Unit 11

STUDY GUIDE
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY | UNIT 11
Confidence Interval of a Population Proportion
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2
Test Your Prerequisite Skills ........................................................................................................ 3
Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Lesson 1: Point Estimator for the Population Proportion
- Warm Up! ........................................................................................................................... 4
- Learn about It! ................................................................................................................... 5
- Let’s Practice! ..................................................................................................................... 6
- Check Your Understanding! ............................................................................................ 10
Lesson 2: Confidence Interval Estimate of the Population Proportion
- Warm Up! ......................................................................................................................... 11
- Learn about It! ................................................................................................................. 12
- Let’s Practice! ................................................................................................................... 14
Lesson 3: Solving Problems Involving Confidence Interval Estimation of the
Population Proportion
- Warm Up! ......................................................................................................................... 21
- Learn about It! ................................................................................................................. 22
- Let’s Practice! ................................................................................................................... 23
Challenge Yourself! ..................................................................................................................... 31
Performance Task ....................................................................................................................... 32
Wrap-up………………………………………………………………………………………………................................33
Key to Let’s Practice! .................................................................................................................... 34
References ................................................................................................................................... 34
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Table of Contents
GRADE 11/12 | STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
UNIT 11
Confidence Intervals of a Population

Proportion
When researchers conduct studies to describe a population,
they sometimes look at what percentage of the population
would actually manifest or contain a specific attribute or
characteristic.
For example, a researcher wants to know what percentage of

the senior high school students in the country have plans in
going to college after their senior high school years. It will be
impractical for the researcher to ask each senior high school
student in the country about this information as it would cost
the researcher time, energy, money, and other resources. So, as
a researcher, he/she would just sample a number of senior high school students and ask
them about the information.
Let us say, upon asking, he found that 90% of the

sampled students have plans in going to college.
This numerical value is what we called as a
statistic because it came from a sample. How
would this statistic represent the percentage or
proportion of senior high school students in the
country who have plans in going to college? Will this be a good estimate of the population
parameter? In this unit, we are going to explore how to estimate a population proportion
and how to construct confidence intervals for this. 2

STUDY GUIDE
Test Your Prerequisite Skills
 Computing for the percentage of a number compared to a whole.

 Computing the complement of an event.
Before you get started, answer the following items on a separate sheet of paper. This will
help you assess your prior knowledge and practice some skills that you will need in
studying the lessons in this unit. Show your complete solution.
1. Given the following pairs of numbers, compute what part of the first number is
the second number . Write your answer in percent.
a. ,
b. ,
c. ,
d. ,
e. ,
2. Find the complement of each probability of an event .
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

STUDY GUIDE
Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to

 identify the point estimator for the population proportion;
 determine the point estimate of the population proportion;
 identify the appropriate form of the confidence interval estimator for the
population proportion based on the central limit theorem;
 determine the confidence interval estimate of the population proportion;
 solve problems involving confidence interval estimation of the population
proportion; and
 draw a conclusion about the population proportion based on its confidence interval
estimate.
Lesson 1: Point Estimator for the Population Proportion
Warm Up!
Is it a Yes or a No?
Materials Needed: drill boards, marker
Instructions:
1. This activity will be done as a class.
2. Your teacher will present statements in which you will answer by YES or NO.
3. You have to write your answers in your drill boards.
4. After every statement, your teacher will count the number of students who
answered YES and NO. These numbers will be written on a table.
5. In the last two columns of the table, express your answers as a proportion of
students who answered YES and those who answered NO.
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STUDY GUIDE
Percentage Percentage
Statements YES NO
(YES) (NO)
1. I like to play music while
studying.
2. I like to eat vegetables.
3. Statistics is my favorite
subject.
Learn about It!
What we did in the Warm Up! activity is to get the percentage of the students who favors a
specific statement by answering YES or NO. This percentage refers to the part or
proportion of the whole class. This proportion can be used to estimate the proportion of
the total population of students who favors the statements shown.
We learned from the previous lessons that a point estimator is any single value that would
estimate a parameter. We learned that in order for us to estimate the population mean ,
we can use the sample mean as the best point estimate. In a similar case, if we want to
estimate the population proportion , we can use the sample proportion, denoted by
(read as p hat), as a best point estimate.
The sample proportion is calculated by getting the ratio of the favorable response within
the sample to the sample size. In symbols, the sample proportion is calculated as
where is the favorable response or the number of individuals in the sample containing
the attribute or characteristic of interest, and is the sample size. For example, for a
sample of 100 students, 73 likes the subject Statistics. The sample proportion in this
example is 73/100 or 0.73. It means that, 73% of the students likes the subject Statistics.
5

STUDY GUIDE
The complement of this value, which is 27%, refers to the students who do not like
Statistics. This value will be referred to as (read as q hat). We can solve for by getting
the complement of . In symbols, we have
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: In a sample of 50, 20 responded favorably. What is and ?
Solution: The sample size in the problem is with as the favorable

response. In order to solve for , we substitute these values to the formula.
To solve for , we simply get the complement of .
Therefore, and .
Try It Yourself!
In a sample of 100, 30 responded favorably. What is and ?

