Index

NAME
SYNOPSIS
EXAMPLE PROGRAM
ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
ABOUT LIBEV
FEATURES
CONVENTIONS
TIME REPRESENTATION
ERROR HANDLING
GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
WATCHER STATES
WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
WATCHER TYPES
ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?
The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
The special problem of files
The special problem of fork
The special problem of SIGPIPE
The special problem of accept()ing when you can't
Watcher-Specific Functions
Examples
ev_timer - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
Be smart about timeouts
The special problem of being too early
The special problem of time updates
The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
The special problems of suspended animation
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
Examples
ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron?
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
Examples
ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
The special problem of threads signal handling
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
Examples
ev_child - watch out for process status changes
Process Interaction
Overriding the Built-In Processing
Stopping the Child Watcher
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
Examples
ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?
ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
Inotify and Kqueue
stat () is a synchronous operation
The special problem of stat time resolution
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
Examples
ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do...
Abusing an ev_idle watcher for its side-effect
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
Examples
ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!
Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
Examples
ev_embed - when one backend isn't enough...
ev_embed and fork
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
 Examples
ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
ev_cleanup - even the best things end
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
ev_async - how to wake up an event loop
Queueing
Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
OTHER FUNCTIONS
COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)
ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
LIBEVENT EMULATION
C++ SUPPORT
C API
C++ API
OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
MACRO MAGIC
EMBEDDING
FILESETS
CORE EVENT LOOP
LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
AUTOCONF SUPPORT
PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
EXAMPLES
INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
THREADS AND COROUTINES
THREADS
COROUTINES
COMPILER WARNINGS
VALGRIND
PORTABILITY NOTES
GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS
kqueue is buggy
poll is buggy
select is buggy
SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS
errno reentrancy
Event port backend
AIX POLL BUG
WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
General issues
The winsocket select function
Limited number of file descriptors
PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
GLOSSARY
AUTHOR

NAME
libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
SYNOPSIS
#include <ev.h>

EXAMPLE PROGRAM

// a single header file is required

#include <ev.h>

#include <stdio.h> // for puts

// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct

// with the name ev_TYPE
ev_io stdin_watcher;
ev_timer timeout_watcher;

// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature

// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
static void
stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
{
puts ("stdin ready");
// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
// with its corresponding stop function.
ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);

// this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating

ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);
}

// another callback, this time for a time-out

static void
timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
puts ("timeout");
// this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating
ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);
}

int
main (void)
{
// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;

// initialise an io watcher, then start it

// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);

// initialise a timer watcher, then start it

// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);

// now wait for events to arrive

ev_run (loop, 0);
 // break was called, so exit
return 0;
}

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

This document documents the libev software package.

The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted web page you might find
easier to navigate when reading it for the first time: http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/
ev.pod.

While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting libev, its usage and the
rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-
based programming with libev.

Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed throughout this document.

WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY

This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes it very long. If you just want to
know the basics of libev, I suggest reading ANATOMY OF A WATCHER, then the EXAMPLE PROGRAM
above and look up the missing functions in GLOBAL FUNCTIONS and the ev_io and ev_timer sections in
WATCHER TYPES.

ABOUT LIBEV
Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a file descriptor being readable or
a timeout occurring), and it will manage these event sources and provide your program with events.

To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process (or thread) by executing the
event loop handler, and will then communicate events via a callback mechanism.

You register interest in certain events by registering so-called event watchers, which are relatively small
C structures you initialise with the details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by starting the
watcher.

FEATURES
Libev supports select, poll, the Linux-specific aio and epoll interfaces, the BSD-specific kqueue and the
Solaris-specific event port mechanisms for file descriptor events (ev_io), the Linux inotify interface (for
ev_stat), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner inter-thread wakeup (ev_async)/signal handling
(ev_signal)) relative timers (ev_timer), absolute timers with customised rescheduling (ev_periodic),
synchronous signals (ev_signal), process status change events (ev_child), and event watchers dealing
with the event loop mechanism itself (ev_idle, ev_embed, ev_prepare and ev_check watchers) as well as
file watchers (ev_stat) and even limited support for fork events (ev_fork).

It also is quite fast (see this benchmark comparing it to libevent for example).

CONVENTIONS
Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common) configuration will be described,
which supports multiple event loops. For more info about various configuration options please have a
look at EMBED section in this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event loops,
then all functions taking an initial argument of name loop (which is always of type struct ev_loop *) will
not have this argument.

TIME REPRESENTATION
Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the (fractional) number of seconds
since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated,
don't ask). This type is called ev_tstamp, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases to the double
type in C. When you need to do any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.

Unlike the name component stamp might indicate, it is also used for time differences (e.g. delays)
throughout libev.

ERROR HANDLING
Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors and internal errors (bugs).

When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example a system call indicating a
condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback set via ev_set_syserr_cb, which is supposed to fix the
problem or abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call abort ().

When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then it will print a diagnostic
message and abort (via the assert mechanism, so NDEBUG will disable this checking): these are
programming errors in the libev caller and need to be fixed there.

Via the EV_FREQUENT macro you can compile in and/or enable extensive consistency checking code
inside libev that can be used to check for internal inconsistencies, suually caused by application bugs.

Libev also has a few internal error-checking assertions. These do not trigger under normal
circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.

GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the library in any way.

ev_tstamp ev_time ()
Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the ev_now function is usually
faster and also often returns the timestamp you actually want to know. Also interesting is the
 combination of ev_now_update and ev_now.

ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)

Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until either it is interrupted or
the given time interval has passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
interrupted). Returns immediately if interval <= 0.
Basically this is a sub-second-resolution sleep ().
The range of the interval is limited - libev only guarantees to work with sleep times of up to
one day (interval <= 86400).

int ev_version_major ()
int ev_version_minor ()
You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library you linked against by
calling the functions ev_version_major and ev_version_minor. If you want, you can compare
against the global symbols EV_VERSION_MAJOR and EV_VERSION_MINOR, which specify the version
of the library your program was compiled against.
These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the release version.
Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch, as this indicates an
incompatible change. Minor versions are usually compatible to older versions, so a larger
minor version alone is usually not a problem.
Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong version (note,
however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches, such as LFS or reentrancy).

assert (("libev version mismatch",

ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));

unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()

Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding EV_BACKEND_* value) compiled into this
binary of libev (independent of their availability on the system you are running on). See
ev_default_loop for a description of the set values.

Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and a must have and
can we have a torrent of it please!!!11

assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",

ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));

unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()

Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also recommended for
this platform, meaning it will work for most file descriptor types. This set is often smaller than
the one returned by ev_supported_backends, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming you know what you are
 doing). This is the set of backends that libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.

unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()

Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This value is platform-
specific but can include backends not available on the current system. To find which
embeddable backends might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at
ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends (), likewise for recommended ones.

See the description of ev_embed watchers for more info.

ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())

Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the semantics are identical to the
realloc C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is used to allocate and free memory (no surprises
here). If it returns zero when memory needs to be allocated (size != 0), the library might
abort or take some potentially destructive action.
Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement correct realloc
semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system realloc and free functions by default.
You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, free some memory if it
cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, or even to sleep a while and retry until
some memory is available.
Example: The following is the realloc function that libev itself uses which should work with
realloc and free functions of all kinds and is probably a good basis for your own
implementation.

static void *
ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT
{
if (size)
return realloc (ptr, size);

free (ptr);
return 0;
}

Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then retries.

static void *
persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
{
if (!size)
{
free (ptr);
return 0;
}

for (;;)
{
void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);

if (newptr)
return newptr;
 sleep (60);
}
}

...
ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);

ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())

Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such as failed select, poll,
epoll_wait). The message is a printable string indicating the system call or subsystem causing
the problem. If this callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no matter
what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the requested operation, or, if the
condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff (such as abort).
Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.

static void
fatal_error (const char *msg)
{
perror (msg);
abort ();
}

...
ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);

ev_feed_signal (int signum)

This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely safe to call this
function at any time, from any context, including signal handlers or random threads.
Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially in the presence of
threads. For example, you could block signals by default in all threads (and specifying
EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK when creating any loops), and in one thread, use sigwait or any other
mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling ev_feed_signal.

FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT

LOOPS
An event loop is described by a struct ev_loop * (the struct is not optional in this case unless libev 3
compatibility is disabled, as libev 3 had an ev_loop function colliding with the struct name).

The library knows two types of such loops, the default loop, which supports child process events, and
dynamically created event loops which do not.

struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)

This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should normally use when you
 just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and the flags parameter are described in more
detail in the entry for ev_loop_new.
If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply returns it (and ignores the
flags. If that is troubling you, check ev_backend () afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with
the given flags, which should almost always be 0, unless the caller is also the one calling
ev_run or otherwise qualifies as "the main program".

If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this function (or via the
EV_DEFAULT macro).
Note that this function is not thread-safe, so if you want to use it from multiple threads, you
have to employ some kind of mutex (note also that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be
shared easily between threads anyway).
The default loop is the only loop that can handle ev_child watchers, and to do this, it always
registers a handler for SIGCHLD. If this is a problem for your application you can either create
a dynamic loop with ev_loop_new which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the
SIGCHLD signal handler after calling ev_default_init.

Example: This is the most typical usage.

if (!ev_default_loop (0))
fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");

Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow environment settings
to be taken into account:

ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);

struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)

This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop could not be initialised,
returns false.
This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with threads is indeed to
create one loop per thread, and using the default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific backends to use, and
is usually specified as 0 (or EVFLAG_AUTO).
The following flags are supported:
EVFLAG_AUTO

The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right thing, believe me).

EVFLAG_NOENV

If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid or setgid) then
libev will not look at the environment variable LIBEV_FLAGS. Otherwise (the default),
this environment variable will override the flags completely if it is found in the
environment. This is useful to try out specific backends to test their performance,
to work around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables
 cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other thread modifies
them).

EVFLAG_FORKCHECK

Instead of calling ev_loop_fork manually after a fork, you can also make libev check
for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
This works by calling getpid () on every iteration of the loop, and thus this might
slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop iterations and little real work, but is
usually not noticeable (on my GNU/Linux system for example, getpid is actually a
simple 5-insn sequence without a system call and thus very fast, but my GNU/
Linux system also has pthread_atfork which is even faster). (Update: glibc versions
2.25 apparently removed the getpid optimisation again).
The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and forget about
forgetting to tell libev about forking, although you still have to ignore SIGPIPE) when
you use this flag.
This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the LIBEV_FLAGS environment
variable.

EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY

When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the inotify API for its
ev_stat watchers. Apart from debugging and testing, this flag can be useful to
conserve inotify file descriptors, as otherwise each loop using ev_stat watchers
consumes one inotify handle.

EVFLAG_SIGNALFD

When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the signalfd API for its
ev_signal (and ev_child) watchers. This API delivers signals synchronously, which
makes it both faster and might make it possible to get the queued signal data. It
can also simplify signal handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals
in your threads that are not interested in handling them.
Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and there are
a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for example) that can't
properly initialise their signal masks.

EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK

When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal mask.
Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked when you
want to receive them.
This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or want to
handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev unblocking the
signals.
It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls sigprocmask, whose
behaviour is officially unspecified.
EVFLAG_NOTIMERFD

When this flag is specified, the libev will avoid using a timerfd to detect time jumps.
It will still be able to detect time jumps, but takes longer and has a lower accuracy
in doing so, but saves a file descriptor per loop.
The current implementation only tries to use a timerfd when the first ev_periodic
watcher is started and falls back on other methods if it cannot be created, but this
behaviour might change in the future.

EVBACKEND_SELECT (value 1, portable select backend)

This is your standard select(2) backend. Not completely standard, as libev tries to
roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, but if that fails, expect a fairly
low limit on the number of fds when using this backend. It doesn't scale too well
(O(highest_fd)), but its usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-
numbered :) fds.
To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of parallelism
(most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are writing a server, you should
accept () in a loop to accept as many connections as possible during one iteration.
You might also want to have a look at ev_set_io_collect_interval () to increase
the amount of readiness notifications you get per iteration.
This backend maps EV_READ to the readfds set and EV_WRITE to the writefds set
(and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the exceptfds set on that
platform).

EVBACKEND_POLL (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)

And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than select, but
handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the number of fds you can
use (except it will slow down considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales
similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for EVBACKEND_SELECT, above, for
performance tips.
This backend maps EV_READ to POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP, and EV_WRITE to
POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP.

EVBACKEND_EPOLL (value 4, Linux)

Use the Linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9 kernels).
For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but it scales
phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like O(total_fds) where
total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales either O(1) or
O(active_fds).
The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned of the
more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently dropping file
descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file descriptor (and
unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup, returning before the
timeout value, resulting in additional iterations (and only giving 5ms accuracy while
select on the same platform gives 0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork
 races, however - if a program forks then both parent and child process have to
recreate the epoll set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file
descriptor) and is of course hard to detect.
Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds should work, but of course
doesn't, and epoll just loves to report events for totally different file descriptors
(even already closed ones, so one cannot even remove them from the set) than
registered in the set (especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these
spurious notifications by employing an additional generation counter and
comparing that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you no way
to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait because epoll
returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last not least, it also refuses
to work with some file descriptors which work perfectly fine with select (files, many
character devices...).
Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll, cobbled
together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with others. Oh, the pain,
will it ever stop...
While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will
result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident (because the
same file descriptor could point to a different file description now), so its best to
avoid that. Also, dup ()'ed file descriptors might not work very well if you register
events for both file descriptors.
Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all watchers
for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e. keep at least one
watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and starting a watcher (without re-
setting it) also usually doesn't cause extra overhead. A fork can both result in
spurious notifications as well as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll
object, which can take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
All this means that, in practice, EVBACKEND_SELECT can be as fast or faster than epoll
for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on the usage. So sad.
While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in a lot of
kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions.
This backend maps EV_READ and EV_WRITE in the same way as EVBACKEND_POLL.

EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO (value 64, Linux)

Use the Linux-specific Linux AIO (not aio(7) but io_submit(2)) event interface
available in post-4.18 kernels (but libev only tries to use it in 4.19+).
This is another Linux train wreck of an event interface.
If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very experimental), it is the
best event interface available on Linux and might be well worth enabling it - if it isn't
available in your kernel this will be detected and this backend will be skipped.
This backend can batch oneshot requests and supports a user-space ring buffer to
receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design problems of epoll
(such as not being able to remove event sources from the epoll set), and generally
sounds too good to be true. Because, this being the Linux kernel, of course it
 suffers from a whole new set of limitations, forcing you to fall back to epoll,
inheriting all its design issues.
For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using an event fd at
some extra overhead). It also is subject to a system wide limit that can be
configured in /proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr. If no AIO requests are left, this backend
will be skipped during initialisation, and will switch to epoll when the loop is active.
Most problematic in practice, however, is that not all file descriptors work with it.
For example, in Linux 5.1, TCP sockets, pipes, event fds, files, /dev/null and many
others are supported, but ttys do not work properly (a known bug that the kernel
developers don't care about, see https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/
1047453/), so this is not (yet?) a generic event polling interface.
Overall, it seems the Linux developers just don't want it to have a generic event
handling mechanism other than select or poll.
To work around all these problem, the current version of libev uses its epoll
backend as a fallback for file descriptor types that do not work. Or falls back
completely to epoll if the kernel acts up.
This backend maps EV_READ and EV_WRITE in the same way as EVBACKEND_POLL.

EVBACKEND_KQUEUE (value 8, most BSD clones)

 Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time this backend was implemented, it
was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with
anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's completely
useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness is by design, these kqueue bugs
can be (and mostly have been) fixed without API changes to existing programs. For
this reason it's not being "auto-detected" on all platforms unless you explicitly
specify it in the flags (i.e. using EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) or libev was compiled on a known-
to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.
You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it only for
sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on the target
platform). See ev_embed watchers for more info.
It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the kernel is
more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of course). While
stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never cause an extra system
call as with EVBACKEND_EPOLL, it still adds up to two event changes per incident.
Support for fork () is very bad (you might have to leak fds on fork, but it's more
sane than epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work everywhere, so
you might need to test for this. And since it is broken almost everywhere, you
should only use it when you have a lot of sockets (for which it usually works), by
embedding it into another event loop (e.g. EVBACKEND_SELECT or EVBACKEND_POLL (but
poll is of course also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for
sockets.
This backend maps EV_READ into an EVFILT_READ kevent with NOTE_EOF, and EV_WRITE
into an EVFILT_WRITE kevent with NOTE_EOF.

EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL (value 16, Solaris 8)

This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
implementation). According to reports, /dev/poll only supports sockets and is not
embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend immensely.

EVBACKEND_PORT (value 32, Solaris 10)

This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, it's
really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active file descriptor
per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file descriptors a "slow"
EVBACKEND_SELECT or EVBACKEND_POLL backend might perform better.

On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to specification in all
tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends
(I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
On the negative side, the interface is bizarre - so bizarre that even sun itself gets it
wrong in their code examples: The event polling function sometimes returns events
to the caller even though an error occurred, but with no indication whether it has
 done so or not (yes, it's even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered
interfaces where you absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not
because you have to re-arm the watcher.
Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
This backend maps EV_READ and EV_WRITE in the same way as EVBACKEND_POLL.

EVBACKEND_ALL

Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried with
EVFLAG_AUTO). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as EVBACKEND_ALL &
~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE.

It is definitely not
recommended to use this flag, use whatever
ev_recommended_backends () returns, or simply do not specify a backend at all.

EVBACKEND_MASK

Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a flags value, in
case you want to mask out any backends from a flags value (e.g. when modifying
the LIBEV_FLAGS environment variable).

If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value, then only these backends
will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are specified, all backends in
ev_recommended_backends () will be tried.

Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.

struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);

if (!epoller)
fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");

Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if available.

struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);

Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the linux aio backend if
possible, but fall back to something else if that isn't available.

struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO);

ev_loop_destroy (loop)
Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None of the active
event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so e.g. ev_is_active might still return
true. It is your responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself before calling this
function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you can just
ignore the watchers and/or free () them for example).
Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal handlers), will not be
 freed by this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers) would need to
be stopped manually.
This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by ev_loop_new, but it can also be used
on the default loop returned by ev_default_loop, in which case it is not thread-safe.
Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop except in the rare occasion
where you really need to free its resources. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better
to use ev_loop_new and ev_loop_destroy.

ev_loop_fork (loop)
This function sets a flag that causes subsequent ev_run iterations to reinitialise the kernel
state for backends that have one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to
start or stop watchers (except inside an ev_prepare callback), but it makes most sense after
forking, in the child process. You must call it (or use EVFLAG_FORKCHECK) in the child before
resuming or calling ev_run.
In addition, if you want to reuse a loop (via this function or EVFLAG_FORKCHECK), you also have to
ignore SIGPIPE.
Again, you have to call it on any loop that you want to re-use after a fork, even if you do not
plan to use the loop in the parent. This is because some kernel interfaces *cough* kqueue
*cough* do funny things during fork.
On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child process if and only if you
want to use the event loop in the child. If you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child,
you don't have to call it at all (in fact, epoll is so badly broken that it makes a difference, but
libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a costly reset of the backend).
The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call it just in case after a fork.
Example: Automate calling ev_loop_fork on the default loop when using pthreads.

static void
post_fork_child (void)
{
ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
}

...
pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child);

int ev_is_default_loop (loop)

Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false otherwise.

unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)

Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical to the number of
times libev did poll for new events. It starts at 0 and happily wraps around with enough
iterations.
This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it "ticks" the number of
loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with ev_prepare and ev_check calls - and is
 incremented between the prepare and check phases.

unsigned int ev_depth (loop)

Returns the number of times ev_run was entered minus the number of times ev_run was
exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
Outside ev_run, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is 1, unless ev_run was invoked
recursively (or from another thread), in which case it is higher.
Leaving ev_run abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread, throwing an exception
etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour
unless it's really convenient, in which case it is fully supported.

unsigned int ev_backend (loop)

Returns one of the EVBACKEND_* flags indicating the event backend in use.

ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)

Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop received events and
started processing them. This timestamp does not change as long as callbacks are being
processed, and this is also the base time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the
timestamp of the event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).

ev_now_update (loop)
Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time returned by ev_now ()
in the progress. This is a costly operation and is usually done automatically within ev_run ().
This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a very long time without
entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of the current time is a good idea.
See also The special problem of time updates in the ev_timer section.

ev_suspend (loop)
ev_resume (loop)
These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the loop is not used for
a while and timeouts should not be processed.
A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When the user presses
^Z to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it would be best to handle timeouts as if
no time had actually passed while the program was suspended. This can be achieved by
calling ev_suspend in your SIGTSTP handler, sending yourself a SIGSTOP and calling ev_resume
directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
Effectively, all ev_timer watchers will be delayed by the time spend between ev_suspend and
ev_resume, and all ev_periodic watchers will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events
that would have occurred while suspended).
After calling ev_suspend you must not call any function on the given loop other than
ev_resume, and you must not call ev_resume without a previous call to ev_suspend.

Calling ev_suspend/ev_resume has the side effect of updating the event loop time (see
 ev_now_update).

bool ev_run (loop, int flags)

Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called after you have initialised all
your watchers and you want to start handling events. It will ask the operating system for any
new events, call the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This is
why event loops are called loops.
If the flags argument is specified as 0, it will keep handling events until either no event
watchers are active anymore or ev_break was called.
The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which usually means "all jobs
done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases (which usually means " you should call ev_run
again").
Please note that an explicit ev_break is usually better than relying on all watchers to be
stopped when deciding when a program has finished (especially in interactive programs), but
having a program that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of
relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of beauty.
This function is mostly exception-safe - you can break out of a ev_run call by calling longjmp in a
callback, throwing a C++ exception and so on. This does not decrement the ev_depth value,
nor will it clear any outstanding EVBREAK_ONE breaks.
A flags value of EVRUN_NOWAIT will look for new events, will handle those events and any already
outstanding ones, but will not wait and block your process in case there are no events and will
return after one iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new events
while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
A flags value of EVRUN_ONCE will look for new events (waiting if necessary) and will handle those
and any already outstanding ones. It will block your process until at least one new event
arrives (which could be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a user-
registered callback will be called), and will return after one iteration of the loop.
This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction with something not
expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your own ev_run"). However, a pair of
ev_prepare/ev_check watchers is usually a better approach for this kind of thing.

Here are the gory details of what ev_run does (this is for your understanding, not a guarantee
that things will work exactly like this in future versions):

- Increment loop depth.

- Reset the ev_break status.
- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
LOOP:
- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH.
- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
as to not disturb the other process.
- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
(active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having
any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
 - Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
- Increment loop iteration counter.
- Block the process, waiting for any events.
- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
- Queue all expired timers.
- Queue all expired periodics.
- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events.
- Queue all check watchers.
- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
Signals, async and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and
will be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT
were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise
continue with step LOOP.
FINISH:
- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE.
- Decrement the loop depth.
- Return.

Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding anymore.

... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
ev_run (my_loop, 0);
... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!

ev_break (loop, how)

Can be used to make a call to ev_run return early (but only after it has processed all
outstanding events). The how argument must be either EVBREAK_ONE, which will make the
innermost ev_run call return, or EVBREAK_ALL, which will make all nested ev_run calls return.
This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to ev_run.
It is safe to call ev_break from outside any ev_run calls, too, in which case it will have no effect.

ev_ref (loop)
ev_unref (loop)
Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event loop: Every watcher
keeps one reference, and as long as the reference count is nonzero, ev_run will not return on
its own.
This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to unregister, but that
nevertheless should not keep ev_run from returning. In such a case, call ev_unref after
starting, and ev_ref before stopping it.
As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not visible to the libev user
and should not keep ev_run from exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is
also an excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
libraries. Just remember to unref after start and ref before stop (but only if the watcher
wasn't active before, or was active before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop
watchers itself (e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to ev_ref in the callback).
 Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping ev_run running when nothing else
is active.

ev_signal exitsig;
ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
ev_unref (loop);

Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.

ev_ref (loop);
ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);

ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)

ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting for events. Both time
intervals are by default 0, meaning that libev will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/
O callbacks with minimum latency.
Setting these to a higher value (the interval must be >= 0) allows libev to delay invocation of
I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase
power-saving opportunities).
The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle one (or very few)
event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of
CPU time to poll for new events, especially with backends like select () which have a high
overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
By setting a higher io collect interval you allow libev to spend more time collecting I/O events,
so you can handle more events per iteration, at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both
ev_periodic and ev_timer) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will introduce an
additional ev_sleep () call into most loop iterations. The sleep time ensures that libev will not
poll for I/O events more often then once per this interval, on average (as long as the host
time resolution is good enough).
Likewise, by setting a higher timeout collect interval you allow libev to spend more time
collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher
callback will be called later). ev_io watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value
will not introduce any overhead in libev.
Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect interval to a value near
0.1 or so, which is often enough for interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for
timeouts. It usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than 0.01, as this
approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if you do transactions with the
outside world and you can't increase the parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction
rate (if you need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01, then you
can't do more than 100 transactions per second).
Setting the timeout collect interval can improve the opportunity for saving power, as the
program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that are "near" in time together, by delaying
some, thus reducing the number of times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another
 useful technique to reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use ev_periodic watchers and make
sure they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll more often than 100
times per second:

ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);

ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);

ev_invoke_pending (loop)
This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their pending state. Normally,
ev_run does this automatically when required, but when overriding the invoke callback this call
comes handy. This function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further event handling to
another thread (you still have to make sure only one thread executes within
ev_invoke_pending or ev_run of course).

int ev_pending_count (loop)

Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers are pending.

ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))

This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of invoking all pending
watchers when there are any, ev_run will call this callback instead. This is useful, for example,
when you want to invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
If you want to reset the callback, use ev_invoke_pending as new callback.

ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This can be done
relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around each call to a libev function.
However, ev_run can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to wait for it to return. One way
around this is to wake up the event loop via ev_break and ev_async_send, another way is to set
these release and acquire callbacks on the loop.
When set, then release will be called just before the thread is suspended waiting for new
events, and acquire is called just afterwards.
Ideally, release will just call your mutex_unlock function, and acquire will just call the
mutex_lock function again.
While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of release and acquire (that's
their only purpose after all), no modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding
watchers will have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time waited.
Use an ev_async watcher to wake up ev_run when you want it to take note of any changes you
made.
In theory, threads executing ev_run will be async-cancel safe between invocations of release
and acquire.
 See also the locking example in the THREADS section later in this document.

ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)

void *ev_userdata (loop)
Set and retrieve a single void * associated with a loop. When ev_set_userdata has never
been called, then ev_userdata returns 0.
These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop, and are intended
solely for the invoke_pending_cb, release and acquire callbacks described above, but of
course can be (ab-)used for any other purpose as well.

ev_verify (loop)
This function only does something when EV_VERIFY support has been compiled in, which is the
default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks them
for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
error and call abort ().
This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal circumstances, this function
will never abort as of course libev keeps its data structures consistent.

ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
In the following description, uppercase TYPE in names stands for the watcher type, e.g. ev_TYPE_start
can mean ev_timer_start for timer watchers and ev_io_start for I/O watchers.

A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record your interest in some event.
To make a concrete example, imagine you want to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create
an ev_io watcher for that:

static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
ev_io_stop (w);
ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
}

struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);

ev_io stdin_watcher;

ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);

ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);

ev_run (loop, 0);

As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your watcher structures (and it is
usually a bad idea to do this on the stack).

Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called struct ev_TYPE or simply ev_TYPE, as
typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).

Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to ev_init (watcher *, callback), which expects a
callback to be provided. This callback is invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable and/or writable).

Each watcher type further has its own ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) macro to configure it, with
arguments specific to the watcher type. There is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in
one call: ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...).

To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it with a watcher-specific start
function (ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher *)), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling
the corresponding stop function (ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *).

As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you must not touch the values
stored in it except when explicitly documented otherwise. Most specifically you must never reinitialise it
or call its ev_TYPE_set macro.

Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the registered watcher structure as
second, and a bitset of received events as third argument.

The received events usually include a single bit per event type received (you can receive multiple events
at the same time). The possible bit masks are:

EV_READ
EV_WRITE

The file descriptor in the ev_io watcher has become readable and/or writable.

EV_TIMER

The ev_timer watcher has timed out.

EV_PERIODIC

The ev_periodic watcher has timed out.

EV_SIGNAL

The signal specified in the ev_signal watcher has been received by a thread.

EV_CHILD

The pid specified in the ev_child watcher has received a status change.

EV_STAT

The path specified in the ev_stat watcher changed its attributes somehow.

EV_IDLE

The ev_idle watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.
EV_PREPARE
EV_CHECK

All ev_prepare watchers are invoked just before ev_run starts to gather new events, and all
ev_check watchers are queued (not invoked) just after ev_run has gathered them, but before
it queues any callbacks for any received events. That means ev_prepare watchers are the last
watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and ev_check watchers
will be invoked before any other watchers of the same or lower priority within an event loop
iteration.
Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as they want, and all of
them will be taken into account (for example, a ev_prepare watcher might start an idle
watcher to keep ev_run from blocking).

EV_EMBED

The embedded event loop specified in the ev_embed watcher needs attention.

EV_FORK

The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see ev_fork).

EV_CLEANUP

The event loop is about to be destroyed (see ev_cleanup).

EV_ASYNC

The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see ev_async).

EV_CUSTOM

Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used by libev users to signal
watchers (e.g. via ev_feed_event).

EV_ERROR

An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might happen
because the watcher could not be properly started because libev ran out of memory, a file
descriptor was found to be closed or any other problem. Libev considers these application
bugs.
You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the watcher being
stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive an error ever, so when your
watcher receives it, this usually indicates a bug in your program.
Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for example it might
indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your callbacks is well-written it can just
attempt the operation and cope with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in
multi-threaded programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
thing, so beware.
GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
ev_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents of the watcher object
can be arbitrary (so malloc will do). Only the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you
need to call the type-specific ev_TYPE_set macro afterwards to initialise the type-specific
parts. For each type there is also a ev_TYPE_init macro which rolls both calls into one.
You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped (or never started)
and there are no pending events outstanding.
The callback is always of type void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int
revents).

Example: Initialise an ev_io watcher in two steps.

ev_io w;
ev_init (&w, my_cb);
ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);

ev_TYPE_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])

This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to call ev_init at least
once before you call this macro, but you can call ev_TYPE_set any number of times. You must
not, however, call this macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is
a difference to the ev_init macro).
Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments (e.g. ev_prepare) you still
need to call its set macro.
See ev_init, above, for an example.

ev_TYPE_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])

This convenience macro rolls both ev_init and ev_TYPE_set macro calls into a single call. This
is the most convenient method to initialise a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
Example: Initialise and set an ev_io watcher in one step.

ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);

ev_TYPE_start (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)

Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive events. If the watcher is
already active nothing will happen.
Example: Start the ev_io watcher that is being abused as example in this whole section.

ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);

ev_TYPE_stop (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether the watcher was
active or not).
It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example, non-repeating timers are being
stopped when they become pending - but calling ev_TYPE_stop ensures that the watcher is
neither active nor pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
therefore a good idea to always call its ev_TYPE_stop function.

bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)

Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started and not yet been
stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify it unless documented otherwise.
Obviously, it is safe to call this on an active watcher, or actually any watcher that is initialised.

bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)

Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding events but its callback
has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher is pending (but not active) you must not call
an init function on it (but ev_TYPE_set is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot free () it).
It is safe to call this on any watcher in any state as long as it is initialised.

callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)

Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.

ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)

Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time (modulo threads).

ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)

int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
 Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small integer between EV_MAXPRI
(default: 2) and EV_MINPRI (default: -2). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers from being executed
(except for ev_idle watchers).
If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending you need to look at
ev_idle watchers, which provide this functionality.

You must not change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or pending. Reading the
priority with ev_priority is fine in any state.
Setting a priority outside the range of EV_MINPRI to EV_MAXPRI is fine, as long as you do not
mind that the priority value you query might or might not have been clamped to the valid
range.
The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is always 0, which is
supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
See WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS, below, for a more thorough treatment of priorities.

ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)

Invoke the watcher with the given loop and revents. Neither loop nor revents need to be valid
as long as the watcher callback can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to
the callback.

int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)

If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and returns its revents bitset
(as if its callback was invoked). If the watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns 0.
Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its callback to be invoked,
which can be accomplished with this function.

ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)

Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event had happened for the
specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an initialised but not necessarily started event
watcher, though it can be active). Obviously you must not free the watcher as long as it has
pending events.
Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling ev_clear_pending will clear the pending
event, even if the watcher was not started in the first place.
See also ev_feed_fd_event and ev_feed_signal_event for related functions that do not need a
watcher.

See also the ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER and BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE
WATCHERS idioms.

WATCHER STATES
There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual - active, pending and so on. In this
section these states and the rules to transition between them will be described in more detail - and
while these rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".

initialised
Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be initialised. This can be
done with a call to ev_TYPE_init, or calls to ev_init followed by the watcher-specific
ev_TYPE_set function.

In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use in an event loop. It can
be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will - as long as you either keep the memory contents
intact, or call ev_TYPE_init again.

started/running/active
Once a watcher has been started with a call to ev_TYPE_start it becomes property of the
event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in this state it cannot be accessed (except
in a few documented ways, such as stoping it), moved, freed or anything else - the only legal
thing is to keep a pointer to it, and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on
active watchers.
As a rule of thumb, before accessing a member or calling any function on a watcher, it should
be stopped (or freshly initialised). If that is not convenient, you can check the documentation
for that function or member to see if it is safe to use on an active watcher.

pending
If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested in has occurred (such
as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will stay in this pending state until either it is
explicitly stopped or its callback is about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the
watcher callback.
Generally, the watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example, an expired
non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it is pending but not active, it can
be freely accessed (e.g. by calling ev_TYPE_set), but it is still property of the event loop at this
time, so cannot be moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
previous item still apply.
Explicitly stopping a watcher will also clear the pending state unconditionally, so it is safe to
stop a watcher and then free it.
It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g. via ev_feed_event), in
which case it becomes pending without being active.

stopped
A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still be pending), or
explicitly by calling its ev_TYPE_stop function. The latter will clear any pending state the
watcher might be in, regardless of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher
explicitly before freeing it is often a good idea.
While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the initialised state, that is, it
can be reused, moved, modified in any way you wish (but when you trash the memory block,
you need to ev_TYPE_init it again).
WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
Many event loops support watcher priorities, which are usually small integers that influence the
ordering of event callback invocation between watchers in some way, all else being equal.

In libev, watcher priorities can be set using ev_set_priority. See its description for the more technical
details such as the actual priority range.

There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted by event loops:

In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation of lower priority watchers,
which means as long as higher priority watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being
invoked.

The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order callback invocation within a
single event loop iteration: Higher priority watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all
get invoked before polling for new events.

Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers except for idle watchers (which use
the lock-out model).

The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for watchers is not well supported by
most kernel interfaces, and most event libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as
long as their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the common case of one high-
priority watcher locking out a mass of lower priority ones.

Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more watchers handling the same
resource: a typical usage example is having an ev_io watcher to receive data, and an associated
ev_timer to handle timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles other jobs,
but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout handler will be executed before checking for
data. In that case, giving the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not always, what you want).

Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers will only be executed when no
same or higher priority watchers have received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out"
model when required.

For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities, you can associate an ev_idle
watcher to each such watcher, and in the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The
real processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to continuously poll and process
kernel event data for the watcher, but when the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare
:), this is workable.

Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform miserably under the type of load
it was designed to handle. In that case, it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting
the idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case the actual processing will be
delayed for considerable time.

Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower priority than the default, and
which should only process data when no other events are pending:
 ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
ev_io io; // actual event watcher

static void
io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
{
// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
// are not yet ready to handle it.
ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);

// start the idle watcher to handle the actual event.

// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
// with the default priority are receiving events.
ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
}

static void
idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
{
// actual processing
read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);

// have to start the I/O watcher again, as

// we have handled the event
ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
}

// initialisation
ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);

In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that low-priority connections can not be
locked out forever under load. This enables your program to keep a lower latency for important
connections during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less important ones.

WATCHER TYPES
This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat information given in the last section.
Any initialisation/set macros, functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.

Most members are additionally marked with either [read-only], meaning that, while the watcher is active,
you can look at the member and expect some sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can
modify it while the watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or [read-write], which means you can
expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher is active, but you can also modify it (within the
same thread as the event loop, i.e. without creating data races). Modifying it may not do something
sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will not crash or malfunction in any
way.

In any case, the documentation for each member will explain what the effects are, and if there are any
additional access restrictions.

ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?

I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable in each iteration of the event loop,
or, more precisely, when reading would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write
some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the
condition persists. Remember you can stop the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and
neither want to receive future events.

In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per fd as you want (as long as
you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea
(but not required if you know what you are doing).

Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to receive "spurious" readiness
notifications, that is, your callback might be called with EV_READ but a subsequent read(2) will actually
block because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even with a relatively standard
program structure. Thus it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra read(2) returning EAGAIN is
far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.

If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not play around with an Xlib
connection), then you have to separately re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-
be good interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does this on its own, so its quite
safe to use). Some people additionally use SIGALRM and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
indefinitely.

But really, best use non-blocking mode.

The special problem of disappearing file descriptors

Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing a file descriptor (either due to
calling close explicitly or any other means, such as dup2). The reason is that you register interest in
some file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop this interest. If
another file descriptor with the same number then is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to
see that this is, in fact, a different file descriptor.

To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows the following policy: Each time
ev_io_set is being called, libev will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise it is
assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that you have to call ev_io_set (or
ev_io_init) when you change the descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.

This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that the libev application should not
optimise around libev but should leave optimisations to libev.

The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors

Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors, but only events for the underlying
file descriptions. That means when you have dup ()'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and
register events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.

There is no workaround possible except not registering events for potentially dup ()'ed file descriptors,
or to resort to EVBACKEND_SELECT or EVBACKEND_POLL.

The special problem of files

Many people try to use select (or libev) on file descriptors representing files, and expect it to become
ready when their program doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).

However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness notification as soon as the
kernel knows whether and how much data is there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case,
so you always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly write) will still block on the
disk I/O.

Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character devices and so on, there is
another party (the sender) that delivers data on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing:
the disk will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you wish to read - you would
first have to request some data.

Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification mechanism, libev tries hard to
emulate POSIX behaviour with respect to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is usually a tty, often a pipe, but
also sometimes files or special devices (for example, epoll on Linux works with /dev/random but not
with /dev/urandom), and even though the file might better be served with asynchronous I/O instead of
with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when it "just works" instead of freezing.

So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use libeio), but use them when it is
convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and
want to reuse the same code path.

The special problem of fork

Some backends (epoll, kqueue, linuxaio, iouring) do not support fork () at all or exhibit useless
behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to
use it in the child.

To support fork in your child processes, you have to call ev_loop_fork () after a fork in the child, enable
EVFLAG_FORKCHECK, or resort to EVBACKEND_SELECT or EVBACKEND_POLL.

The special problem of SIGPIPE

While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE: when writing to a pipe whose other
end has been closed, your program gets sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For
most programs this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.

So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe
make sure you log the exit status of your daemon somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).

The special problem of accept()ing when you can't

Many implementations of the POSIX accept function (for example, found in post-2004 Linux) have the
peculiar behaviour of not removing a connection from the pending queue in all error cases.

For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because of resource limits), causing accept
to fail with ENFILE but not rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on the next
iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and typically causing the program to loop at 100%
CPU usage.
Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between operating systems, there is
usually little the app can do to remedy the situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the
connection to cope with overload is known (to me).

One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it - when the program encounters an
overload, it will just loop until the situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an
event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do.

A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than EAGAIN and EWOULDBLOCK, making sure
not to flood the log with such messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of
what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop the ev_io watcher on the
listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU usage.

If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file descriptor for overload
situations (e.g. by opening /dev/null), and when you run into ENFILE or EMFILE, close it, run accept, close
that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse clients under typical overload conditions.

The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and exit, as is often done with malloc failures, but this
results in an easy opportunity for a DoS attack.

Watcher-Specific Functions

ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)

ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
Configures an ev_io watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to receive events for and events is
either EV_READ, EV_WRITE, both EV_READ | EV_WRITE or 0, to express the desire to receive the
given events.
Note that setting the events to 0 and starting the watcher is supported, but not specially
optimized - if your program sometimes happens to generate this combination this is fine, but
if it is easy to avoid starting an io watcher watching for no events you should do so.

ev_io_modify (ev_io *, int events)

Similar to ev_io_set, but only changes the requested events. Using this might be faster with
some backends, as libev can assume that the fd still refers to the same underlying file
description, something it cannot do when using ev_io_set.

int fd [no-modify]
The file descriptor being watched. While it can be read at any time, you must not modify this
member even when the watcher is stopped - always use ev_io_set for that.

int events [no-modify]

The set of events the fd is being watched for, among other flags. Remember that this is a bit
set - to test for EV_READ, use w->events & EV_READ, and similarly for EV_WRITE.
As with fd, you must not modify this member even when the watcher is stopped, always use
ev_io_set or ev_io_modify for that.
Examples

Example: Call stdin_readable_cb when STDIN_FILENO has become, well readable, but only once. Since it
is likely line-buffered, you could attempt to read a whole line in the callback.

static void
stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
ev_io_stop (loop, w);
.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
}

...
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
ev_io stdin_readable;
ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
ev_run (loop, 0);

ev_timer - relative and optionally repeating timeouts

Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a given time, and optionally
repeating in regular intervals after that.

