen. Agha Muhammad Yah) d Ge a Khan to succeed him. Constitution of 1962 was abrogated, and the system ls Democracies was abolished, : The irony is that whereas opposition political leaders succeeded in forcing Ayub out_of office they failed to produce an allemate leadership. The reason is that they were not only fighting against the Ayub regime but also amongst themselves. And once again conditions were created where, except the armed forces, the society was fragmented and all the political issues since 1947 were re-opened. ‘The martial law brought the military back to power unimpeded by any constitutional or popular check. The transfer of power did not shift political power from the hands of the military and the bureaucracy. On the contrary, it provided another opportunity to exercise political power without any popular and constitutional restrictions. The response of the politically active circles was generally positive as most were happy to get rid of Ayub Khan, ‘They viewed this change as a transitional arrangement that would lead to the establishment of a participatory political process. Though Yahya was an incompetent person, yet he started considering himself as the ‘natural heir’ of Ayub Khan, He designated himself as the chief martial law administrator and assumed the office of president as well. Unlike Ayub Khan, he did not quit the command the Army, combining three offices - CMLA, C-in-C of the Army and President in one. ‘The new military regime drew heavily on the previous martial law. Martial law regulations were reintroduced with necessary modifications and the administrative arrangements as set out in the abrogated 1962 Constitution were kept, subject to the overriding power of the president/CMLA to make changes as he deemed it. Initially, no provincial governors were appointed, and the martial law administrators of West and East Pakistan were authorized to exercise their powers. In September 1969, Nur Khan and 5. M. Ahsan were appointed governors of West and East Pakistan, respectively and retired from service. Real power was wielded by the army generals. No attempt was made to frame a constitution. ‘Acceding to popular demand, Yahya Khan abolished the One-Unit system in West Pakistan and reconstituted the original Tour provinces ‘and announced free elections. In March 1970, he also proclaimed a Legal Framework Order stipulating thatthe future National Assembly would have 313 seats, 169 of which would go to East Pakistan, thereby giving it a majority, and that the provinces would enjoy greater autonomy. Yahya believed that he was taking a calculated risk but Scanned with CamScannerintelli agencies had assured him that Mulibur Rehman Awatni League would not win any more than 80 seats, | **™44 He ordered general elections for December 7, 1970. The dilemma was that in breaking up the One-Unit system, it distribution of seats in the National assembly got pporti among the provinces on the basis of population. This meant that East Pakistan, with its larger population, would be allotted mary seats than all the provinces of West Pakistan combined, By any criteria, elections were free and fair and there interference from the government which maintained Strict neutrality showing no favour or discrimination for or against an, Political party. There were no allegations of rigging in the clectiong ‘The results were disastrous from the standpoint of national uni and betrayed the failure, political acumen and sagacity in upholding the imperative of national unity and integration, Fighting on the basis of Sheikh Mujib’s Six Point Formula, hig Awami League won 160 of the 162 seats in East Pakistan and a neap. absolute majority in the 313-seat National Assembly, against the Pakistan People’s Party that managed to bag only 81 seats out of 138 in West Pakistan (169 from East Pakistan and 144 from West Pakistan, including 13 reserved seats for women ~ six from West Pakistan and seven from East Pakistan). Neither of these tvro major Parties could secure even a single seat in the other wing, The National Awami Party (NAP), together with its political ally, Jamia: Vlema-i-Islam (JUI), got clear majorities in Baluchistan and the NWEP. “he results of the election truly reflected the ugly political reality: the division of the Pakistani electorate along regional lines and! political i the country between the two wings. In Political terms, Pakistan as a nation stood divided as a result of the very first general elections in 23 years of its existence, An impartial analysis of the events that followed showed that Bhutto was more interested in getting power, no matter whether in a