STUDY GUIDE
Example 2: In a study of 100 households, 60 have an internet connection at home. What

is if it refers to the proportion of households that have an internet
connection at home? Solve also for .
Solution: In this example, and . To solve for , we substitute these

values to the formula.
This means that 0.6 or 60% of the sample have an internet connection at
home. To solve for , we simply get the complement of .
This means that 0.4 or 40% of the sample have no internet connection at
home.
Try It Yourself!
In a study of 100 schools in a big city, 45 schools offer robotics classes. What is if it
refers to the proportion of schools offering robotics classes? Solve also for .

STUDY GUIDE
Example 3: In a study of 200 mothers, 162 have breastfed their babies for one year.
What is if refers to the proportion of mothers who did not breastfeed
their babies for one year?
Solution: In the problem, . Since refers to the proportion of mothers who did
not breastfeed their babies for one year, we have or .
We can now solve for .
To solve for , we get the complement of .
This value means that 0.81 or 81% of the sample mothers have breastfed
their babies for one year.
Try It Yourself!
In a study of 300 teachers, 180 are currently pursuing their post-graduate degrees.
What is if refers to the proportion of teachers who are not pursuing their post
graduate degrees?

STUDY GUIDE
Real-World Problems
Example 4: A city mayor wants to estimate the proportion of

college students in the city that has a scholarship
grant from any institution. He wants to put up a fund
that will finance the college education of the
students in the city. From a sample of 500 college
students, only 30 have a scholarship grant. If refers
to the proportion of college students that has a scholarship grant, what is ?
Solution: In this problem, and . We can substitute these values to get .
To solve for , we get the complement of .
This value tells us that 0.94 or 94% of the sample college students in the city
do not have a scholarship grant from any institution.

STUDY GUIDE
Try It Yourself!
A law firm secretary wants to estimate the proportion of their

clients that are under 30 years of age. In a sample of 30 clients, 6
are under 30 years of age. If refers to the proportion of clients
that are over 30 years of age, what is ?
Check Your Understanding!
1. For each of the following given, find or . Write your answers in decimals.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. For each of the following given, find and .

a. ,
b. ,
c. ,
d. ,
e. ,
3. For each given scenario, find and .

a. In a survey of 100 people, 36 answers favorably.
b. A barista in a coffee shop found that 21 out of 60 customers wanted their coffee
to be creamy. ( refers to the proportion of customers that want their coffee to
be creamy)
10

STUDY GUIDE
c. A teacher finds that 60 of her 80 students love the subject Mathematics.

( refers to the proportion of students that love Mathematics)
d. A researcher found that 45 out of the 60 sampled people owns a laptop.
( refers to the proportion of people that owns a laptop)
e. Out of the 500 individuals interviewed, 366 invests in the stock market.
( refers to the proportion of individuals that invests in the stock market)
Lesson 2: Confidence Interval Estimate of the Population

Proportion
Warm Up!
Estimate my 3-point shooting!
Materials Needed: drill boards, marker
Instructions:
1. This activity will be done in groups with 5 members each.
2. Your teacher will present 5 different PBA players. You will be estimating their 3-
point field goal percentage in the 2018 PBA Governors Cup.
3. Your estimate should be in a form of an interval whose endpoints differ by 5.
4. Write your interval estimate in your drill boards.
5. If the correct answer lies within the interval you answered, your group will
receive a point.
11

STUDY GUIDE
6. The group who got the greatest number of points at the end of the activity wins.
3-point field goal