The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that times out after an hour and you
reset your system clock to January last year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly"
because detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the monotonic clock
option helps a lot here).

The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed (not at, so on systems with
very low-resolution clocks this might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with earlier
time-out values are invoked before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
longer true when a callback calls ev_run recursively).

Be smart about timeouts

Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error recovery. A typical example is
an HTTP request - if the other side hangs, you want to raise some error after a while.

What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and inefficient to smart and efficient.

In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that gets reset to 60 seconds each
time there is activity (e.g. each time some data or other life sign was received).

1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.

This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning, start the watcher:

ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);

ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
 Then, each time there is some activity, ev_timer_stop it, initialise it and start it again:

ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);

ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, timer);

This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is some activity, libev
will first have to remove the timer from its internal data structure and then add it again. Libev
tries to be fast, but it's still not a constant-time operation.

2. Use a timer and re-start it with ev_timer_again inactivity.

This is the easiest way, and involves using ev_timer_again instead of ev_timer_start.
To implement this, configure an ev_timer with a repeat value of 60 and then call
ev_timer_again at start and each time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into
an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can ev_timer_stop the
timer, and ev_timer_again will automatically restart it if need be.
That means you can ignore both the ev_timer_start function and the after argument to
ev_timer_set,
and only ever use the repeat member and ev_timer_again.
At start:

ev_init (timer, callback);

timer->repeat = 60.;
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);

Each time there is some activity:

ev_timer_again (loop, timer);

It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of whether the watcher is
active or not:

timer->repeat = 30.;
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);

This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time you want to modify
its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely remove and re-insert the timer from/
into its internal data structure.
It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.

3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.

This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are relatively long
compared to the intervals between other activity - in our example, within 60 seconds, there
are usually many I/O events with associated activity resets.
In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the ev_timer alone, but remember the time of
last activity, and check for a real timeout only within the callback:

ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;

ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
ev_timer timer;

static void
callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
// calculate when the timeout would happen
ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;

// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred

if (after < 0.)
{
// timeout occurred, take action
}
else
{
// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
// the timeout can occur.
ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
}
}

To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the timeout will occur (by
calculating the absolute time when it would occur, last_activity + timeout, and subtracting
the current time, ev_now (EV_A) from that).
If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we timed out, and need to
do whatever is needed in this case.
Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger, and simply start the
timer with this timeout value.
In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether the timeout occurred. If
not, it will simply reschedule itself to check again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse.
Repeat.
This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds minus half the
average time between activity), but virtually no calls to libev to change the timeout.
To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set last_activity to the current
time (meaning there was some activity just now), then call the callback, which will "do the right
thing" and start the timer:

last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);

ev_init (&timer, callback);
callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);

When there is some activity, simply store the current time in last_activity, no libev calls at
all:
 if (activity detected)
last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);

When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply providing a
new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which will again do the right thing (for
example, time out immediately :).

timeout = new_value;
ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);

This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the time-out is unlikely to be
triggered, much more efficient.

4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.

If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all employing some kind of timeout
with the same timeout value, then one can do even better:
When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout at the end of the
list.
Then use an ev_timer to fire when the timeout at the beginning of the list is expected to fire
(for example, using the technique #3).
When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate the timeout, append
it to the end of the list again, and make sure to update the ev_timer if it was taken from the
beginning of the list.
This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for starting, stopping
and updating the timers, at the expense of a major complication, and having to use a
constant timeout. The constant timeout ensures that the list stays sorted.

So which method the best?

Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most situations. Method #3

requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases better, and isn't very complicated either. In most
case, choosing either one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.

Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is rather complicated, but
extremely efficient, something that really pays off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's
usually overkill :)

The special problem of being too early

If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then you expect it to be invoked after three
seconds - but of course, this cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the process with a STOP signal for
a few hours for example.

So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible after the delay has occurred, but cannot
guarantee this.

A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event loops compare timestamps
with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier
than you would expect.

To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second resolution (think windows if you
can't come up with a broken enough OS yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9,
then the event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500 (500.9 truncated to
the resolution) + 1, or 501.

If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >= 501" and invoke the callback 0.1s
after it was started, even though a one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite
best intentions.

This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed delay equals the requested delay,
but only when the elapsed delay is larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would
only invoke the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.

So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked exactly when requested, it can and
does guarantee that the requested delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the
"too late" side of things.

The special problem of time updates

Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at least one system call): EV
therefore updates its idea of the current time only before and after ev_run collects new events, which
causes a growing difference between ev_now () and ev_time () when handling lots of events in one
iteration.

The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the ev_now () time. This is usually the right thing as this
timestamp refers to the time of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
you suspect event processing to be delayed and you need to base the timeout on the current time, use
something like the following to adjust for it:

ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () - ev_now ()), 0.);

If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an update of the time returned by
ev_now () by calling ev_now_update (), although that will push the event time of all outstanding events
further into the future.

The special problem of unsynchronised clocks

Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal "wall clock" clock and, if available,
the monotonic clock (to avoid time jumps).

Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock on the system, so ev_time ()
might return a considerably different time than gettimeofday () or time (). On a GNU/Linux system,
for example, a call to gettimeofday might return a second count that is one higher than a directly
following call to time.
The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with ev_time () and ev_now (), at least if
you want better precision than a second or so.

One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses the system monotonic clock
and you compare timestamps from ev_time or ev_now from when you started your timer and when your
callback is invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".

This is because ev_timers work in real time, not wall clock time, so libev makes sure your callback is not
invoked before the delay happened, measured according to the real time, not the system clock.

If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this connection after 100 seconds")
then this shouldn't bother you as it is exactly the right behaviour.

If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then you need to use
ev_periodics, as these are based on the wall clock time, where your comparisons will always generate
correct results.

The special problems of suspended animation

When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that can suspend/hibernate -
what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?

Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes all processes, while the
clocks (times, CLOCK_MONOTONIC) continue to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance
while the system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program was frozen for a few
seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted towards ev_timer when a monotonic clock source is
used. The real time clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a long
suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would be adjusted accordingly.

I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between operating systems, OS versions
or even different hardware.

The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a time jump in the monotonic
clocks and the realtime clock. If the program is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock
sources are in use, then you can expect ev_timers to expire as the full suspension time will be counted
towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in use, then libev will again assume a timejump
and adjust accordingly.

It might be beneficial for this latter case to call ev_suspend and ev_resume in code that handles SIGTSTP,
to at least get deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against SIGSTOP).

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)

ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
Configure the timer to trigger after after seconds (fractional and negative values are
supported). If repeat is 0., then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is reached. If
it is positive, then the timer will automatically be configured to trigger again repeat seconds
later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you configure a timer to trigger
 every 10 seconds, then it will normally trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your
program cannot keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do
stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.

ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)

This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is repeating. It basically works
like calling ev_timer_stop, updating the timeout to the repeat value and calling ev_timer_start.
The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be applied to the watcher:
If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out, without invoking
it).
If the timer is repeating, make the repeat value the new timeout and start the timer,
if necessary.
This sounds a bit complicated, see Be smart about timeouts, above, for a usage example.

ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)

Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active, then this time is relative
to the current event loop time, otherwise it's the timeout value currently configured.
That is, after an ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7), ev_timer_remaining returns 5. When the timer is
started and one second passes, ev_timer_remaining will return 4. When the timer expires
and is restarted, it will return roughly 7 (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some
time, too), and so on.

ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]

The current repeat value. Will be used each time the watcher times out or ev_timer_again is
called, and determines the next timeout (if any), which is also when any modifications are
taken into account.

Examples

Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.

static void
one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
}

ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);

Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of inactivity.

static void
 timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
.. ten seconds without any activity
}

ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
ev_run (loop, 0);

// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":

// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
ev_timer_again (&mytimer);

ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron?

Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile (and unfortunately a bit complex).

Unlike ev_timer, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or relative time, the physical time that
passes) but on wall clock time (absolute time, the thing you can read on your calendar or clock). The
difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real time, and time jumps are not
uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your wrist-watch).

You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point in time: for example, if you tell a
periodic watcher to trigger "in 10 seconds" (by specifying e.g. ev_now () + 10., that is, an absolute time
not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous year, then it will take a year or
more to trigger the event (unlike an ev_timer, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
it, as it uses a relative timeout).

ev_periodic watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as triggering an
event on each "midnight, local time", or other complicated rules. This cannot easily be done with
ev_timer watchers, as those cannot react to time jumps.

As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the point in time where it is supposed
to trigger has passed. If multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones
with earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values (but this is no longer true
when a callback calls ev_run recursively).

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)

ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of operation, and we will
explain them from simplest to most complex:
* absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock time offset
has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time jump occurs, that is, if
it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will be stopped and invoked when the
system clock reaches or surpasses this point in time.
* repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0,
reschedule_cb = 0)
In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next offset +
N * interval time (for some integer N, which can also be negative) and then
repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The offset argument is merely an offset into
the interval periods.
This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the system
clock, for example, here is an ev_periodic that triggers each hour, on the hour (with
respect to UTC):

ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);

This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers, but only
that the callback will be called when the system time shows a full hour (UTC), or
more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible by 3600.
Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that ev_periodic
will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible time where time =
offset (mod interval), regardless of any time jumps.

The interval MUST be positive, and for numerical stability, the interval value should
be higher than 1/8192 (which is around 100 microseconds) and offset should be
higher than 0 and should have at most a similar magnitude as the current time
(say, within a factor of ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, 0 or something
between 0 and interval, which is also the recommended range.
Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU speed for
example), so if interval is very small then timing stability will of course deteriorate.
Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one millisecond (if the OS supports it and
the machine is fast enough).

* manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb =

callback)
In this mode the values for interval and offset are both being ignored. Instead,
each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the reschedule callback will be
called with the watcher as first, and the current time as second argument.
NOTE: This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever, or make
ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly allowed by
documentation here.
If you need to stop it, return now + 1e30 (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards
(e.g. by starting an ev_prepare watcher, which is the only event loop modification
you are allowed to do).
The callback prototype is ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp
now), e.g.:

static ev_tstamp
my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
{
 return now + 60.;
}

It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value (that is, the
lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It will usually be called just
before the callback will be triggered, but might be called at other times, too.
NOTE: This callback must always return a time that is higher than or equal to the
passed now value.
This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that triggers on
"next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the next midnight after
now and return the timestamp value for this. Here is a (completely untested, no
error checking) example on how to do this:

#include <time.h>

static ev_tstamp
my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
{
time_t tnow = (time_t)now;
struct tm tm;
localtime_r (&tnow, &tm);

tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0; // midnight current day

++tm.tm_mday; // midnight next day

return mktime (&tm);

}

Note: this code might run into trouble on days that have more then two midnights
(beginning and end).

ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)

Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful when you changed
some parameters or the reschedule callback would return a different time than the last time
it was called (e.g. in a crond like program when the crontabs have changed).

ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)

When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to trigger next. This is
not the same as the offset argument to ev_periodic_set, but indeed works even in interval
and manual rescheduling modes.

ev_tstamp offset [read-write]

 When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the absolute point in time
(the offset value passed to ev_periodic_set, although libev might modify this value for better
numerical stability).
Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic timer fires or
ev_periodic_again is being called.

ev_tstamp interval [read-write]

The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the
periodic timer fires or ev_periodic_again is being called.

ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]

The current reschedule callback, or 0, if this functionality is switched off. Can be changed any
time, but changes only take effect when the periodic timer fires or ev_periodic_again is being
called.

Examples

Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the system time is divisible by 3600.
The callback invocation times have potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.

static void
clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents)
{
... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
}

ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);

Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:

#include <math.h>

static ev_tstamp
my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
{
return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
}

ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);

Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:

ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific signal one or more times.
Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as
part of the normal event processing, like any other event.

If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use sigaction as you would do without libev
and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use ev_async from a signal handler to synchronously
wake up an event loop.

You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but only within the same loop, i.e.
you can watch for SIGINT in your default loop and for SIGIO in another loop, but you cannot watch for
SIGINT in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At the moment, SIGCHLD is
permanently tied to the default loop.

Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually register something with the kernel. It
thus coexists with your own signal handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same
signal.

If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with SA_RESTART (or equivalent) behaviour enabled,
so system calls should not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an ev_check watcher and unblock them in an
ev_prepare watcher.

The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create

Both the signal mask (sigprocmask) and the signal disposition (sigaction) are unspecified after starting
a signal watcher (and after stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal, and might
or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but see EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK).

While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never sets signals to SIG_IGN, so handlers will
be reset to SIG_DFL on execve), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect certain
signals to be blocked.

This means that before calling exec (from the child) you should reset the signal mask to whatever
"default" you expect (all clear is a good choice usually).

The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is to install a fork handler with
pthread_atfork that resets it. That will catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.

In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely unless you use the signalfd API
(EV_SIGNALFD). While this reduces the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev has
to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.

So I can't stress this enough: If you do not reset your signal mask when you expect it to be empty, you
have a race condition in your code. This is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.

The special problem of threads signal handling

POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically, a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait
etc.) only really works if all threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own for the same signals), you can
tackle this problem by globally blocking all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a
fully set sigprocmask) and also specifying the EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK when creating loops. Then designate one
thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev
might be interested in by calling ev_feed_signal.

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)

ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one of the SIGxxx
constants).

int signum [read-only]

The signal the watcher watches out for.

Examples

Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.

static void
sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
{
ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
}

ev_signal signal_watcher;
ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);

ev_child - watch out for process status changes

Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to some child status
changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher
after the child has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event loop
isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e., forking and then immediately registering a watcher
for the child is fine, but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or in the next
callback invocation is not.

Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore you can only register child
watchers in the default event loop.

Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be handled at maximum priority (their
priority is set to EV_MAXPRI by libev)

Process Interaction

Libev grabs SIGCHLD as soon as the default event loop is initialised. This is necessary to guarantee
proper behaviour even if the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence of
SIGCHLD is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done synchronously as part of the event loop
processing. Libev always reaps all children, even ones not watched.

Overriding the Built-In Processing

Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child processing, but if your application collides
with libev's default child handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for SIGCHLD after
initialising the default loop, and making sure the default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged,
however, to use an event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for that, so other
libev users can use ev_child watchers freely.

Stopping the Child Watcher

Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the child terminates, so normally one needs
to stop the watcher in the callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically when
a child exit is detected (calling ev_child_stop twice is not a problem).

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)

ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process pid (or any process if pid is
specified as 0). The callback can look at the rstatus member of the ev_child watcher
structure to see the status word (use the macros from sys/wait.h and see your systems
waitpid documentation). The rpid member contains the pid of the process causing the status
change. trace must be either 0 (only activate the watcher when the process terminates) or 1
(additionally activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).

int pid [read-only]

The process id this watcher watches out for, or 0, meaning any process id.

int rpid [read-write]

The process id that detected a status change.

int rstatus [read-write]

The process exit/trace status caused by rpid (see your systems waitpid and sys/wait.h
documentation for details).

Examples

Example: fork() a new process and install a child handler to wait for its completion.

ev_child cw;

static void
child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
{
 ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
}

pid_t pid = fork ();

if (pid < 0)
// error
else if (pid == 0)
{
// the forked child executes here
exit (1);
}
else
{
ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
}

ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?

This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls stat on that path in regular
intervals (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the
callback if it did. Starting the watcher stat's the file, so only changes that happen after the watcher has
been started will be reported.

The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does not exist" is a status change
like any other. The condition "path does not exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified
by the st_nlink field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other
fields of the stat buffer having unspecified contents.

The path must not end in a slash or contain special components such as . or ... The path should be
absolute: If it is relative and your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.

Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the portable implementation simply
calls stat(2) regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended
polling interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of 0 (highly recommended!) then a suitable,
unspecified default value will be used (which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this
might change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently around 0.1, but
that's usually overkill.

This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, as even with OS-supported
change notifications, this can be resource-intensive.

At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented is the Linux inotify interface
(implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees
no way of implementing ev_stat semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).

ABI Issues (Largefile Support)

Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default compilation environment, which means
that on systems with large file support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to use 64 bit file offsets the
programs will fail. In that case you have to compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility.
This is obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is most noticeably
displayed with ev_stat and large file support.

The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large file interfaces available by default
(as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the default compilation
environment.

Inotify and Kqueue

When inotify (7) support has been compiled into libev and present at runtime, it will be used to speed
up change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first ev_stat
watcher is being started.

Inotify presence does not change the semantics of ev_stat watchers except that changes might be
detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid making regular stat calls. Even in the presence of inotify
support there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular stat polling, but as long as kernel
2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and
the path resides on a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and xfs are fully
working) libev usually gets away without polling.

There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to implement this functionality, due to
the requirement of having a file descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames,
unlinks etc. is difficult.

stat () is a synchronous operation

Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking the process. The exception are
ev_stat watchers - those call stat (), which is a synchronous operation.

For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very busy or the intervals between
stat's are large, a stat call will be fast, as the path data is usually in memory already (except when
starting the watcher).

For networked file systems, calling stat () can block an indefinite time due to network issues, and even
under good conditions, a stat call often takes multiple milliseconds.

Therefore, it is best to avoid using ev_stat watchers on networked paths, although this is fully
supported by libev.

The special problem of stat time resolution

The stat () system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and even on systems where the
resolution is higher, most file systems still only support whole seconds.

That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can easily miss updates: on the first
update, ev_stat detects a change and calls your callback, which does something. When there is another
update within the same second, ev_stat will be unable to detect unless the stat data does change in
other ways (e.g. file size).
The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more than a second (or till slightly after the
next full second boundary), using a roughly one-second-delay ev_timer (e.g. ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
ev_timer_again (loop, w)).

The .02 offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating systems (where
the second counter of the current time might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where
a call to gettimeofday might return a timestamp with a full second later than a subsequent time call - if
the equivalent of time () is used to update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel
uses the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute the timer callback).

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)

ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given path. The interval is a hint on
how quickly a change is expected to be detected and should normally be specified as 0 to let
libev choose a suitable value. The memory pointed to by path must point to the same path for
as long as the watcher is active.
The callback will receive an EV_STAT event when a change was detected, relative to the
attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change was detected).

ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)

Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the watched path in your
callback, you could call this function to avoid detecting this change (while introducing a race
condition if you are not the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out
the new values.

ev_statdata attr [read-only]

The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is ev_statdata, this is
usually the (or one of the) struct stat types suitable for your system, but you can only rely on
the POSIX-standardised members to be present. If the st_nlink member is 0, then there was
some error while stating the file.

ev_statdata prev [read-only]

The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever prev != attr, or, more
precisely, one or more of these members differ: st_dev, st_ino, st_mode, st_nlink, st_uid,
st_gid, st_rdev, st_size, st_atime, st_mtime, st_ctime.

ev_tstamp interval [read-only]

The specified interval.

const char *path [read-only]

The file system path that is being watched.
Examples

Example: Watch /etc/passwd for attribute changes.

static void
passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
{
/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
if (w->attr.st_nlink)
{
printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
}
else
/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
}

...
ev_stat passwd;

ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);

ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);

Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not miss updates (however,
frequent updates will delay processing, too, so one might do the work both on ev_stat callback
invocation and on ev_timer callback invocation).

static ev_stat passwd;

static ev_timer timer;

static void
timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);

/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
}

static void
stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
{
/* reset the one-second timer */
ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
}

...
ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);

ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do...

Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher priority are pending (prepare,
check and other idle watchers do not count as receiving "events").

That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals, imagine) of the
same or higher priority it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority
watchers are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop iteration - until stopped,
that is, or your process receives more events and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.

The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are active, the process will not block
when waiting for new events.

Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful effect on its own sometimes), idle
watchers are a good place to do "pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
event loop has handled all outstanding events.

Abusing an ev_idle watcher for its side-effect

As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never sleep unnecessarily. Or in other
words, it will loop as fast as possible. For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all -
the lowest priority will do.

This mode of operation can be useful together with an ev_check watcher, to do something on each event
loop iteration - for example to balance load between different connections.

See Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect for a longer example.

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)

Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any kind. There is a
ev_idle_set macro, but using it is utterly pointless, believe me.

Examples

Example: Dynamically allocate an ev_idle watcher, start it, and in the callback, free it. Also, use no error
checking, as usual.

static void
idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
{
// stop the watcher
ev_idle_stop (loop, w);

// now we can free it

free (w);

// now do something you wanted to do when the program has

// no longer anything immediate to do.
}

ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));

ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
 ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);

ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!

Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs: prepare watchers get invoked
before the process blocks and check watchers afterwards.

You must not call ev_run (or similar functions that enter the current event loop) or ev_loop_fork from
either ev_prepare or ev_check watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence
will always be ev_prepare, blocking, ev_check so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.

Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and their use is somewhat
advanced. They could be used, for example, to track variable changes, implement your own watchers,
integrate net-snmp or a coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if you cache
some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example, in X programs you might want to do an
XFlush () in an ev_prepare watcher).

This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need to be watched by the other
library, registering ev_io watchers for them and starting an ev_timer watcher for any timeouts (many
libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher, you check for any events that
occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the
library. The I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless, because
you never know, you know?).

As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate coroutines into libev
programs, by yielding to other active coroutines during each prepare and only letting the process block
if no coroutines are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines with priority
higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine of lower priority, but only once, using idle
watchers to keep the event loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping low-
priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).

When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give ev_check watchers highest (EV_MAXPRI) priority,
to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for
ev_prepare watchers).

Also, ev_check watchers (and ev_prepare watchers, too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev.
While libev fully supports this, they might get executed before other ev_check watchers did their job. As
ev_check watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event loops those other event loops might
be in an unusable state until their ev_check watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully
with others).

Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect

ev_check (and less often also ev_prepare) watchers can also be useful because they are called once per
event loop iteration. For example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there is more work to do, you wait for
the next event loop iteration, so other connections have a chance of making progress.
Using an ev_check watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the next event loop iteration. However,
that isn't as soon as possible - without external events, your ev_check watcher will not be invoked.

This is where ev_idle watchers come in handy - all you need is a single global idle watcher that is active
as long as you have one active ev_check watcher. The ev_idle watcher makes sure the event loop will
not sleep, and the ev_check watcher makes sure a callback gets invoked. Neither watcher alone can do
that.

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)

ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no parameters of any kind.
There are ev_prepare_set and ev_check_set macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly
and completely pointless.

Examples

There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules into libev. Here are some
ideas on how to include libadns into libev (there is a Perl module named EV::ADNS that does this, which
you could use as a working example. Another Perl module named EV::Glib embeds a Glib main context
into libev, and finally, Glib::EV embeds EV into the Glib event loop).

Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, and in a check watcher, destroy
them and call into libadns. What follows is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a
low priority for the check watcher or use ev_clear_pending explicitly, as the callbacks for the IO/timeout
watchers might not have been called yet.

static ev_io iow [nfd];

static ev_timer tw;

static void
io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
}

// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking

static void
adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
{
int timeout = 3600000;
struct pollfd fds [nfd];
// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));

/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */

ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);

// create one ev_io per pollfd

for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
{
ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
 ((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));

fds [i].revents = 0;
ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
}
}

// stop all watchers after blocking

static void
adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
{
ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);

for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)

{
// set the relevant poll flags
// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;

// now stop the watcher

ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
}

adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));

}

Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run adns_afterpoll in the prepare watcher and
would dispose of the check watcher.

Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event notification (libadns does), you can also
make use of the actual watcher callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare
watcher.

static void
timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
update_now (EV_A);

adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);

}

static void
io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
{
adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
update_now (EV_A);

if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);

if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
}

// do not ever call adns_afterpoll

Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you want to embed is not
flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can override their poll function. The drawback with this
solution is that the main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The Glib::EV module uses this
approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible libglib event loop.

static gint
event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
{
int got_events = 0;

for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)

// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events

if (timeout >= 0)
// create/start timer

// poll
ev_run (EV_A_ 0);

// stop timer again

if (timeout >= 0)
ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);

// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set

for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);

return got_events;
}

ev_embed - when one backend isn't enough...

This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop into another (currently only
ev_io events are supported in the embedded loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a
delayed or incorrect fashion and must not be used).

There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and prioritise I/O.

As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support sockets on some
platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you still want to make use of it because you have
many sockets and it scales so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it
into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will be a bit slower because first libev
has to call poll and then kevent, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are best:
kqueue for scalable sockets and poll if you want it to work :)

As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where some fds have to be
watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even priorities and idle watchers might have
too much overhead. In this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in a
second one, and embed the second one in the first.

As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time there might be events pending in
the embedded loop. The callback must then call ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher) to make a single
sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the ev_embed_sweep function
directly, it could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).

You can also set the callback to 0, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the
embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.

Fork detection will be handled transparently while the ev_embed watcher is active, i.e., the embedded loop
will automatically be forked when the embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for
calling ev_loop_fork on the embedded loop.

Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by ev_embeddable_backends are,
which, unfortunately, does not include any portable one.

So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared that you cannot get an
embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around this is to have a separate variables for your
embeddable loop, try to create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.

ev_embed and fork

While the ev_embed watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will automatically be applied to the
embedded loop as well, so no special fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not
running, however, it is still the task of the libev user to call ev_loop_fork () as applicable.

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)

ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be embeddable. If the callback is
0, then ev_embed_sweep will be invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the
callback to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done, if you do not
want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).

ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)

Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works similarly to ev_run
(embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT),but in the most appropriate way for embedded loops.

struct ev_loop *other [read-only]

The embedded event loop.

Examples

Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default event loop. If that is not
possible, use the default loop. The default loop is stored in loop_hi, while the embeddable loop is stored
in loop_lo (which is loop_hi in the case no embeddable loop can be used).

struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);

struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
ev_embed embed;
 // see if there is a chance of getting one that works
// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
: 0;

// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi

if (loop_lo)
{
ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
}
else
loop_lo = loop_hi;

Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create a kqueue backend for use with
sockets (which usually work with any kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop
in loop_socket. (One might optionally use EVFLAG_NOENV, too).

struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);

struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
ev_embed embed;

if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)

if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
{
ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
}

if (!loop_socket)
loop_socket = loop;

// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else

ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork

Fork watchers are called when a fork () was detected (usually because whoever is a good citizen cared
to tell libev about it by calling ev_loop_fork). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next and
before ev_check watchers are being called, and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen
calling ev_default_fork cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too, of
course.

The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?

Most uses of fork () consist of forking, then some simple calls to set up/change the process
environment, followed by a call to exec(). This sequence should be handled by libev without any
problems.

This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling in the child, or both parent in
child, in effect "continuing" after the fork.

The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect forks) is to duplicate all the state
in the child, as would be expected when either the parent or the child process continues.
When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the wrong result. In that case,
usually one process (typically the parent) is supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before,
while the other process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.

The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to simply create a new event loop, which
of course will be "empty", and use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the disadvantage of having to use
multiple event loops (which do not support signal watchers).

When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for other reasons, then in the process
that wants to start "fresh", call ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT) followed by ev_default_loop (...).
Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you have to be careful not
to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any
signal watchers.

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)

Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any kind. There is a
ev_fork_set macro, but using it is utterly pointless, really.

ev_cleanup - even the best things end

Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed by a call to ev_loop_destroy.

While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup watchers provide a convenient
method to install cleanup hooks for your program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to
destroy the loop when you want them to be invoked.

Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike all other watchers, they do
not keep a reference to the event loop (which makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other
watchers, you can call libev functions in the callback, except ev_cleanup_start.

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)

Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of any kind. There is a
ev_cleanup_set macro, but using it is utterly pointless, I assure you.

Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any cleanup functions are called.

static void
program_exits (void)
{
ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
}

...
atexit (program_exits);
ev_async - how to wake up an event loop
In general, you cannot use an ev_loop from multiple threads or other asynchronous sources such as
signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event loops - those are of course safe to use in different
threads).

Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control, for example because it
belongs to another thread. This is what ev_async watchers do: as long as the ev_async watcher is active,
you can signal it by calling ev_async_send, which is thread- and signal safe.

This functionality is very similar to ev_signal watchers, as signals, too, are asynchronous in nature, and
signals, too, will be compressed (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
ev_async_send calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind of "global async watchers" by using
a watcher on an otherwise unused signal, and ev_feed_signal to signal this watcher from another
thread, even without knowing which loop owns the signal.

Queueing

ev_async does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason is that the author does not know of a
simple (or any) algorithm for a multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access semantics.

That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own queue. But at least I can tell
you how to implement locking around your queue:

queueing from a signal handler context

To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal handler but you
block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for some
fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:

static ev_async mysig;

static void
sigusr1_handler (void)
{
sometype data;

// no locking etc.
queue_put (data);
ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
}

static void
mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
{
sometype data;
sigset_t block, prev;

sigemptyset (&block);
sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);

while (queue_get (&data))

process (data);
 if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
}

(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use pthread_setmask instead of sigprocmask when
you use threads, but libev doesn't do it either...).

queueing from a thread context

The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block threads but you can easily
preempt them, so to queue safely you need to employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this
pthread example:

static ev_async mysig;

static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

static void
otherthread (void)
{
// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
queue_put (data);
pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);

ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);

}

static void
mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
{
pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);

while (queue_get (&data))

process (data);

pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
}

Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members

ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)

Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any kind. There is a
ev_async_set macro, but using it is utterly pointless, trust me.

ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)

Sends/signals/activates the given ev_async watcher, that is, feeds an EV_ASYNC event on the
watcher into the event loop, and instantly returns.
Unlike ev_feed_event, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or similar contexts (see
the discussion of EV_ATOMIC_T in the embedding section below on what exactly this means).
Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get compressed into a single
 callback invocation (another way to look at this is that ev_async watchers are level-triggered:
they are set on ev_async_send, reset when the event loop detects that).
This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event loop iteration, if the
event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if the event loop (or your program) is processing
events. That means that repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically zero) under load.

bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)

Returns a non-zero value when ev_async_send has been called on the watcher but the event
has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the event loop.
ev_async_send sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When the loop iterates next
and checks for the watcher to have become active, it will reset the flag again.
ev_async_pending can be used to very quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good
idea.
Not that this does not check whether the watcher itself is pending, only whether it has been
requested to make this watcher pending: there is a time window between the event loop
checking and resetting the async notification, and the callback being invoked.

OTHER FUNCTIONS
There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.

ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)
This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your callback on whichever
event happens first and automatically stops both watchers. This is useful if you want to wait
for a single event on an fd or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free
one or more watchers yourself.
If fd is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the events argument is being
ignored. Otherwise, an ev_io watcher for the given fd and events set will be created and
started.
If timeout is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be started. Otherwise an ev_timer
watcher with after = timeout (and repeat = 0) will be started. 0 is a valid timeout.
The callback has the type void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg) and is passed an revents set
like normal event callbacks (a combination of EV_ERROR, EV_READ, EV_WRITE or EV_TIMER) and the
arg value passed to ev_once. Note that it is possible to receive both a timeout and an io event
at the same time - you probably should give io events precedence.
Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.

static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)

{
if (revents & EV_READ)
/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
else if (revents & EV_TIMER)
/* doh, nothing entered */;
}
 ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);

ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)

Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected the given events.

ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)

Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also ev_feed_signal, which is async-safe.

COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR

BOTH)
This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately obvious. Note that examples are
sprinkled over the whole manual, and this section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.

ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER

Each watcher has, by default, a void *data member that you can read or modify at any time: libev will
completely ignore it. This can be used to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more
data and don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that data member, you
can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own data:

struct my_io
{
ev_io io;
int otherfd;
void *somedata;
struct whatever *mostinteresting;
};

...
struct my_io w;
ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);

And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you can cast it back to your own type:

static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
{
struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
...
}

More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback function type instead have been
omitted.
BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple embedded watchers, in effect
creating your own watcher that combines multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":

struct my_biggy
{
int some_data;
ev_timer t1;
ev_timer t2;
}

In this case getting the pointer to my_biggy is a bit more complicated: Either you store the address of
your my_biggy struct in the data member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need to use
some pointer arithmetic using offsetof inside your watchers (for real programmers):

#include <stddef.h>

static void
t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
}

static void
t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
}

AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING

Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:

callback ()
{
free (request);
}

request = start_new_request (..., callback);

The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The request could be used to cancel the operation, or do
other things with it.

It's not uncommon to have code paths in start_new_request that immediately invoke the callback, for
example, to report errors. Or you add some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects
of the operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.

The problem here is that this will happen before start_new_request has returned, so request is not set.
Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you might want to do something to
the request after starting it, such as canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback
has already been invoked.

A common way around all these issues is to make sure that start_new_request always returns before
the callback is invoked. If start_new_request immediately knows the result, it can artificially delay invoking
the callback by using a prepare or idle watcher for example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing
(stopped) watcher and pushing it into the pending queue:

ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);

ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);

This way, start_new_request can safely return before the callback is invoked, while not delaying callback
invocation too much.

MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS

Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have modal interaction, which is most easily
implemented by recursively invoking ev_run.

This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the main ev_run call, but not the
nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested
one and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some other combination: In these
cases, a simple ev_break will not work.

The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each ev_run invocation, and use a loop around
ev_run until the condition is triggered, using EVRUN_ONCE:

// main loop
int exit_main_loop = 0;

while (!exit_main_loop)
ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);

// in a modal watcher
int exit_nested_loop = 0;

while (!exit_nested_loop)
ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);

To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:

// exit modal loop

exit_nested_loop = 1;

// exit main program, after modal loop is finished

exit_main_loop = 1;

// exit both
exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different thread from where callbacks are
being invoked and watchers are created/added/removed.

For a real-world example, see the EV::Loop::Async perl module, which uses exactly this technique (which
is suited for many high-level languages).

The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition variable to wait for callback
invocations, an async watcher to notify the event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up
the main thread.

First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:

typedef struct {
pthread_mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
pthread_t tid;
pthread_cond_t invoke_cv;
ev_async async_w;
} userdata;

void prepare_loop (EV_P)

{
// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
static userdata u;

ev_async_init (&u.async_w, async_cb);

ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u.async_w);

pthread_mutex_init (&u.lock, 0);

pthread_cond_init (&u.invoke_cv, 0);

// now associate this with the loop

ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ &u);
ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);

// then create the thread running ev_run

pthread_create (&u.tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
}

The callback for the ev_async watcher does nothing: the watcher is used solely to wake up the event loop
so it takes notice of any new watchers that might have been added:

static void
async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
{
// just used for the side effects
}

The l_release and l_acquire callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex protecting the loop data,
respectively.
 static void
l_release (EV_P)
{
userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
}

static void
l_acquire (EV_P)
{
userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
}

The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight into ev_run:

void *
l_run (void *thr_arg)
{
struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;

l_acquire (EV_A);
pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
l_release (EV_A);

return 0;
}

Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the l_invoke callback will signal the main thread via some
unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe writes? Async::Interrupt?) and then waits until all pending
watchers have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible and b) skipping
inter-thread-communication when there are no pending watchers is very beneficial):

static void
l_invoke (EV_P)
{
userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);

while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))

{
wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
}
}

Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it will grab the lock, call
ev_invoke_pending and then signal the loop thread to continue:

static void
real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
{
userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
 pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
}

Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an event loop, you will now
have to lock:

ev_timer timeout_watcher;
userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);

ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);

pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);

Note that sending the ev_async watcher is required because otherwise an event loop currently blocking
in the kernel will have no knowledge about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any
new watchers in the next event loop iteration.

THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF

CALLBACKS
While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it is still an overhead. If you
embed libev, and your main usage is with some kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to
customise libev so that doesn't need callbacks anymore.

Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function switch_to (coro), that libev runs in
a coroutine called libev_coro and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
global called current_coro. Then you can build your own "wait for libev event" primitive by changing
EV_CB_DECLARE and EV_CB_INVOKE (note the differing ; conventions):

#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;

#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)

That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the coroutine to switch to in each watcher,
and instead of having libev call your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.

A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called wait_for_event. (the watcher needs to be
started, as always, but it doesn't matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this
function is called):

void
wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
{
ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
 switch_to (libev_coro);
}

That basically suspends the coroutine inside wait_for_event and continues the libev coroutine, which,
when appropriate, switches back to this or any other coroutine.

You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue - instead of storing a coroutine,
you store the queue object and instead of switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the
queue and notify any waiters.

To embed libev, see EMBEDDING, but in short, it's easiest to create two files, my_ev.h and my_ev.c that
include the respective libev files:

// my_ev.h
#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
#include "../libev/ev.h"

// my_ev.c
#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
#include "../libev/ev.c"

And then use my_ev.h when you would normally use ev.h, and compile my_ev.c into your project. When
properly specifying include paths, you can even use ev.h as header file name directly.

LIBEVENT EMULATION
Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot emulate the internals of libevent, so
here are some usage hints:

* Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated.

This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented, and is still mostly
unchanged in 2010.

* Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.

* The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback, ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res,
ev_events.
* Avoid using ev_flags and the EVLIST_*-macros, while it is maintained by libev, it does not
work exactly the same way as in libevent (consider it a private API).
* Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities will fail and all watchers will
have the same priority, even though there is an ev_pri field.
* In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the base that registered the
signal gets the signals.
* Other members are not supported.
* The libev emulation is not ABI compatible to libevent, you need to use the libev header file
and library.
C++ SUPPORT
C API
The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the libev sources can be
compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API will work fine.

Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed to libev: exceptions may be
thrown only from watcher callbacks, all other callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and
periodic reschedule callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a noexcept specification. If
you have code that needs to be compiled as both C and C++ you can use the EV_NOEXCEPT macro for
this:

static void
fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_NOEXCEPT
{
perror (msg);
abort ();
}

...
ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);

The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are ev_run, ev_invoke, ev_invoke_pending and
ev_loop_destroy (the latter because it runs cleanup watchers).

Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself is compiled with a C++ compiler
or your C and C++ environments allow throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).

C++ API
Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow you to use some
convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change the callback model to a model using
method callbacks on objects.

To use it,

#include <ev++.h>

This automatically includes ev.h and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global
namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the ev namespace. It should support all the same
embedding options as ev.h, most notably EV_MULTIPLICITY.

Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++ classes add (compared
to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer that the watcher is associated with (or no additional
members at all if you disable EV_MULTIPLICITY when embedding libev).

Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes with operator () can be used
as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for
context. If you need support for other types of functors please contact the author (preferably after
implementing it).

For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling conventions as your C
compiler (for static member functions), or you have to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.

Here is a list of things available in the ev namespace:

ev::READ, ev::WRITE etc.

These are just enum values with the same values as the EV_READ etc. macros from ev.h.

ev::tstamp, ev::now

Aliases to the same types/functions as with the ev_ prefix.

ev::io, ev::timer, ev::periodic, ev::idle, ev::sig etc.

For each ev_TYPE watcher in ev.h there is a corresponding class of the same name in the ev
namespace, with the exception of ev_signal which is called ev::sig to avoid clashes with the
signal macro defined by many implementations.

All of those classes have these methods:

ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)
ev::TYPE::~TYPE
The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher with. If it
is omitted, it will use EV_DEFAULT.
The constructor calls ev_init for you, which means you have to call the set method
before starting it.
It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated set method to set
a callback before you can start the watcher.
(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does not
allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.

w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)

This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a signature
of void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int), it receives the watcher as first argument and the
revents as second. The object must be given as parameter and is stored in the
data member of the watcher.

This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from the C
callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your callback (i.e. it is visible
to it at the place of the set call and your compiler is good :), then the method will be
fully inlined into the thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
 struct myclass
{
void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
}

myclass obj;
ev::io iow;
iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);

w->set (object *)
This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call will default
the method to operator (), which makes it possible to use functor objects without
having to manually specify the operator () all the time. Incidentally, you can then
also leave out the template argument list.
The operator () method prototype must be void operator ()(watcher &w, int
revents).

See the method-set above for more details.

Example: use a functor object as callback.

struct myfunctor
{
void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
{
...
}
}

myfunctor f;

ev::io w;
w.set (&f);

w->set<function> (void *data = 0)

Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as callback. The
optional data argument will be stored in the watcher's data member and is free for
you to use.
The prototype of the function must be void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int).
See the method-set above for more details.
Example: Use a plain function as callback.

static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }

iow.set <io_cb> ();

w->set (loop)
 Associates a different struct ev_loop with this watcher. You can only do this when
the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).

w->set ([arguments])
Basically the same as ev_TYPE_set (except for ev::embed watchers>), with the same
arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method must be called at least
once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and
restarted when reconfiguring it with this method.
For ev::embed watchers this method is called set_embed, to avoid clashing with the
set (loop) method.

For ev::io watchers there is an additional set method that acepts a new event
mask only, and internally calls ev_io_modify.

w->start ()
Starts the watcher. Note that there is no loop argument, as the constructor
already stores the event loop.

w->start ([arguments])
Instead of calling set and start methods separately, it is often convenient to wrap
them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as the configure set method of
the watcher.

w->stop ()
Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no loop argument.

w->again () (ev::timer, ev::periodic only)

For ev::timer and ev::periodic, this invokes the corresponding ev_TYPE_again
function.

w->sweep () (ev::embed only)

Invokes ev_embed_sweep.

w->update () (ev::stat only)

Invokes ev_stat_stat.

Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O watchers in the constructor.

class myclass
{
ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
 myclass (int fd)
{
io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this);
idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);

io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher

io.start (); // start it whenever convenient

io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call

}
};

OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS

Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a number of languages exist in the
form of third-party packages. If you know any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed
here, drop me a note.

Perl
The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test libev. EV is developed
together with libev. Apart from the EV core module, there are additional modules that
implement libev-compatible interfaces to libadns (EV::ADNS, but AnyEvent::DNS is preferred
nowadays), Net::SNMP (Net::SNMP::EV) and the libglib event core (Glib::EV and EV::Glib).
It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/
EV.

Python
Python bindings can be found at http://code.google.com/p/pyev/. It seems to be quite
complete and well-documented.

Ruby
Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset of the libev API and
adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and more on top of it. It can be found via
gem servers. Its homepage is at http://rev.rubyforge.org/.
Roger Pack reports that using the link order -lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190 makes rev work
even on mingw.

Haskell
A haskell binding to libev is available at http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/
package/hlibev.

D
Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (ev.d) for libev, to be found at http://
www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html.
 Ocaml
Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/
~flux/software/ocaml-ev/.

Lua
Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the time of this writing, only
ev_io and ev_timer), to be found at http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev.

Javascript
Node.js (http://nodejs.org) uses libev as the underlying event library.

Others
There are others, and I stopped counting.

MACRO MAGIC
Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental of which is EV_MULTIPLICITY. This
option determines whether (most) functions and callbacks have an initial struct ev_loop * argument.

To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the following macros are defined:

EV_A, EV_A_

This provides the loop argument for functions, if one is required ("ev loop argument"). The
EV_A form is used when this is the sole argument, EV_A_ is used when other arguments are
following. Example:

ev_unref (EV_A);
ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
ev_run (EV_A_ 0);

It assumes the variable loop of type struct ev_loop * is in scope, which is often provided by
the following macro.

EV_P, EV_P_

This provides the loop parameter for functions, if one is required ("ev loop parameter"). The
EV_P form is used when this is the sole parameter, EV_P_ is used when other parameters are
following. Example:

// this is how ev_unref is being declared

static void ev_unref (EV_P);

// this is how you can declare your typical callback

static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
 It declares a parameter loop of type struct ev_loop *, quite suitable for use with EV_A.

EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_

Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default loop, if multiple loops
are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have to initialise the loop
somewhere.

EV_DEFAULT_UC, EV_DEFAULT_UC_

Usage identical to EV_DEFAULT and EV_DEFAULT_, but requires that the default loop has been
initialised (UC == unchecked). Their behaviour is undefined when the default loop has not been
initialised by a previous execution of EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_ or ev_default_init (...).
It is often prudent to use EV_DEFAULT when initialising the first watcher in a function but use
EV_DEFAULT_UC afterwards.

Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above macros so it will work regardless of
whether multiple loops are supported or not.

static void
check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
}

ev_check check;
ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);

EMBEDDING
Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host applications. Examples of applications that embed it
include the Deliantra Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe) and rxvt-
unicode.

The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your source directory without having to
change even a single line in them, so you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out
copy of libev somewhere in your source tree).

FILESETS
Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files in your application.

CORE EVENT LOOP

To include only the libev core (all the ev_* functions), with manual configuration (no autoconf):
 #define EV_STANDALONE 1
#include "ev.c"

This will automatically include ev.h, too, and should be done in a single C source file only to provide the
function implementations. To use it, do the same for ev.h in all files wishing to use this API (best done by
writing a wrapper around ev.h that you can include instead and where you can put other configuration
options):

#define EV_STANDALONE 1
#include "ev.h"

Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++ compiler (at least, that's a
stated goal, and breakage will be treated as a bug).

You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when
using -Ilibev):

ev.h
ev.c
ev_vars.h
ev_wrap.h

ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only

ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled

ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled
ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled
ev_linuxaio.c only when the linux aio backend is enabled
ev_iouring.c only when the linux io_uring backend is enabled
ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled
ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled

ev.c includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need to compile this single file.

LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API

To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:

#include "event.c"

in the file including ev.c, and:

#include "event.h"

in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes ev.h.

You need the following additional files for this:

 event.h
event.c

AUTOCONF SUPPORT

Instead of using EV_STANDALONE=1 and providing your configuration in whatever way you want, you can
also m4_include([libev.m4]) in your configure.ac and leave EV_STANDALONE undefined. ev.c will then
include config.h and configure itself accordingly.

For this of course you need the m4 file:

libev.m4

PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define before including (or
compiling) any of its files. The default in the absence of autoconf is documented for every option.

Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different values when compiling libev vs.
including ev.h, so it is permissible to redefine them before including ev.h without breaking compatibility to
a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all users of libev and the libev code
itself must be compiled with compatible settings.

EV_COMPAT3 (h)
Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this release of libev comes
with wrappers for the functions and symbols that have been renamed between libev version
3 and 4.
You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future versions) by defining
EV_COMPAT3 to 0 when compiling your sources. This has the additional advantage that you can
drop the struct from struct ev_loop declarations, as libev will provide an ev_loop typedef in
that case.
In some future version, the default for EV_COMPAT3 will become 0, and in some even more
future version the compatibility code will be removed completely.

EV_STANDALONE (h)
Must always be 1 if you do not use autoconf configuration, which keeps libev from including
config.h, and it also defines dummy implementations for some libevent functions (such as
logging, which is not supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
event.h that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the configuration, but has to be
more conservative.

EV_USE_FLOOR
If defined to be 1, libev will use the floor () function for its periodic reschedule calculations,
otherwise libev will fall back on a portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you
 usually have to link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the floor
function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable this.

EV_USE_MONOTONIC
If defined to be 1, libev will try to detect the availability of the monotonic clock option at both
compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted.
If you enable this, you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have to make sure you link against
any libraries where the clock_gettime function is hiding in (often -lrt). See also
EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL.

EV_USE_REALTIME
If defined to be 1, libev will try to detect the availability of the real-time clock option at compile
time (and assume its availability at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time
clock option will be attempted. This effectively replaces gettimeofday by clock_get
(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...) and will not normally affect correctness. See the note about libraries
in the description of EV_USE_MONOTONIC, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL.

EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
If defined to be 1, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead of calling the system-provided
clock_gettime function. This option exists because on GNU/Linux, clock_gettime is in librt,
but librt unconditionally pulls in libpthread, slowing down single-threaded programs
needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in theory), because no optimised vdso
implementation can be used, but avoids the pthread dependency. Defaults to 1 on GNU/Linux
with glibc 2.x or higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for -lrt).

EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
If defined to be 1, libev will assume that nanosleep () is available and will use it for delays.
Otherwise it will use select ().

EV_USE_EVENTFD
If defined to be 1, then libev will assume that eventfd () is available and will probe for kernel
support at runtime. This will improve ev_signal and ev_async performance and reduce
resource consumption. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux +
Glibc 2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.

EV_USE_SIGNALFD
If defined to be 1, then libev will assume that signalfd () is available and will probe for kernel
support at runtime. This enables the use of EVFLAG_SIGNALFD for faster and simpler signal
handling. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.7 or
newer, otherwise disabled.

EV_USE_TIMERFD
 If defined to be 1, then libev will assume that timerfd () is available and will probe for kernel
support at runtime. This allows libev to detect time jumps accurately. If undefined, it will be
enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.8 or newer and define
TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET, otherwise disabled.

EV_USE_EVENTFD
If defined to be 1, then libev will assume that eventfd () is available and will probe for kernel
support at runtime. This will improve ev_signal and ev_async performance and reduce
resource consumption. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux +
Glibc 2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.

EV_USE_SELECT
If undefined or defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the select(2) backend. No
attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no other method takes over, select will be it.
Otherwise the select backend will not be compiled in.

EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
If defined to 1, then the select backend will use the system fd_set structure. This is useful if
libev doesn't compile due to a missing NFDBITS or fd_mask definition or it mis-guesses the
bitset layout on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some low
limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only allows 64 sockets). The
FD_SETSIZE macro, set before compilation, configures the maximum size of the fd_set.

EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
When defined to 1, the select backend will assume that select/socket/connect etc. don't
understand file descriptors but wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select
to be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call _get_osfhandle on the fd to
convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise, it is assumed that all these functions actually work on
fds, even on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.

EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)
If EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET is enabled, then libev needs a way to map file descriptors to socket
handles. When not defining this symbol (the default), then libev will call _get_osfhandle, which
is usually correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management, in
which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.

EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)
If EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET then libev maps handles to file descriptors using the standard
_open_osfhandle function. For programs implementing their own fd to handle mapping,
overwriting this function makes it easier to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to
an appropriate value.

EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)
If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this macro can be
 used to override the close function, useful to unregister file descriptors again. Note that the
replacement function has to close the underlying OS handle.

EV_USE_WSASOCKET
If defined to be 1, libev will use WSASocket to create its internal communication socket, which
works better in some environments. Otherwise, the normal socket function will be used, which
works better in other environments.

EV_USE_POLL
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the poll(2) backend. Otherwise it will be
enabled on non-win32 platforms. It takes precedence over select.

EV_USE_EPOLL
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Linux epoll(7) backend. Its availability will
be detected at runtime, otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the
preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.

EV_USE_LINUXAIO
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Linux aio backend (EV_USE_EPOLL must
also be enabled). If undefined, it will be enabled on linux, otherwise disabled.

EV_USE_IOURING
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Linux io_uring backend (EV_USE_EPOLL
must also be enabled). Due to it's current limitations it has to be requested explicitly. If
undefined, it will be enabled on linux, otherwise disabled.

EV_USE_KQUEUE
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the BSD style kqueue(2) backend. Its actual
availability will be detected at runtime, otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This
is the preferred backend for BSD and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only
supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that supports ptys for
example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but not be used unless explicitly
requested. The best way to use it is to find out whether kqueue supports your type of fd
properly and use an embedded kqueue loop.

EV_USE_PORT
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Solaris 10 port style backend. Its
availability will be detected at runtime, otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This
is the preferred backend for Solaris 10 systems.

EV_USE_DEVPOLL
Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
EV_USE_INOTIFY
If defined to be 1, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify interface to speed up
ev_stat watchers. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be
enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.

EV_NO_SMP
If defined to be 1, libev will assume that memory is always coherent between threads, that is,
threads can be used, but threads never run on different cpus (or different cpu cores). This
reduces dependencies and makes libev faster.

EV_NO_THREADS
If defined to be 1, libev will assume that it will never be called from different threads (that
includes signal handlers), which is a stronger assumption than EV_NO_SMP, above. This reduces
dependencies and makes libev faster.

EV_ATOMIC_T
Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing 0 or 1) whose access is atomic with
respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such type is easily found in the C language, so
you can provide your own type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for
signal handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in ev_async watchers.
In the absence of this define, libev will use sig_atomic_t volatile (from signal.h), which is
usually good enough on most platforms.

EV_H (h)
The name of the ev.h header file used to include it. The default if undefined is "ev.h" in event.h,
ev.c and ev++.h. This can be used to virtually rename the ev.h header file in case of conflicts.

EV_CONFIG_H (h)
If EV_STANDALONE isn't 1, this variable can be used to override ev.c's idea of where to find the
config.h file, similarly to EV_H, above.

EV_EVENT_H (h)
Similarly to EV_H, this macro can be used to override event.c's idea of how the event.h header
can be found, the default is "event.h".

EV_PROTOTYPES (h)
If defined to be 0, then ev.h will not define any function prototypes, but still define all the
structs and other symbols. This is occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper
functions around libev functions.

EV_MULTIPLICITY
If undefined or defined to 1, then all event-loop-specific functions will have the struct ev_loop
* as first argument, and you can create additional independent event loops. Otherwise there
 will be no support for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer argument.
Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
Note that EV_DEFAULT and EV_DEFAULT_ will no longer provide a default loop when multiplicity is
switched off - you always have to initialise the loop manually in this case.

EV_MINPRI
EV_MAXPRI
The range of allowed priorities. EV_MINPRI must be smaller or equal to EV_MAXPRI, but
otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can provide for more priorities by
overriding those symbols (usually defined to be -2 and 2, respectively).
When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search all the priorities, so
having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space and time, so using the defaults of five
priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually fine.
If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to 0 will save
some memory and CPU.

EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE,

EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
If undefined or defined to be 1 (and the platform supports it), then the respective watcher
type is supported. If defined to be 0, then it is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code
size.

EV_FEATURES
If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some speed (but with the full
API), you can define this symbol to request certain subsets of functionality. The default is to
enable all features that can be enabled on the platform.
A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to 0 (or to a bitset with some broad features
you want) and then selectively re-enable additional parts you want, for example if you want
everything minimal, but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll
backend, use this:

#define EV_FEATURES 0
#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1
#define EV_USE_POLL 1
#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1

The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following values (by default, all of
these are enabled):
1 - faster/larger code
Use larger code to speed up some operations.
Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the code size by
roughly 30% on amd64).
 When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as -Os with gcc is
recommended, as well as -DNDEBUG, as libev contains a number of assertions.
The default is off when __OPTIMIZE_SIZE__ is defined by your compiler (e.g. gcc with
-Os).

2 - faster/larger data structures

Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger hash
table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size and can
additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at runtime.
The default is off when __OPTIMIZE_SIZE__ is defined by your compiler (e.g. gcc with
-Os).

4 - full API configuration

This enables priorities (sets EV_MAXPRI=2 and EV_MINPRI=-2), and enables
multiplicity (EV_MULTIPLICITY=1).

8 - full API
This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See ev.h for details on which
parts of the API are still available without this feature, and do not complain if this
subset changes over time.

16 - enable all optional watcher types

Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable only some
watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare, embed, async, child...) you
can enable them manually by defining EV_watchertype_ENABLE to 1 instead.

32 - enable all backends

This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at least one
backend manually (EV_USE_SELECT is a good choice).

64 - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs

Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by default.