united or divided PaRGtan heres ee in a united Pakistan, he had little chance of forming the government The election result was not honoured and Mujib was not asked to form the federal government, Insiead it was Suggested that the two Wings be ruled by separate parties, The eriticat outcome from the 1970 elections was that neither of the two largest parties won @ single seat in the other wing. Electorally, Pakistan stood divided. Instead of inviting Mujib to form the government there was talk of having two prime ministers for the country - one in West Pakistat and one in the Eastern wing. Negotiations were held betwee" Scanned with CamScanner33, January and March 1971 between Mujib and Bhutto d an military government under Yahya, but these tripart were a dismal and total failure. sees the ruling hegotiations However, by mid-February the difference between the two maj pores had erysiallized and when President Gen. Yahya mnie Bhutto declared that his party will not attend its session unless there was ‘some amount of reciprocity’ from the Awami League. He is on record as having'proclaimed during a public meeting on Februar 1971 that “amajority alone does not count.” — In his autobiography In the Line of Fire, former president Gen. Pervez Musharraf writes that Bhutto threatened the newly-elected members of the National Assembly from West Pakistan that if they went to Dhaka to participate in the Assembly session “they should buy one-way’ tickets because if they returned he would break their Jegs.” It was Bhutto, again, who later uttered words that led to one journalist coining the famed headline: “udhar jum, fdhar hum’. During all this time, Sheikh Mujib made no attempt to reach out to the people of West Pakistan, nor did he do anything to neutralize the manoeuvres of Bhutto, In frustration, on March 1, 1971, Yahya announced the postponement of the National Assembly session causing a shaltering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan. In reaction, Mujib called for general strikes that eventually shut down the government and led to open rebellion and escalation of violence ending in the all-out war between India and Pakistan, ‘On March 26, 1971, Major Zia-ur-Rehman of Pakistan Army (He is the same Major Zia whose spouse Khalida Zia later became the prime minister of Bangladesh) declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujib and in April, the exiled ‘Awami League leaders formed a government-in-exife in Calcutta. Gon, Musharraf has clearly accused Bhutto for the breakdown of talks between East and West Pakistan, and of collusion with Yahya Khan against Sheikh Mujib when he writes: “It was a nexus between Bhutto and a small coterie of military rulers that destroyed Pakistan.” Not sparing Mujib in the process he adds, “the myopic and rigid attitude of Mujib didn’t help matters, and he played inte Bhuito’s and Yahya’s hands by remaining rooted in East Pakistan, forgetting that now he was prime minister-elect of the whole of Pakistan and needed to tour the four provinces of the western wing in order to reassure the people there and allay their fears.” ‘Scanned with CamScannera4 BHUTTO'S Rise TO POWER Unit DeatH OF GEN. ZiA Given the disturbances in the country and the loss of Bast Paki Given I the December 1971 war and surrender, Yahya vas an position to pass the presidency 10 still another general, Gp December 20, 1971 he resigned and handed over power to Bhutt who became the president. The Yahya era is considered to be the l history of Pakistan. He assumed the ‘office of president a the heag of a caretaker government, but his inept handling of the politica, Situation exposed his inability lo understand the gravity of the tical si i hat he had the ‘gun litical situation in the country: He presumed t 1’ gun’ inh ‘eve the solution of the East Pakistan Inhis hand, and he would acl problem, if need arose, by the use of brute force. resident to replace Yahya O The emergence of Bhutto as Pakistan's Pp 3 was a logical outcome ‘of the defeat in the war with India and the Joss of East Pakistan The very next day of taking over, Bhutto im ‘selective martial law in ‘some areas such as Balochistan and became the first civilian chief ‘martial law administrator. The first session of the National Assembly was held on April 14, 1972. (Within three days, an Interim Constitution was adopted. Q In 1973.a new Constitution was adopted that restored parliamentary government. Bhutto stepped down from the presidency, which he deemed ceremonial in the new constitutional system, and assumed the more dynamic premiership. . O As Bhutto's tenure progressed, he