UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF DEIXIS USED IN SONG LYRICS OF

BILLIE EILISH’S SELECTED SONG

NUR IFTITAH
F041171005

Submitted to the English Departement in Faculty of Cultural Sciences of

Hasanuddin University as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement to obtain
Sarjana Degree in English Literature

ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

MAKASSAR

2021
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirahim.

Alhamdullillah. First, the writer would like to express the praise to the

Almighty Allah, due to the blessing, the chance, and the spirits, the writer could

accomplish this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana

Sastra Degree of English Department of Cultural Sciences of Hasanuddin

University.

In writing this thesis, the writer is assisted and encouraged by many people.

Therefore, the writer would like to express her great appreciation and special

thanks to:

1. Musrim Muis and Hadija S as the writer’s parents, Rukiah as the

writer’s grandmother, and for the brothers, Rama and Yayat. The

writer expresses the grateful feelings for their loves and prays, their

motivation, and their patience so that the writer has a spirit, both

physically and mentally, to be able to finish the thesis.

2. Sitti Sahraeny, S.S., M. AppLing., and Ainun Fatimah, S.S., M.

Hum., as the supervisors of the writer. The writer would like to give a

sincerest appreciation and gratitude to the supervisors for being kindly

in sharing the time and the guidance so that the writer could be able to

write thesis well.

3. Dr. Abidin Pammu, M.A., Dipl.TESOL., as a Head of English

Department and Sitti Sahraeny, S.S., M. AppLing., as a Secretary of

English Department, and all the lecturers in English Department.

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 Thank you for all the knowledge, motivation, guidance, and patience in

teaching the writer throughout college time in English Department.

4. Celengan Club. Big loves for Cece, Lilis, Oda, Atul, Firda, Rinta,

Hana Eonni, Kakak Amel, Winwin, Kakak Ade, Hillary. In

addition, Cempaka Squad, for Elel, Hael, Indah, Batara, Pute, and

the writer’s bestfriend Qonita and Daya who have always been loyal

since high school until now. The writer may not be able to be in this

phase without their supports. Thanks for always being there in the

happy and the sad times, the bright and the dark times, and all of the

wonderful moments in the writer’s life. Keep absurd yet humorous.

5. Sasing 2017, the college friends who had been gathering for several

years and struggling both in learning and organizing a community in

English Department. Thank you for the wonderful experiences and the

best moment during college time. The writer hopes for another

beautiful encounter in a beautiful future.

This thesis is obviously still far from the perfection. However, the writer

hopes that this thesis could be helpful for the next writer and the reader. Critics,

suggestions, and corrections are welcome in order to make a better result in the

thesis.

Makassar, June 21th, 2021

The writer

Nur Iftitah

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................................... ii

LEGITIMACY SHEET................................................................................................. iii
AGREEMENT SHEET ..................................................................................................iv
DECLARATION SHEET ............................................................................................... v
STATEMENT LETTER ................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................xii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................xii
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................... 14
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 14
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .................................................................. 14
B. FOCUS OF THE STUDY .................................................................................. 17
C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS................................................................................ 17
D. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...................................................................... 17
E. SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................. 18
F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .................................................................. 18
CHAPTER II.................................................................................................................. 19
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................. 19
A. PREVIOUS STUDIES ....................................................................................... 19
B. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 21
1. Pragmatics ...................................................................................................... 21
2. Deixis ............................................................................................................... 22
3. Types of Deixis ................................................................................................ 24
4. Context ............................................................................................................ 26
5. Description of Billie Eilish ............................................................................. 27
CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................ 31
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................. 31
A. Research Method ................................................................................................ 31
B. Data Source ......................................................................................................... 31
C. Data Collection ................................................................................................... 31