Compiling with gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0 reduces the

compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/
Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O watchers, timers and monotonic clock support.
With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough when you use -Wl,--gc-
sections -ffunction-sections) functions unused by your program might be left out as well - a
binary starting a timer and an I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.

EV_API_STATIC
If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers will have static linkage. This
means that libev will not export any identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This
 can be useful when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file, and do not
want its identifiers to be visible.
To use this, define EV_API_STATIC and include ev.c in the file that wants to use libev.
This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++ doesn't support the
required declaration syntax.

EV_AVOID_STDIO
If this is set to 1 at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio functions (printf, scanf, perror
etc.). This will increase the code size somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise
depend on stdio and your libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite big.
Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is enabled.

EV_NSIG
The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of signals): Normally, libev tries to
deduce the maximum number of signals automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case
it can be specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (32 should be good for about any
system in existence) can save some memory, as libev statically allocates some 12-24 bytes
per signal number.

EV_PID_HASHSIZE
ev_child watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by pid. The default size is 16
(or 1 with EV_FEATURES disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands
of children you might want to increase this value (must be a power of two).

EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
ev_stat watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by inotify watch id. The default
size is 16 (or 1 with EV_FEATURES disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage
thousands of ev_stat watchers you might want to increase this value (must be a power of
two).

EV_USE_4HEAP
Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the timer and periodics
heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined to 1. The 4-heap uses more
complicated (longer) code but has noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of
watchers.
The default is 1, unless EV_FEATURES overrides it, in which case it will be 0.

EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the timer and periodics
heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (at) within the heap structure (selected by defining
EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT to 1), which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes
more code, but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
 The default is 1, unless EV_FEATURES overrides it, in which case it will be 0.

EV_VERIFY
Controls how much internal verification (see ev_verify ()) will be done: If set to 0, no internal
verification code will be compiled in. If set to 1, then verification code will be compiled in, but
not called. If set to 2, then the internal verification code will be called once per loop, which can
slow down libev. If set to 3, then the verification code will be called very frequently, which will
slow down libev considerably.
Verification errors are reported via C's assert mechanism, so if you disable that (e.g. by
defining NDEBUG) then no errors will be reported.
The default is 1, unless EV_FEATURES overrides it, in which case it will be 0.

EV_COMMON
By default, all watchers have a void *data member. By redefining this macro to something
else you can include more and other types of members. You have to define it each time you
include one of the files, though, and it must be identical each time.
For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:

#define EV_COMMON \
SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */

EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher, and the way
callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member definition and a statement,
respectively. See the ev.h header file for their default definitions. One possible use for
overriding these is to avoid the struct ev_loop * as first argument in all cases, or to use
method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.

EXPORTED API SYMBOLS

If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of exported symbols, you can use the
provided Symbol.* files which list all public symbols, one per line:

Symbols.ev for libev proper

Symbols.event for the libevent emulation

This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with multiple versions of libev linked
together (which is obviously bad in itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).

A sed command like this will create wrapper #define's that you need to include before including ev.h:
 <Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h

This would create a file wrap.h which essentially looks like this:

#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend

#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
...

EXAMPLES
For a real-world example of a program the includes libev verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl
module (http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html). It has the libev files in the libev/ subdirectory and
includes them in the EV/EVAPI.h (public interface) and EV.xs (implementation) files. Only the EV.xs file will
be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header file.

The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a ev_cpp.h header file that everybody includes and which
overrides some configure choices:

#define EV_FEATURES 8
#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
#define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1
#define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1
#define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1
#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
#define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0
#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>

#include "ev++.h"

And a ev_cpp.C implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:

#include "ev_cpp.h"
#include "ev.c"

INTERACTION WITH OTHER

PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE
ENVIRONMENT
THREADS AND COROUTINES

THREADS

All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly documented otherwise, but libev
implements no locking itself. This means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long
as there are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop parameter (ev_default_*
calls have an implicit default loop parameter, of course): libev guarantees that different event loops
share no data structures that need any locking.

Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done concurrently from multiple
threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be done serially (but can be done from different
threads, as long as only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex per
loop).

Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements so-called ev_async watchers,
which allow some limited form of concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
outside".

If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops without or something else still) is
best for your problem, then I cannot help you, but here is some generic advice:

* most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop in that thread, or create a
separate thread running only the default loop.
This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev themselves and don't
care/know about threading.

* one loop per thread is usually a good model.

Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model exists, but it is
always a good start.

* other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one loop is handed through
multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do better than you
currently do :-)

* often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the event loop.
ev_async watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely (or from signal
contexts...).
An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only work in the
default loop by registering the signal watcher with the default loop and triggering an ev_async
watcher from the default loop watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.

See also THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE.

COROUTINES

Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"): libev fully supports nesting calls to
its functions from different coroutines (e.g. you can call ev_run on the same loop from two different
coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the loop, as long as you don't confuse
yourself). The only exception is that you must not do this from ev_periodic reschedule callbacks.
Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside ev_run, and other calls do not
usually allow for coroutine switches as they do not call any callbacks.

COMPILER WARNINGS
Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a lot of warnings when compiling
libev code. Some people are apparently scared by this.

However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler has different warnings, and
each user has different tastes regarding warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal
except when targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.

Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate workarounds, or other changes to
the code that make it less clear and less maintainable.

And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply wrong (because they don't
actually warn about the condition their message seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc
versions had some warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have been
fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with such buggy versions.

While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible, "warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is
recommended not to build libev with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope
with them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that: warnings, not errors, or proof
of bugs.

VALGRIND
Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is highly useful. Unfortunately,
valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.

If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.) in libev, then check twice: If
valgrind reports something like:

==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.

==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.

Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables is not a memleak - the
memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.

Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in
realloc or in the poll backend, although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
confused.

Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't make it into some kind of religion.

If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list with the full valgrind report and
an explanation on why you think this is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret
valgrind properly.
If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project I suggest using suppression
lists.

PORTABILITY NOTES
GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file interfaces but disables
them by default.

That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support files larger than 2GiB or so,
which mainly affects ev_stat watchers.

Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue by enabling the large file API,
which makes them incompatible with the standard libev compiled for their system.

Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would suddenly make it incompatible to the
default compile time environment, i.e. all programs not using special compile switches.

OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS

The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface you touch is broken, whether it is
locales, poll, kqueue or even the OpenGL drivers.

kqueue is buggy

The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support only sockets, many support
pipes.

Libev tries to work around this by not using kqueue by default on this rotten platform, but of course you
can still ask for it when creating a loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
probably going to work well.

poll is buggy

Instead of fixing kqueue, Apple replaced their (working) poll implementation by something calling kqueue
internally around the 10.5.6 release, so now kqueue and poll are broken.

Libev tries to work around this by not using poll by default on this rotten platform, but of course you
can still ask for it when creating a loop.

select is buggy

All that's left is select, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this one up as well: On OS/X, select
actively limits the number of file descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes
when you use more.

There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining _DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT, which libev tries
to use, so select should work on OS/X.
SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS

errno reentrancy

The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so thread-unsafe that you can't even use
components/libraries compiled without -D_REENTRANT in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.

If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure it's compiled with _REENTRANT
defined.

Event port backend

The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very
buggy in all major releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get a large
number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant and latest kernel patches applied. No,
I don't know which ones, but there are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
great.

If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting the environment variable
LIBEV_FLAGS=3 to only allow poll and select backends.

AIX POLL BUG

AIX unfortunately has a broken poll.h header. Libev works around this by trying to avoid the poll
backend altogether (i.e. it's not even compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as select works fine
with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.

WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS

General issues

Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev requires, and its I/O model is
fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform
in the form of the EVBACKEND_SELECT backend, and only supports socket descriptors. This only applies
when using Win32 natively, not when using e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own
compilers, as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible environment.

Lifting these limitations would basically require the full re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are
into this kind of thing, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note also that
glib is the slowest event library known to man).

There is no supported compilation method available on windows except embedding it into other
applications.

Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev tries its best, but under most
conditions, signals will simply not work.

Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't accept large writes: instead of
resulting in a partial write, windows will either accept everything or return ENOBUFS if the buffer is too
large, so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a megabyte seems safe,
but this apparently depends on the amount of memory available).

Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the abysmal performance of
winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program
needs to use more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different
implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness notification model, which cannot be
implemented efficiently on windows (due to Microsoft monopoly games).

A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding section for details) and use
the following evwrap.h header file instead of ev.h:

#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */

#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */

#include "ev.h"

And compile the following evwrap.c file into your project (make sure you do not compile the ev.c or any
other embedded source files!):

#include "evwrap.h"
#include "ev.c"

The winsocket select function

The winsocket select function doesn't follow POSIX in that it requires socket handles and not socket file
descriptors (it is also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also requires a mapping
from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft C runtime provides the function _open_osfhandle
for this). See the discussion of the EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET and
EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE preprocessor symbols for more info.

The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime libraries and raw winsocket select is:

#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */

Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a complexity in the O(n²) range
when using win32.

Limited number of file descriptors

Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.

Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum of 64 handles (probably
owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for 64 things at the same time internally;
Microsoft recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in
each. Sounds great!).
Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define FD_SETSIZE to some high number (e.g.
2048) before compiling the winsocket select call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl
and many other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).

Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime libraries, which by default is 64
(there must be a hidden 64 fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by
calling _setmaxstdio, which can increase this limit to 2048 (another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many
versions of the Microsoft runtime libraries. This might get you to about 512 or 2048 sockets (depending
on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to wrap all I/O functions and
provide your own fd management, but the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.

PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a
few additional extensions:

void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents) must have compatible calling conventions regardless
of ev_watcher_type *.
Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal structure
(guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also assumes that the same
(machine) code can be used to call any watcher callback: The watcher callbacks have
different type signatures, but libev calls them using an ev_watcher * internally.

null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes

Libev uses memset to initialise structs and arrays to 0 bytes, and relies on this setting pointers
and integers to null.

pointer accesses must be thread-atomic

Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and writable in one piece
- this is the case on all current architectures.

sig_atomic_t volatile must be thread-atomic as well

The type sig_atomic_t volatile (or whatever is defined as EV_ATOMIC_T) must be atomic with
respect to accesses from different threads. This is not part of the specification for
sig_atomic_t, but is believed to be sufficiently portable.

sigprocmask must work in a threaded environment

Libev uses sigprocmask to temporarily block signals. This is not allowed in a threaded program
(pthread_sigmask has to be used). Typical pthread implementations will either allow
sigprocmask in the "main thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would be
compatible with libev. Interaction between sigprocmask and pthread_sigmask could complicate
things, however.
The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads except the initial one,
and run the signal handling loop in the initial thread as well.
 long must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses long internally instead of size_t when
allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly
low, but is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
watchers.

double must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy

The type double is used to represent timestamps. It is required to have at least 51 bits of
mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good enough for at least into the year 4000 with
millisecond accuracy (the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the year 2255 (and
millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev is either obsolete or somebody
patched it to use long double or something like that, just kidding).

If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.

ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside libev will be documented. For
complexity discussions about backends see the documentation for ev_default_init.

All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be extended, libev needs to realloc and
move the whole array, but this happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1)
might mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average it is much faster
and asymptotically approaches constant time.

Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)

This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and there are 100
watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will have to skip roughly seven (ld 100)
of these watchers.

Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log

skipped_other_timers)
That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them, as only the relative
motion in the event queue has to be paid for.

Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)

These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.

Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)

Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid %
EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the correct watcher to
 remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually have many watchers waiting for the
same fd or signal: one is typical, two is rare).

Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)

By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a fixed position in the
storage array.

Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)

A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires libev to recalculate
its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending on backend and whether ev_io_set was
used).

Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)

Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each priority. When doing priority-
based operations, libev usually has to linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping
and activating watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.

Sending an ev_async: O(1)

Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
Sending involves a system call iff there were no other ev_async_send calls in the current loop
iteration and the loop is currently blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves
iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.

PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X

The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API.

At the moment, the ev.h header file provides compatibility definitions for all changes, so most programs
should still compile. The compatibility layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update
to the new API early than late.

EV_COMPAT3 backwards compatibility mechanism

The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by EV_COMPAT3. See
"PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS" in the EMBEDDING section.

ev_default_destroy and ev_default_fork have been removed

These calls can be replaced easily by their ev_loop_xxx counterparts:

ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
function/symbol renames
A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:

ev_loop => ev_run

EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT
EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE

ev_unloop => ev_break

EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL
EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE
EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL

EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER

ev_loop_count => ev_iteration

ev_loop_depth => ev_depth
ev_loop_verify => ev_verify

Most functions working on struct ev_loop objects don't have an ev_loop_ prefix, so it was
removed; ev_loop, ev_unloop and associated constants have been renamed to not collide with
the struct ev_loop anymore and EV_TIMER now follows the same naming scheme as all other
watcher types. Note that ev_loop_fork is still called ev_loop_fork because it would otherwise
clash with the ev_fork typedef.

EV_MINIMAL mechanism replaced by EV_FEATURES

The preprocessor symbol EV_MINIMAL has been replaced by a different mechanism,
EV_FEATURES. Programs using EV_MINIMAL usually compile and work, but the library code will of
course be larger.

GLOSSARY
active
A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped. See WATCHER
STATES for details.

application
In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.

backend
The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.

callback
The address of a function that is called when some event has been detected. Callbacks are
being passed the event loop, the watcher that received the event, and the actual event bitset.
 callback/watcher invocation
The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.

event
A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available for reading on a
file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having any other events happening anymore.
In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as EV_READ or EV_TIMER).

event library
A software package implementing an event model and loop.

event loop
An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them into callback
invocations.

event model
The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes watchers and events.

pending
A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected. See WATCHER
STATES for details.

real time
The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)

wall-clock time
The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually be wrong and jump
forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your clock.

watcher
A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need to be started
(attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.

AUTHOR
Marc Lehmann <[email protected]>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson and Emanuele
Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.