PBA Player
percentage
1. LA Tenorio 24%
2. Terrence Romeo 41%
3. Marcio Lassiter 37%
4. Calvin Abueva 35%
5. Kevin Ferrer 21%
Learn about It!
What we did in the Warm Up! activity is to estimate the percentage using an interval of
numbers. This is another way of estimating a proportion. We learned from the previous
lesson that in order for us to estimate the population proportion , we can use the point
estimate which refers to the sample proportion. But, there is another way on how to
estimate the population proportion, just like the population mean, which we discussed in
the previous unit. We can use an interval estimate, particularly a confidence interval. We
learned from the previous unit that in order to construct a confidence interval to estimate
a population parameter, we need a confidence level usually at 90%, 95%, 98% or 99%.
If a random sample of observations is selected from a population (any population), and

observations among these belong to the outcome of interest, then when is sufficiently
large, the sampling distribution of the sample proportion will approximate a normal
distribution. The sample size is sufficiently large when and .
The formula for the confidence interval estimator for a population proportion is given by
12

STUDY GUIDE
where is the sample proportion, is the complement of , is the sample size, and
refers to the critical value corresponding to the level of confidence.
From the previous unit, we have a table for the critical values of . This table is found
below.
Confidence Level
In the above formula for the confidence interval estimator, the margin of error is
Before constructing a confidence interval estimate for the population proportion, it is a

must to check whether the variables involved satisfies both and . This is to
verify that the sampling distribution of the sample proportion is approximately normal. If
these conditions are not met, the formula for the confidence interval estimator cannot be
used.
In some cases, is not given and cannot be solved, we may use the default . For
any confidence interval for the population proportion, we will use one more than the
decimal place of the point estimate to solve for the margin of error.
13

STUDY GUIDE
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: Verify if the confidence interval estimator for the population proportion can
be used for a sample size of , , and .
Solution: From the values of and , we can check whether we can use the confidence
interval estimator for the population proportion by verifying and
.
Since both inequalities are true, we may use the confidence interval
estimator for the population proportion.
Try It Yourself!
Verify if the confidence interval estimator for the population proportion can be used
for a sample size of , , and .
14

STUDY GUIDE
Example 2: Construct the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion for a
sample size of and .
Solution: In this problem, we first solve for by getting the complement of .
From the values of and , we can check whether we can use the confidence
.
To construct the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion , we

will use and substitute these values, together with the other
values, to the formula for the confidence interval.
15

STUDY GUIDE
Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion is

or . We may be 95% confident to say
that the population proportion lies between 13.6% and 46.4%.
Try It Yourself!
Construct the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion for a sample
size of and .
Example 3: Construct the 99% confidence interval for the population proportion for a
sample size of and .
Solution: We first solve for the sample proportion .
We then solve for by getting the complement of .
.
16

STUDY GUIDE


that the population proportion lies between 25.9% and 62.1%.
Try It Yourself!
Construct the 90% confidence interval for the population proportion for a sample
size of and .
17

STUDY GUIDE
Real-World Problems
Example 4: A nutritionist wants to estimate the

proportion of high school students that
do not get the right amount of calcium
on their diet. A survey of 1 500 high
school students showed that 390
students do not get the right amount of calcium on their diet. Construct the
99% confidence interval for the proportion of high school students that do
not get the right amount of calcium on their diet.
Solution: We first solve for the sample proportion .
We then solve for by getting the complement of .
.
18

STUDY GUIDE


that the proportion of students that do not get the right amount of calcium
on their diet is between 23.1% and 28.9%.
Try It Yourself!
A survey of 200 fresh college graduates found that 144

have found their first job after a month they graduate.
What is the 90% confidence interval for the proportion
of all fresh college graduates that have found their first
job after a month they graduate?
19

STUDY GUIDE
A. Given the following values, construct a confidence interval estimate for the
population proportion with an indicated confidence level.
1. , ,
2. ,
3. , ,
4. , ,
5. , ,
6. ,
B. Answer the following as indicated.

1. A survey of 100 high school students found out that 68 students play more than
one sports. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of
high school students that plays more than one sports.
2. In a recent study, 23 out of 50 individuals have planted at least one tree in their
lifetime. Construct a 99% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of
individuals that planted at least one tree in their lifetime.
20

STUDY GUIDE
Lesson 3: Solving Problems Involving Confidence Interval

Estimation of the Population Proportion
Warm Up!
Station Visit
Materials Needed: pen, paper, scientific calculator
Instructions:
1. This activity is to be done by 8 groups.
2. Your room will be divided into 8 stations. There are tasks in each station which
reviews you about the things you have learned in this unit.
3. As a group, answer the questions in each station and write your answers in a whole
sheet of paper.
4. You will only be given a maximum of one minute to do the task in each station.
5. Afterward, your teacher will ring a bell which signals you to move to the next
station. You may use a calculator.
Station
Number
1 90% 12 48
2 95% 5 25
3 99% 13 65
4 95% 76 100
5 90% 123 200
6 90% 356 500
7 99% 12 1 000
8 95% 150 1 500
21