began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity; the democratic socialists’ Slliance that had previously allied itself with him began to diminish ‘Wali Khan and his National Awami with time, He stared wasting Wal 3? Pete also a sdciatist party. Their clash became increasingly fierce jing to the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the Mea oa dose Tieutenant of Bhutto, Hayat a0, in a bomb blast near Peshawar. ——— 2 Disgruntlement also increased within the PPP, and the murder of Jeading, dissident Ahmed Raza Kasuri’s father led to public outrage ie ae pony as an accusing, finger was pointed at Bhutto ienself. PPP stalwarts such as Ghulam Mustafa _Khar_st as Ghulam Must ar_started to peal conden Wshutto and called for protes nst his regime. ; tel ee in some parts of the country inion Khyber Pakhtunkt i doows, Kibes. Fal mea and Balochistan intensified as civil most turbulent period in the QO An Jara Sones i tos bree resciber. of ‘oppsalicn political parties fpare of the Asse: ae National Alliance (PNA), Despite the advised the president { beeing five years"as per the Constitution he President to dissolve the National Assembly and call ‘Scanned with CamScanner35, fresh elections before time. Accord; March 7, 1977. The opposition, spearheaded by PNA, faced defeat and did not accept the results, alleging that the election discontent degenerated into e " Was rigged; voter Violent street demonstrations, ‘The opposition boycotted provincial i ingly. elections were held on Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to severe unrest with the opposition calling for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime. On April 21, 1977, BI i inartial law in the major cities of Karachi, Lahore and Hyderaba id. The “army intervened, arrested Bhutto and dissolved his government, In this backdrop, the Bhutto era came to an end and the army take- over, dubbed Operation Fai: in the early hours of July Tsonal choice to head the ment. Zia informed Bhutto that he was sorry that he had been forced to perform such an “unpleasant task.” After deposing, Bhutto, Zia declared martial law in the whole country, “suspended” the Constitution and appointed himself chief martial law administrator. Bhutto was shocked ‘because he had earlier elevated the then three- star_rank lieutenant-general to four-star rank and appointed him chief of army staff. The promotion was ahead of a number of more senior officers; it was highly controversial but had political motives for Bhutto, who saw Zia as fi ligious_and_an apolitical military figure who had distaste of polities. (This was the same Motive and move made by future Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who Ertmoted Pervez Musharraf based on his political ambitions, as chief of army staff, but met the same fate as Bhutto in 1999). Starting October 1977, Bhutto was tried oe caret a = See the murder of a political opponent. Zia uphel fireigit enders and despite many appeals for clemency fom re hanged requesting him to commute the ae ety antroverstad ord il 4, 19; ial was considered | a ant Bros ae be cee by the Intemational comms and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistan. scan rumen AS president, Zia issued satire Borie the presidency a Constitution so that power was shite uy, the Rev Promoted a policy of Islamization. Mos ‘ i wer to dissolve the Constitution of 1973 Order granted him the pow! ai the National Assembly virtually at will. Scanned with CamScanner9 °o o o 36 la fist announced that new el days but later paneyed_ ait hls prem years of an entre wly Te ative mililary regime, though not period tions would s0¢ 1 aklat nd progress were ie atale, Accordingly, a number of icy, including the out On December 24, IL, a finn) wan by the president al by hin, ‘The first session of the Majlis vont convene on faruary 11, 1982, In iis sited and eontrolied political activities: were resumed, 4 renwral elections were later held for Natio 1: on_February 25, 1985, on inated as the arch 24, 1985 held in 1944 that confirmed Zia's policy of Inlarnization “yes” vole agrec with 7 Iulamization policy, jected as a vole for remain in office as president Sor another five years, ia (ook relay + 54(2)(b) of the Constitution and dismissed Junejo’s_ gover ton May 29, 1988 on charges of incompelency and cconomic slay flation, But tie major factors responsible for his removal were ssid to be his decision to sign the Geneva Accords on April 14, 1986 on the velllement of the situation relating to Afghanistan and allowing the Russian retreat from Afghanistan, and his open declaration of removing any military personnel found responsible for the explo unition dump_at_Ojhri Camp in Rawalp Zia preosed th dependent on aneanuren were Introduction of the Fi nicl Ovtajth poliey th linn, a Bal prime sin Hi vate of confidence on Barlier, a re BENAZIR TO END OF NAWAZ SitAnir's (SECOND) GOVERNMENT Le) a a Zia himself did not complete his full term because of his death, along, with 31 other not in a mysterious plane crash neat Hahawalpur on August 17, 1988, Still, he was the longest serving, head of state of Pakistan, — ma me ha the most critical time in the history of Pakistan, but it amaved many observers the country stayed calm fellowing the president's death. Many had expected the military ie ow ae to continue to run the country, as it had done on a er of occasions in the past. Others say this i opportunity for democracy in Pakistan. the Gest al poe Zia‘s death, the chain of the Senate, Ghulam an g i F Heri acting president. His first official act was to declare ecllons scheduled for November 1988 would be held a Scanned with CamScanner37 planned. Accordingly, another transition place. The PPP under the leadership of election held gn November 16. Though the PPP emerged as the single largest party in The eIeefiors it was not a clear winner in the centre and had garnered only 92 seats out of the 207 in the National Assembly, Therefore/t required the Suppo ore Political party to form the government. Nevertheless, with the support of smaller parties, Benazir was elected prime minister on December 2, 1988, becoming the country’s first female prime minister. She was also abk was also able to form governments in Sindh and NWEP. Ishaq Khan was formally elected president, In Punjab, the PPP secured only 94 seats while the Democratic Alliance, led by Naw. the Tatter too did not hav Sharif managed to form the of smaller parties, towards democracy took Benazir Bhutto won the lamic % Sharif, enjoyed 111 seats, bur ar majority, Nevertheless, Nawaz Sovernment in the Punjab with the help et According to the Constitution as ame compelled to share powe Ishaq Khan who was the nded by Zia, Benazir was * with the president, in this case Ghulam chairman of the Senate but by virtue of an article in the Constitution, became president. The Sth Amendment gave him discretionary powers including the authority to dissolve the National Assembly. Gen. Zia had carved this power to 50 by dint of Antiele trengthen his own position more (2)(b) of the Constitution, Now, because of the same power, Ghulam Ishaq Khan was unwilling to relinquish it. Benazir’s tenure was marred by political confrontation because, lacking the requisite two-thirds majority, she cauld not do away the 8th Amendment that was eroding her power. She had also started facuy charges of ineptitude and corruption and demands for her removal were heard throughout the country. The tension between the II] and PPP resulted in th lation of a Ro-confidence motion against Benazir in the National Assembly. This did not succeed. But Ishaq Khan took advantage of the situation and ruled that the PPP administration had lost the trust of the people. On August 6, 1990 he dissolved the government and Sent Benazir packing after just 20 months in office. Another roun of elections was scheduiled for October. - di A state of emergency was declared thereby slewing Oe en ies to suspend fundamental citizen rights as e deemed Bt ee Mustafa Jatoi, a former stalwart of the PER si sesiign partic People’s Party (NPP) and leader of the combined op} was sworn in as carctaker prime minister. z Explaining the dismissal of ie ee e President claimed that the INati nt to the media, the bly had lost the / —_— Scanned with CamScanner38 is ince i “internal confidence of the people since it had become fractured by “intern dissensions and frictions, persistent and scandalous horse-trading for political gain and furtherance of personal interest, cOrrup practices and inducement.” He also #00 Oe aca spans : protect govemment for not being able to “protect 1 [7 a4 actually against internal disturbance.” The situafion. ail > proved a pickle for the PPP government, The owed ve had spread from Karachi to Fiyderabad and the vie! signs of abating. © Some quarters also held Benazir’s relationship with her father-in- i | Benazitssband, Asif, as reasons for her law, Hakim All Zar siris had made a fortune in Uewnfall Te was alleged that the Zardaris hae FT" 4, Ind dealings while misusing their position in authority - Q Another allegation 4 ism: The PPP manifesto had promised u“ ° jobs to the unemployed but most of these jobs landed in the hands ‘of party supporters. g Itis said that Benazir’ criticism ofthe Bth Amenlper was