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 D. Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER IV ................................................................................................................ 33
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 33
A. Findings............................................................................................................... 33
1. Person Deixis................................................................................................... 33
2. Spatial Deixis .................................................................................................. 42
3. Temporal Deixis ............................................................................................. 45
B. Discussion............................................................................................................ 48
1. Ocean Eyes ...................................................................................................... 49
2. Bad Guy .......................................................................................................... 50
3. 8 ....................................................................................................................... 53
4. idontwannabeyouanymore............................................................................. 55
5. I Love You....................................................................................................... 56
6. Everything I Wanted ...................................................................................... 58
7. Bellyache ......................................................................................................... 61
8. Dominant Type of Deixis................................................................................ 62
CHAPTER V .................................................................................................................. 64
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .......................................................................... 64
A. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 64
B. Suggestions.......................................................................................................... 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................... 70
Everything I Wanted.................................................................................................. 70
8 ................................................................................................................................... 71
I Love You .................................................................................................................. 72
Bellyache ..................................................................................................................... 73
Ocean Eyes.................................................................................................................. 75
Bad Guy ...................................................................................................................... 76
idontwannabeyouanymore ........................................................................................ 77

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Ocean Eyes ....................................................................................................... 34
Table 2. Bad Guy ........................................................................................................... 35
Table 3. 8 ........................................................................................................................ 37
Table 4. idontwannabeyouanymore .............................................................................. 38
Table 5. I Love You........................................................................................................ 39
Table 6. Everything I Wanted ....................................................................................... 40
Table 7. Bellyache .......................................................................................................... 41
Table 8. Ocean Eyes ....................................................................................................... 42
Table 9. Bad Guy ........................................................................................................... 43
Table 10. 8 ...................................................................................................................... 43
Table 11. I Love You...................................................................................................... 44
Table 12. Everything I Wanted ..................................................................................... 44
Table 13. Bellyache ........................................................................................................ 45
Table 14. Ocean Eyes ..................................................................................................... 45
Table 15. Bad Guy ......................................................................................................... 46
Table 16. 8 ...................................................................................................................... 46
Table 17. idontwannabeyouanymore ............................................................................ 47
Table 18. I Love You...................................................................................................... 47
Table 19. Everything I Wanted ..................................................................................... 48
Table 20. Bellyache ........................................................................................................ 48
Table 21. Frequency of Deixis in Songs ........................................................................ 63

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 ABSTRACT
Nur Iftitah. 2021. A Pragmatic Study of Deixis Used in Song Lyrics of
Billie Eilish’s Selected Songs. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Cultural
Sciences. Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. (Supervised by Sitti Sahraeny and
Ainun Fatimah)
This research aims to 1) describe the type of deixis used in several selected
songs by Billie Eilish, 2) describe the reference of deixis used in the song Billie
Eilish, 3) find the dominant type of deixis in Billie Eilish's song. This research is
designed using George Yule's theory. Yule in his theory argues that deixis is
divided into three parts, namely person deixis, place deixis, and time deixis.
This research uses a pragmatic approach with a qualitative descriptive
method as the research design. The data in this research comes from several
selected song lyrics belong to Billie Eilish. There are seven songs used in this
research, which are Everything I Wanted, I Love You, 8, Bad Guy, Bellyache,
idontwannabeyouanymore, and Ocean Eyes. The data was obtained by
downloading the song of Billie Eilish along with the song lyrics. The data is then
analyzed by reading the lyrics of the song thoroughly and then sorting out the
lyrics that contain the deictic words in it.
This research shows result that all of Billie Eilish's songs used various type
of deixis such as person deixis, place deixis, and time deixis. Personal deixis is
divided into first, second, and third person. Personal deixis is a deixis that shows
the person who utters the utterances. Spatial deixis is a deixis that shows the place
or location where the utterance is spoken. Time deixis is a deixis that shows the
point or distance in time where the utterance is spoken. Based on the seven Billie
Eilish songs which have been analyzed, only one song does not have the three
types of deixis in it, titled idontwannabeyouanymore which does not have spatial
deixis. This research also shows that the dominant type of deixis used in Billie
Eilish's song is person deixis. There are 321 words of person deixis, 33 words of
space deixis, and 29 words of time deixis.

Keywords: Pragmatic, Deixis, Song Lyrics, References, Billie Eilish.

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 ABSTRAK
Nur Iftitah.2021. Studi Pragmatik Mengenai Deiksis yang Digunakan
dalam Lirik Lagu dari Lagu-Lagu Terpilih Milik Billie Eilish. Skripsi.
Departemen Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Ilmu Budaya. (dibimbing oleh Sitti Sahraeny,
S.S., M. AppLing dan Ainun Fatimah, S.S., M.Hum)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) mendeskripsikan tipe deiksis yang

digunakan dalam beberapa lagu terpilih oleh Billie Eilish, 2) menjabarkan rujukan
dari deiksis yang digunakan dalam lagu Billie Eilish, 3) menemukan tipe deiksis
yang dominan dalam lagu Billie Eilish. Penelitian ini dirancang menggunakan
teori deiksis George Yule. Yule dalam teorinya berpendapat bahwa deiksis terbagi
menjadi tiga bagian, yakni deiksis persona, deiksis ruang, dan deiksis waktu.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan pragmatic dengan metode

deskriptif kualitatif sebagai desain penelitian. Data dari penelitian ini berasal dari
beberapa lirik lagu yang terpilih milik Billie Eilish. Terdapat tujuh lagu yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini, diantaranya ialah Everything I Wanted, I Love You,
8, Bad Guy, Bellyache, idontwannabeyouanymore, Ocean Eyes. Data diperoleh
dengan cara mengunduh lagu Billie Eilish beserta lirik lagu. Data kemudian
dianalisis dengan cara membaca lirik lagu secara menyeluruh lalu memilah lirik
yang mengandung kata deiksis didalamnya.

Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua lagu Billie Eilish

menggunakan macam-macam deiksis seperti deiksis persona, deiksis ruang, dan
deiksis waktu. Deiksis persona terbagi atas orang pertama, kedua, dan ketiga.
Deiksis persona merupakan deiksis yang menunjukkan diri si penutur. Deiksis
ruang adalah deiksis yang menunjukkan tempat atau lokasi dimana ujaran
dituturkan. Deiksis waktu ialah deiksis yang menunjukkan titik atau jarak waktu
dimana ujaran tersebut dituturkan. Dari ketujuh lagu Billie Eilish yang diteliti,
hanya satu lagu yang tidak memiliki ketiga tipe deiksis didalamnya, yakni
idontwannabeyouanymore yang tidak mempunyai deiksis ruang. Penelitian ini
juga menunjukkan hasil bahwa tipe dominan deiksis yang digunakan dalam lagu
Billie Eilish adalah deiksis persona. Terdapat 321 kata deiksis persona, 33 kata
deiksis ruang, dan 29 kata deiksis waktu.

Kata Kunci : Pragmatik, Deiksis, Lirik Lagu, Rujukan, Billie Eilish

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Language is the most important tool of communication invented by human

civilization. Language helps us share our thoughts and understand others.

Language also involved in other fields such as language and arts. It can be found

in advertisement and entertainment which appear in society such as music, novel,

film or movie. One example of entertainment media is music which is familiar in

society.

Music is the art and science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds or

tones in varying melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre, especially so as to form

structurally complete and emotionally expressive compositions. Most people

usually make music becomes one of the important things in their lives whether for

enjoyment in listening, the emotional response, performing, or creating. It is a

proof that music brings an immense worth for society. Language can be used to

express feelings, moods, ideas, information, experiences, etc. It also applies to

musicians. They put their feelings, experiences, and ideas into songs.

Song is a short piece of music. It usually consists of melody and vocals.

Some composers also wrote instrumental pieces, or musical works without words

that mimic the quality of a singing voice. The words which appear on a song are

called lyrics. Lyrics can include a series of verses, the longer sections of the song

that tell the story, and refrain which is a short phrase repeated at the end of every

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verse. Most of music will be liked by the listeners if the content of the song has its

own meaning for the listener, so that’s why the song creator isn’t carelessly in

making the lyric (Deby, Gunawan, & Shena, 2018). Songs itself have some

functions such as to tell stories, express emotions, or convey a belief in faith. They

also can make a difficult work a little less tiresome because it serves to provide a

consolation for some people who are less enthusiastic.

Listening to song lyrics, people sometimes do not only try to apprehend

the meaning of lyric itself, but also the meaning of the speaker (the writer) means.

The study of what speakers mean or speaker meaning is called pragmatics. Yule

(1996) claimed pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as

communicated by the speaker (or writer) and interpreted by listener (or reader).

To draw the meaning, we should take into consideration how speakers come up to

express what they want to say regarding who they are talking to, where, when, and

under what circumstances. Some scopes of pragmatics include the study of deixis,

presupposition, reference, entailment and speech acts. In this research, the writer

uses pragmatics approach that analyses the deixis in song lyrics.

The word Deixis borrowed from the Greek word for pointing or

indicating. Deixis is reference to a person, object, or event which relies on the

situational context. First and second person pronouns such as my, mine, you,

your, yours, we, ours and us are always deictic because their reference is entirely

dependent on context. Demonstrative articles like this, that, these and those and

expressions of time and place are always deictic as well. In order to understand

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what specific times or places such expressions refer to, we also need to know

when or where the utterance was said.

This research focuses on the study of deixis in song lyrics by Billie Eilish

because recently there are many people are becoming a fan of Billie Eilish’s

songs. Nevertheless, almost all of the people do not know about the real lyric of

the song. They just listened for several time and memorize it without knowing

the meaning or the message that delivered in the song. One way to find out the

meaning of a song is with knowing the reference of words used in song lyrics.

When the listener knows the reference of the word, the meaning will become

perceptible. This thing makes the writer want to analyse the deictic word used in

song lyrics in order to make the reader more understand about the meaning on

Billie’s songs.

There are several reasons why the writer chooses Billie’s songs to be

analyzed. First, Billie Eilish is a very famous singer in this era. At a very young

age, 18 years old, she has won so many achievements, including by holding the #

1 position on the Billboard 200. She is also noted as the first youngest singer to

get a series of GRAMMY 2020 awards. The five trophies won by Billie Eilish

include the Best Vocal Pop Album category, Album of the Year, Record of the

Year, Song of the Year and Best New Artist for her debut album in 2019 "When

We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?", and still many other awards she has

achieved. Second, Billie has a unique character in every song of hers. The style of

her music is arguably not popular: alt-pop, which is sometimes experimented with

electro-pop, indie-pop and folk-pop yet this makes many people like the song

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because of the unusual genre. Last, Billie tends to have a dark impression in each

her songs, such as Bad Guy, Bury a Friend, All the Good Girls Go to Hell, which

sometimes makes it difficult for the listener to understand the meaning of the song.

Those three reasons above make the writer decides to do a research about deixis in

song lyrics by Billie.

B. FOCUS OF THE STUDY

In this study, the writer focuses on the types of deixis, the reference of

deixis, and what is the dominant type of deixis used in song lyrics by Billie

Eilish’s songs.

C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the types of Deixis used in the song lyrics of Billie Eilish’s

selected songs?

2. What is the referent meaning of Deixis used in Billie Eilish’s selected

songs?

3. What is the dominant type of Deixis used in the song lyrics of Billie

Eilish’s selected songs?

D. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To identify the types of Deixis used in the song lyrics of Billie Eilish’s

selected song.

2. To find out the reference meaning of Deixis which is used in Billie

Eilish’s selectd songs.

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 3. To analyze the dominant Deixis used in the song lyrics of Billie

Eilish’s selected song.

E. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is on analyzing songs of Billie Eilish. However,

the writer will give the limitation on this study in order to get a focused

explanation. This study will only focus on investigating the deixis in

Billie’s song lyrics using pragmatic approach by theory of Yule. The

writer has chosen seven songs of Billie Eilish which popular among her

many songs. Those are Everything I Wanted (2019), Bad Guy, I Love You,

8 (2018), idontwannabeyouanymore, Bellyache (2017), Ocean Eyes (2016).

F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Theoretically, this study expected to be an additional knowledge of

pragmatic especially in aspect of deixis. Practically, the writer hopes this

study can become a contribution to the other writer who wants to study the

using of deixis in song lyrics.

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. PREVIOUS STUDIES

A research about analysis deixis conducted by Ali (2012) A Person Deixis

Analysis in Song Lyric of Maher Zein’s Album. This research deals with

pragmatics field. It analyzes personal deixis in discourse of Maher Zein’s album

based on Goerge Yule theory (1996). The data are taken from Maher Zein’s song

in Thank You Allah album. The objects of this research are to identify the kinds

and reference of person deixis in song lyrics of Maher Zain’s album and analyze

the reference meaning of person deixis on song lyrics in Maher Zein’s Album. He

used qualitative method in his research. The first technique of data analysis is

reading the song lyrics. The second is identifying the person deixis in song lyrics.

Third, classifying the person deixis. The result of this research shows that there

are three kinds of person deixis which are first person deixis, second person deixis

and third person deixis used in Maher Zain Album. The reference meaning of first

personal deixis I and We refers to the singer and second personal deixis You refers

to a woman, Allah, Muhammad and people as the hearer. While the third personal

deixis He refers to Allah.

In contrast, the research above only identified the person deixis by using

George Yule theory in the Maher Zein's songs, while the current study focused on

the three types of deixis based on George Yule theory in the different subject

which is Billie Eilish’s songs.

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 Next, a research about deixis has been conducted by Hazat S (2018) with a

title Deixis Analysis on The Song Lyrics of Ed Sheeran “DIVIDE” Album. He

used qualitative method in his research. The aim of the research is to analyze the

kinds of deixis, the function of deixis, and the effect of the deixis to the meaning

of song lyrics by Ed Sheeran by using Cruse’s theory. The first technique of data

analysis is listening the songs for several times. The second is searching the script

of the lyrics. The third, determining some words that includes as deictic

expression. Last, marking the deictic word in song lyrics based on Cruse’s theory

of deixis. The result of the research shows that there are five types of deixis in

Ed’s song. There are person, spatial, temporal, social, and discourse deixis. Those

five types of deixis have their own effect to the meaning of songs.

The study of deixis has been also conducted by Kartika Anggraeny (2018)

entitled Deixis Used by Adeline in The Age of Adeline Movie. This study focuses

on deixis by using Levinson’s theory of deixis. The aim of the research is to

identify the kinds of deixis and the referent meaning of deixis used by Adeline

Bowman as a main character in the The Age of Adeline movie. The result of the

study shows that Adeline’s utterances contain five major types of deixis by

Levinson. The most dominant type of deixis in this study is first singular person

deixis I which refers to Adeline’s herself.

To compare, those three previous studies above have different things with

the current study. The previous study used Cruse’s and Levinson’s theory, while

the current study focused on the theory of George Yule. The objects of the study

are also different. The study conducted by Hazat S used Ed Sheeran’s songs as his

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object and Kartika A used The Age of Adeline movie as her object. Moreover, the

study by Hazat focuses on the effect of deixes used in song lyrics, while the

current study focuses on the dominant types of deixis in song lyrics and its

referent meaning.

B. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between

context and meaning. Context is the elements outside the language which studied

in pragmatic. This study learns how the meaning can be delivered not only on

linguistic knowledge (grammar, lexicon, etc) from the speaker and listener but

also from the context of the speech, knowledge of anyone that involved in

conversation, and the implied meaning of the speaker. There are several

definitions of pragmatic from some linguists. According to Levinson (1983:24)

pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the

contexts in which they would be appropriate. Besides, Leech (1983: 6) states that

pragmatics is the study of meanings in relation to speech situation.

Hence (1993: 42) defines pragmatic is the study of the conditions of

human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. Addition,

Griffiths (2006: 1) states that pragmatics is concerned with the use of knowledge

and its patterns in meaningful communication. He also notes that pragmatic is a

relationship between semantic knowledge and human knowledge of the world by

paying attention to the use of context. As well as, Yule (1996: 3) points out

pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker

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(or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). In communication, people

have to recognize the meaning of words in utterance and also what speakers or

writers mean by their utterance to be able to communicate clearly.

Yule (1996: 3) actually divides pragmatic into four definition, as following;

(1) “pragmatics is the study of the speaker meaning”, it means pragmatics analyse

what people mean by their utterances rather than what the words or phrases means

in those utterances. (2) “pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning”, it means

pragmatics study what people mean in a particular context and how the context

influences the utterance. In short, context is an essential thing in pragmatics. (3)

“pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said”. Yule said

that listener can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at

interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning. Last, (4) “pragmatics is the

study of the expression of relative distance”, it means speaker determine how

much to be said in paying attention to how close or distant the listener is.

From the definition above, mostly of them point out “context” as a part in

pragmatics. We can conclude that pragmatic is very closely related to context.

Pragmatics can convey about people’s intended meanings, their purposes or goal, and

also any kind of actions.

2. Deixis

The word Deixis borrowed from the Greek word for pointing or

indicating. However, some linguists have their own opinion in defining and

explaining deixis. Yule (1996: 9) writes deixis is derived from Greek word means

“pointing Via language”. Levinson (1983:54) deixis is the single obvious way in

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which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures

of language themselves. Levinson added that deixis concerns the ways in which

languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech

event, and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances

depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. Next, deixis is the relation of

the reference to the point of origin to the utterance (Grundy, 2000).

All languages have their own deictic words which ‘point’ to ‘things’ in the

physical social context from the speakers and addressees then whose referents can

only be determined by knowing the context in which they are used. These are

examples of deictic words: (1) pronouns I, you, and we, which point to

participants in any speech act then she, he it and they are used when they refer to

others in the environment. (2) locative expressions such as here, this/these,

that/those, and there, which designated space of the speaker. (3) temporal

expressions now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, next month and so

on, it relatives to the time when they are used (Kreidler, 1998).

There are several types of deixis. Some linguist has different opinion about

the types of deixis. Based on Yule (1996: 9), there are three types of deixis. They

are person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. Furthermore, Levinson

(1983) advanced deixis into 5 types, those are person deixis, place deixis and time

deixis which are belongs to the traditional categories and then he expanded deixis

types which are discourse and social deixis. From the statements above, it is clear

that deixis is indicating or pointing person, place, time the context of utterances.

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We will know who the speaker or listener is, when, and where the sentence is

uttered.

3. Types of Deixis

In pragmatics study, there are some opinions about types of deixis. We

use deixis to point to things (it, this, these boxes) and people (him, them, those

idiots), sometimes called person deixis. Words and phrases used to point to a

location (here,there, near that) are examples of spatial deixis, and those used to

point to a time (now, then, last week) are examples of temporal deixis. In this

research, the discussion is focused only on three parts of deixis based on Yule’s

theory.

3.1. Person Deixis

Person deixis is familiar with pronouns. The basic grammatical

distinctions here are the categories of first, second and third person. Based on

Yule (1996;9), first person is I, second person is you, and third person are he, she,

or it. The function of person deixis is to indicate a person who utters the utterance

or sentence. Person deixis concern the person involved in an utterance, such as; (1)

the persons directly involved e.g. the speaker and the addressee, (2) the person not

directly involved e.g. those who hear the utterance but are not being directly

addressed, (3) the persons mentioned in the utterance.

Addition, Cruse mentioned that person deictic words include pronouns (I,

You, him, mine, yours, hers, myself, yourself, herself), possessive adjectives (my,

your, her) and verb inflection (I love, You love, he or she loves). Nevertheless, the

24
form of plural and singular is used to analyze the deictic expressions of person

deixis.

Example : “I can‟t sleep yet”

The underline deictic word of the example above (I) is the first person and

as a person who utters the sentence. In short, deictic word (I) refers to a speaker

himself in the sentence.

3.2. Spatial Deixis

Spatial deixis is clearly relevant to the context of distance. In considering

special deixis, however, it is important to remember that location from the

speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically (Yule, 1996: 12).

Spatial deixis has two types of deictic words which are proximal deixis, which is

known as near from the speaker, using this, these, here and distal deixis, known as

away from the speaker or both speaker and addressee , using that, those, there.

Example : I‟m on the path now

The deictic word “the path” is indicating location of person who utters

the utterance or sentence. It also indicates that place or location of speaker. The

writer concludes from explanation above if spatial deixis pointed the location of

speaker’s said.

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3.3. Temporal Deixis

Temporal deixis is also familiar with time deixis (Levinson, 1983).

Temporal deixis has a function to locate points or intervals on the time deixis,

using the moment of utterance as a reference point.

Temporal deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and

referred to in an utterance, such as, tonight, last week, yesterday, before, after, and

so on. It also includes time adverbs like now, then, soon, and so forth. Yule (1996:

14) states the distal term “then” for temporal deixis applies to both past and future

time relative to the speaker’s time.

Example : [a] I was in London then

[b] Ok. I’ll see you then

These forms of temporal reference can be learned a lot later than the

deictic expressions such as yesterday, tomorrow, today, and so forth. The

examples tells that it is important to know the relevant utterance time. From the

explanation above, the writer conclude that temporal deixis is indicating the

timing at which the utterance was spoken.

4. Context

Discussing about pragmatic and deixis, it is clearly related to the context.

Pragmatics is study about aspects of meaning which are dependent on context.

Meanwhile, in order to understand about a reference of utterance that uses deictic

expressions, readers or listeners should be able to identify the contexts of

utterance.

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 Context is the central aspect in doing the interpretation of the meaning in

utterances. By understanding the context, it was avoid to the misunderstanding

and misinterpreting. Leech (1983:13) explains that the context is focused on the

physical and social aspects of utterances between addressee and addressor in

understanding and interpreting to the utterances whether in spoken or written

language. Furthermore, Yule (1996:21) views context as the physical environment

in which a referring expression is used. Addition, Mey (1993: 3) said that context

is more than just a reference and of understanding what things are about, it gave a

deeper meaning to utterance.

Finally, the writer concludes that context is any information that needed

for interpreting the utterance or sentence which consists of person, place or thing

although in the spoken or written forms. It the important factor to complete the

meaning of utterance or sentence.

5. Description of Billie Eilish

Billie Eilish Pirate Baird O'Connell (born December 18th, 2001), better

known by her stage name Billie Eilish, is an American singer and songwriter

signed to Interscope Records. She is best known for her successful debut single,

‘Ocean Eyes.’ She was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Belonging

to a family of musicians, she was destined to make a career in performing arts.

She joined a choir at the age of 8, and by the time she turned 11, she had

begun writing and singing her own songs. Her elder brother, Finneas

O’Connell, was the biggest influence in her life while she was grewing up. He

had written a song named ‘Ocean Eyes’ and asked his sister to record it in her

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voice. This accidental song turned out to be the breakthrough success for

Billie and boosted her career. The song was uploaded on ‘SoundCloud’ in

early 2016, and by March, the music video was released. The song shot up

and registered more than 10 million hits within a short period of time. This

success was unexpected and made way for many more versions. In November

2016, a music video with Billie dancing on the song was released. It turned

out to be another success.

In February 2017, Billie released the single, ‘Bellyache,’ which was

produced and co-written by her brother. The music video for the song,

directed by Miles and AJ, was released in March 2017. She also collaborated

with famous American singer Khalid and worked with him on a single titled

‘Lovely,’ which was released in mid-2018. The song became immensely

popular.

Later that year she issued a pair of singles, "You Should See Me in a

Crown" and "When the Party's Over," which both landed on her full-length

debut, When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?. Issued in March 2019, the

breakthrough effort showcased her hybrid blend of pop, electronic, and hip-hop

textures with a rock edge. Debuting at number one on the Billboard 200, the LP

quickly became a worldwide smash and one of the most critically lauded efforts of

2019. While an international tour kept her on the road into 2020, she released a

standalone single "Everything I Wanted" -- a bittersweet reflection on her

meteoric rise to fame -- and became the youngest artist to be nominated in the four

major Grammy categories (Record and Song of the Year for "Bad Guy," Album

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of the Year, and Best New Artist). At the award ceremony in 2020, she made

history by sweeping those main fields, becoming the second person -- and first

since 1981 -- to pull off such a feat.

Billie Eilish is known as Los Angeles-based singer/songwriter who blends

ethereal indie electro-pop with dark thematic tones. She is also being famous for

her distinctive quirky style. This young and talented artist managed to bring a

song that many people like. Interestingly, various fantastic achievements of his

work occurred in a relatively short time. As it has been said, she usually made

music that consist of dark themes inside.

One of her songs, for instance, titled Bad Guy. This song has an upbeat

rhytym such as happy vibes which people may want to dance into. Bad Guy is a

song written by Billie and Finneas, released in 2018 from album When We All

Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go. In contrast with the upbeat rhytym, the meaning of

this song is quite pathetic and terrify. This song is about abusive relationship that

sometimes happen around people who have been a couple. Billie starts the song

with the lyric white shirt, now red my bloody nose. The song told the listener

indirectly from the lyrics about the man who has tortured his girlfriend physically.

At a glance, people may think that the Bad Guy is the man, but it turns out that

Billie, as a girlfriend, is a bad guy instead. In the refrain part of the song, there is

lyric sounds I’m the bad guy, duh. It stated the real situation where Billie is the

man’s mistress. As a mistress, she obliquely takes control of him and he finally

can not let Billie away from him. So, the subject pronoun I in the lyric refers to

Billie herself. It proves that knowing the referent in utterances is important to

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understand the meaning properly. Therefore, the writer decided to analyse the

deixis in the song lyrics of Billie Eilish.

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