STUDY GUIDE
Learn about It!
We have learned from the previous lessons that in order for us to estimate a population
parameter, we can use two types of estimates namely a point estimate and an interval
estimate or what we call as a confidence interval estimate.
For a population parameter , which refers to the population proportion, we can use as
the best point estimate. This value is what we know as a sample proportion. To solve for
, we can use the formula
where refers to the number of individuals that contains the characteristic or attribute of
interest and is the sample size. From here, we can also solve . This value is the
complement of . It is a value that tells us the certain part of the sample that do not
contain the characteristic of interest. It can be obtained by the formula
Another way of estimating the population proportion is by constructing a confidence

interval estimate. To construct its confidence interval estimate, we can use the formula
where is the sample proportion, is the complement of , is the sample size, and
is the critical value corresponding to the given level of confidence. Note that this formula
can only be used if it satisfies the condition and , telling that the sample is
sufficiently large.
We can use these formulas in order for us to solve real-world problems. 22

STUDY GUIDE
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: A survey of 50 families in a barangay reveals that 24 families own a pet dog.
Construct the 99% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of all
families that own a pet dog.
Solution: We first find the values of and . We substitute and to the

formula for .
We solve for by computing the complement of .
.
23

STUDY GUIDE


that the proportion of families that own a pet dog is between 29.8% and
66.2%.
Try It Yourself!
A survey of 80 students reveals that 16 students do not eat their breakfast before
they go to school. Construct the 95% confidence interval estimate for the
proportion of students that do not eat their breakfast before going to school.
24

STUDY GUIDE
Example 2: A research team conducted a survey on 1 050 employed adults, 777 of whom
said they use public transportation to travel to work. Based on this sample,
construct the 95% confidence interval estimate for the population proportion
of adults who ride public transportation to work.

formula for .
.
estimator for the population proportion. 25

STUDY GUIDE


that the proportion of adult employees using public transportation to travel
to work is between 71.3% and 76.7%.
Try It Yourself!
A survey of 400 employees found that 260 employees have savings account in a
bank. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of
employees that have a savings account in a bank.
Example 3: A survey of 590 people found that 93.1% will donate money to charity when
they win the lottery. What is the 95% confidence interval estimate for the
proportion of people who will donate money to charity when they win the
lottery?
Solution: In this problem, is already given. The percentage of 93.1% is already the
sample proportion that pertains to the percentage or proportion of people
who will donate to charity when they win the lottery. We now use .
26

STUDY GUIDE
.

27

STUDY GUIDE

or . We may be 95% confident
to say that the proportion of people who will donate to charity when they win
the lottery is between 91.05% and 95.15%.
Try It Yourself!
A survey of 750 people ages 20-35 found that 76% own a smartphone. Construct a
99% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of people ages 20-35 that owns
a smartphone.
More Real-World Problems
Example 4: Eliza is a researcher curious about the proportion of students who

are planning to pursue a career in the medical field. A survey of 200
students found that 78 students want to pursue a career in the
medical field. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the proportion
of the students that want to pursue a career in the medical field.
What is the margin of error?

formula for .
28

STUDY GUIDE
.


that the proportion of adult employees using public transportation to travel
to work is between 71.3% and 76.7% with a 2.7% margin of error. 29

STUDY GUIDE
Try It Yourself!
A researcher wants to determine the proportion

of people who purchase religious books in
bookstores. A survey of 800 people found that
208 people purchase religious books in
bookstores. Construct the 95% confidence
interval estimate for the proportion of people
that purchase religious books in bookstores.
1. Construct a confidence interval estimate for the population proportion with the
given values.
a. , ,
b. , ,
c. , ,
d. ,
2. Solve for the following problems.

a. In a recent survey of 150 households, 57 have air conditioning unit. Construct
the 90% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of households with air
conditioning unit.
b. A random sample of 60 registered voters under the age of 25 w asked if they
favor a certain candidate. Thirty-six responded in favor of the candidate. What is
the 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of registered voters
that favor the candidate?
30