taken as a personal affront by Ghulam Ishaq Kan. Their confrontation came we the front on the issue of retirement of Chairman Joint Chiefs of Scott Committee (CSS) Admiral Iitikhar Ahmed Sirohey. ‘The PPP government issue the notification of his retirement while the b president hinted that Sirohey would continue fo s¢700 95 © Yetanother reason given for Benazir being sent home was her earlior dismissal of Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul, the powerful head of ISL “fonda close associate of President Ishaq Khan. A view was developed that the upper echelons in the Pakistan army had a hand in her dismissal. © General elections for the 9th National Assembly were held on cipher 24, 1990. The Muslim League (N), led by Nawaz Sharif won and he took oath of prime minister on November 1, 1990. Rar On NVR IUEE © In 1991 Nawaz Sharif took the step of replacing the COAS Mirza Aslam Baig with General Asif Nawaz and when Asif Nawaz died suddenly two years later, Ishaq Khan took it upon himself to appoint Lt, Gen. Abdul Waheed Kakar his successor, without consulting the prime minister. Resultantly, a struggle ensued between Nawaz Sharif and Isha i " q Khan, with Sharif need to curtail the powers of the president. ari arguing he 9 Bat bata Maun Sharif could act, the president, using his sorcutional ‘powers under Article S8(2)(b) and citing political violence, dismisont Ne eee ad posal ft ty jawaz Sharif’s go i 18, 1999. The National Assembly was again diaoked on Ape © “Though Nawaz Sharif had ri sentiment, Sharif had ridden to power on a wave of anti-PPP s position was weak and he had to form a coalition. Scanned with CamScannerf his different t the expectations of Jy, he could not mee Unfortunately, ren Supreme Court against his dismissal Nee ieee Sa May 26, 1993 ruled that the prime sneer “ould be reinstated. Its ruling read: fori Id that the order of the 18th April oe seri by alt pai is not within the ambit of the as ‘on the President under Article 58(2b) and other i aoe available to him in that behalf and has, therefore, been Soe calhea lawful authority and is of no legal effect. The army intervened and in July 1993 convinced both the president and the prime minister that it would be in the country’s interest for them to resign. With both the presidency and the prime ister’s office vacant, it was the army that ensured a smooth transition to a caretaker government. Senate Chairman Wasim Sajjad became acting president while Moeen Qjureshi,a former World Bank official, agreed to act as caretaker prime minister. With full support from the armed forces, implement reforms that included deval corrupt practices in and outside government, an lemanding that monies owed the government be paid forthwith. National elections were held again in October 1993, The PPP. won, though not with a majority of seals in the National Assembly; Nawaz Sharif’s PML. (N) was a distant second, Benazir formed the Sovernment and had the good fortune of having one of her own Party, Farooq Leghari, as president. Apparently, this provided her a stronger power base, Qureshi moved quickly to luing the rupee, exposing Nawaz Sharif's party was able to governments in Balochistan and NWEP. Unfortunately, Benazir lacked experience of running government affairs. Her style didn’t suit the efficiency of government. She kept under her own control the ministries of foreign affairs, finance and defence yet was under obligation fo accommodate the fenler stalwarts of the PPP. ‘They were-appointed as advisors and ae rus hold themselves accountable to the parliament. Most of i tment bureaucrats were made OSDs which sent a wave of discontent preted amongst them. i ari As luck would have it, relations between Benozit_and Leste deteriorated and reached the breaking ee ean dels allegations against the latter that he was profiling [™ cced that were linked to his PPP associations, an‘ form coalition provincial ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘oO 40 i mand and Benavir’s advice in dealing with the amy high com wl changes in the Supreme Court. ag cut shor 4 by the president_on © Benazir’ second tenure wa I ea November 5, 1996 in accordance with Pe tes agent i noturious ily Amendment {article 8210 I cht af the economy, government included corruption, mismar pee ees murder_of_Murlaza_bhutlo, see art om mpliance orders af the Supreme . . compliance of the orde iar pre ininister. Soon the process of establishing ity (CDNS), comprising minister, the interior er bers of the Joint Chiefs of thet a Council_for fent, the prin es Uo n and the vei ig, military officers appeared favourably ihe CONS, many politicians were Wary disposed to the formation 0! and reluctant to lend their support. © im the clections that followed in Fel emerged as the big winner capturing 'Wo taking all the provinces either outright oF provincial partics. He formed his second §5 17, 1997, © Zia had felt a sword of Damoeles in the form of the 8th Amendment tradition of dissolving the in the hands of the president. After Zia’s National Assembly and provincial assemblies four times, the tool of &th Amendment was indiscriminately used to dissolve the legislative assemblies on several occasions. © In March 1997 Nawaz Sharif gained parliamentary approval of undoing the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which withdrew the president's authorily to remove a government at his own diseretion and uf making his power 10 appoint military service chiefs and provincial governors contingent on the ‘advice’ of the prime minister. © President Leghari resigned in December 1997. A close associate of Nawaz Shani, Muhammad Rafig Tarar was elected as the new president, ° sare are not very sure as to why, but unrest grew, most af it directed agains Sharif’s rule. Perhaps his two-thirds majority had all foe hate a an autocratic behaviour. Nevertheless, it did not go iow ai When the COAS Gen, Jehangir Karamat spoke to him anaes te tC the prime Tninister who pressured the army high - Perver Musi Babe more compliant as well ax apollo eaten would be mini " » ENS ‘ster personally examined the other eppetied after the pi potential candidates and ruary 1997, Nawaz Sharif thirds of the vote and through coalitions with jovernment on February Scanned with CamScanner dal sharraf was appointed on taced generals. el enerals ranked above him rejected better F least two other Seanad: Octaber 7 are Both of them immediately resign limite in terms ofseni"9botween Sharif and the army append inthe The firs slams of flict (discussed in Chapter XXXII “Kaa mi wae was urged by the US, where he had rushed to on July Issue"). Shari ttdraw Pakistani troops and their support oui im 18 te complied to the chagrin of the army generals who munis Oe ina auttonity Wak, it Seams had wel coon fet betrayed BY ving in to the US demands. thered to consult them before giving, Fe ieguctioes Can Nuaioca vehemently defended and stood wah hs fellow officers, and the impression. started to circulate that the general were planning to challenge Sharif’s powers, anngyed the military establishment in Mes Semis aed it that he had eeaget before the UN Chal Assembly tasign the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. He further upset the men in uniform when, following the bombin of US embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salam by al Qaeda in the spring of 1998, the Americans pressured Sharif to stop « .ortin, the Taliban and to compel them to give up bin Laden. Probably the last straw was when the Prime minister announced his decision to search all madaris for arms caches he Suspected were stored there. It reinforced the military's impression that the prime minister was likely to yield to US Pressure and that these measures would result in their losing the special relationship they had developed with Kabul and that they believed crucial to the “strategic depth” of Pakistan, Sharif, only now realizing he had made the wrong choice to head the army, set in motion a plan to replace Musharraf with another Séneral. On October 12, 1999, he ordered Musharraf's ouster while the general was out of the country on a visit to Sri Lanka, replacing him with a family loyalist, [S1 Director General Khawaja Ziauddin Butt. But other generals Thwarled the plot and" arrested Sharif, On his retum to Pakistan the same day, Musharraf suspended the Constitution, dissolved the legislative assemblies and dismissed the Sharif government, Until the coup Sharif in Oci their terms ‘orruption ar ese Years, of General Musharraf against Prime Minister Nawaz tober 1999, none of the elected governments finished and were dismissed due to bad governance and ind (iaree elected governments were sent packing during by It is rather unfortunate that the lemocratic governments led by Ber al rivalry, Nazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were marred = ae People inefficiency, and tussle with the ether creme ol tees Were disappointed because the governments did ne ‘Scanned with CamScanner3 42 Pakistan’s short flirtation with democracy since the death of Gen. Zia had been a story of unfulfilled dreams and deception. The transition from military rule to democracy in 1988 remained a delusion. During 11 years of de jure democracy» power alternated Benazir