Chapter 8.1

KSSM
CHAPTER 8.0
BIODIVERSITY
8.1 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND NAMING OF
ORGANISMS
8.1 Classification System and Naming of Organisms
ü Necessity of Classification
o Biodiversity describes all living organisms which live in the different
ecosystems on Earth, including the numbers and diversity of species and all
environmental factors (climate, oxygen and carbon dioxide level,
temperature)
o Classification is necessary as it
o allows scientists to identify, group and properly name organisms
o help us learn about different species of plants and animals , their
features, similarities and differences
Enables species to be identified
Explains the relationship between
accurately and named
the organisms in the evolution of
scientifically so that it can be
a particular species
recognised all over the world
Necessary of
Classification and
Naming of Organisms
Facilitates scientifc research and

Provides information to discussions at the international level
differentiate and identify the to avoid confusion over the name of an
type of organisms organism
Classification of
Organisms
All living organisms can be classified into six kingdoms :
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria (Kingdom Monera)
• found in the most extreme habitats such as salty

• Eubacteria are also known as “true bacteria”.
area (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles)
• The cell wall is rigid and made up of
and marshy areas (methanogens).
peptidoglycans.
• The structure of the cell wall is different from that
• It moves with the help of flagella.
of the other bacteria which helps them survive in
extreme conditions.
Eukaryotes
Main
Characteristics
of each kingdoms
Kingdom Examples
Archaebacteria
o Prokaryote and primitive bacteria
o Unicellular organism
o No true nucleus as there is no nuclear
membrane
o cell wall is made up of protein and sugar (no
peptidoglycan)
o can live in extreme conditions
(thermophiles,halophiles, metanogens)
o Has a single circular DNA in cytoplasm
o uses flagellum to move / some use cilia
o autotroph or heterotroph
Kingdom Examples
Eubacteria
o Prokaryote and true bacteria
o Unicellular organisms with no true nucleus
o Cell wall is made up of polymer of sugar and
protein called peptidoglycan and thicker than
archaebacteria
o Has a single circular DNA in cytoplasm
o uses flagellum to move
o autotroph or heterotroph
o Cyanobacteria and certain bacteria can carry
out photosynthesis
o Reproduce asexually mostly (by binary fission)
Prokaryotes lack membrane-
bound nucleus to contain the DNA.
Other membrane systems such as
endoplasmic reticulum or membrane-
bound cell components such as
mitochondria , making them much
smaller ans simpler than eukaryotes
Kingdom Examples
Protista
o Eukaryotic , unicellular or multicellular
organisms which include protozoa, slime
moulds and algae
o Members of diverse kingdom are typically
unicellular and microscopic.
o Multicellular organisms have simple cell
organisation without presence of specific
tissues
o Nucleus is enclosed within a nuclear
membrane and the cell components are bound
by membranes
o Some have characteristics of plants (algae)
while others resemble animals (protozoa) or
fungi (slime mould)
Kingdom Examples
Protista
o Protozoa
- unicellular, heterotroph organisms that live
mostly in moist and aquatic habitats
- can be free-living or parasitic
- mostly show characteristics of both animal and
plant
- have nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma
membrane
- carry out life processes such as cellular
respiration, reproduction and excretion
- move around using flagella, cilia or microtubules
Kingdom Examples
Protista
o Slime mould
- Unicellular organisms that live freely as single
cells or exists as masses of cytoplasm under
certain conditions
- Move over rotting logs or damp soil and feed by
phagocytosis
Kingdom Examples
Protista
o Algae
- Photosynthetic , plant-like organisms
- very simple organisms which contain
chloroplasts and mitochondria
- Cell wall is made up of cellulose
-Unlike plants, they do not have roots, stem and
leaves
Kingdom Examples
Fungi
o Eukaryotic
o Most are multicellular organisms but some are
unicellular microorganisms such as yeast
o Microscopic fungi are heterotrophic which do
not have stems, roots and leaves
o Cell walls of fungi contain chitin
o All fungi are saprophytic and lack chlorophyll
o Takes up nutrients by digesting organic
material externally into simpler molecules
before absorbing them through their mycelia
(sing: mycelium)
o Reproduce asexually (spores) and sexually
o Mostly are free-living in soil and water while
others form parasitic or symbiotic relationships
with plants and animals
Kingdom Examples
Plantae
o Eukaryotes
o Multicellular, non-motile, autotroph organisms
including chlorophyll
o Able to make own food
o Cell walls made up of cellulose enclose plant
cells apart from plasma membrane
o Plant cells are specialised tissues such as
xylem and phloem which perform specific
functions
o Includes various types of seedless plants such
as mosses, ferns and plants with seed such as
conifers and flowering plants
Kingdom Examples
Animalia
o Eukaryotic, multicellular heterotroph with
highly speccialised tissues
o Unlike plants , animals do not have rigid cell
walls and chloroplasts
o Excess carbohydrates are stored in the form of
glycogen
o Most members of this kingdom are motile
o Certain species such as sponges barnacles
and hydras are attached to surfaces
o Examples include invertebrates and
vertebrates
o Animals directly and indirectly rely on plants
for food and mostly digest their food internally
Taxonomic
Hierarchy
Organisms are classified from domain
to species in the hierarchial system of
classification
Linnaeus Binomial System
-in this system, the binoial name of an organism
consists of two Latin words
(a) the first part begins with capital letter refers

to the genus
(b) The second part begins with a small letter

refers to species
• An example is the scientific name of humans,
Homo sapiens
• Scientific names must be printed in italics or underlined
separately if handwritten
According to the order of hierarchy, organisms are classified
into eight main groups :
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
• Domain is the highest taxanomic rank of

organisms. There are 3 domains ;
Archae,Bacteria and Eukaryotes
Classification of Organisms Using A Dichotomous Keys
● A dichotomous key is used to identify and
categorise organisms based on their
characteristics
Steps to construct a dichotomous key
1. List down observable characteristics of organisms
being identified
2. Organise the characteristics in order - start with the
most general ones and move to more specific ones
3. Use pair of statements and questions to divide the
specimens into two groups
4. Divide the specimens further based on the next
contrasting characteristics . Continue to subdivide the
specimens untill all organisms have been identified

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KSSM

Facilitates scientifc research and

• found in the most extreme habitats such as salty

(a) the first part begins with capital letter refers

(b) The second part begins with a small letter

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

• Domain is the highest taxanomic rank of

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