STUDY GUIDE
c. Five hundred people were asked if they are going to give alms to a beggar in the
streets and 390 responded positively. Construct the 99% confidence interval
estimate for the proportion of people who are willing to give alms to a beggar in
the streets.
d. A researcher asked 200 people if they want to travel into space if they were
given a chance and 184 said yes. What is the 95% confidence interval estimate
for the proportion of people who wants to travel to space if they were given a
chance?
Challenge Yourself!
1. If , express in terms of and .
2. In a sample of 600 people, a margin of error of 4% was chosen by the researcher to

estimate the proportion of people that favors a certain issue. Find the degree of
confidence.
3. In a study, 68% of 1 000 adults said that they believe in ghosts. If the margin of
error was 3.8 percentage points, what was the confidence level used for the
proportion?
4. A sample of 100 gives a 90% confidence interval of (33.9%, 50.1%). Using the same
data, construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for a population proportion.
5. What should be the minimum sample size so that the confidence interval estimator
for a population proportion can be used provided that ?
31

STUDY GUIDE
Performance Task
According to a recent news, about 18% of the total employed are underemployed. You
want to check the accuracy of this claim by conducting a mini research. You will act as a
researcher, and your job is to conduct a survey using 100 employed people in your area.
You will ask these people about their current job and the degree that they have finished.
You will compare their job and degree and see whether they are underemployed. You will
create a 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of employed
people that are underemployed. You will submit a complete report to your teacher a week
after you conduct your survey.
Performance Task Rubric
Below Needs Successful Exemplary

Criteria Expectation Improvement Performance Performance
(0–49%) (50–74%) (75–99%) (99+%)
There are
There are 3-4 There are 1-2
Mathematical more than 4 All solutions
mistakes in mistakes in
Accuracy mistakes in are correct.
the solutions. the solutions.
the solutions.
The report The report The report The parts of
Completeness
lacks more lacks 3-4 lacks 1-2 the report
of Report
than 4 parts. parts. parts. are complete.
The report is
The report is
The report is submitted The report is
submitted
Punctuality submitted 1 late but submitted on
more than a
day late. within the time.
day late.
day.
32

STUDY GUIDE
Wrap-up
Estimating a Population
Use of point best estimate

Use of Confidence Interval
(population proportion)
It is valid only if the following conditions

are satisfied:
𝑛𝑝 ≥5
𝑛𝑞 ≥5
Key Formulas
Confidence Interval Estimator for the Population Proportion

Estimator Formula
Point Estimate
Confidence Interval Estimate

If and only if and
33

STUDY GUIDE
Key to Let’s Practice!
Lesson 1
1. ,
2. ,
3.
4.
Lesson 2
1. The confidence interval estimator can be used.
2. (
3.
4.
Lesson 3
1. (
2.
3.
4. (
References
Bluman, Allen G., Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach. New York: McGraw Hill
Education, 2013.
Stattrek, “Confidence Interval: Proportion,” accessed October 4, 2018.

http://stattrek.com/estimation/confidence-interval-proportion.aspx?Tutorial=AP
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STUDY GUIDE

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY | UNIT 11

Confidence Interval of a Population Proportion

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Click Home icon to go back to

Confidence Intervals of a Population

For example, a researcher wants to know what percentage of

Let us say, upon asking, he found that 90% of the

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Test Your Prerequisite Skills

 Computing for the percentage of a number compared to a whole.

2. Find the complement of each probability of an event .

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

At the end of this unit, you should be able to

Lesson 1: Point Estimator for the Population Proportion

Materials Needed: drill boards, marker

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Learn about It!

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Example 1: In a sample of 50, 20 responded favorably. What is and ?

Solution: The sample size in the problem is with as the favorable

To solve for , we simply get the complement of .

In a sample of 100, 30 responded favorably. What is and ?

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Example 2: In a study of 100 households, 60 have an internet connection at home. What

Solution: In this example, and . To solve for , we substitute these

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

We can now solve for .

To solve for , we get the complement of .

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Example 4: A city mayor wants to estimate the proportion of

Solution: In this problem, and . We can substitute these values to get .

To solve for , we get the complement of .

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

A law firm secretary wants to estimate the proportion of their

Check Your Understanding!

2. For each of the following given, find and .

3. For each given scenario, find and .

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c. A teacher finds that 60 of her 80 students love the subject Mathematics.

Lesson 2: Confidence Interval Estimate of the Population

Estimate my 3-point shooting!

Materials Needed: drill boards, marker

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

3-point field goal

Learn about It!

If a random sample of observations is selected from a population (any population), and

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Before constructing a confidence interval estimate for the population proportion, it is a

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Solution: In this problem, we first solve for by getting the complement of .

To construct the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion , we

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion is

Solution: We first solve for the sample proportion .

We then solve for by getting the complement of .

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To construct the 99% confidence interval for the population proportion , we

Therefore, the 99% confidence interval for the population proportion is