and Nawaz Sharif who formed the government twice each but failed to complete full terms in office as they were ousted unceremoniously halfway through their terms each Hanes) LBng periods of military rule had stunted democratic institutions and prevented the development of @ democratic culture. The ineptitude of the pantrear Teadership, Meir disregard for democratic institutions and their lust for absolute power also contri buted to the weakening of the very basis of liberal democracy. GEN, MUSHARRAF TO IMRAN KHAN o ° Musharraf declared himself as chief executive through @ Proclamation wer to himself. of Emergency and arrogated virtual total po = Although the action was clearly acu dit aan imposed. Musharraf announeed that fandamenta rights guaranteed by the Constitution were to be preserved and that all laws other than the Constitution would continue in force unless altered by ‘military authority. Courts were allowed to continue functioning with the limitation that the judges not interfere with any order coming from the chief executive. Gen, Musharraf strongly objected the wordage use of "martial law” or "coup d'état, Instead he insisted that: “This is not martial law, only another path towards democracy.” Nawaz Sharif was arrested, charged and tried for high crimes, and, after being found guilty, sentenced to a long prison term. However, he was later released, ostensibly under international pressure, and went into exile to Saudi Arabia with the understanding that he would remain out of the country for 10 years. The take-over was legalized by the Supreme Court on May 12, 2000. It also granted Musharraf executive and legislative authority tor three_years from the coup date. When President Rafiq Tarar resigned ‘On Jane 2, 2001 Musharraf named himself, and was sworn, president. ee major policy speech five days after taking over, af announced his 7-point agenda, on October 17, 1999: Rebuild national confidence and morale. Strengthen the federation, remove incial di \. ite ard resorenationalcahegons | POT Satarnory Revive the economy and restore investor confidence. Ensure law and order and dispense speedy justice Scanned with CamScannerae i te institutions. ’ tS ieee to the grass-roots och ° Devolution d across the board accoun! * | anid ° Ensure swift ont eradication of Islamic ooeien = Be ne Ten gubeajuant atalements, he poetied fo unde Gat sectarianism. by transforming Zia’s radical legacy Nn aos polices were full of paradoxes, Those solemn ‘But Mus! i military, which itself had pledges raised question Piet ae tat ue Pabaseanl stata been @ met pealthy economy and a well-governed polity. cud a many ways, Musharraf's first policy speech was not very In Ei teen howe of previous military ralers ~ promising to fix ctenthing hat hed gone wrong with the country under civilian rule, omni 30, 2002, Gen. Musharraf used the same ploy as was done by his predecessor, Gen. Zia in 1984 to justify and prolong his rule, of holding referendum, The question he posed in his referendum was whether the people of Pakistan wanted to see him (Gen. Musharraf) eradicating sectarianism and extremism and wanted him to establish democracy and local government? Ninety-seven percent responded in the affirmative. It was more or less expected. This was despite the fact that polling stations presented a deserted look. Nevertheless, it gave him an additional five years as president, Following the referendum, was modified with provisi Legal Framework Order. the Constitution was restored though it ions spelled out in a document called the In addition to extending Musharraf's term, the LEO expanded the president's powers and increased. the number of members of both houses of parliament, Parliamentary elections were held in October 2002 under the limitations imposed | by the LEO. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q) - arty that Musharraf seemed to patronize — bagged more of the “tals in the National Assembly than any other contending party. MirZafarullah Khan Jamali became the prime minister, But within two years 4 Musharraf felt Jamali was not delivering and accepted” his resigna tion to be replaced first by his close colleague the PML (Q) leader, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as prime minister the short stint from June 2004-August 2004, and then by his nce minister Shaukat Aziz as the country’s 1Sth prime minister alter getting, him elected from two different constituencies. In December 2003, the parliament ratified most provisions of the as the 17h Amendment to the Constitution, confirming lusharraf’s power to dismiss a prime minister, dissolve Scanned with CamScanner