PHY 103: Basic Principle of Physics II

2022/2023 Session

Introductory Heat and Thermodynamics

LECTURE 4
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy. It
describes systems in which the only energy change is that of internal
energy, which is due to transfers of energy by heat or work.

 The first law makes no distinction between the results of heat and the
results of work.

 According to the first law, a system’s internal energy can be changed

either by an energy transfer by heat to or from the system or by work done
on or by the system.
 Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Internal energy
 This is all the energy of a system that is associated with its
microscopic components—atoms and molecules—when viewed
from a reference frame at rest with respect to the object.
 Internal energy includes translation, vibration and rotation of
molecules, potential energy within molecules and potential energy
between molecules
 Kinetic energy of the system due to its motion through space is
not included in internal energy.
 For a monoatomic ideal gas, the only type of energy available for
its microsopic component is associated with translational motion
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 More generally, in solids, liquids, and molecular gases, internal energy
includes other forms of molecular energy.
Heat
 This is defined as the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system
due to a temperature difference between the system and its
surroundings.
 When you heat a substance, you are transferring energy into it by
placing it in contact with surroundings that have a higher temperature.
 Both heat and work are ways of changing the energy of a system.
 Heat: when the transfer is as a result of temp. difference, Example of
energy transfer by work is when a gas is compressed by piston or when
the piston is released and the gas expands.
 Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 Different units of energy include calorie and Joule.

 1 Calorie = 4.186 J
 This equality is known as the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
 The heat capacity C of a particular sample of a substance is defined as the
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of that sample by 1°C.
 e.g. if the energy needed to raise the temp. of a sample by T is Q, then

𝑄
𝐶= so that,
∆𝑇
𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑇
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Dividing the above equation by the mass, m, of the substance
produces a quantity called specific heat, c.
𝐶 𝑄
 i.e c = = ,
𝑚 𝑚∆𝑇
 Which implies that 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
 Specific heat capacity is a measure of how thermally insensitive a
substance is to the addition of energy.
 The higher the c, the more energy must be added to a given mass
of the material to cause a particular temperature change.
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 The above equation means if temperature increases, Q is +ve and heat

flows into the system.
 If temperature decreases , Q is -ve and heat flows out of the system.
 c varies with temperature, however for small temp. interval the variation
is small and can be neglected. For example, for change in temp. of water
from 0oC to 100oC the variation is only about 1%.
 When the variation can not be neglected then

𝑇𝑓
𝑄=𝑚 𝑐𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑖
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 Conservation of Energy
 Qcold = -Qhot
 i.e. mcccTc= -mhchTh
 If the initial temps. of the cold and hot substances are T1 and T2,
and when in contact reached a final temp. Tf. Then
 mccc(Tf-T1)= -mhch(Tf-T2)
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 Latent Heat
 There are situations in which the transfer of energy to a substance
does not result in a change in temp.
 This is always the case when phase change occurs.
 Two common phase changes are: Solid to liquid (melting) and
liquid to gas (boiling).
 Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 The amount of energy transfer during the phase changes is also
dependent on mass.
 The energy transfer per unit mass during a phase change is called
latent heat, L.
 i.e. L = Q/m  Q = mL
 L depends on the nature of phase change, so there are:
Latent heat of fusion for melting and
Latent heat of vaporization for boiling
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics

 Example
 Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Solution
Part A:

Part B

Part C

Part D

Part E

 The total amount of energy that must added to change 1g of ice at -30oC to steam
at 120oC is the sum of the five energies = 3.11 x103 J
 Worked Examples
1. A 0.05kg ingot of metal is heated to 200.00C and then dropped into a light insulated
beaker containing 0.400kg of water initially at 20.00C. the final equilibrium temperature
of the mixed system is 22.40C. Find the specific heat capacity of the metal assuming the
energy absorbed by the container is negligible. Take the specific heat capacity of water
to be 4186J(kg0C)-1
solution
(1) Recall that,
Qcold = -Qhot
Assumptions: we assume that the system is sealed and some of
water that may vaporize when the ingot is dropped cannot
escape;
Since the container are light and insulated, we assume the mass
and heat absorbed by the container is negligible.
i.e. mcccTc = -mhchTh

mwcwTw = -mmcmTm

mwcw(Tf-Ti)= -mmcm(Tf-Ti)
 mccc(Tf −Tw)
cm =
−mm (Tf −Tm)

0.40 x 4186(22.4−20.0)
cm =
−0.05(22.4−200.0)

0.40 x 4186(22.4−20.0) 1667.2 x2.4 4018.56

cm = = =
0.05(200.0−22.4) 0.05 x 177.6 0.05 x 177.6

cm = 452.5Jkg−1K−1 = 4.53x102Jkg-1K-1
1. What mass of steam initially at 1300C is needed to warm
200.0g of water in a 100.0g glass container from 200C to
500C?
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.33 x 105Jkg-1
Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26 x 106Jkg-1
Specific heat capacity of ice = 2.09 x 103Jkg-1K-1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.19 x 103Jkg-1K-1
Specific heat capacity of steam = 2.01 x 103Jkg-1K-1
Specific heat capacity of the metal = 8.37 x 102Jkg-1K-1
2) Recall that,
Qcold = -Qhot
In this case, the gaseous water i.e. the steam (hot body) undergoes three processes:
A decrease in temperature from 1300C to 1000C;
Condensation into liquid water at 1000C and lastly;
A decrease in temperature of the water from 1000C to 500C
Energy involved in the first stage,
𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑠 T1
𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑠 (100 − 130)

𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑥2.01 x 103(-30)
𝑄1 = −6.03𝑥104𝑚𝑠 J
Energy involved in the second stage,
𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑙𝑠
𝑄2 = −𝑚𝑠 𝑥2.26 x 106
𝑄2 = −2.26 x 106𝑚𝑠 J

Energy involved in the last stage,

𝑄3 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑠 T3
𝑄3 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑠 (50 − 100)

𝑄3 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑥4.19𝑥103(−50)
𝑄3 = −2.095𝑥105𝑚𝑠 J
Energy transfer in the three stages 𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 = −6.03𝑥104𝑚𝑠 + −2.26 x 106𝑚𝑠 + −2.095𝑥105𝑚𝑠

𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 = −2.53𝑥106𝑚𝑠 𝐽
The water and the container undergo only one process, an increase in temperature from 20.00C to
50.00C
The amount of energy transfer in this process is:
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑤 T + 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 T
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 =0.2x4.19 x 103(50.0−20.0)+0.1x8.37 x 102(50.0−20.0)
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 =2.514x104+ 2.511 x 103=2.77 x 104J
Recall that, Qcold = -Qhot
2.77 x 104= − −2.53𝑥106𝑚𝑠

2.77𝑥104
 𝑚𝑠 =
2.53𝑥106
 𝑚𝑠 = 1.09𝑥10−2 𝑘𝑔 = 10.9𝑔
 WORKED EXAMPLE
1. In an x-ray tube, 1018 electrons per second arrive with a speed of 2 x106ms-1 at
a metal target of mass 0.2kg and specific heat capacity 500Jkg-1K-1. If the mass
of an electron is 9.0 x 10-31Kg and assuming 98% of the incident energy is
converted into heat, find how long the target will take to rise in temperature
by 500C assuming no heat loss.

SOLUTION
1
1) The K.E of an object is 𝑚𝑉 2 ,
2
1
 K.E of an electron arriving at the target in a second = 𝑥9.1𝑥10−31 𝑥(2.0𝑥106 )2 )
2
 K.E of all the electrons arriving at the target in a second =
1
𝑥9.1𝑥10−31 𝑥(2.0𝑥106 )2 )𝑥1018 = 1.82𝐽
2
 SOLUTION
 In time t, the total K.E of all the electrons arriving at the target
will be 𝐾. 𝐸 = 1.82𝑡𝐽
98
but remember that 98% of 1.82𝑡𝐽 is converted to heat= 𝑥1.82 =
100
1.8𝑡𝐽
The amount of energy transferred by the electrons = amount of
energy absorbed (gained) by heat by
the metal target i.e.
1.8𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐𝑇
1.8𝑡 = 0.2𝑥500𝑥50

0.2 𝑥 500 𝑥 50 5000

𝑡= =
1.8 1.8
𝑡 = 2777.7 = 2780𝑠 = 46.3𝑚𝑖𝑛
2. Water flows at the rate of 0.150kgmin-1 through a tube and
is heated by heater dissipating 25W. The inflow and outflow
water temperature are 15.20C and 17.40C respectively. When
the rate of flow is increased to 0.2318kgmin-1 and the rate of
heating to 37.8W, the inflow and outflow temperature remain
unchanged. Find
(a) the specific heat capacity of water
(b) the rate of loss of heat from the tube
 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
 2) recall that Power =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
(a) 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑐𝑇 + 𝐻𝐿 where 𝐻𝐿 is the rate of heat loss
In the first case,
0.150
25.2 = × 𝑐 × 17.4 − 15.2 +𝐻𝐿
60
In the second case,
0.2318
37.8 = × 𝑐 × 17.4 − 15.2 + 𝐻𝐿
60
0.0025 × 𝑐 × 2.2 +𝐻𝐿 = 25.2
0.0025 × 𝑐 × 2.2 +𝐻𝐿 = 25.2 i
0.0039 × 𝑐 × 2.2 +𝐻𝐿 = 37.8 ii
0.0055𝑐+𝐻𝐿 = 25.2 iii
0.0085𝑐+𝐻𝐿 = 37.8 iv
 Solve equations (iii) and (iv) simultaneously
Subtracting equation (iii) from equation (iv), we have
0.0030𝑐 = 12.6

12.6
𝑐= = 4200𝐽 = 4.2 × 103 𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1
0.0030
(b) Substitute the value of c into equation (iii)
0.0055 × 4200 + 𝐻𝐿 = 25.2
23.1 +𝐻𝐿 =25.2
𝐻𝐿 = 2.1𝑊
 ASSIGNMENT:
 In an x-ray tube, 1018 electrons per second arrive with a speed of 3 x106ms-1
at a metal target of mass 0.2kg and specific heat capacity 500Jkg-1K-1. If the
mass of an electron is 9.0 x 10-31Kg and assuming 96.5% of the incident energy
is converted into heat, find how long the target will take to rise in
temperature by 500C assuming there is 7.5% heat loss.
 TO BE CONTINUED………………

 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING